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de Souza Balbinot G, Leitune VCB, da Cunha Bahlis EA, Ponzoni D, Visioli F, Collares FM. Niobium-containing bioactive glasses modulate alkaline phosphatase activity during bone repair. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2023; 111:1224-1231. [PMID: 36773168 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.35227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the pre-clinical behavior of niobium-containing bioactive glasses (BAGNb) by their ability to promote bone repair and regulate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in an animal model. BAGNbs were produced as powders and as scaffolds and surgically implanted in the femur of male rats (Wistar lineage n = 10). Glasses without Nb (BAG) were produced and implanted as well. The Autogenous Bone (AB) was used as a control. After 15, 30, and 60 days of surgical implantation, blood serum samples were collected to quantify ALP activity, and femurs were removed to assess bone repair. Bone samples were histologically processed and stained with H&E to quantify the % new bone into defects. No postoperative complications were identified. Early-stage repair (15 days) resulted in increased ALP activity for all groups, with increased values for powdered BAGNb. The maturation of the new bone led to a reduction in serum ALP levels. Histological sections showed the formation of immature bone tissue and vascularization with the progression of bone deposition to mature and functional tissue over time. BAG powder showed less new bone formation in 15 days, while the analysis at 30 and 60 days showed no difference between groups (p > .05). Niobium-containing bioactive glasses safely and successfully induced bone repair in vivo. The modulation of ALP activity may be a pathway to describe the ability of niobium-containing materials to contribute to new bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela de Souza Balbinot
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | - Deise Ponzoni
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Visioli
- Department of Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Mezzomo Collares
- Department of Dental Materials, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Brito VGB, Patrocinio MS, Sousa MCL, Barreto AEA, Frasnelli SCT, Lara VS, Santos CF, Oliveira SHP. Mast cells contribute to alveolar bone loss in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats with periodontal disease regulating cytokines production. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247372. [PMID: 33661916 PMCID: PMC7932174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play a pivotal role in inflammatory responses and had been studied in inflammatory bone disorders, however, their role in alveolar bone loss induced by periodontal disease (PD) is not yet fully understood. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the effects of MCs depletion in the PD-induced alveolar bone loss in Wistar (W) and Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs). PD was induced by ligating the lower first molars with silk thread one day after the MCs depletion, by the pre-treatment with compound 48/80 for 4 days. After 15 days of PD induction, the hemi-mandibles were surgically collected for qRT-PCR, histological analyses, immunostaining, and ELISA. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) was verified by tail plethysmography to confirm the hypertensive status, and SHR presented SBP >150 mmHg, and previous MC depletion alone or associated with PD did not alter this parameter. SHRs showed a more severe alveolar bone loss compared to W, and MC depletion significantly inhibited this response in both strains, with a more significant response in SHRs. MCs were less abundant in 48/80+PD groups, thus validating the previous MCs depletion in our model. PD increased the number of MC in the gingival tissue of SHR. Cytokine production (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and CXCL3) was constitutively higher in SHR and increased further after PD, which was also significantly reduced in the MCs-depleted animals. PD led to an increased expression of Opn, Rankl, Rank, Vtn, Itga5, Itgb5, Trap, and Ctsk in the mandible of W and SHRs, which was reversed in MCs-depleted animals. These results suggest that MCs significantly contributes to the PD-induced alveolar bone resorption, especially in the SHR, which is associated with a more severe PD progression compared to Wistar, partly explained by these cells contribution to the inflammatory status and mediator production, stimulating osteoclast-related response markers, which were reduced after MC depletion in our experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sousa Patrocinio
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ayná Emanuelli Alves Barreto
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Biological Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, SBFis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Dose-related effects of extracorporeal shock waves on orthodontic tooth movement in rabbits. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3405. [PMID: 33564049 PMCID: PMC7873214 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82997-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this animal study is to investigate the quantitative effects of extracorporeal shock waves applied at two different impulses and with two different applicators on orthodontic tooth movement. Thirty-five New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups (n = 7): the four experimental extracorporeal shock wave groups-focused/500 impulses, focused/1000 impulses, unfocused/500 impulses, and unfocused/1000 impulses-and the control group. Orthodontic tooth movement was achieved by application of reciprocal force between two maxillary incisors. In the experimental groups, animals received 500 or 1000 impulses of extracorporeal shock waves at 0.19 mJ/mm2 with focused or unfocused applicators depending on the group to which they belonged. These experiments were conducted on days 0, 7, and 14. Orthodontic tooth movement was measured with 0.01 mm accuracy at one-week intervals. On days 7 and 21, the bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels were measured from blood samples. After 21 days, the animals were sacrificed and the area between the two maxillary incisors was stereologically examined. Orthodontic tooth movement in the focused/500 impulses and focused/1000 impulses groups was significantly increased compared to the control group. A significant difference in bone-specific alkaline phosphatase levels between the unfocused/500 impulses and control groups was found at 21st day. Stereological analysis showed that there were significant increases of the formation of new bone, connective tissue, and vessels in the experimental groups. The application of extracorporeal shock waves, especially with a focused applicator, could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement.
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Bolat E, Esenlik E, Öncü M, Özgöçmen M, Avunduk MC, Yüksel Ö. Evaluation of the effects of vitamins C and E on experimental orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2020; 14:131-137. [PMID: 32908655 PMCID: PMC7464231 DOI: 10.34172/joddd.2020.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. This experimental study aimed to assess the effects of Vitamins C and E on orthodontic tooth movement. Methods. Fifty-one male Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups: five appliance groups and one control group. The appliance groups had an orthodontic appliance consisting of a closed-coil spring ligated between the maxillary incisor and maxillary first molar (50 g). Vitamin E and C (150 mg/kg) were injected intraperitoneally per day in the first and second groups, respectively. Vitamins E and C (20 μL) were locally injected into the periodontal gap of the moving teeth in the third and fourth groups, respectively, once every three days. No vitamin was injected in the last (fifth) appliance group.The experimental period was 18 days. Histological and biochemical (alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and NTx levels) evaluations of the samples were performed, and maxillary incisor‒molar distance was measured before and after the experiment. Results. The amount of tooth movement was similar in the appliance groups. All the vitamin groups showed significantly increased osteoblastic activity, while those treated with systemic vitamins exhibited significantly increased numbers of collagen fibers on the tension side compared to the appliance control group (P<0.05). Conclusion. Vitamin C and E supplements positively affected bone formation on the tension side of the teeth during experimental orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Bolat
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Elçin Esenlik
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Meral Öncü
- Department of Histology Embriyology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Meltem Özgöçmen
- Department of Histology Embriyology, Faculty of Medicine, Süleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Cihat Avunduk
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Meram Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Kapoor P, Monga N, Kharbanda OP, Kapila S, Miglani R, Moganty R. Effect of orthodontic forces on levels of enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF): A systematic review. Dental Press J Orthod 2020; 24:40.e1-40.e22. [PMID: 31116284 PMCID: PMC6526765 DOI: 10.1590/2177-6709.24.2.40.e1-22.onl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Orthodontic force application releases multiple enzymes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) for activation, resorption, reversal, deposition of osseous elements and extracellular matrix degradation. The current systematic review critically evaluated all existing evidence on enzymes in orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: Literature was searched with predetermined search strategy on electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Embase), along with hand search. Results: Initial search identified 652 studies, shortlisted to 52 studies based on PRISMA. Quality assessment further led to final inclusion of 48 studies (13 moderately and 35 highly sensitive studies). Primary outcomes are significant upregulation in GCF levels of enzymes-aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), β-glucuronidase (βG), tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and down regulation in cathepsin B (Cb). Site specificity is shown by ALP, TRAP, AST, LDH, MMP9 with levels at compression site increasing earlier and in higher quantities compared with tension site. ALP levels are higher at tension site only in retention. A positive correlation of LDH, ALP and AST is also observed with increasing orthodontic force magnitude. Conclusions: A strong evidence of variation in enzymes (ALP, AST, ACP TRAP, LDH, MMPs, Cb) in GCF is found in association with different magnitude, stages and sites of orthodontic force application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kapoor
- Jamia Millia Islamia, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics (New Delhi, India)
| | - Nitika Monga
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Centre for Dental Education and Research, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities (New Delhi, India)
| | - Om Prakash Kharbanda
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Centre for Dental Education and Research, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Deformities (New Delhi, India)
| | - Sunil Kapila
- University of California San Francisco, Division of Orthodontics (San Francisco/CA, USA)
| | - Ragini Miglani
- Jamia Millia Islamia, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics (New Delhi, India)
| | - Rajeswari Moganty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences,Department of Biochemistry (New Delhi, India)
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Suparwitri S, Noviasari P. Effect of olive oil administration on the level of transforming growth factor β1 during orthodontic tooth movement in old and young guinea pigs. F1000Res 2019; 8:2028. [PMID: 32566132 PMCID: PMC7295082 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21177.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 03/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Orthodontic tooth movement occurs due to continuous pressure on the teeth, causing the remodeling of the alveolar bone. The tissue will respond to bone growth factors, such as transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), fibroblasts, and bone morphogenetic proteins, for new bone formation. The remodeling process is balanced in young adults, but there is an imbalance in older individuals due to decreased differentiation, activity, and life span of osteoblasts, and increased osteoclasts. Olive oil contains lots of antioxidants and can slow down the aging process. This study aims to study the differences in TGF-β1 levels between old and young guinea pigs, and the difference between olive oil administration on TGF-β1 levels in old and young guinea pigs with orthodontic tooth movement. Methods: 12 guinea pigs divided into 4 groups: young guinea pigs (4-5 months) not given olive oil; young guinea pigs given olive oil; old guinea pigs (30-31 months) given olive oil; old guinea pigs given olive oil. The teeth were moved using an open coil spring mounted on the brackets on both lower incisors. Gingival sulcus fluid samples were taken on days 0, 7 and 14 of the movement of the teeth. TGF-β1 levels were analyzed using ELISA. Results: Three-way ANOVA and post hoc statistical tests showed that TGF-β1 levels in young guinea pigs were significantly higher than old guinea pigs on days 0, 7 and 14 (p<0.05). TGF-β1 levels in both young and old guinea pigs who were given olive oil was significantly higher than those not given olive oil on days 0, 7 and 14 (p<0.05). Conclusions: TGF-β1 levels in the younger age guinea pigs were higher than the older age, and olive oil could increase TGF-β1 levels in the older age guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Suparwitri
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Paramita Noviasari
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
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Tarallo F, Chimenti C, Paiella G, Cordaro M, Tepedino M. Biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid used to detect root resorption in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment: A systematic review. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 22:236-247. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Tarallo
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | - Claudio Chimenti
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | - Giordano Paiella
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
| | - Massimo Cordaro
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Clinica Odontoiatrica e Chirurgia Maxillo‐Facciale Roma‐Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Rome Italy
| | - Michele Tepedino
- Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences University of L’Aquila L’Aquila Italy
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Afacan B, Öztürk VÖ, Geçgelen Cesur M, Köse T, Bostanci N. Effect of orthodontic force magnitude on cytokine networks in gingival crevicular fluid: a longitudinal randomized split-mouth study. Eur J Orthod 2018; 41:214-222. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjy068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Beral Afacan
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın
| | - Veli Özgen Öztürk
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın
| | - Mine Geçgelen Cesur
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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da Silva Kagy V, Trevisan Bittencourt Muniz L, Michels AC, Luiz ST, Reis Azevedo Alanis L, Brancher JA, Grégio AMT, Ignácio SA, Camargo ES, Machado MÂN, Johann ACBR. Effect of the Chronic Use of Lithium Carbonate on Induced Tooth Movement in Wistar Rats. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160400. [PMID: 27487121 PMCID: PMC4972349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients who seek dental treatment may have bipolar disorder, and lithium carbonate (LC) is the drug of choice used in the treatment of this disorder. Taking into consideration the controversial results found in the literature, and the possible influence of LC on induced tooth movement, the objective was to evaluate tooth movement induced in rats after administration of lithium carbonate. One hundred and ninety-two rats were divided into 3 groups. In the L group, the animals received daily 60mg/kg of LC, they were not subjected to orthodontic movement, and they were euthanized after 33, 37, 44 or 51 days. In the LM group, the LC was administered for 30 days and during the subsequent 3, 7, 14 and 21 days, corresponding to the period of induced tooth movement, and they received a spring that produced a 30cN force. In the SM group, saline solution was applied. Measurements were made of tooth displacement, the numbers of osteoclasts and serum lithium phosphate (PO4), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and creatinine levels. The tooth displacement was lower in the LM group compared to the SM group at 44 days. A tendency toward reduction in the number of osteoclasts was observed in the LM group compared to the SM group at 44 days. The average lithium were higher in the L and LM groups compared to the SM group. The opposite was observed for the PO4 group. A higher value for the ALP was found in the L group. The average creatinine level was lower in the LM group. LC inhibited tooth movement for 14 days, possibly due to the reduction in the number of osteoclasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane da Silva Kagy
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Arieli Carini Michels
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Suelen Teixeira Luiz
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciana Reis Azevedo Alanis
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - João Armando Brancher
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Trindade Grégio
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Aparecido Ignácio
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisa Souza Camargo
- Department of School of Health and Biosciences of Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Karaduman B, Uraz A, Altan GN, Baloş Tuncer B, Alkan Ö, Gönen S, Pehlivan S, Çetiner D. Changes of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-10, and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase5b in the crevicular fluid in relation to orthodontic movement. EUR J INFLAMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x15573917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) expressions of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) 5b in the mechanism of orthodontic tooth movement. Nine adolescents requiring canine distalization participated in the study. A canine undergoing distal movement served as the test tooth, and the contra-lateral canine served as the control. The clinical parameters were recorded and GCF samples were collected from the mesial and distal gingival crevices of teeth at baseline, 1 h, 24 h, 7 days, and 28 days following force application. GCF samples were analyzed using ELISA. The data were analyzed using three-way repeated measures analysis of variance. TNF-α and TRAP5b levels in distal and mesial sites of the test teeth were significantly higher than that at both sites of the controls. When compared with baseline values, increase was prominent at 1 h and 24 h. The IL-10 concentration decreased during experimental period at both sites of the control and test teeth. The results demonstrated that orthodontic forces evoke changes in the levels of TNF-α, IL-10, and TRAP5b during the initial stages of force application. The changes in local host response in periodontal tissues may be one of the triggers in regulating alveolar bone resorption during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Karaduman
- Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - A Uraz
- Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - GN Altan
- Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Baloş Tuncer
- Department of Orthodontics, Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ö Alkan
- Department of Orthodontics, Yuzuncu Yil University, Faculty of Dentistry, Van, Turkey
| | - S Gönen
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Gazi University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - S Pehlivan
- Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - D Çetiner
- Department of Periodontology, Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
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Kulal R, Thomas B, Ravi MS, Shetty S. Enzymatic evaluation of gingival crevicular fluid in cleft palate patients during orthodontic treatment: A clinico-biochemical study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2013; 17:319-23. [PMID: 24049331 PMCID: PMC3768181 DOI: 10.4103/0972-124x.115651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Therapeutic goal in patients with cleft lip and palate is esthetics and long-term health of the stomatognathic system. Patients with cleft lip and palate routinely require extensive and prolonged orthodontic treatment. The osseous structures are absent or poorly developed in the osseous clefts and may be traumatized in the course of orthodontic therapy; hence require constant monitoring during orthodontic treatment. The aim of the study was to evaluate the tissue response of cleft palate patients by quantitative analysis of enzyme activity during orthodontic treatment and assess any difference in the tissue response with that of noncleft patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods: 20 patients requiring orthodontic treatment agedbetween 15 to 25 years were included to participate in the studyof which ten were cleft palate patients (group I) and ten noncleft patients (group II). The GCF samples were collected at incisor and molar sites during orthodontic treatment on days as per the study design in both the groups. The GCF enzymatic levels were estimated and compared. Results: Both groups showed significant increased enzyme activity at the incisor site compared to molar site corresponding to the phases of tooth movement. Conclusion: There was significant difference in enzyme activity between the incisor adjacent to the cleft site and molar site. There was no difference in the tissue response between cleft palate patients and noncleft patients during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithesh Kulal
- Department of Periodontics, Rajarajeswari Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Crevicular Alkaline Phosphatase Activity and Rate of Tooth Movement of Female Orthodontic Subjects under Different Continuous Force Applications. Int J Dent 2013; 2013:245818. [PMID: 23737787 PMCID: PMC3659437 DOI: 10.1155/2013/245818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study is aimed to compare the effects of two different orthodontic forces on crevicular alkaline phosphatase activity, rate of tooth movement, and root resorption. Materials and Methods. Twelve female subjects of class II division 1 malocclusion participated. Maxillary canines with bonded fixed appliances acted as the tested teeth, while their antagonists with no appliances acted as the controls. Canine retraction was performed using nickel titanium coil spring that delivered forces of 100 gm or 150 gm to either side. Crevicular fluid was analyzed for ALP activity, and study models were casted to measure tooth movements. Root resorption was assessed using periapical radiographs before and after the force application. Results. ALP activity at the mesial sites peaked at week 1 for 150 gm group with significant differences when compared with the 100 gm group. Cumulative canine movements were significantly greater in the 150 gm force (2.10 ± 0.50 mm) than in the 100 gm force (1.57 ± 0.44 mm). No root resorption was in the maxillary canines after retraction. Conclusions. A force of 150 gm produced faster tooth movements and higher ALP activity compared with the 100 gm group and had no detrimental effects such as root resorption.
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Flórez-Moreno GA, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Time-related changes in salivary levels of the osteotropic factors sRANKL and OPG through orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2013; 143:92-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Effects of orthodontic treatment on human alveolar bone density distribution. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:2033-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0906-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Ellias MF, Zainal Ariffin SH, Karsani SA, Abdul Rahman M, Senafi S, Megat Abdul Wahab R. Proteomic analysis of saliva identifies potential biomarkers for orthodontic tooth movement. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:647240. [PMID: 22919344 PMCID: PMC3417200 DOI: 10.1100/2012/647240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic treatment has been shown to induce inflammation, followed by bone remodelling in the periodontium. These processes trigger the secretion of various proteins and enzymes into the saliva. This study aims to identify salivary proteins that change in expression during orthodontic tooth movement. These differentially expressed proteins can potentially serve as protein biomarkers for the monitoring of orthodontic treatment and tooth movement. Whole saliva from three healthy female subjects were collected before force application using fixed appliance and at 14 days after 0.014'' Niti wire was applied. Salivary proteins were resolved using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) over a pH range of 3-10, and the resulting proteome profiles were compared. Differentially expressed protein spots were then identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF tandem mass spectrometry. Nine proteins were found to be differentially expressed; however, only eight were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF. Four of these proteins-Protein S100-A9, immunoglobulin J chain, Ig alpha-1 chain C region, and CRISP-3-have known roles in inflammation and bone resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Faiz Ellias
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Selangor, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia
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Tang SJ, Meikle MC, MacLaine JK, Wong RWK, Rabie BM. Altered serum levels of the osteoclast-specific TRACP 5b isoform in Chinese children undergoing orthodontic treatment. Eur J Orthod 2012; 35:169-74. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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17
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Flórez-Moreno GA, Marín-Restrepo LM, Isaza-Guzmán DM, Tobón-Arroyave SI. Screening for salivary levels of deoxypyridinoline and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase during orthodontic tooth movement: a pilot study. Eur J Orthod 2012; 35:361-8. [PMID: 22247225 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjr138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP) have been regarded as systemic determinants of bone remodelling. Owing this fact, this study aimed to determine whether the variations in the salivary concentration of these two biomarkers as detected through a longitudinal follow-up with four consecutive visits may be linked with the different phases of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Twenty-two healthy subjects who required fixed appliance therapy not involving tooth extractions/surgical procedures were selected. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each patient prior to fitting the orthodontic appliances and 24-48 hours, 2 weeks, and 5 weeks after the activation. Salivary DPD and BAP concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The data were analysed using non-parametric statistics. There were no statistically significant differences in salivary levels of biomarkers regarding demographic and clinical parameters. Overall, although DPD values revealed an increasing nature after force application and BAP values showed a descending trend, only the former showed statistically significant changes over time. Furthermore, p ost hoc comparisons for DPD salivary levels revealed significant differences between every paired sampling times, except for the pair baseline test/24-48 hours test. Synchronously, a moderate positive significant correlation between both salivary biomarkers was observed at 2 weeks test. The findings indicate that although salivary levels of DPD and BAP may act as indicators of increased bone remodelling, it appears that DPD dominates the earlier phases of OTM, whereas BAP might serve as indicator of bone formation as soon as the tooth movement stops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria A Flórez-Moreno
- POPCAD Research Group, Laboratory of Immunodetection and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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Alfaqeeh SA, Anil S. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in gingival crevicular fluid as a marker in orthodontic tooth movement. Open Dent J 2011; 5:105-9. [PMID: 21760863 PMCID: PMC3134950 DOI: 10.2174/1874210601105010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study aims at analyzing the changes in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity during orthodontic movement. Methods: Twenty patients all requiring first premolar extractions were selected and treated with conventional straight wire mechanotherapy. Canine retraction was done using 125 g Nitinol closed coil springs. The maxillary canine on one side served as the experimental site while the contralateral canine served as the control. GCF was collected from the canines before initiation of retraction, then 1 hour after initiating canine retraction, followed by 1 day, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days. GCF LDH levels were estimated and compared with the control site. Results The results revealed significantly higher LDH levels on the 7th, 14th and 21st day at the sites where orthodontic force had been applied. The levels also showed a significant increase from 0 hour to the 21st day. Peak levels were seen on 14th and 21st day following initiation of retraction. Conclusions: The study showed that LDH could be successfully estimated in the GCF and its increased levels could indicate active tooth movement, which could aid the clinician in monitoring active orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Alfaqeeh
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Post Box: 60169, Riyadh11545, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Sprogar S, Meh A, Vaupotic T, Drevensek G, Drevensek M. Expression levels of endothelin-1, endothelin-2, and endothelin-3 vary during the initial, lag, and late phase of orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Eur J Orthod 2010; 32:324-8. [DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjp091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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20
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Wise GE, King GJ. Mechanisms of tooth eruption and orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Res 2008; 87:414-34. [PMID: 18434571 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Teeth move through alveolar bone, whether through the normal process of tooth eruption or by strains generated by orthodontic appliances. Both eruption and orthodontics accomplish this feat through similar fundamental biological processes, osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis, but there are differences that make their mechanisms unique. A better appreciation of the molecular and cellular events that regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis in eruption and orthodontics is not only central to our understanding of how these processes occur, but also is needed for ultimate development of the means to control them. Possible future studies in these areas are also discussed, with particular emphasis on translation of fundamental knowledge to improve dental treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Wise
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Kaida K, Hirashita A, Suga K. Changes of Serum Biochemical Markers during Bone Repair just after Orthognathic Surgery. J Oral Biosci 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1349-0079(08)80021-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Krishnan V, Davidovitch Z. Cellular, molecular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic force. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2006; 129:469.e1-32. [PMID: 16627171 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2005.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 545] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2005] [Revised: 08/13/2005] [Accepted: 10/14/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling changes in paradental tissues are considered essential in effecting orthodontic tooth movement. The force-induced tissue strain produces local alterations in vascularity, as well as cellular and extracellular matrix reorganization, leading to the synthesis and release of various neurotransmitters, cytokines, growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, and metabolites of arachidonic acid. Recent research in the biological basis of tooth movement has provided detailed insight into molecular, cellular, and tissue-level reactions to orthodontic forces. Although many studies have been reported in the orthodontic and related scientific literature, a concise convergence of all data is still lacking. Such an amalgamation of the rapidly accumulating scientific information should help orthodontic clinicians and educators understand the biological processes that underlie the phenomenon of tooth movement with mechanics (removable, fixed, or functional appliances). This review aims to achieve this goal and is organized to include all major findings from the beginning of research in the biology of tooth movement. It highlights recent developments in cellular, molecular, tissue, and genetic reactions in response to orthodontic force application. It reviews briefly the processes of bone, periodontal ligament, and gingival remodeling in response to orthodontic force. This review also provides insight into the biological background of various deleterious effects of orthodontic forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Krishnan
- Department of Orthodontics, Rajas Dental College, Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India.
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Batra P, Kharbanda O, Duggal R, Singh N, Parkash H. Alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during canine retraction. Orthod Craniofac Res 2006; 9:44-51. [PMID: 16420274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2006.00358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate alkaline phosphatase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during orthodontic tooth movement in humans. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Postgraduate orthodontic clinic. Ten female patients requiring all first premolar extractions were selected and treated with standard edgewise mechanotherapy. EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLE Canine retraction was done using 100 g sentalloy springs. Maxillary canine on one side acted as experimental site while the contralateral canine acted as control. OUTCOME MEASURE Gingival crevicular fluid was collected from mesial and distal of canines before initiation of canine retraction (baseline), immediately after initiation of retraction, and on 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day and the alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated. RESULTS The results show significant (p < 0.05) changes in alkaline phosphatase activity on the 7th, 14th and 21st day on both mesial and distal aspects of the compared experimental and control sides. The peak in enzyme activity occurred on the 14th day of initiation of retraction followed by a significant fall in activity especially on the mesial aspect. CONCLUSIONS The study showed that alkaline phosphatase activity could be successfully estimated in the GCF using calorimetric estimation assay kits. The enzyme activity showed variation according to the amount of tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Batra
- Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Perinetti G, Serra E, Paolantonio M, Bruè C, Meo SD, Filippi MR, Festa F, Spoto G. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment: a controlled, short-term longitudinal study. J Periodontol 2005; 76:411-7. [PMID: 15857076 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2005.76.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During orthodontic tooth movement, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress is an acute inflammatory one. This study uses a longitudinal design to examine lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to determine if GCF LDH can be used as a diagnostic aid in monitoring tooth movement and tissue response during orthodontic treatment. METHODS Seventeen patients (mean age: 16.1 years) participated in the study. Each patient was undergoing treatment for distal movement, and an upper first molar served as the test tooth (TT), while the contralateral (CT) and antagonist (AT) teeth were used as controls. The CT was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the distal movement; the AT was free from any orthodontic appliance. The GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from both mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation, and on days 7, 14, and 21. Clinical gingival conditions were also recorded. RESULTS Gingival crevicular fluid LDH activity was significantly elevated in all sites of the TT and CT, as compared to the AT, where LDH activity remained at the baseline level throughout the study. Enzyme activity levels were also greater in the TT than in the CT, and in the compression sites. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that GCF LDH levels reflect the biological activity that takes place in the periodontium during orthodontic movement, and therefore they can be used as a diagnostic tool for monitoring for correct orthodontic tooth movement in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Perinetti
- Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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Perinetti G, Paolantonio M, Serra E, D'Archivio D, D'Ercole S, Festa F, Spoto G. Longitudinal monitoring of subgingival colonization by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and crevicular alkaline phosphatase and aspartate aminotransferase activities around orthodontically treated teeth. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:60-7. [PMID: 15058376 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6979.2004.00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES During orthodontic treatment, changes in subgingival plaque colonization and tissue inflammation and remodelling have been described. This study uses a longitudinal design to examine subgingival colonization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in order to assess whether these parameters have potential as biomarkers of tissue responses to orthodontic tooth movement in humans. MATERIALS & METHODS Twenty-one patients (ages: 11.2-22.5; mean 17.1 +/- 3.3 years) participated in the study. An upper canine from each patient undergoing treatment for distal movement served as the test tooth (DC), and its contralateral (CC) and antagonist (AC) canines were used as controls. The CC was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the orthodontic force; the AC was free from any orthodontic appliance. The subgingival plaque and GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from both mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation and on day 28. Clinical gingival condition was evaluated at the baseline and at the end of the experimental period. Aa colonization was determined by culture methods, while ALP and AST activities were evaluated spectrophotometrically. RESULTS Throughout the study, the clinical conditions worsened in both the DCs and the CCs as compared with the baseline, whereas no significant differences were found between the DCs and the CCs, or between mesial and distal sites of each of these teeth on day 28. In the ACs, clinical parameters remained at baseline levels throughout the study. Similar results were found for Aa colonization, which increased significantly on day 28 in the DC and CC groups. On day 28, ALP and AST activities were significantly elevated in all sites from the DC and CC groups as compared with the ACs, where, conversely, enzymatic activities remained at the baseline levels. However, ALP activity in the DC group was significantly greater than in the CCs at mesial (tension) sites on day 28, while AST activity in the DCs was significantly elevated as compared with the CC group at the distal (compression) sites. Greater ALP activity in the DC group was observed at the tension sites compared with the compression sites on day 28. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Aa subgingival colonization, and ALP and AST activities in GCF reflect the tissue responses that occur in the periodontium during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Perinetti
- Unit of Orthodontics, Department of Oral Sciences, School of Dentistry, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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Ren Y, Maltha JC, Van 't Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM. Optimum force magnitude for orthodontic tooth movement: a mathematic model. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2004; 125:71-7. [PMID: 14718882 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2003.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to develop a mathematic model to describe the relationship between magnitude of applied force and rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Initially, data were extracted from experimental studies in dogs (beagles), in which controlled, standardized forces were used to move mandibular second premolars distally. Curve-fitting by nonlinear regression analysis provided an equation describing the relationship between force magnitude and rate of tooth movement in beagles. A similar equation was subsequently used to analyze the limited available data from the literature on human canine retraction. The maximum rates of tooth movement in humans and dogs are very similar. A threshold for force magnitude that would switch on tooth movement could not be defined. The model showed that a wide range of forces can be identified, all of which lead to a maximum rate of tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijin Ren
- Department of Orthodontics and Oral Biology, University Medical Centre Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Serra E, Perinetti G, D'Attilio M, Cordella C, Paolantonio M, Festa F, Spoto G. Lactate dehydrogenase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2003; 124:206-11. [PMID: 12923518 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(03)00407-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During orthodontic treatment, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress involves several metabolic changes that allow tooth movement. Many studies have evaluated such modifications by analysis of various host metabolites released into the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This study used a cross-sectional design to examine the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in GCF to assess whether GCF LDH can be proposed as a sensitive marker for periodontal tissue modifications during orthodontic tooth movement. Thirty-seven subjects, 16 males and 21 females (mean age 18.7 years, range 14.0 to 26.7 years), participated in this study. Each subject underwent a session of professional oral hygiene and received oral hygiene instructions; 2 weeks later, a fixed orthodontic appliance was placed on the maxillary arch. A randomly selected maxillary canine was considered as the test tooth, and its antagonist, which had no appliance, was used as the control tooth. From 2 to 12 weeks after orthodontic appliance placement, GCF was harvested from both experimental teeth at the mesiobuccal angle, for GCF volume and LDH activity determinations. Clinical monitoring consisted of recording supragingival plaque presence, bleeding on probing, and probing depth at the same collection sites. The results showed that no differences in clinical conditions and GCF volume occurred between the experimental teeth. On the contrary, GCF LDH activity in the test teeth was significantly greater than that of the control teeth (P <.01). Moreover, no differences were found in the enzymatic activity between the sexes by experimental tooth, and no significant correlation was present between GCF LDH activity and patients' ages within experimental teeth. Our enzymatic results initially indicated a possible role of GCF LDH during the early phases of orthodontic treatment and therefore warrant further study as a possible diagnostic tool for tissue response during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Serra
- Department of Oral Sciences, Dental School, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Perinetti G, Paolantonio M, D'Attilio M, D'Archivio D, Dolci M, Femminella B, Festa F, Spoto G. Aspartate aminotransferase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic treatment. A controlled short-term longitudinal study. J Periodontol 2003; 74:145-52. [PMID: 12666701 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2003.74.2.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During orthodontic tooth movement, the early response of periodontal tissues to mechanical stress involves an acute inflammatory response, with a sequence characterized by periods of activation, resorption, reversal, and formation in both tension and compression sites. This study used a longitudinal design to examine aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in order to assess whether AST in GCF has potential as a possible diagnostic aid to monitor tooth movement and tissue response during orthodontic treatment. METHODS Eighteen patients (mean age, 16.1 years) participated in the study. An upper first molar from each patient undergoing treatment for distal movement served as the test tooth (TT), with its contralateral (CC) and antagonist (AC) first molars used as controls. The CC was included in the orthodontic appliance, but was not subjected to the orthodontic force; the AC was free from any orthodontic appliance. The GCF around the experimental teeth was collected from both mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation, 1 hour after, and weekly over the following 4 weeks. Clinical gingival condition was evaluated at baseline and at the end of the experimental period. AST activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 30 degrees C, and the results were expressed as total AST activity (mU/sample). RESULTS Throughout the experiment, AST levels were significantly elevated in all sites from the TT and CC groups compared to the AC group where, conversely, AST activity remained at the baseline level. However, enzyme levels in the TT group were significantly greater than in the CCs at tension sites on day 14, and in compression sites on days 7 and 14. Moreover, AST activity from the TT group was significantly greater in compression sites than in tension sites on day 7; this was not observed for the CCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that AST levels in GCF reflect the biological activity which occurs in the periodontium during controlled occlusal trauma and, therefore, should be further evaluated as a diagnostic tool for monitoring correct orthodontic tooth movement in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Perinetti
- Unit of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Sciences, Dental School, University G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy.
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Perinetti G, Paolantonio M, D'Attilio M, D'Archivio D, Tripodi D, Femminella B, Festa F, Spoto G. Alkaline phosphatase activity in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2002; 122:548-56. [PMID: 12439484 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2002.126154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone remodeling that occurs during orthodontic tooth movement is a biologic process involving an acute inflammatory response in periodontal tissues. A sequence characterized by periods of activation, resorption, reversal, and formation has been recently described as occurring in both tension and compression tooth sites during orthodontic tooth movement. We used a longitudinal design to investigate alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to assess whether it can serve as a diagnostic aid in orthodontics. Sixteen patients (mean age, 15.5 years) participated in the study. The maxillary first molars under treatment served as the test teeth (TT) in each patient; in particular, 1 first molar was to be retracted and hence was considered the distalized molar (DM), whereas the contralateral molar (CM) was included in the fixed orthodontic appliance but was not subjected to the distal forces. The DM antagonist first molar (AM), free from any orthodontic appliance, was used as the baseline control. The GCF around the experimental teeth was harvested from mesial and distal tooth sites immediately before appliance activation, 1 hour after, and weekly over the following 4 weeks. The clinical gingival condition was evaluated at the baseline and at the end of the experimental term. ALP activity was determined spectrophotometrically at 30 degrees C, and the results were expressed as total ALP activity (mUnits/sample). GCF ALP activity was significantly elevated in the DMs and the CMs as compared with the AMs at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks; conversely, in the AMs, GCF ALP activity remained at baseline levels throughout the experiment. Moreover, the enzyme activity in the DMs was significantly greater than in the CMs. In the DMs, a significantly greater ALP activity was observed in sites of tension compared with sites of compression. This difference was not seen with the CMs, in which the enzyme activity increased to the same extent in tension and compression sites. These results suggest that ALP activity in GCF reflects the biologic activity in the periodontium during orthodontic movement and therefore should be further investigated as a diagnostic tool for monitoring orthodontic tooth movement in clinical practice.
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Rody WJ, King GJ, Gu G. Osteoclast recruitment to sites of compression in orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2001; 120:477-89. [PMID: 11709665 DOI: 10.1067/mod.2001.118623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely acknowledged that osteoclasts are formed by the fusion of mononuclear cells of hematopoietic origin, it has been extremely difficult to understand how they originate after appliance activation. The purpose of this study was to quantify osteoclast recruitment at compression sites as a function of time following orthodontic force application. Appliances were placed in 96 rats. At day 0, the animals were randomized to either appliance activation or sham activation followed by the injection of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Thus, BrdU was incorporated into the nuclei of cells in S-phase, including hematopoietic stem cells. Groups of 10 to 13 rats were killed at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after activation/sham, and the tissue samples were prepared. The numbers of BrdU-labeled cells positively stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were measured in the periodontium. A significant number of BrdU-positive preosteoclasts was observed in the periodontal ligament (PDL) and bone surface at day 3. The number of osteoclastic cells in the bone marrow also peaked at day 3; however, the highest percentage of cells in this location was observed at day 1. These data suggest that osteoclasts in the PDL originate by the fusion of recently recruited preosteoclasts from the marrow instead of from local PDL cells. Furthermore, the alveolar bone marrow plays a role in the formation of osteoclasts during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Rody
- School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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31
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Lindauer SJ, Denis Britto A. Biological response to biomechanical signals:Orthodontic mechanics to control tooth movement. Semin Orthod 2000. [DOI: 10.1053/sodo.2000.8081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Abstract
The biological response to orthodontic tooth movement has generally focused on reactions within the periodontal ligament (PDL), whereas less attention has been paid to the behavior of neighboring bone. The purpose of the study was to describe the influence of orthodontic force on bone surrounding the displaced tooth and the adjacent, untreated teeth. Bone changes in relation to treatment time and different sites were investigated. A mesial tipping of the left maxillary first molar was obtained from 54 adult male Wistar rats. Oxytetracycline was injected subcutaneously 48 h before killing, which took place after 4, 7, or 14 days. The maxilla was fixed in paraformaldehyde and embedded undecalcified in methylmethacrylate. A set of thick horizontal sections was taken from the cervical, intermediate, and apical levels of the roots. The sections were microradiographed and analyzed microscopically under bright-field and fluorescent illumination. Bone fraction and PDL width was measured using a Zeiss Videoplan device equipped with an overlay system. New bone formation was detected by oxytetracycline labels. The analysis showed a consistent, significant decrease of the alveolar bone fraction around both displaced and adjacent teeth at all treatment times. Apposition, indicated by the tetracycline uptake, was found on the periosteal side of the treated hemimaxilla and, after 14 days, also on the surface toward which the tooth was moving and around the adjacent teeth. These results suggest that a time rather than a space relationship exists between bone resorption and formation and that the whole hemimaxilla reacts to the mechanical challenge, resembling the regional acceleratory phenomenon (RAP) observed in other circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Verna
- Department of Orthodontics, Royal Dental College, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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King GJ, Archer L, Zhou D. Later orthodontic appliance reactivation stimulates immediate appearance of osteoclasts and linear tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1998; 114:692-7. [PMID: 9844210 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(98)70202-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delays in the appearance of osteoclasts at compression sites occur after orthodontic appliance reactivation, when this is done during both the period of osteoclast recruitment and the peak expansion in the osteoclast population. This experiment examines osteoclasts and tooth movement in alveolar bone after appliance reactivation coinciding with alveolar bone formation and the time when reactivation osteoclasts first appear (ie, 10 days after initial appliance activation). METHODS Bilateral orthodontic appliances were activated to mesially tip maxillary molars with 40 cN in 144 rats. After 10 days, all rats were randomized into two groups of 72. Group I had appliances reactivated in precisely the same manner as the first activation. Group II had appliances sham-reactivated. Nine to 12 rats were then sacrificed at 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, and 14 days in both groups (eg, day 1 represents an interval of 11 days after the first appliance activation and 1 day after either sham or real reactivation). Orthodontic movement was measured cephalometrically; changes in osteoclasts and root resorption were assessed at both compression and tension sites histomorphometrically. RESULTS Teeth in the reactivated group (Group I) displayed linear tooth movement (62.6 micrometers/day), and 0.9 mm tooth movement by day 10. Significant increases in osteoclast numbers, osteoclast surface percentage, and surface per individual osteoclast were evident in these animals by 1 day postreactivation (P <.01). Significant treatment-related increases in root resorption were not evident at compression sites at any time. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that, after appliance reactivation during the time when reactivation osteoclasts appear, a second cohort of osteoclasts can be recruited immediately, along with immediate and substantial tooth movement and no greater risk of root resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J King
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7446, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Delays in the appearance ofosteoclasts at compression sites occur following orthodontic appliance reactivation when this is done during the period of osteoclast recruitment. This study examined changes in alveolar bone after appliance reactivation at a time coinciding with the peak expansion of the osteoclast population following the first appliance activation. METHODS Orthodontic appliances were activated with 40 g on maxillary molars followed by a reactivation with the same force after 4 days in one group and sham reactivation in the other. Rats were killed at 0, 1, 3, 6, and 10 days thereafter. Orthodontic movement was measured cephalometrically. TRAP and interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1alpha) were measured biochemically, and changes in osteoclasts and root resorption were assessed at both compression and tension sites histomorphometrically. RESULTS Teeth in the reactivated group displayed more initial displacement than controls but no more tooth movement 10 days following appliance reactivation. Also, increases in osteoclast numbers and surface percent, as well as alveolar bone Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), became evident in the treated animals only 10 days after reactivation. However, IL-1alpha was elevated in alveolar bone within 1 hr following appliance reactivation but returned to baseline by day 1. There were no treatment-related difference in nuclear number per osteoclast or trabecular surface per osteoclast. Significant treatment-related increases in root resorption were evident at compression sites by day 10. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that after appliance reactivation during the height of osteoclastic stimulation, a second cohort of osteoclasts can be recruited, but only after a delay of several days. This delay is not due to a failure to produce IL-1alpha in the tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hughes
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Zhou D, Hughes B, King GJ. Histomorphometric and biochemical study of osteoclasts at orthodontic compression sites in the rat during indomethacin inhibition. Arch Oral Biol 1997; 42:717-26. [PMID: 9447261 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(97)00070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins affect the number of osteoclasts at compression sites in orthodontic tooth movement. They may also have a role in tooth movement and influence the extent of root resorption. The purpose was to examine the effect of indomethacin on the activity of resident osteoclasts, recruitment of new osteoclasts and root resorption at orthodontic compression sites. Two separate populations of osteoclasts were studied: those resident at the sites after initial appliance activation and those recruited by a subsequent activation. Orthodontic appliances were activated to provide mesially directed forces of 40 g on the maxillary molars of rats. The appliances were activated with the same force after 4 days. The rats were killed at 1, 3, 6 and 10 days after initial activation. Half of the rats were injected with indomethacin. Tooth movement was measured cephalometrically; osteoclast numbers, sizes, numbers of nuclei per osteoclast and root resorption were assessed histomorphometrically; tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) in alveolar bone was measured biochemically. Indomethacin inhibited both initial tooth displacement and that following the delay. It also reduced the increase in osteoclast numbers, total osteoclast surface and alveolar bone TRAP at day 10. It had no effect on the surface area of each individual osteoclast or number of nuclei in each osteoclast. Root resorption increased in both groups but it was enhanced at day 10 in the indomethacin group. These data suggest that orthodontic tooth movement after appliance activation requires the recruitment of osteoclasts to sites of compression and that this is indomethacin-sensitive. Furthermore, indomethacin enhances root resorption at compression sites 10 days after appliance reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
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Insoft M, King GJ, Keeling SD. The measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase in gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic tooth movement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 1996; 109:287-96. [PMID: 8607474 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-5406(96)70152-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This study examines acid and alkaline phosphatase activities in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) to learn whether bone turnover dynamics can be monitored in human subjects during orthodontic tooth movement. Three female subjects were observed longitudinally to assess tooth movement, plaque, and inflammation. For each subject, one randomly selected premolar served as the control and was not treated, and another was moved buccally with 100 gm of force. The GCF was collected weekly and assayed for phosphatases. Alkaline phosphatase peaked between the first and third weeks, followed by an increase in acid phosphatase between the third and sixth weeks. After the first week, tooth movement averaged 0.9 mm. Additional 0.9 mm of movement occurred during the next 3 weeks, followed by 1.4 mm during weeks 4 to 6. Thirty additional patients, randomly divided into headgear/biteplate, bionator, and control groups, were also sampled cross-sectionally at the maxillary first molars. The GCF phosphatase activities were assessed as functions of location on the tooth, treatment modality, duration of treatment, gingival inflammation, and plaque accumulation. The plaque index did not show a relationship to either acid or alkaline phosphatase activity on the mesial or distal in the treated groups. However, alkaline phosphatase increased with inflammation on the distal in treated groups and acid phosphatase was consistently higher on the mesial than on the distal in the treatment groups. Alternating peaks of acid and alkaline phosphatase were found in the GCF of treated teeth as functions of treatment duration. The sequence of these changes is similar to that reported for alveolar bone turnover in a rodent orthodontic tooth movement model. We conclude that phosphatase activities in GCF may be a useful means for monitoring tissue responses to orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Insoft
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainseville 32610, USA
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