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Marrack P, Scott-Browne JP, Dai S, Gapin L, Kappler JW. Evolutionarily conserved amino acids that control TCR-MHC interaction. Annu Rev Immunol 2008; 26:171-203. [PMID: 18304006 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rules for the conserved reaction of alphabeta T cell receptors (TCRs) with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins plus peptides are poorly understood, probably because thymocytes bearing TCRs with the strongest MHC reactivity are lost by negative selection. Thus, only TCRs with an attenuated ability to react with MHC appear on mature T cells. Also, the interaction sites between TCRs and MHC may be inherently flexible and hence difficult to spot. We reevaluated contacts between TCRs and MHC in the solved structures of their complexes with these points in mind. Relatively conserved amino acids in the TCR complementarity-determining regions (CDR) 1 and CDR2 are often used to bind exposed areas of the MHC alpha-helices. These areas are exposed because of small amino acids that allow somewhat flexible binding of the TCRs. The TCR amino acids involved are specific to families of variable (V) regions and to some extent different rules may govern the recognition of MHCI versus MHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa Marrack
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver Health Science Center, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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2
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Chiang EY, Stroynowski I. A Nonclassical MHC Class I Molecule Restricts CTL-Mediated Rejection of a Syngeneic Melanoma Tumor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:4394-401. [PMID: 15383569 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although CTL and polymorphic, classical MHC class I molecules have well defined roles in the immune response against tumors, little is currently known regarding the participation of nonpolymorphic, nonclassical MHC class I in antitumor immunity. Using an MHC class I-deficient melanoma as a model tumor, we demonstrate that Q9, a murine MHC class Ib molecule from the Qa-2 family, expressed on the surface of tumor cells, protects syngeneic hosts from melanoma outgrowth. Q9-mediated protective immunity is lost or greatly diminished in mice deficient in CTL, including beta(2)-microglobulin knockout (KO), CD8 KO, and SCID mice. In contrast, the Q9 antitumor effects are not detectably suppressed in CD4 KO mice with decreased Th cell activity. Killing by antitumor CTL in vitro is Q9 specific and can be blocked by anti-Q9 and anti-CD8 Abs. The adaptive Q9-restricted CTL response leads to immunological memory, because mice that resist the initial tumor challenge reject subsequent challenges with less immunogenic tumor variants and show expansion of CD8(+) T cell populations with an activated/memory CD44(high) phenotype. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that a MHC class Ib molecule can serve as a restriction element for antitumor CTL and mediate protective immune responses in a syngeneic setting.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/administration & dosage
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Graft Rejection/genetics
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/administration & dosage
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/administration & dosage
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Immunologic Memory/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/genetics
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Neoplasm Transplantation/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- Transplantation, Isogeneic
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Chiang
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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3
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Howcroft TK, Singer DS. Expression of nonclassical MHC class Ib genes: comparison of regulatory elements. Immunol Res 2003; 27:1-30. [PMID: 12637766 DOI: 10.1385/ir:27:1:1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptide binding proteins of the major histocompatibility complex consist of the "classical" class Ia and "nonclassical" class Ib genes. The gene organization and structure/function relationship of the various exons comprising class I proteins are very similar among the class Ia and class Ib genes. Although the tissue-specific patterns of expression of these two gene families are overlapping, many class Ib genes are distinguished by relative low abundance and/or limited tissue distribution. Further, many of the class Ib genes serve specialized roles in immune responses. Given that the coding sequences of the class Ia and class Ib genes are highly homologous we sought to examine the promoter regions of the various class Ib genes by comparison to the well characterized promoter elements regulating expression of the class Ia genes. This analysis revealed a surprising complexity of promoter structures among all class I genes and few instances of conservation of class Ia promoter regulatory elements among the class Ib genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kevin Howcroft
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1360, USA.
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4
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Chiang EY, Henson M, Stroynowski I. Correction of defects responsible for impaired Qa-2 class Ib MHC expression on melanoma cells protects mice from tumor growth. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:4515-23. [PMID: 12707328 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.9.4515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
One of the principal mechanisms of tumor immune evasion is alteration of class I MHC expression. We have identified defects contributing to down-regulation of class I MHC expression in the widely studied murine B16 melanoma and its variants B16F1, B16F10, BL6-2, BL6-8 and B78H1. Transcription of the nonclassical class I MHC genes Q8 and Q9 (Qa-2 Ags) has been switched off in the entire panel of melanoma lines, suggesting that this event occurred early during tumor progression. B78H1, unlike B16F1 and B16F10 sublines, is also selectively devoid of TAP2 and low molecular weight protein 7 as well as classical class I MHC K(b) and D(b) transcripts. Cotransfection of B78H1 with TAP2 and class I H chain genes is sufficient to reconstitute surface expression of exogenously delivered class I MHC without concomitant re-expression of endogenous beta(2)-microglobulin-associated class I. The serological absence of endogenous class Ia and Ib at the surface of TAP2-negative as well as TAP2-transfected B78H1 makes this system a suitable model for studying the properties of isolated class I proteins in tumors. We used this system to demonstrate that B78H1 cells genetically manipulated to re-express Q9 Ag have reduced tumor potential in syngeneic B6 mice compared with TAP2-transfected parental melanoma. Both NK cells and CTLs appear to collaborate in restraining growth of Q9-positive tumors. The results implicate Qa-2 in antitumor responses and illustrate the utility of the B78H1 system for identifying in vivo interactions between class I MHC molecules of interest and immune cells of innate and/or adaptive immunity.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/genetics
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line, Transformed
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/genetics
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/prevention & control
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Transduction, Genetic/methods
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Y Chiang
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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5
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Soloski MJ, Szperka ME, Davies A, Wooden SL. Host immune response to intracellular bacteria: A role for MHC-linked class-Ib antigen-presenting molecules. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 224:231-9. [PMID: 10964257 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
MHC-linked class-Ib molecules are a subfamily of class-I molecules that display limited genetic polymorphism. At one time these molecules were considered to have an enigmatic function. However, recent studies have shown that MHC-linked class-Ib molecules can function as antigen presentation structures that bind bacteria-derived epitopes for recognition by CD8+ effector T cells. This role for class-Ib molecules has been demonstrated across broad classes of intracellular bacteria including Listeria moncytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Additionally, evidence is emerging that MHC-linked class-Ib molecules also serve an integral role as recognition elements for NK cells as well as several TCR alpha/beta and TCR gamma/delta T-cell subsets. Thus, MHC-linked class-Ib molecules contribute to the host immune response by serving as antigen presentation molecules and recognition ligands in both the innate and adaptive immune response to infection. In this review, we will attempt to summarize the work that supports a role for MHC-linked class-Ib molecules in the host response to infection with intracellular bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Soloski
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.
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Zappacosta F, Tabaczewski P, Parker KC, Coligan JE, Stroynowski I. The murine liver-specific nonclassical MHC class I molecule Q10 binds a classical peptide repertoire. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:1906-15. [PMID: 10657640 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.1906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The biological properties of the nonclassical class I MHC molecules secreted into blood and tissue fluids are not currently understood. To address this issue, we studied the murine Q10 molecule, one of the most abundant, soluble class Ib molecules. Mass spectrometry analyses of hybrid Q10 polypeptides revealed that alpha1alpha2 domains of Q10 associate with 8-9 long peptides similar to the classical class I MHC ligands. Several of the sequenced peptides matched intracellularly synthesized murine proteins. This finding and the observation that the Q10 hybrid assembly is TAP2-dependent supports the notion that Q10 groove is loaded by the classical class I Ag presentation pathway. Peptides eluted from Q10 displayed a binding motif typical of H-2K, D, and L ligands. They carried conserved residues at P2 (Gly), P6 (Leu), and Pomega (Phe/Leu). The role of these residues as anchors/auxiliary anchors was confirmed by Ala substitution experiments. The Q10 peptide repertoire was heterogeneous, with 75% of the groove occupied by a multitude of diverse peptides; however, 25% of the molecules bound a single peptide identical to a region of a TCR V beta-chain. Since this peptide did not display enhanced binding affinity for Q10 nor does its origin and sequence suggest that it is functionally significant, we propose that the nonclassical class I groove of Q10 resembles H-2K, D, and L grooves more than the highly specialized clefts of nonclassical class I Ags such as Qa-1, HLA-E, and M3.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zappacosta
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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7
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Busch R, Reich Z, Zaller DM, Sloan V, Mellins ED. Secondary structure composition and pH-dependent conformational changes of soluble recombinant HLA-DM. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:27557-64. [PMID: 9765288 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.42.27557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-DM catalyzes the release of invariant chain fragments from newly synthesized major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, stabilizes empty class II molecules, and edits class II-associated peptides by preferentially releasing those that are loosely bound. The ability of HLA-DM to carry out these functions in vitro is pH dependent, with an optimum at pH 4.5-5.5 and poor activity at pH 7. The structural basis for these properties of HLA-DM is unknown. Sequence homology suggests that HLA-DM resembles classical, peptide-binding MHC class II molecules. In this study, we examined whether HLA-DM has a secondary structure composition consistent with an MHC fold and whether HLA-DM changes conformation between pH 5 and pH 7. Far-UV circular dichroism (CD) spectra of recombinant soluble HLA-DM (sDM) indicate that HLA-DM belongs to the alpha/beta class of proteins and structurally resembles both MHC class I and class II molecules. The CD peak around 198 nm increases upon going from neutral to endosomal pH and drops sharply upon denaturation below pH 3.5, distinguishing at least three states of sDM: the denatured state and two highly similar folded states. Fluorescence emission spectra show a slight blue-shift and a approximately 20% drop in intensity at pH 5 compared with pH 7. Unfolding experiments using guanidinium chloride show that the stability of sDM is somewhat reduced but not lost at pH 5. These results indicate that sDM undergoes a pH-dependent conformational change between neutral and endosomal pH. The change seems to involve both hydrogen bonding patterns and the hydrophobic core of sDM and may contribute to the pH dependence of DM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Busch
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA.
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8
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Riegert P, Wanner V, Bahram S. Genomics, Isoforms, Expression, and Phylogeny of the MHC Class I-Related MR1 Gene. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A growing number of non-MHC-encoded class I-related molecules have been shown to perform diverse, yet essential, functions. These include T cell presentation of bacterially derived glycolipidic Ags by CD1, transcytosis of maternal IgG by the neonatal Fc receptor, enriched presence and plausible function within exocrine fluids of the Zn-α2-glycoprotein, subversion of NK cytolytic activity by the CMV UL18 gene product, and, finally, crucial involvement in iron homeostasis of the HFE gene. A recently described member of this family is the MHC class-I related (MR1) gene. The most notable feature of MR1 is undoubtedly its relatively high degree of sequence similarity to the MHC-encoded classical class I genes. The human chromosome 1q25.3 MR1 locus gives rise not only to the originally reported 1,263-bp cDNA clone encoding a putative 341-amino acid polypeptide chain, but to many additional transcripts in various tissues as well. Here we define the molecular identity of all human and murine MR1 isoforms generated through a complex scenario of alternative splicing, some encoding secretory variants lacking the Ig-like α3 domain. Moreover, we show ubiquitous transcription of these MR1 variants in several major cell lineages. We additionally report the complete 18,769-bp genomic structure of the MR1 locus, localize the murine orthologue to a syntenic segment of chromosome 1, and provide evidence for conservation of a single-copy MR1 gene throughout mammalian evolution. The 90% sequence identity between the human and mouse MR1 putative ligand binding domains together with the ubiquitous expression of this gene favor broad immunobiologic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valérie Wanner
- †Centre de Recherche d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- *Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel, Switzerland; and
- †Centre de Recherche d’Immunologie et d’Hématologie, Strasbourg, France
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9
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Landel CP, Stabley DL, Bundesen LQ. PCR identification of class I major histocompatibility complex genes transcribed in mouse blastocyst and placenta. J Reprod Immunol 1997; 33:31-43. [PMID: 9185075 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0378(96)01013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We used an RT-PCR based strategy to amplify, clone and sequence MHC class I genes transcribed in the blastocyst and placenta of BALB/c mice. The PCR primers used were capable of amplifying many novel class I sequences from genomic DNA. By comparing the resulting sequence data with known class I sequences, we identified a number of different class I genes transcribed in these tissues. These include H2-K, -D, -L and a novel sequence in blastocysts, and H2-K, -D, -L, -D2, -T9, -T13, -T17, -T18, -M2 and three additional novel sequences in placenta. We postulate that some members of this spectrum of blastocyst and placentally-expressed MHC class Ib genes may act together at the maternal-fetal interface in ways that are important for a successful pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Landel
- Department of Clinical Science, Alfred I. duPont Institute, Wilmington, DE 19899, USA.
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10
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Rolstad B, Vaage JT. The role of natural killer cells in allograft responses to MHC antigens in the rat. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 148:159-64. [PMID: 9255867 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2494(97)84218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Rolstad
- Department of Anatomy, University of Oslo
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11
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Burrows PD, Cooper MD. IgA Deficiency**This article was accepted for publication on 17 January 1997. Adv Immunol 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2776(08)60744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Wang Q, Flaherty L. Developmental expression of the mouse MHC Q genes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 1996; 23:121-7. [PMID: 8732475 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1996.tb00273.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the role of class Ib genes in the Q region of the mouse major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the developmental expression and foetal tissue distribution of the Q genes were studied in the C57BL/6 mouse. Using RNase protection assays, we examined Q gene expression in a wide spectrum of foetal tissues at different stages of gestation, Q4, Q6 and Q8 were widely expressed in a variety of tissues. In contrast, the expression of Q1 was restricted to the thymus and intestinal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Diehl M, Münz C, Keilholz W, Stevanović S, Holmes N, Loke YW, Rammensee HG. Nonclassical HLA-G molecules are classical peptide presenters. Curr Biol 1996; 6:305-14. [PMID: 8805247 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00481-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The physiological functions of the classical HLA (human leukocyte antigen) molecules, HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-C, are to present peptides to T cells and to inhibit the activity of natural killer cells. In contrast, the functions of nonclassical HLA-molecules, such as HLA-E, HLA-F and HLA-G, remain to be established. The expression of HLA-G is largely limited to the placental trophoblast, where it might mediate protection of the fetus from rejection by the mother. Achieving the aim of understanding the function of HLA-G should be facilitated by information on the biochemical properties of HLA-G molecules, especially on their potential ability to act as peptide receptors. RESULTS To study peptide presentation by HLA-G, we used stably transfected LCL721.221 cells as a source of HLA-G molecules and analysed the spectrum of extracted peptides by individual and pool sequencing. Our results indicate that HLA-G molecules, like classical HLA molecules, are associated with a wide array of peptides derived from cellular proteins. Peptides presented by HLA-G usually consisted of 9 amino acids, and adhered to a specific sequence motif, with anchor residues at position 2 (isoleucine or leucine), position 3 (proline) and the carboxy-terminal position 9 (leucine). Thus, the HLA-G peptide ligand motif follows the principles of classical HLA motifs, although it displays its own unique features. Peptide-binding assays indicated that two of the three anchor residues were sufficient for binding, and that the three natural HLA-G ligands that we identified bound, not only to HLA-G, but also to HLA-A2. This was not surprising, because the binding pockets of HLA-A2 and HLA-G overlap in their ability to recognize anchor residues at positions 2 and 9. Likewise, some, but not all, HLA-A2 peptide ligands could also bind to HLA-G. CONCLUSIONS Nonclassical HLA-G molecules present peptides essentially in the same way as classical HLA molecules do. We determined the peptide motif that is specifically recognized by HLA-G; its basic features are described by the sequence XI/LPXXXXXL: This information should help to elucidate the physiological role of HLA-G molecules at the fetal-maternal interface. Most likely, this role is to protect fetal cells from lysis by natural killer cells, and possibly to present foreign peptides to a class of T cells that has not yet been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Diehl
- Abteilung Tumorvirus-Immunologie (0620), Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Im Neuenheimer Feld 242, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bahram
- Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, 4 rue Kirschleger, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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