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Azur RAG, Olarte KCV, Ybañez WS, Ocampo AMM, Bagamasbad PD. CYB561 supports the neuroendocrine phenotype in castration-resistant prostate cancer. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300413. [PMID: 38739593 PMCID: PMC11090301 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is associated with resistance to androgen deprivation therapy, and an increase in the population of neuroendocrine (NE) differentiated cells. It is hypothesized that NE differentiated cells secrete neuropeptides that support androgen-independent tumor growth and induce aggressiveness of adjacent proliferating tumor cells through a paracrine mechanism. The cytochrome b561 (CYB561) gene, which codes for a secretory vesicle transmembrane protein, is constitutively expressed in NE cells and highly expressed in CRPC. CYB561 is involved in the α-amidation-dependent activation of neuropeptides, and contributes to regulating iron metabolism which is often dysregulated in cancer. These findings led us to hypothesize that CYB561 may be a key player in the NE differentiation process that drives the progression and maintenance of the highly aggressive NE phenotype in CRPC. In our study, we found that CYB561 expression is upregulated in metastatic and NE prostate cancer (NEPC) tumors and cell lines compared to normal prostate epithelia, and that its expression is independent of androgen regulation. Knockdown of CYB561 in androgen-deprived LNCaP cells dampened NE differentiation potential and transdifferentiation-induced increase in iron levels. In NEPC PC-3 cells, depletion of CYB561 reduced the secretion of growth-promoting factors, lowered intracellular ferrous iron concentration, and mitigated the highly aggressive nature of these cells in complementary assays for cancer hallmarks. These findings demonstrate the role of CYB561 in facilitating transdifferentiation and maintenance of NE phenotype in CRPC through its involvement in neuropeptide biosynthesis and iron metabolism pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romie Angelo G. Azur
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Kevin Christian V. Olarte
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Weand S. Ybañez
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Alessandria Maeve M. Ocampo
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pia D. Bagamasbad
- National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
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2
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Snaterse G, Taylor AE, Moll JM, O'Neil DM, Teubel WJ, van Weerden WM, Arlt W, Hofland J. Prostate cancer androgen biosynthesis relies solely on CYP17A1 downstream metabolites. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2024; 236:106446. [PMID: 38104728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) is dependent on androgen receptor (AR) activation by testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Intratumoral androgen accumulation and activation despite systemic androgen deprivation therapy underlies the development of castration-resistant PC (CRPC), but the precise pathways involved remain controversial. Here we investigated the differential contributions of de novo androgen biosynthesis and androgen precursor conversion to androgen accumulation. Steroid flux analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed on (CR)PC cell lines and fresh patient PC tissue slices after incubation with classic and alternative biosynthesis intermediates, alongside quantitative PCR analysis for steroidogenic enzyme expression. Activity of CYP17A1 was undetectable in all PC cell lines and patient PC tissue slices. Instead, steroid flux analysis confirmed the generation of testosterone and DHT from adrenal precursors and reactivation of androgen metabolites. Precursor steroids upstream of DHEA were converted down the first steps of the alternative DHT biosynthesis pathway, but did not proceed through to active androgen generation. Comprehensive steroid flux analysis of (CR)PC cells provides strong evidence against intratumoral de novo androgen biosynthesis and demonstrates that androgen precursor steroids downstream of CYP17A1 activities constitute the major source of intracrine androgen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gido Snaterse
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela E Taylor
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - J Matthijs Moll
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Donna M O'Neil
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma J Teubel
- Department of Urology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Wiebke Arlt
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; MRC Laboratory of Medical Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Hofland
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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3
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Dai C, Dehm SM, Sharifi N. Targeting the Androgen Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41:4267-4278. [PMID: 37429011 PMCID: PMC10852396 DOI: 10.1200/jco.23.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the androgen receptor (AR) and AR-driven transcriptional programs is central to the pathophysiology of prostate cancer. Despite successful translational efforts in targeting AR, therapeutic resistance often occurs as a result of molecular alterations in the androgen signaling axis. The efficacy of next-generation AR-directed therapies for castration-resistant prostate cancer has provided crucial clinical validation for the continued dependence on AR signaling and introduced a range of new treatment options for men with both castration-resistant and castration-sensitive disease. Despite this, however, metastatic prostate cancer largely remains an incurable disease, highlighting the need to better understand the diverse mechanisms by which tumors thwart AR-directed therapies, which may inform new therapeutic avenues. In this review, we revisit concepts in AR signaling and current understandings of AR signaling-dependent resistance mechanisms as well as the next frontier of AR targeting in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Scott M. Dehm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Genitourinary Malignancies Research Center, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
- Desai Sethi Urology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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4
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Atawia IM, Kushwaha PP, Verma S, Lin S, Shankar E, Abdel-Gawad O, Gupta S. Inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin pathway overcomes therapeutic resistance to abiraterone in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Mol Carcinog 2023; 62:1312-1324. [PMID: 37232341 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Abiraterone acetate has been clinically approved for the treatment of patients with advanced-stage prostate cancer. It reduces testosterone production by blocking the enzyme cytochrome P450 17 alpha-hydroxylase. Despite improved survival outcomes with abiraterone, almost all patients develop therapeutic resistance and disease recurrence, progressing to a more aggressive and lethal phenotype. Bioinformatics analyses predicted activation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin and involvement of stem cell plasticity in abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer. Increased expression of androgen receptor (AR) and β-catenin and their crosstalk causes activation of AR target genes and regulatory networks for which overcoming acquired resistance remains a major challenge. Here we show that co-treatment with abiraterone and ICG001, a β-catenin inhibitor, overcomes therapeutic resistance and significantly inhibited markers of stem cell and cellular proliferation in abiraterone-resistant prostate cancer cells. Importantly, this combined treatment abrogated the association between AR and β-catenin; diminished SOX9 expression from the complex more prominently in abiraterone-resistant cells. In addition, combined treatment inhibited tumor growth in an in vivo abiraterone-resistant xenograft model, blocked stemness, migration, invasion, and colony formation ability of cancer cells. This study opens new therapeutic opportunity for advanced-stage castration-resistant prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim M Atawia
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Urology, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
| | - Prem P Kushwaha
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, The Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Shiv Verma
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, The Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Spencer Lin
- College of Arts and Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Eswar Shankar
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, The Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Sanjay Gupta
- Department of Urology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, The Urology Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of General Medical Sciences, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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5
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Erzurumlu Y, Muhammed MT. Triiodothyronine positively regulates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and promotes androgenic signaling in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells. Cell Signal 2023:110745. [PMID: 37271348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play crucial roles in numerous physiological processes of nearly all mammalian tissues, including differentiation and metabolism. Deterioration of TH signaling has been associated with several pathologies, including cancer. The effect of highly active triiodothyronine (T3) has been investigated in many in vivo and in vitro cancer models. However, the role of T3 on cancerous prostate tissue is controversial. Recent studies have focused on the characterization of the supportive roles of the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) and unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling in prostate cancer (PCa) and investigating new hormonal regulation patterns, including estrogen, progesterone and 1,25(OH)2D3. Additionally, androgenic signaling controlled by androgens, which are critical in PCa progression, has been shown to be regulated by other steroid hormones. While the effects of T3 on ERAD and UPR are unknown today, the impact on androgenic signaling is still not understood in PCa. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the molecular action of T3 on the ERAD mechanism and UPR signaling in PCa cells and also extensively examined the effect of T3 on androgenic signaling. Our data strongly indicated that T3 tightly regulates ERAD and UPR signaling in androgen-dependent PCa cells. We also found that T3 stimulates androgenic signaling by upregulating AR mRNA and protein levels and enhancing its nuclear translocation. Additionally, advanced computational studies supported the ligand binding effect of T3 on AR protein. Our data suggest that targeting thyroidal signaling should be considered in therapeutic approaches to be developed for prostate malignancy in addition to other steroidal regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalcin Erzurumlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Turkey.
| | - Muhammed Tilahun Muhammed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260 Isparta, Turkey.
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6
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Pejčić T, Todorović Z, Đurašević S, Popović L. Mechanisms of Prostate Cancer Cells Survival and Their Therapeutic Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032939. [PMID: 36769263 PMCID: PMC9917912 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is today the second most common cancer in the world, with almost 400,000 deaths annually. Multiple factors are involved in the etiology of PCa, such as older age, genetic mutations, ethnicity, diet, or inflammation. Modern treatment of PCa involves radical surgical treatment or radiation therapy in the stages when the tumor is limited to the prostate. When metastases develop, the standard procedure is androgen deprivation therapy, which aims to reduce the level of circulating testosterone, which is achieved by surgical or medical castration. However, when the level of testosterone decreases to the castration level, the tumor cells adapt to the new conditions through different mechanisms, which enable their unhindered growth and survival, despite the therapy. New knowledge about the biology of the so-called of castration-resistant PCa and the way it adapts to therapy will enable the development of new drugs, whose goal is to prolong the survival of patients with this stage of the disease, which will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pejčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-641281844
| | - Zoran Todorović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- University Medical Centre “Bežanijska kosa”, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lazar Popović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
- Medical Oncology Department, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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7
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Han H, Park CK, Choi YD, Cho NH, Lee J, Cho KS. Androgen-Independent Prostate Cancer Is Sensitive to CDC42-PAK7 Kinase Inhibition. Biomedicines 2022; 11:biomedicines11010101. [PMID: 36672609 PMCID: PMC9855385 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common form of cancer in men, and androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is often used as a first-line treatment. However, some patients develop resistance to ADT, and their disease is called castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Identifying potential therapeutic targets for this aggressive subtype of prostate cancer is crucial. In this study, we show that statins can selectively inhibit the growth of these CRPC tumors that have lost their androgen receptor (AR) and have overexpressed the RNA-binding protein QKI. We found that the repression of microRNA-200 by QKI overexpression promotes the rise of AR-low mesenchymal-like CRPC cells. Using in silico drug/gene perturbation combined screening, we discovered that QKI-overexpressing cancer cells are selectively vulnerable to CDC42-PAK7 inhibition by statins. We also confirmed that PAK7 overexpression is present in prostate cancer that coexists with hyperlipidemia. Our results demonstrate a previously unseen mechanism of action for statins in these QKI-expressing AR-lost CRPCs. This may explain the clinical benefits of the drug and support the development of a biology-driven drug-repurposing clinical trial. This is an important finding that could help improve treatment options for patients with this aggressive form of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunho Han
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Keun Park
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
- Pathology Center, Seegene Medical Foundation, Seoul 04805, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Deuk Choi
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Cho
- Department of Pathology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsoo Lee
- Department of Urology, Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Su Cho
- Department of Urology, Prostate Cancer Center, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06229, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence:
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Rocca MS, Minervini G, Vinanzi C, Bottacin A, Lia F, Foresta C, Pennuto M, Ferlin A. Mutational screening of androgen receptor gene in 8224 men of infertile couples. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 108:1181-1191. [PMID: 36394509 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mutations in Androgen receptor (AR) gene might be associated with infertility mainly because they cause various degree of androgen insensitivity. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency and type of AR variants in a large cohort of infertile males. PATIENTS AND SETTING 8224 males of Italian idiopathic infertile couples referred University Hospital of Padova. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Mutational screening of AR, computational and functional analyses. RESULTS We found 131 patients (1.6%) harboring 45 variants in AR gene, of which 18 were novel missense AR variants. Patients with AR gene variants had lower sperm count (p = 0.048), higher testosterone concentration (p < 0.0001) and higher androgen sensitivity index (ASI) [LH x testosterone (T), p < 0.001] compared to patients without variants. Statistical analyses found T ≥ 15.38 nmol/l and ASI ≥180 IU × nmol/l2 as threshold values to discriminate with good accuracy patients with AR variants. Patients with oligozoospermia and T ≥ 15.38 nmol/l have a 9-fold increased risk of harboring mutations compared to patients with normal sperm count and T < 15.38 nmol/l (OR 9.29, 95% CI 5.07-17.02). Using computational and functional approaches, we identified two novel variants, L595P and L791I, as potentially pathogenic. CONCLUSION This is the largest study screening AR gene variants in men of idiopathic infertile couples. We found that the prevalence of variants increased to 3.4% in oligozoospermic subjects with T ≥ 15.38 nmol/l. Conversely, more than 80% of men with AR gene variants had low sperm count and high T levels. Based on our findings, we suggest AR sequencing as a routine genetic test in cases of idiopathic oligozoospermia with T ≥ 15.38 nmol/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Santa Rocca
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Cinzia Vinanzi
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Bottacin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Federica Lia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Foresta
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pennuto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University Hospital of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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9
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Lelong EIJ, Khelifi G, Adjibade P, Joncas FH, Grenier St-Sauveur V, Paquette V, Gris T, Zoubeidi A, Audet-Walsh E, Lambert JP, Toren P, Mazroui R, Hussein SMI. Prostate cancer resistance leads to a global deregulation of translation factors and unconventional translation. NAR Cancer 2022; 4:zcac034. [PMID: 36348939 PMCID: PMC9634437 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcac034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence associates translation factors and regulators to tumorigenesis. However, our understanding of translational changes in cancer resistance is still limited. Here, we generated an enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer (PCa) model, which recapitulated key features of clinical enzalutamide-resistant PCa. Using this model and poly(ribo)some profiling, we investigated global translation changes that occur during acquisition of PCa resistance. We found that enzalutamide-resistant cells exhibit an overall decrease in mRNA translation with a specific deregulation in the abundance of proteins involved in mitochondrial processes and in translational regulation. However, several mRNAs escape this translational downregulation and are nonetheless bound to heavy polysomes in enzalutamide-resistant cells suggesting active translation. Moreover, expressing these corresponding genes in enzalutamide-sensitive cells promotes resistance to enzalutamide treatment. We also found increased association of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) with heavy polysomes in enzalutamide-resistant cells, suggesting that some lncRNAs are actively translated during enzalutamide resistance. Consistent with these findings, expressing the predicted coding sequences of known lncRNAs JPX, CRNDE and LINC00467 in enzalutamide-sensitive cells drove resistance to enzalutamide. Taken together, this suggests that aberrant translation of specific mRNAs and lncRNAs is a strong indicator of PCa enzalutamide resistance, which points towards novel therapeutic avenues that may target enzalutamide-resistant PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline I J Lelong
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Gabriel Khelifi
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Pauline Adjibade
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - France-Hélène Joncas
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Valérie Grenier St-Sauveur
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Virginie Paquette
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Typhaine Gris
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Amina Zoubeidi
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - Etienne Audet-Walsh
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Lambert
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Endocrinology and Nephrology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Paul Toren
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Rachid Mazroui
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
| | - Samer M I Hussein
- Cancer Research Center, Université Laval , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
- CHU of Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Oncology Division , Quebec City, Québec G1R 3S3, Canada
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10
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Androgen Receptor Splice Variants Contribute to the Upregulation of DNA Repair in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14184441. [PMID: 36139600 PMCID: PMC9496991 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14184441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Canonical androgen receptor (AR) signaling regulates a network of DNA repair genes in prostate cancer (PCA). Experimental and clinical evidence indicates that androgen deprivation not only suppresses DNA repair activity but is often synthetically lethal in combination with PARP inhibition. The present study aimed to elucidate the impact of AR splice variants (AR-Vs), occurring in advanced or late-stage PCA, on DNA repair machinery. Methods: Two hundred and seventy-three tissue samples were analyzed, including primary hormone-naïve PCA, primary metastases, hormone-sensitive PCA on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and castration refractory PCA (CRPC group). The transcript levels of the target genes were profiled using the nCounter platform. Experimental support for the findings was gained in AR/AR-V7-expressing LNCaP cells subjected to ionizing radiation. Results: AR-Vs were present in half of hormone-sensitive PCAs on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and two-thirds of CRPC samples. The presence of AR-Vs is highly correlated with increased activity in the AR pathway and DNA repair gene expression. In AR-V-expressing CRPC, the DNA repair score increased by 2.5-fold as compared to AR-V-negative samples. Enhanced DNA repair and the deregulation of DNA repair genes by AR-V7 supported the clinical data in a cell line model. Conclusions: The expression of AR splice variants such as AR-V7 in PCA patients following ADT might be a reason for reduced or absent therapy effects in patients on additional PARP inhibition due to the modulation of DNA repair gene expression. Consequently, AR-Vs should be further studied as predictive biomarkers for therapy response in this setting.
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11
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Moll JM, Teubel WJ, Erkens SE, Jozefzoon-Agai A, Dits NF, van Rijswijk A, Jenster GW, van Weerden WM. Cell Line Characteristics Predict Subsequent Resistance to Androgen Receptor-Targeted Agents (ARTA) in Preclinical Models of Prostate Cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:877613. [PMID: 35769712 PMCID: PMC9234122 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.877613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) has changed considerably in the last decade due to the introduction of novel androgen receptor (AR)-targeted agents (ARTAs) for patients progressing on androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Preclinical research however still relies heavily on AR-negative cell line models. In order to investigate potential differences in castration-resistant PCa (CRPC) growth, we set out to create a comprehensive panel of ARTA-progressive models from 4 androgen-responsive AR wild-type PCa cell lines and analyzed its androgen response as opposed to its ADT-progressive counterparts. Parallel cultures of VCaP, DuCaP, PC346C, and LAPC4 were established in their respective culture media with steroid-stripped fetal calf serum (FCS) [dextran-coated charcoal-stripped FCS (DCC)] without androgen (ADT) or in DCC plus 1 μM of the ARTAs bicalutamide, OH-flutamide, or RD162 (an enzalutamide/apalutamide analog). Cell growth was monitored and compared to those of parental cell lines. Short-term androgen response was measured using cell proliferation 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. qRT-PCR was performed to assess the mRNA expression of markers for AR signaling, steroidogenesis, glucocorticoid receptor (GR) signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and WNT signaling. Out of 35 parallel cultures per cell line, a total of 24, 15, 34, and 16 CRPC sublines emerged for VCaP, DuCaP, PC346C, and LAPC4, respectively. The addition of bicalutamide or OH-flutamide significantly increased CRPC growth compared to ADT or RD162. VCaP, DuCaP, and PC346C CRPC clones retained an AR-responsive phenotype. The expression of AR and subsequent androgen response were completely lost in all LAPC4 CRPC lines. Markers for EMT and WNT signaling were found to be elevated in the resilient PC346C model and CRPC derivatives of VCaP, DuCaP, and LAPC4. Although the resistant phenotype is pluriform between models, it seems consistent within models, regardless of type of ARTA. These data suggest that the progression to and the phenotype of the CRPC state might already be determined early in carcinogenesis.
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12
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Loizzo D, Pandolfo SD, Rogers D, Cerrato C, di Meo NA, Autorino R, Mirone V, Ferro M, Porta C, Stella A, Bizzoca C, Vincenti L, Spilotros M, Rutigliano M, Battaglia M, Ditonno P, Lucarelli G. Novel Insights into Autophagy and Prostate Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073826. [PMID: 35409187 PMCID: PMC8999129 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a complex process involved in several cell activities, including tissue growth, differentiation, metabolic modulation, and cancer development. In prostate cancer, autophagy has a pivotal role in the regulation of apoptosis and disease progression. Several molecular pathways are involved, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR. However, depending on the cellular context, autophagy may play either a detrimental or a protective role in prostate cancer. For this purpose, current evidence has investigated how autophagy interacts within these complex interactions. In this article, we discuss novel findings about autophagic machinery in order to better understand the therapeutic response and the chemotherapy resistance of prostate cancer. Autophagic-modulation drugs have been employed in clinical trials to regulate autophagy, aiming to improve the response to chemotherapy or to anti-cancer treatments. Furthermore, the genetic signature of autophagy has been found to have a potential means to stratify prostate cancer aggressiveness. Unfortunately, stronger evidence is needed to better understand this field, and the application of these findings in clinical practice still remains poorly feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Loizzo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (D.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Savio Domenico Pandolfo
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (D.R.); (R.A.)
- Division of Urology, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Devin Rogers
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (D.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Clara Cerrato
- Department of Urology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
| | - Nicola Antonio di Meo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Riccardo Autorino
- Division of Urology, Virginia Commonwealth University Health, Richmond, VA 23298, USA; (S.D.P.); (D.R.); (R.A.)
| | - Vincenzo Mirone
- Division of Urology, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, 80100 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Matteo Ferro
- Division of Urology, European Institute of Oncology (IEO), IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy;
| | - Camillo Porta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Alessandro Stella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.P.); (A.S.)
| | - Cinzia Bizzoca
- Department of General Surgery “Ospedaliera”, Polyclinic Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Leonardo Vincenti
- Department of General Surgery “Ospedaliera”, Polyclinic Hospital of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (C.B.); (L.V.)
| | - Marco Spilotros
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Monica Rutigliano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Michele Battaglia
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Pasquale Ditonno
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
| | - Giuseppe Lucarelli
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation–Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy; (D.L.); (N.A.d.M.); (M.S.); (M.R.); (M.B.); (P.D.)
- Correspondence: or
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13
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Lacouture A, Lafront C, Peillex C, Pelletier M, Audet-Walsh É. Impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on prostate function and cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112085. [PMID: 34562481 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of their historical mode of action, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are associated with sex-steroid receptors, namely the two estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) and the androgen receptor (AR). Broadly, EDCs can modulate sex-steroid receptor functions. They can also indirectly impact the androgen and estrogen pathways by influencing steroidogenesis, expression of AR or ERs, and their respective activity as transcription factors. Additionally, many of these chemicals have multiple cellular targets other than sex-steroid receptors, which results in a myriad of potential effects in humans. The current article reviews the association between prostate cancer and the endocrine-disrupting functions of four prominent EDC families: bisphenols, phthalates, phytoestrogens, and mycoestrogens. Results from both in vitro and in vivo models are included and discussed to better assess the molecular mechanisms by which EDCs can modify prostate biology. To overcome the heterogeneity of results published, we established common guidelines to properly study EDCs in the context of endocrine diseases. Firstly, the expression of sex-steroid receptors in the models used must be determined before testing. Then, in parallel to EDCs, pharmacological compounds acting as positive (agonists) and negative controls (antagonists) have to be employed. Finally, EDCs need to be used in a precise range of concentrations to modulate sex-steroid receptors and avoid off-target effects. By adequately integrating molecular endocrinology aspects in EDC studies and identifying their underlying molecular mechanisms, we will truly understand their impact on prostate cancer and distinguish those that favor the progression of the disease from those that slow down tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Lacouture
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Camille Lafront
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Cindy Peillex
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Master de Biologie, École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Infectious and Immune Diseases Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; ARThrite Research Center, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada.
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center, Québec, Canada; Cancer Research Center (CRC), Laval University, Québec, Canada.
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14
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Tam N, Lai KP, Kong RYC. Comparative transcriptomic analysis reveals reproductive impairments caused by PCBs and OH-PCBs through the dysregulation of ER and AR signaling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 802:149913. [PMID: 34474298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Reports have highlighted the presence of PCBs and their metabolites, OH-PCBs, in human serum as well as their endocrine-disrupting effects on reproductive function through direct interactions with the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER). However, the molecular mechanisms directly linking the actions of PCBs and OH-PCBs on the AR and ER to induce reproductive impairment remain poorly understood. In this study, we characterized the cellular response to PCBs and OH-PCBs acting on AR and ER transactivation at the transcriptome level coupled with bioinformatics analysis to identify the downstream pathways of androgen and estrogen signaling that leads to reproductive dysfunction. We first confirmed the agonistic and antagonistic effects of several PCBs and OH-PCBs on AR- and ER-mediated reporter gene activity using the androgen-responsive LNCaP and estrogen-responsive MCF-7 cell lines, respectively. Anti-estrogenic activity was not detected among the tested compounds; however, we found that in addition to anti-androgenic and estrogenic activity, PCB 28 and PCB 138 exhibited androgenic activity, while most of the tested OH-PCBs showed a synergistic effect on DHT-mediated transactivation of the AR. Bioinformatics analysis of transcriptome profiles from selected PCBs and OH-PCBs revealed various pathways that were dysregulated depending on their agonistic, antagonistic, or synergistic effects. The OH-PCBs with estrogenic activity affected pathways including vitamin metabolism and calcium transport. Other notable dysregulated pathways include cholesterol transport in response to androgenic PCBs, thyroid hormone metabolism in response to anti-androgenic PCBs, and antioxidant pathways in response to androgen-synergistic OH-PCBs. Our results demonstrate that PCBs and OH-PCBs directly alter specific pathways through androgen- or estrogen-mediated signaling, thereby providing additional insights into the mechanisms by which these compounds cause reproductive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tam
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Richard Yuen Chong Kong
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Vetrichelvan O, Gorjala P, Goodman O, Mitra R. Bergamottin a CYP3A inhibitor found in grapefruit juice inhibits prostate cancer cell growth by downregulating androgen receptor signaling and promoting G0/G1 cell cycle block and apoptosis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257984. [PMID: 34570813 PMCID: PMC8476002 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second leading cause of cancer related death in American men. Several therapies have been developed to treat advanced prostate cancer, but these therapies often have severe side effects. To improve the outcome with fewer side effects we focused on the furanocoumarin bergamottin, a natural product found in grapefruit juice and a potent CYP3A inhibitor. Our recent studies have shown that CYP3A5 inhibition can block androgen receptor (AR) signaling, critical for prostate cancer growth. We observed that bergamottin reduces prostate cancer (PC) cell growth by decreasing both total and nuclear AR (AR activation) reducing downstream AR signaling. Bergamottin’s role in reducing AR activation was confirmed by confocal microscopy studies and reduction in prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels, which is a marker for prostate cancer. Further studies revealed that bergamottin promotes cell cycle block and accumulates G0/G1 cells. The cell cycle block was accompanied with reduction in cyclin D, cyclin B, CDK4, P-cdc2 (Y15) and P-wee1 (S642). We also observed that bergamottin triggers apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines as evident by TUNEL staining and PARP cleavage. Our data suggests that bergamottin may suppress prostate cancer growth, especially in African American (AA) patients carrying wild type CYP3A5 often presenting aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opalina Vetrichelvan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Priyatham Gorjala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Oscar Goodman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America.,Comprehensive Cancer Centers of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
| | - Ranjana Mitra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Roseman University of Health Sciences, Las Vegas, Nevada, United States of America
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16
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Soo A, O'Callaghan ME, Kopsaftis T, Vatandoust S, Moretti K, Kichenadasse G. PSA response to antiandrogen withdrawal: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:826-836. [PMID: 33603235 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00337-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiandrogen withdrawal (AAW) response is the paradoxical decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) following the withdrawal of antiandrogen in patients with advanced prostate cancer. Currently, the reported literature on the proportion of patients exhibiting AAW response and the differences in PSA response between the types of antiandrogens is unclear. METHODS This review aimed to explore the PSA response to AAW and to identify if the response depends on the type of antiandrogens. A literature search was performed using databases PubMed, Cochrane and EMBASE with a cut-off date of 23rd of November 2020. Studies reporting on outcomes of AAW and prostate cancer were included. Studies were screened by two reviewers and relevant data extracted. Meta-analysis of outcomes was reported using random-effects and fixed-effects model. A subgroup analysis was performed for type of antiandrogen. RESULTS From 450 studies, 23 were included with a total of 1474 patients with advanced prostate cancer were available for further analysis. Overall, 395 (26%) patients had any reduction in PSA levels (95% CI: 20-32%) and 183 (11%) patients had a ≥50% reduction in PSA levels (95% CI: 6-16%). Among the 1212 patients on first-generation antiandrogens, 30% (95% CI: 23-38%) had any PSA decline with 15% patients having a ≥50% PSA decline (95% CI: 8-22%). In contrast, among the 108 patients on second-generation antiandrogens, 7% (95% CI: 0-13%) had any PSA decline and only 1% (95% CI: 0-5%) had a ≥50% PSA decline. Also, among the 154 patients on androgen synthesis inhibitors, 26% (95% CI: 19-33%) had any PSA decline and only 4% (95% CI: 0-13%) had a ≥50% PSA decline. CONCLUSIONS One-fourth of patients treated with AAW show a PSA response. However, PSA response to AAW is uncommon with second-generation antiandrogens and androgen synthesis inhibitors. Further research is required to understand the differences in response between the types of antiandrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwin Soo
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Michael E O'Callaghan
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tina Kopsaftis
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Urology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Sina Vatandoust
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia
| | - Kim Moretti
- South Australian Prostate Cancer Clinical Outcomes Collaborative, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Population Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Ganessan Kichenadasse
- School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia. .,Department of Medical Oncology, Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders Medical Centre/Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
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17
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Siciliano T, Simons IH, Beier AMK, Ebersbach C, Aksoy C, Seed RI, Stope MB, Thomas C, Erb HHH. A Systematic Comparison of Antiandrogens Identifies Androgen Receptor Protein Stability as an Indicator for Treatment Response. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:874. [PMID: 34575023 PMCID: PMC8468615 DOI: 10.3390/life11090874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiandrogen therapy is a primary treatment for patients with metastasized prostate cancer. Whilst the biologic mechanisms of antiandrogens have been extensively studied, the operating protocols used for the characterization of these drugs were not identical, limiting their comparison. Here, the antiandrogens Bicalutamide, Enzalutamide, Apalutamide, and Darolutamide were systematically compared using identical experimental setups. Androgen-dependent LNCaP and LAPC4 cells as well as androgen-independent C4-2 cells were treated with distinct concentrations of antiandrogens. Androgen receptor (AR)-mediated gene transactivation was determined using qPCR. Cell viability was measured by WST1 assay. Protein stability and AR localization were determined using western blot. Response to the tested antiandrogens across cellular backgrounds differed primarily in AR-mediated gene transactivation and cell viability. Antiandrogen treatment in LNCaP and LAPC4 cells resulted in AR protein level reduction, whereas in C4-2 cells marginal decreased AR protein was observed after treatment. In addition, AR downregulation was already detectable after 4 h, whereas reduced AR-mediated gene transactivation was not observed before 6 h. None of the tested antiandrogens displayed an advantage on the tested parameters within one cell line as opposed to the cellular background, which seems to be the primary influence on antiandrogen efficacy. Moreover, the results revealed a prominent role in AR protein stability. It is one of the first events triggered by antiandrogens and correlated with antiandrogen efficiency. Therefore, AR stability may surrogate antiandrogen response and may be a possible target to reverse antiandrogen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Siciliano
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
| | - Ingo H. Simons
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
| | - Alicia-Marie K. Beier
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Celina Ebersbach
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
- Mildred Scheel Early Career Center, Department of Urology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Cem Aksoy
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
| | - Robert I. Seed
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA;
| | - Matthias B. Stope
- Department of Gynecology and Gynecological Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
- UroFors Consortium (Natural Scientists in Urological Research) of the German Society of Urology, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Thomas
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
| | - Holger H. H. Erb
- Department of Urology, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany; (T.S.); (I.H.S.); (A.-M.K.B.); (C.E.); (C.A.); (C.T.)
- UroFors Consortium (Natural Scientists in Urological Research) of the German Society of Urology, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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18
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Human Prostate Epithelial Cells Activate the AIM2 Inflammasome upon Cellular Senescence: Role of POP3 Protein in Aging-Related Prostatic Inflammation. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040366. [PMID: 33923931 PMCID: PMC8073538 DOI: 10.3390/life11040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of type I (T1) interferon (IFN)-inducible POP3 protein in myeloid cells inhibit activation of the AIM2 inflammasome and production of IL-1β and IL-18 proinflammatory cytokines. The AIM2 mRNA levels were significantly higher in benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) than the normal prostate. Further, human normal prostate epithelial cells (PrECs), upon becoming senescent, activated an inflammasome. Because in aging related BPH senescent PrECs accumulate, we investigated the role of POP3 and AIM2 proteins in pre-senescent and senescent PrECs. Here we report that the basal levels of the POP3 mRNA and protein were lower in senescent (versus young or old) PrECs that exhibited activation of the T1 IFN response. Further, treatment of PrECs and a BPH cell line (BPH-1) that expresses the androgen receptor (AR) with the male sex hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT) increased the basal levels of POP3 mRNA and protein, but not AIM2, and inhibited activation of the AIM2 inflammasome. Of interest, a stable knockdown of POP3 protein expression in the BPH-1 cell line increased cytosolic DNA-induced activation of AIM2 inflammasome. These observations suggest a potential role of POP3 protein in aging-related prostatic inflammation.
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19
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Altschuler J, Stockert JA, Kyprianou N. Non-Coding RNAs Set a New Phenotypic Frontier in Prostate Cancer Metastasis and Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042100. [PMID: 33672595 PMCID: PMC7924036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) mortality remains a significant public health problem, as advanced disease has poor survivability due to the development of resistance in response to both standard and novel therapeutic interventions. Therapeutic resistance is a multifaceted problem involving the interplay of a number of biological mechanisms including genetic, signaling, and phenotypic alterations, compounded by the contributions of a tumor microenvironment that supports tumor growth, invasiveness, and metastasis. The androgen receptor (AR) is a primary regulator of prostate cell growth, response and maintenance, and the target of most standard PCa therapies designed to inhibit AR from interacting with androgens, its native ligands. As such, AR remains the main driver of therapeutic response in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). While androgen deprivation therapy (ADT), in combination with microtubule-targeting taxane chemotherapy, offers survival benefits in patients with mCRPC, therapeutic resistance invariably develops, leading to lethal disease. Understanding the mechanisms underlying resistance is critical to improving therapeutic outcomes and also to the development of biomarker signatures of predictive value. The interconversions between epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET) navigate the prostate tumor therapeutic response, and provide a novel targeting platform in overcoming therapeutic resistance. Both microRNA (miRNA)- and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)-mediated mechanisms have been associated with epigenetic changes in prostate cancer. This review discusses the current evidence-based knowledge of the role of the phenotypic transitions and novel molecular determinants (non-coding RNAs) as contributors to the emergence of therapeutic resistance and metastasis and their integrated predictive value in prostate cancer progression to advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Altschuler
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Jennifer A. Stockert
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
| | - Natasha Kyprianou
- Department of Urology, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.S.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Correspondence:
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20
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Conteduca V, Mosca A, Brighi N, de Giorgi U, Rescigno P. New Prognostic Biomarkers in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:193. [PMID: 33478015 PMCID: PMC7835961 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most frequent cancers in men and is a common cause of cancer-related death. Despite significant progress in the diagnosis and treatment of this tumor, patients who relapse after radical treatments inevitably develop metastatic disease. Patient stratification is therefore key in this type of cancer, and there is an urgent need for prognostic biomarkers that can define patients' risk of cancer-related death. In the last 10 years, multiple prognostic factors have been identified and studied. Here, we review the literature available and discuss the most common aberrant genomic pathways in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer shown to have a prognostic relevance in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza Conteduca
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (V.C.); (N.B.); (U.d.G.)
| | - Alessandra Mosca
- Multidisciplinary Outpatient Oncology Clinic, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Turin, Italy;
| | - Nicole Brighi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (V.C.); (N.B.); (U.d.G.)
| | - Ugo de Giorgi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori (IRST) IRCCS, 47014 Meldola, Italy; (V.C.); (N.B.); (U.d.G.)
| | - Pasquale Rescigno
- Interdisciplinary Group for Translational Research and Clinical Trials, Urological Cancers (GIRT-Uro), Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, 10060 Turin, Italy
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21
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Maitland NJ. Resistance to Antiandrogens in Prostate Cancer: Is It Inevitable, Intrinsic or Induced? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:327. [PMID: 33477370 PMCID: PMC7829888 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasingly sophisticated therapies for chemical castration dominate first-line treatments for locally advanced prostate cancer. However, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) offers little prospect of a cure, as resistant tumors emerge rather rapidly, normally within 30 months. Cells have multiple mechanisms of resistance to even the most sophisticated drug regimes, and both tumor cell heterogeneity in prostate cancer and the multiple salvage pathways result in castration-resistant disease related genetically to the original hormone-naive cancer. The timing and mechanisms of cell death after ADT for prostate cancer are not well understood, and off-target effects after long-term ADT due to functional extra-prostatic expression of the androgen receptor protein are now increasingly being recorded. Our knowledge of how these widely used treatments fail at a biological level in patients is deficient. In this review, I will discuss whether there are pre-existing drug-resistant cells in a tumor mass, or whether resistance is induced/selected by the ADT. Equally, what is the cell of origin of this resistance, and does it differ from the treatment-naïve tumor cells by differentiation or dedifferentiation? Conflicting evidence also emerges from studies in the range of biological systems and species employed to answer this key question. It is only by improving our understanding of this aspect of treatment and not simply devising another new means of androgen inhibition that we can improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman J Maitland
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
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22
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Zhang Y, Chen B, Xu N, Xu P, Lin W, Liu C, Huang P. Exosomes Promote the Transition of Androgen-Dependent Prostate Cancer Cells into Androgen-Independent Manner Through Up-Regulating the Heme Oxygenase-1. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:315-327. [PMID: 33469288 PMCID: PMC7811443 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s281710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is still considered incurable, even though the mechanisms of CRPC had been extensively researched. Studies have demonstrated that exosomes in the tumor microenvironment contribute to prostate cancer development and progression. However, the role of exosomes in the process of CRPC progression has not yet been determined. METHODS Co-culturing and exosome treatment assays combined with in vitro and in vivo assays were performed to determine the function of exosomes in the transformation of androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) cells into androgen-independent cells. Then, the mRNA expression profiles of ADPC cells and ADPC cells co-cultured with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cell-derived exosomes were studied using microarrays. After silencing the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), Western blotting, quantitative real-time PCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies, and MTS assay were used to confirm the mechanisms of exosome participation in CRPC progression. RESULTS The results showed that ADPC cells acquired tolerance for androgen deprivation due to the exosome-mediated communication between cells. AIPC cell-derived exosomes promoted the transformation of ADPC cells into androgen-independent cells in vivo and in vitro. Microarray analysis revealed that HMOX1 in ADPC cells was up-regulated after treatment with AIPC cell-derived exosomes. Further results showed that HMOX1 is overexpressed in human AIPC specimens and protects ADPC cells from androgen deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Our findings revealed that exosomes contribute to CRPC progression via promoting the transition of prostate cancer cells into an androgen-independent growth stage by activating HMOX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binshen Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Naijin Xu
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Lin
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Peng Huang
- Department of Urology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Inflammatory and Immune Diseases, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Urology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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23
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Alpsoy A, Utturkar SM, Carter BC, Dhiman A, Torregrosa-Allen SE, Currie MP, Elzey BD, Dykhuizen EC. BRD9 Is a Critical Regulator of Androgen Receptor Signaling and Prostate Cancer Progression. Cancer Res 2020; 81:820-833. [PMID: 33355184 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Switch/sucrose-nonfermentable (SWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling complexes are critical regulators of chromatin dynamics during transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. A recently identified SWI/SNF subcomplex termed GLTSCR1/1L-BAF (GBAF; or "noncanonical BAF", ncBAF) uniquely contains bromodomain-containing protein BRD9 and glioma tumor suppressor candidate region 1 (GLTSCR1) or its paralog GLTSCR1-like (GLTSCR1L). Recent studies have identified a unique dependency on GBAF (ncBAF) complexes in synovial sarcoma and malignant rhabdoid tumors, both of which possess aberrations in canonical BAF (cBAF) and Polybromo-BAF (PBAF) complexes. Dependencies on GBAF in malignancies without SWI/SNF aberrations, however, are less defined. Here, we show that GBAF, particularly its BRD9 subunit, is required for the viability of prostate cancer cell lines in vitro and for optimal xenograft tumor growth in vivo. BRD9 interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF), and modulates AR-dependent gene expression. The GBAF complex exhibits overlapping genome localization and transcriptional targets as bromodomain and extraterminal domain-containing (BET) proteins, which are established AR coregulators. Our results demonstrate that GBAF is critical for coordinating SWI/SNF-BET cooperation and uncover a new druggable target for AR-positive prostate cancers, including those resistant to androgen deprivation or antiandrogen therapies. SIGNIFICANCE: Advanced prostate cancers resistant to androgen receptor antagonists are still susceptible to nontoxic BRD9 inhibitors, making them a promising alternative for halting AR signaling in progressed disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aktan Alpsoy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sagar M Utturkar
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Benjamin C Carter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Alisha Dhiman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Sandra E Torregrosa-Allen
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Melanie P Currie
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Bennett D Elzey
- Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana.,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Emily C Dykhuizen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana. .,Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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24
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Linder A, Larsson K, Welén K, Damber JE. RGS2 is prognostic for development of castration resistance and cancer-specific survival in castration-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2020; 80:799-810. [PMID: 32449815 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) is a multifaceted protein with a prognostic value in hormone-naïve prostate cancer (PC). It has previously been associated with the development of castration resistance. However, RGS2 expression in clinical specimens of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) and its clinical relevance has not been explored. In the present study, RGS2 was assessed in CRPC and in relation to the development of castration resistance. METHODS In the present study, RGS2 expression was evaluated with immunohistochemistry in patient materials of hormone-naïve and castration-resistant primary tumors, also in matched specimens before and after 3 months of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Cox regression and Kaplan-Meier curves were used to evaluate the clinical significance of RGS2 expression. RGS2 expression in association to castration-resistant growth was assessed experimentally in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of CRPC. In vitro, hormone depletion of LNCaP and enzalutamide treatment of LNCaP, 22Rv1, and VCaP was performed to evaluate the association between RGS2 and the androgen receptor (AR). Stable RGS2 knockdown was used to evaluate the impact of RGS2 in association to PC cell growth under hormone-reduced conditions. Gene and protein expression were evaluated with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS RGS2 expression is increased in CRPC and enriched under ADT. Furthermore, a high RGS2 level is prognostic for poor cancer-specific survival for CRPC patients and significantly reduced failure-free survival (FFS) after an initiated ADT. Additionally, the prognostic value of RGS2 outperforms prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in terms of FFS. The present study furthermore suggests that RGS2 expression is reflective of AR activity. Moreover, low RGS2-expressing cells display hampered growth under hormone-reduced conditions, in line with the poor prognosis associated with high RGS2 expression. CONCLUSIONS High levels of RGS2 are associated with aggressive forms of castration-resistant PC. The results demonstrate that a high level of RGS2 is associated with poor prognosis in association with castration-resistant PC growth. RGS2 alone, or in association with PSA, has the potential to identify patients that require additional treatment at an early stage during ADT.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cohort Studies
- Heterografts
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/metabolism
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RGS Proteins/biosynthesis
- RGS Proteins/genetics
- RGS Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Linder
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Larsson
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Karin Welén
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan-Erik Damber
- Department of Urology, Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Ly LK, Rowles JL, Paul HM, Alves JMP, Yemm C, Wolf PM, Devendran S, Hudson ME, Morris DJ, Erdman JW, Ridlon JM. Bacterial steroid-17,20-desmolase is a taxonomically rare enzymatic pathway that converts prednisone to 1,4-androstanediene-3,11,17-trione, a metabolite that causes proliferation of prostate cancer cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 199:105567. [PMID: 31870912 PMCID: PMC7333170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The adrenal gland has traditionally been viewed as a source of "weak androgens"; however, emerging evidence indicates 11-oxy-androgens of adrenal origin are metabolized in peripheral tissues to potent androgens. Also emerging is the role of gut bacteria in the conversion of C21 glucocorticoids to 11-oxygenated C19 androgens. Clostridium scindens ATCC 35,704 is a gut microbe capable of converting cortisol into 11-oxy-androgens by cleaving the side-chain. The desA and desB genes encode steroid-17,20-desmolase. Our prior study indicated that the urinary tract bacterium, Propionimicrobium lymphophilum ACS-093-V-SCH5 encodes desAB and converts cortisol to 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione. We wanted to determine how widespread this function occurs in the human microbiome. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity network analyses indicated that the steroid-17,20-desmolase pathway is taxonomically rare and located in gut and urogenital microbiomes. Two microbes from each of these niches, C. scindens and Propionimicrobium lymphophilum, respectively, were screened for activity against endogenous (cortisol, cortisone, and allotetrahydrocortisol) and exogenous (prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and 9-fluorocortisol) glucocorticoids. LC/MS analysis showed that both microbes were able to side-chain cleave all glucocorticoids, forming 11-oxy-androgens. Pure recombinant DesAB from C. scindens showed the highest activity against prednisone, a commonly prescribed glucocorticoid. In addition, 0.1 nM 1,4-androstadiene-3,11,17-trione, bacterial side-chain cleavage product of prednisone, showed significant proliferation relative to vehicle in androgen-dependent growth LNCaP prostate cancer cells after 24 h (2.3 fold; P < 0.01) and 72 h (1.6 fold; P < 0.01). Taken together, DesAB-expressing microbes may be an overlooked source of androgens in the body, potentially contributing to various disease states, such as prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey K Ly
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joe L Rowles
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Hans Müller Paul
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - João M P Alves
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camdon Yemm
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia M Wolf
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Saravanan Devendran
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew E Hudson
- Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL, USA; Illinois Informatics Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - David J Morris
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Miriam Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - John W Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jason M Ridlon
- Microbiome Metabolic Engineering Theme, Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center of Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.
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26
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Ji H, Li Y, Liu Z, Tang M, Zou L, Su F, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Li L, Ai B, Ma J, Wang L, Liu M, Xiao F. Quantitative Evaluation of the Transcriptional Activity of Steroid Hormone Receptor Mutants and Variants Using a Single Vector With Two Reporters and a Receptor Expression Cassette. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:167. [PMID: 32296391 PMCID: PMC7137763 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the rapid development of high-throughput sequencing has led to the identification of a large number of truncated or mutated steroid hormone receptor (SHR) variants, their clinical relevance remains to be defined. A platform for functional analysis of these SHR variants in cells would be instrumental for better assessing their impact on normal physiology and SHR-associated diseases. Here we have developed a new reporter system that allows rapid and accurate assessment of the transcriptional activity of SHR variants in cells. The reporter is a single construct containing a firefly luciferase reporter gene, whose expression is under the control of a promoter with multiple steroid hormone responsive elements, and a Renilla luciferase reporter gene, that is constitutively expressed under the control of an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and is not regulated by steroid hormones. The corresponding SHR (wildtype or mutant/variant) is also expressed from the same construct. Using this improved reporter system, we revealed a large spectrum of transactivation activities within a set of previously identified mutations and variations of the androgen receptor (AR), the estrogen receptor α (ERα) and the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). This novel reporter system enables functional analysis of SHR mutants and variants in physiological and pathological settings, offering valuable preclinical, or diagnostic information for the understanding and treatment of associated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biological Assay/methods
- COS Cells
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Cloning, Molecular/methods
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/genetics
- Estrogen Receptor alpha/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter/drug effects
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HEK293 Cells
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hormones/pharmacology
- Humans
- Luciferases, Firefly/genetics
- Mutant Proteins/physiology
- Mutation
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/physiology
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/genetics
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/physiology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Transcriptional Activation/drug effects
- Transcriptional Activation/genetics
- Transfection/methods
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ji
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihui Zou
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Su
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqun Zhang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junhua Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hexin Li
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Ai
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Center for Biotherapy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- State Key Lab of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lunan Wang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Laboratory Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
- Graduate School, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Xiao
- The Key Laboratory of Geriatrics, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, National Health Commissions, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Clinical Biobank, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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27
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Lafront C, Germain L, Weidmann C, Audet-Walsh É. A Systematic Study of the Impact of Estrogens and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Prostate Cancer Cell Proliferation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4024. [PMID: 32132580 PMCID: PMC7055213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60844-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The estrogen signaling pathway has been reported to modulate prostate cancer (PCa) progression through the activity of estrogen receptors α and β (ERα and ERβ). Given that selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) are used to treat breast cancer, ERs have been proposed as attractive therapeutic targets in PCa. However, many inconsistencies regarding the expression of ERs and the efficacy of SERMs for PCa treatment exist, notably due to the use of ERβ antibodies lacking specificity and treatments with high SERM concentrations leading to off-target effects. To end this confusion, our objective was to study the impact of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic ligands in well-studied in vitro PCa models with appropriate controls, dosages, and ER subtype-specific antibodies. When using physiologically relevant concentrations of nine estrogenic/anti-estrogenic compounds, including five SERMs, we observed no significant modulation of PCa cell proliferation. Using RNA-seq and validated antibodies, we demonstrate that these PCa models do not express ERs. In contrast, RNA-seq from PCa samples from patients have detectable expression of ERα. Overall, our study reveals that commonly used PCa models are inappropriate to study ERs and indicate that usage of alternative models is essential to properly assess the roles of the estrogen signaling pathway in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lafront
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Lucas Germain
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Department of biochemistry, microbiology and bioinformatics, Faculty of Sciences and Engineering, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Cindy Weidmann
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Étienne Audet-Walsh
- Department of molecular medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Endocrinology - Nephrology Research Axis, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
- Centre de recherche sur le cancer (CRC) of Université Laval, Québec City, Canada.
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Pharmacological polyamine catabolism upregulation with methionine salvage pathway inhibition as an effective prostate cancer therapy. Nat Commun 2020; 11:52. [PMID: 31911608 PMCID: PMC6946658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostatic luminal epithelial cells secrete high levels of acetylated polyamines into the prostatic lumen, sensitizing them to perturbations of connected metabolic pathways. Enhanced flux is driven by spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) activity, which acetylates polyamines leading to their secretion and drives biosynthetic demand. The methionine salvage pathway recycles one-carbon units lost to polyamine biosynthesis to the methionine cycle to overcome stress. Prostate cancer (CaP) relies on methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), the rate-limiting enzyme, to relieve strain. Here, we show that inhibition of MTAP alongside SSAT upregulation is synergistic in androgen sensitive and castration recurrent CaP models in vitro and in vivo. The combination treatment increases apoptosis in radical prostatectomy ex vivo explant samples. This unique high metabolic flux through polyamine biosynthesis and connected one carbon metabolism in CaP creates a metabolic dependency. Enhancing this flux while simultaneously targeting this dependency in prostate cancer results in an effective therapeutic approach potentially translatable to the clinic. Prostate cancer cells depend on MTAP, the rate-limiting enzyme involved in the methionine salvage pathway, to cope with increased polyamine biosynthesis. Here, the authors show that inducing upregulation of polyamine biosynthesis and targeting MTAP synergize to increase apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
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Bezerra KS, Vianna JF, Lima Neto JX, Ivan Nobre Oliveira J, Albuquerque EL, Fulco UL. Interaction energies between two antiandrogenic and one androgenic agonist receptor in the presence of a T877A mutation in prostate cancer: a quantum chemistry analysis. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj06276a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We provide a detailed picture of the interactions between the androgen receptor T877A mutation and three different compounds used in the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. S. Bezerra
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - J. F. Vianna
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - J. X. Lima Neto
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - J. Ivan Nobre Oliveira
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - E. L. Albuquerque
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
| | - U. L. Fulco
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte
- Natal-RN
- Brazil
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Saranyutanon S, Srivastava SK, Pai S, Singh S, Singh AP. Therapies Targeted to Androgen Receptor Signaling Axis in Prostate Cancer: Progress, Challenges, and Hope. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010051. [PMID: 31877956 PMCID: PMC7016833 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the mostly commonly diagnosed non-cutaneous malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death affecting men in the United States. Moreover, it disproportionately affects the men of African origin, who exhibit significantly greater incidence and mortality as compared to the men of European origin. Since androgens play an important role in the growth of normal prostate and prostate tumors, targeting of androgen signaling has remained a mainstay for the treatment of aggressive prostate cancer. Over the years, multiple approaches have been evaluated to effectively target the androgen signaling pathway that include direct targeting of the androgens, androgen receptor (AR), AR co-regulators or other alternate mechanisms that impact the outcome of androgen signaling. Several of these approaches are currently in clinical practice, while some are still pending further development and clinical evaluation. This remarkable progress has resulted from extensive laboratory, pre-clinical and clinical efforts, and mechanistic learnings from the therapeutic success and failures. In this review, we describe the importance of androgen signaling in prostate cancer biology and advances made over the years to effectively target this signaling pathway. We also discuss emerging data on the resistance pathways associated with the failure of various androgen signaling- targeted therapies and potential of this knowledge for translation into future therapies for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Saranyutanon
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
| | - Sanjeev Kumar Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +1-251-445-9874 (S.K.S.); +1-251-445-9843 (A.P.S.)
| | - Sachin Pai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA;
| | - Seema Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
| | - Ajay Pratap Singh
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36617, USA; (S.S.)
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36604, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL 36688, USA
- Correspondence: (S.K.S.); (A.P.S.); Tel.: +1-251-445-9874 (S.K.S.); +1-251-445-9843 (A.P.S.)
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31
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Yu L, Pham Q, Yu LL, Wang TTY. Modulation of CXC-motif chemokine receptor 7, but not 4, expression is related to migration of the human prostate cancer cell LNCaP: regulation by androgen and inflammatory stimuli. Inflamm Res 2019; 69:167-178. [PMID: 31865399 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-019-01305-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To elucidate the regulation, function of the chemokine CXC-motif ligand 12 (CXCL12) and its receptors (CXCR) 4 and 7 in prostate cancer tumor microenvironment. MATERIAL In-silico-analysis of expression in prostate cancer tissues. In-vitro comparison, testing of regulation in human prostate cancer cells LNCaP, DU145, and PC3. TREATMENT Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) treatments (0-10 nM) were for 0-48 h. The inflammatory agent Flagellin treatment (20 ng/ml) was for 2 h. Migration assays were performed for 24 h using 10 ng/ml CXCL12. METHODS Real-time PCR, western analysis, and migration assays were used to determine mRNA, protein, and functional changes, respectively. RESULTS Malignant prostate cancer tissues exhibit higher CXCR4/7 mRNA ratio, and higher CXCR7 mRNA levels were detected in the androgen-responsive LNCaP cells. Putative androgen-responsive elements were identified in CXCR4, 7 gene, and exposure to DHT, flagellin increased CXCR4 mRNA but decreased CXCR7 mRNA levels in LNCaP cells. Androgen receptor siRNA significantly attenuated the effects of DHT on CXCR4, 7 mRNA in LNCaP cells. However, DHT and flagellin only decrease CXCR7 protein and additively increased migration of LNCaP cells towards CXCL12. CONCLUSIONS Down regulation of CXCR7 protein by DHT and flagellin increased migration, supporting CXCR7 as decoy receptor counteracting CXCL12/CXCR4-mediated migration in prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Quynhchi Pham
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 307C, Rm 132, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Thomas T Y Wang
- Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Bldg. 307C, Rm 132, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA.
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Rooney JP, Chorley B, Kleinstreuer N, Corton JC. Identification of Androgen Receptor Modulators in a Prostate Cancer Cell Line Microarray Compendium. Toxicol Sci 2019; 166:146-162. [PMID: 30085300 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High-throughput transcriptomic (HTTr) technologies are increasingly being used to screen environmental chemicals in vitro to identify molecular targets and provide mechanistic context for regulatory testing. Here, we describe the development and validation of a novel gene expression biomarker to identify androgen receptor (AR)-modulating chemicals using a pattern matching method. Androgen receptor biomarker genes were identified by their consistent expression after exposure to 4 AR agonists and 4 AR antagonists and included only those genes that were regulated by AR. The 51 gene biomarker was evaluated as a predictive tool using the fold-change, rank-based Running Fisher algorithm. Using 158 comparisons from cells treated with 95 chemicals, the biomarker gave balanced accuracies for prediction of AR activation or AR suppression of 97% or 98%, respectively. The biomarker correctly classified 16 out of the 17 AR reference antagonists including those that are "weak" and "very weak". Predictions based on microarray profiles from AR-positive LAPC-4 cells treated with 28 chemicals in antagonist mode were compared with those from an AR pathway model which used 11 in vitro HT assays. The balanced accuracy for suppression was 93%. Using our approach, we identified conditions in which AR was modulated in a large collection of microarray profiles from prostate cancer cell lines including (1) constitutively active mutants or knockdown of AR, (2) decreases in availability of androgens by castration or removal from media, and (3) exposure to chemical modulators that work through indirect mechanisms including suppression of AR expression. These results demonstrate that the AR gene expression biomarker could be a useful tool in HTTr to identify AR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Rooney
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711.,Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Brian Chorley
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
| | - Nicole Kleinstreuer
- NTP Interagency Center for the Evaluation of Alternative Toxicological Methods, NTP, NIEHS, NIH, DHHS, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711
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33
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Pertusati F, Ferla S, Bassetto M, Brancale A, Khandil S, Westwell AD, McGuigan C. A new series of bicalutamide, enzalutamide and enobosarm derivatives carrying pentafluorosulfanyl (SF5) and pentafluoroethyl (C2F5) substituents: Improved antiproliferative agents against prostate cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 180:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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34
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Corton JC, Kleinstreuer NC, Judson RS. Identification of potential endocrine disrupting chemicals using gene expression biomarkers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 380:114683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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35
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Laera L, Guaragnella N, Giannattasio S, Moro L. 6-Thioguanine and Its Analogs Promote Apoptosis of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells in a BRCA2-Dependent Manner. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E945. [PMID: 31284411 PMCID: PMC6678799 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Mutations in the oncosuppressor gene BReast CAncer susceptibility gene 2 (BRCA2) predispose to aggressive forms of prostate cancer which show poor response to taxane-based therapy, the standard treatment for castration-resistant, aggressive prostate cancer. Herein, we addressed the question whether changes in BRCA2 expression, a potential surrogate marker for BRCA2 activity, may affect the response of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells to 6-thioguanine (6-TG), a thiopurine used in the treatment of haematological malignancies. Methods: Yeast, normal prostate cells and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells were treated with 6-TG or its analogues, in presence or absence of paclitaxel, or with olaparib, a poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor currently in clinical trials for treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer, and cell proliferation, apoptosis and androgen receptor (AR) levels were measured. Results: 6-TG inhibited cell proliferation in yeast, normal and castration-resistant prostate cancer cells but promoted apoptosis only in cancer cells. Suppression of BRCA2 expression by siRNA or shRNA increased the sensitivity to 6-TG- and olaparib-induced apoptosis but did not affect cancer cell response to taxane. Intriguingly, 6-TG reduced AR expression levels independently on BRCA2 expression. Instead, olaparib decreased AR levels only in BRCA2-knockdown prostate cancer cells. Notably, overexpression of BRCA2 resulted in resistance of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells to 6-TG-, taxane- and olaparib-based treatment but promoted sensitivity to apoptosis induced by 2-amino-6-bromopurine and 2,6-dithiopurine, two 6-TG analogues. Conclusions: Our results provide a pre-clinical rationale for the use of 6-TG in the treatment of BRCA2-deficient castration-resistant prostate cancers, and of certain 6-TG analogues for treatment of BRCA2-proficient prostate cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luna Laera
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guaragnella
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Giannattasio
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Research Council, Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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36
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Blatt EB, Raj GV. Molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance in prostate cancer. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2019; 2:189-197. [PMID: 35582713 PMCID: PMC8992629 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2019.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
An estimated 30,000 men in the United States will die of metastatic prostate cancer (PCa) each year due to the development of therapy resistance, most notably resistance to second-generation antiandrogen enzalutamide. The vast majority of PCa is driven by the androgen receptor (AR). Enzalutamide is an AR antagonist, which extends patient survival and is widely used in the clinic for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC); however, many patients will have primary or develop acquired resistance and continue to progress. Characterization of the molecular mechanisms of enzalutamide resistance provides insight into potentially efficacious therapies for enzalutamide-resistant CRPC (ER-CRPC). Understanding these mechanisms is critical for the identification of biomarkers predictive of therapy resistance and the development of therapeutic strategies to target ER-CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot B. Blatt
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ganesh V. Raj
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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37
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Lee E, Wongvipat J, Choi D, Wang P, Lee YS, Zheng D, Watson PA, Gopalan A, Sawyers CL. GREB1 amplifies androgen receptor output in human prostate cancer and contributes to antiandrogen resistance. eLife 2019; 8:e41913. [PMID: 30644358 PMCID: PMC6336405 DOI: 10.7554/elife.41913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomic amplification of the androgen receptor (AR) is an established mechanism of antiandrogen resistance in prostate cancer. Here, we show that the magnitude of AR signaling output, independent of AR genomic alteration or expression level, also contributes to antiandrogen resistance, through upregulation of the coactivator GREB1. We demonstrate 100-fold heterogeneity in AR output within human prostate cancer cell lines and show that cells with high AR output have reduced sensitivity to enzalutamide. Through transcriptomic and shRNA knockdown studies, together with analysis of clinical datasets, we identify GREB1 as a gene responsible for high AR output. We show that GREB1 is an AR target gene that amplifies AR output by enhancing AR DNA binding and promoting EP300 recruitment. GREB1 knockdown in high AR output cells restores enzalutamide sensitivity in vivo. Thus, GREB1 is a candidate driver of enzalutamide resistance through a novel feed forward mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugine Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - John Wongvipat
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Danielle Choi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Young Sun Lee
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of GeneticsAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of NeurologyAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of NeuroscienceAlbert Einstein College of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Philip A Watson
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Anuradha Gopalan
- Department of PathologyMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
| | - Charles L Sawyers
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis ProgramMemorial Sloan Kettering Cancer CenterNew YorkUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteChevy ChaseUnited States
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38
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Hillebrand AC, Pizzolato LS, Branchini G, Brum IS. Androgenic modulation of AR-Vs. Endocrine 2018; 62:477-486. [PMID: 30027434 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-018-1682-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The importance of androgen receptor variants (AR-Vs) is recognized in prostate cancer. AR-Vs have been the focus of many studies. Expression of AR-Vs has been proposed as a biomarker for resistance to androgen deprivation therapy for metastatic disease. Herein, we show dynamic changes in AR-Vs expression in response to androgen modulation. METHODS The C4-2B cell line was exposed to low (10-13 M) and high (10-8 M) androgen (dihydrotestosterone, DHT) levels, with or without flutamide. mRNA and protein expression levels were assessed by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. RESULTS We demonstrated that high levels of DHT downregulate AR-FL and AR-Vs. Even though AR-Vs did not present ligand-binding domain, thus were not capable of binding to DHT, they present dynamic changes under androgen treatment. Treatment with flutamide alone or in association with low levels of DHT stimulates growth of prostatic cells. CONCLUSIONS Importantly, we provide evidence that AR-Vs respond differently to androgenic modulation. These findings have implications for a better understanding of the role of AR-Vs in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Caroline Hillebrand
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrine and Tumoral Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences of Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Lolita Schneider Pizzolato
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrine and Tumoral Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences of Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Gisele Branchini
- Department of Basic Sciences of Health, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
| | - Ilma Simoni Brum
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrine and Tumoral Biology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences of Health, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Molecular Obstetrics and Gynecology, Experimental Research Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90035-903, Brazil.
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39
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Licon-Munoz Y, Fordyce CA, Hayek SR, Parra KJ. V-ATPase-dependent repression of androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:28921-28934. [PMID: 29988966 PMCID: PMC6034745 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate Cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the third leading cause of death for men in the United States. Suppression of androgen receptor (AR) expression is a desirable mechanism to manage PCa. Our studies showed that AR expression was reduced in LAPC4 and LNCaP PCa cell lines treated with nanomolar concentrations of the V-ATPase inhibitor concanamycin A (CCA). This treatment decreased PSA mRNA levels, indicative of reduced AR activity. V-ATPase-dependent repression of AR expression was linked to defective endo-lysosomal pH regulation and reduced AR expression at the transcriptional level. CCA treatment increased the protein level and nuclear localization of the alpha subunit of the transcription factor HIF-1 (HIF-1α) in PCa cells via decreased hydroxylation and degradation of HIF-1α. The addition of iron (III) citrate restored HIF-1α hydroxylation and decreased total HIF-1α levels in PCa cells treated with CCA. Moreover, iron treatment partially rescued CCA-mediated AR repression. Dimethyloxalylglycine (DMOG), which prevents HIF-1α degradation independently of V-ATPase, also decreased AR levels, supporting our hypothesis that HIF-1α serves as a downstream mediator in the V-ATPase-AR axis. We propose a new V-ATPase-dependent mechanism to inhibit androgen receptor expression in prostate cancer cells involving defective endosomal trafficking of iron and the inhibition of HIF-1 α-subunit turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamhilette Licon-Munoz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Colleen A Fordyce
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Summer Raines Hayek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
| | - Karlett J Parra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, New Mexico, 87131, USA
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40
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Johnston PA, Nguyen MM, Dar JA, Ai J, Wang Y, Masoodi KZ, Shun T, Shinde S, Camarco DP, Hua Y, Huryn DM, Wilson GM, Lazo JS, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. Development and Implementation of a High-Throughput High-Content Screening Assay to Identify Inhibitors of Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2017; 14:226-39. [PMID: 27187604 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2016.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) can be treated with abiraterone, a potent inhibitor of androgen synthesis, or enzalutamide, a second-generation androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, both targeting AR signaling. However, most patients relapse after several months of therapy and a majority of patients with relapsed CRPC tumors express the AR target gene prostate-specific antigen (PSA), suggesting that AR signaling is reactivated and can be targeted again to inhibit the relapsed tumors. Novel small molecules capable of inhibiting AR function may lead to urgently needed therapies for patients resistant to abiraterone, enzalutamide, and/or other previously approved antiandrogen therapies. Here, we describe a high-throughput high-content screening (HCS) campaign to identify small-molecule inhibitors of AR nuclear localization in the C4-2 CRPC cell line stably transfected with GFP-AR-GFP (2GFP-AR). The implementation of this HCS assay to screen a National Institutes of Health library of 219,055 compounds led to the discovery of 3 small molecules capable of inhibiting AR nuclear localization and function in C4-2 cells, demonstrating the feasibility of using this cell-based phenotypic assay to identify small molecules targeting the subcellular localization of AR. Furthermore, the three hit compounds provide opportunities to develop novel AR drugs with potential for therapeutic intervention in CRPC patients who have relapsed after treatment with antiandrogens, such as abiraterone and/or enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Johnston
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Minh M Nguyen
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Javid A Dar
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 Central Laboratory, College of Science, King Saud University , Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junkui Ai
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yujuan Wang
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Khalid Z Masoodi
- 3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Transcriptomics and Proteomics Lab, Centre for Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K) , Shalimar, Srinagar, India
| | - Tongying Shun
- 6 Pittsburgh Specialized Application Center, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Sunita Shinde
- 6 Pittsburgh Specialized Application Center, University of Pittsburgh Drug Discovery Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel P Camarco
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yun Hua
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Donna M Huryn
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gabriela Mustata Wilson
- 8 Department of Health Services and Health Administration, College of Nursing and Health Professions, University of Southern Indiana , Evansville, Indiana
| | - John S Lazo
- 9 Departments of Pharmacology and Chemistry, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Joel B Nelson
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- 1 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,7 University of Pittsburgh Chemical Diversity Center , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,10 Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- 2 University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,3 Department of Urology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,11 Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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41
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Masoodi KZ, Eisermann K, Yang Z, Dar JA, Pascal LE, Nguyen M, O’Malley K, Parrinello E, Feturi FG, Kenefake AN, Nelson JB, Johnston PA, Wipf P, Wang Z. Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Function and Level in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells by 2-[(isoxazol-4-ylmethyl)thio]-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone. Endocrinology 2017; 158:3152-3161. [PMID: 28977599 PMCID: PMC5659684 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a critical role in the development of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) as well as in the resistance to the second-generation AR antagonist enzalutamide and the selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 17A1 (CYP17A1) abiraterone. Novel agents targeting AR may inhibit the growth of prostate cancer cells resistant to enzalutamide and/or abiraterone. Through a high-throughput/high-content screening of a 220,000-member small molecule library, we have previously identified 2-[(isoxazol-4-ylmethyl)thio]-1-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethanone (IMTPPE) (SID 3712502) as a novel small molecule capable of inhibiting AR transcriptional activity and protein level in C4-2 prostate cancer cells. In this study, we show that IMTPPE inhibits AR-target gene expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, and luciferase assays. IMTPPE inhibited proliferation of AR-positive, but not AR-negative, prostate cancer cells in culture. IMTPPE inhibited the transcriptional activity of a mutant AR lacking the ligand-binding domain (LBD), indicating that IMTPPE inhibition of AR is independent of the LBD. Furthermore, animal studies showed that IMTPPE inhibited the growth of 22Rv1 xenograft tumor, a model for enzalutamide-resistant prostate cancer. These findings suggest that IMTPPE is a potential lead compound for developing clinical candidates for the treatment of CRPC, including those resistant to enzalutamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Z. Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Transcriptomics Laboratory, Division of Plant Biotechnology, SKUAST-Kashmir, Shalimar, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir 190025, India
| | - Kurtis Eisermann
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242
| | - Zhenyu Yang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Urology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013 Hunan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Javid A. Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Central Laboratory College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh KSA-11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Laura E. Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Minh Nguyen
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Katherine O’Malley
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Erica Parrinello
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Firuz G. Feturi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Alex N. Kenefake
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Joel B. Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Paul A. Johnston
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15232
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42
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Artemisinin disrupts androgen responsiveness of human prostate cancer cells by stimulating the 26S proteasome-mediated degradation of the androgen receptor protein. Anticancer Drugs 2017; 28:1018-1031. [DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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43
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Dai C, Heemers H, Sharifi N. Androgen Signaling in Prostate Cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:cshperspect.a030452. [PMID: 28389515 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a030452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Since the landmark discovery by Huggins and Hodges, gonadal depletion of androgens has remained a mainstay of therapy for advanced disease. However, progression to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) typically follows and is largely the result of restored androgen signaling. Efforts to understand the mechanisms behind CRPC have revealed new insights into dysregulated androgen signaling and intratumoral androgen synthesis, which has ultimately led to the development of several novel androgen receptor (AR)-directed therapies for CRPC. However, emergence of resistance to these newer agents has also galvanized new directions in investigations of prereceptor and postreceptor AR regulation. Here, we review our current understanding of AR signaling as it pertains to the biology and natural history of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Dai
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Hannelore Heemers
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Hematology & Medical Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195.,Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195
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44
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Masoodi KZ, Xu Y, Dar JA, Eisermann K, Pascal LE, Parrinello E, Ai J, Johnston PA, Nelson JB, Wipf P, Wang Z. Inhibition of Androgen Receptor Nuclear Localization and Castration-Resistant Prostate Tumor Growth by Pyrroloimidazole-based Small Molecules. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2120-2129. [PMID: 28655783 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that controls the expression of androgen-responsive genes. A key step in androgen action, which is amplified in castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), is AR nuclear translocation. Small molecules capable of inhibiting AR nuclear localization could be developed as novel therapeutics for CRPC. We developed a high-throughput screen and identified two structurally-related pyrroloimidazoles that could block AR nuclear localization in CRPC cells. We show that these two small molecules, 3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (EPPI) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo[1,2-a]imidazole (CPPI) can inhibit the nuclear localization and transcriptional activity of AR and reduce the proliferation of AR-positive but not AR-negative prostate cancer cell lines. EPPI and CPPI did not inhibit nuclear localization of the glucocorticoid receptor or the estrogen receptor, suggesting they selectively target AR. In LNCaP tumor xenografts, CPPI inhibited the proliferation of relapsed LNCaP tumors. These findings suggest that EPPI and CPPI could serve as lead structures for the development of therapeutic agents for CRPC. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2120-9. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Z Masoodi
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Transcriptomics Lab, Division of Plant Biotechnology, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Yadong Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Urology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan 410011, China.,The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Javid A Dar
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Central Laboratory College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kurtis Eisermann
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura E Pascal
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Erica Parrinello
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Junkui Ai
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Paul A Johnston
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel B Nelson
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Zhou Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. .,University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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45
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Licciardello MP, Ringler A, Markt P, Klepsch F, Lardeau CH, Sdelci S, Schirghuber E, Müller AC, Caldera M, Wagner A, Herzog R, Penz T, Schuster M, Boidol B, Dürnberger G, Folkvaljon Y, Stattin P, Ivanov V, Colinge J, Bock C, Kratochwill K, Menche J, Bennett KL, Kubicek S. A combinatorial screen of the CLOUD uncovers a synergy targeting the androgen receptor. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:771-778. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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46
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Raza S, Meyer M, Goodyear C, Hammer KDP, Guo B, Ghribi O. The cholesterol metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol stimulates cell proliferation via ERβ in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2017; 17:52. [PMID: 28503095 PMCID: PMC5425984 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-017-0422-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND For every six men, one will be diagnosed with prostate cancer (PCa) in their lifetime. Estrogen receptors (ERs) are known to play a role in prostate carcinogenesis. However, it is unclear whether the estrogenic effects are mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) or estrogen receptor β (ERβ). Although it is speculated that ERα is associated with harmful effects on PCa, the role of ERβ in PCa is still ill-defined. The cholesterol oxidized metabolite 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) has been found to bind to ERs and act as a selective ER modulator (SERM). Increased 27-OHC levels are found in individuals with hypercholesterolemia, a condition that is suggested to be a risk factor for PCa. METHODS In the present study, we determined the extent to which 27-OHC causes deleterious effects in the non-tumorigenic RWPE-1, the low tumorigenic LNCaP, and the highly tumorigenic PC3 prostate cancer cells. We conducted cell metabolic activity and proliferation assays using MTS and CyQUANT dyes, protein expression analyses via immunoblots and gene expression analyses via RT-PCR. Additionally, immunocytochemistry and invasion assays were performed to analyze intracellular protein distribution and quantify transepithelial cell motility. RESULTS We found that incubation of LNCaP and PC3 cells with 27-OHC significantly increased cell proliferation. We also demonstrate that the ER inhibitor ICI 182,780 (fulvestrant) significantly reduced 27-OH-induced cell proliferation, indicating the involvement of ERs in proliferation. Interestingly, ERβ levels, and to a lesser extent ERα, were significantly increased following incubation of PCa cells with 27-OHC. Furthermore, in the presence of the ERβ specific inhibitor, PHTPP, 27-OHC-induced proliferation is attenuated. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, our results show for the first time that 27-OHC, through ER activation, triggers deleterious effect in prostate cancer cell lines. We propose that dysregulated levels of 27-OHC may trigger or exacerbate prostate cancer via acting on ERβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaneabbas Raza
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Megan Meyer
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Casey Goodyear
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
| | - Kimberly D P Hammer
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Fargo VA Health Care System, Fargo, ND 58102 USA
| | - Bin Guo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108 USA
| | - Othman Ghribi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, 501 North Columbia Road, Grand Forks, ND 58202 USA
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47
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Androgen receptor variation affects prostate cancer progression and drug resistance. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:152-162. [PMID: 27725309 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Significant therapeutic progress has been made in treating prostate cancer in recent years. Drugs such as enzalutamide, abiraterone, and cabazitaxel have expanded the treatment armamentarium, although it is not completely clear which of these drugs are the most-effective option for individual patients. Moreover, such advances have been tempered by the development of therapeutic resistance. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current literature pertaining to the biochemical effects of AR variants and their consequences on prostate cancer therapies at both the molecular level and in clinical treatment. We address how these AR splice variants and mutations affect tumor progression and therapeutic resistance and discuss potential novel therapeutic strategies under development. It is hoped that these therapies can be administered with increasing precision as tumor genotyping methods become more sophisticated, thereby lending clinicians a better understanding of the underlying biology of prostate tumors in individual patients.
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48
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Wadosky KM, Koochekpour S. Molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to androgen deprivation therapy in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:64447-64470. [PMID: 27487144 PMCID: PMC5325456 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most widely diagnosed male cancer in the Western World and while low- and intermediate-risk PCa patients have a variety of treatment options, metastatic patients are limited to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). This treatment paradigm has been in place for 75 years due to the unique role of androgens in promoting growth of prostatic epithelial cells via the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR) and downstream signaling pathways. Within 2 to 3 years of ADT, disease recurs-at which time, patients are considered to have castration-recurrent PCa (CR-PCa). A universal mechanism by which PCa becomes resistant to ADT has yet to be discovered. In this review article, we discuss underlying molecular mechanisms by which PCa evades ADT. Several major resistance pathways center on androgen signaling, including intratumoral and adrenal androgen production, AR-overexpression and amplification, expression of AR mutants, and constitutively-active AR splice variants. Other ADT resistance mechanisms, including activation of glucocorticoid receptor and impairment of DNA repair pathways are also discussed. New therapies have been approved for treatment of CR-PCa, but increase median survival by only 2-8 months. We discuss possible mechanisms of resistance to these new ADT agents. Finally, the practicality of the application of "precision oncology" to this continuing challenge of therapy resistance in metastatic or CR-PCa is examined. Empirical validation and clinical-based evidence are definitely needed to prove the superiority of "precision" treatment in providing a more targeted approach and curative therapies over the existing practices that are based on biological "cause-and-effect" relationship.
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MESH Headings
- Androgen Antagonists/adverse effects
- Androgen Antagonists/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal/therapeutic use
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Humans
- Kallikreins/blood
- Male
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Staging
- Phosphorylation
- Prostate-Specific Antigen/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/blood
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- Receptors, Androgen/drug effects
- Receptors, Androgen/genetics
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Risk Factors
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine M. Wadosky
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shahriar Koochekpour
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Center for Genetics and Pharmacology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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49
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Hoefer J, Akbor M, Handle F, Ofer P, Puhr M, Parson W, Culig Z, Klocker H, Heidegger I. Critical role of androgen receptor level in prostate cancer cell resistance to new generation antiandrogen enzalutamide. Oncotarget 2016; 7:59781-59794. [PMID: 27486973 PMCID: PMC5312348 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzalutamide is an androgen receptor (AR) inhibitor approved for therapy of metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer. However, clinical application revealed that 30 to 40% of patients acquire resistance after a short period of treatment. Currently, the molecular mechanisms underlying such resistances are not completely understood, partly due to a lack of model systems. In the present study we established three different cellular models of enzalutamide resistance including a cell line with wild type AR (LAPC4), DuCaP cells which overexpress wild-type AR, as well as a cell which has been adapted to long term androgen ablation (LNCaP Abl) and harbors the AR T878A mutation. After 10 months of cultivation, sustained growth in the presence of enzalutamide was achieved. When compared to controls, resistant cells exhibit significantly decreased sensitivity to enzalutamide as measured with 3[H]thymidine incorporation and WST assay. Moreover, these cell models exhibit partly re-activated AR signaling despite presence of enzalutamide. In addition, we show that enzalutamide resistant cells are insensitive to bicalutamide but retain considerable sensitivity to abiraterone. Mechanistically, enzalutamide resistance was accompanied by increased AR and AR-V7 mRNA and protein expression as well as AR gene amplification, while no additional AR mutations have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hoefer
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mohammady Akbor
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Florian Handle
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Philipp Ofer
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Puhr
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Walther Parson
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoran Culig
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Helmut Klocker
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Isabel Heidegger
- Department of Urology, Division of Experimental Urology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria
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50
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Wang S, Clarke PAG, Davis R, Mumuni S, Kwabi-Addo B. Sex steroid-induced DNA methylation changes and inflammation response in prostate cancer. Cytokine 2016; 86:110-118. [PMID: 27500645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex steroid hormones have been reported to induce inflammation causing dysregulation of cytokines in prostate cancer cells. However, the underlying epigenetic mechanism has not well been studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of sex steroid hormones on epigenetic DNA methylation changes in prostate cancer cells using a signature PCR methylation array panel that correspond to 96 genes with biological function in the human inflammatory and autoimmune signals in prostate cancer. Of the 96-gene panel, 32 genes showed at least 10% differentially methylation level in response to hormonal treatment when compared to untreated cells. Genes that were hypomethylated included CXCL12, CXCL5, CCL25, IL1F8, IL13RAI, STAT5A, CXCR4 and TLR5; and genes that were hypermethylated included ELA2, TOLLIP, LAG3, CD276 and MALT1. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of select genes represented in a cytokine expression array panel showed inverse association between DNA methylation and gene expression for TOLLIP, CXCL5, CCL18 and IL5 genes and treatment of prostate cancer cells with 5'-aza-2'-deoxycytidine with or without trichostatin A induced up-regulation of TOLLIP expression. Further analysis of relative gene expression of matched prostate cancer tissues when compared to benign tissues from individual patients with prostate cancer showed increased and significant expression for CCL18 (2.6-fold; p<0.001), a modest yet significant increase in IL5 expression (1.17-fold; p=0.015), and a modest increase in CXCL5 expression (1.4-fold; p=0.25). In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that sex steroid hormones can induce aberrant gene expression via differential methylation changes in prostate carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songping Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave N.W., Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Pamela A G Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave N.W., Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Roderick Davis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave N.W., Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Salma Mumuni
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave N.W., Washington, DC 20060, USA
| | - Bernard Kwabi-Addo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Howard University, 2041 Georgia Ave N.W., Washington, DC 20060, USA.
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