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Conboy JP, Istúriz Petitjean I, van der Net A, Koenderink GH. How cytoskeletal crosstalk makes cells move: Bridging cell-free and cell studies. BIOPHYSICS REVIEWS 2024; 5:021307. [PMID: 38840976 PMCID: PMC11151447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0198119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Cell migration is a fundamental process for life and is highly dependent on the dynamical and mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton. Intensive physical and biochemical crosstalk among actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments ensures their coordination to facilitate and enable migration. In this review, we discuss the different mechanical aspects that govern cell migration and provide, for each mechanical aspect, a novel perspective by juxtaposing two complementary approaches to the biophysical study of cytoskeletal crosstalk: live-cell studies (often referred to as top-down studies) and cell-free studies (often referred to as bottom-up studies). We summarize the main findings from both experimental approaches, and we provide our perspective on bridging the two perspectives to address the open questions of how cytoskeletal crosstalk governs cell migration and makes cells move.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P. Conboy
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Istúriz Petitjean
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anouk van der Net
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Gijsje H. Koenderink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Cross-linkers at growing microtubule ends generate forces that drive actin transport. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2112799119. [PMID: 35271394 PMCID: PMC8931237 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2112799119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex cellular processes such as cell migration require coordinated remodeling of both the actin and the microtubule cytoskeleton. The two networks for instance exert forces on each other via active motor proteins. Here we show that, surprisingly, coupling via passive cross-linkers can also result in force generation. We specifically study the transport of actin filaments by growing microtubule ends. We show by cell-free reconstitution experiments, computer simulations, and theoretical modeling that this transport is driven by the affinity of the cross-linker for the chemically distinct microtubule tip region. Our work predicts that growing microtubules could potentially rapidly relocate newly nucleated actin filaments to the leading edge of the cell and thus boost migration. The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons form active networks in the cell that can contract and remodel, resulting in vital cellular processes such as cell division and motility. Motor proteins play an important role in generating the forces required for these processes, but more recently the concept of passive cross-linkers being able to generate forces has emerged. So far, these passive cross-linkers have been studied in the context of separate actin and microtubule systems. Here, we show that cross-linkers also allow actin and microtubules to exert forces on each other. More specifically, we study single actin filaments that are cross-linked to growing microtubule ends, using in vitro reconstitution, computer simulations, and a minimal theoretical model. We show that microtubules can transport actin filaments over large (micrometer-range) distances and find that this transport results from two antagonistic forces arising from the binding of cross-linkers to the overlap between the actin and microtubule filaments. The cross-linkers attempt to maximize the overlap between the actin and the tip of the growing microtubules, creating an affinity-driven forward condensation force, and simultaneously create a competing friction force along the microtubule lattice. We predict and verify experimentally how the average transport time depends on the actin filament length and the microtubule growth velocity, confirming the competition between a forward condensation force and a backward friction force. In addition, we theoretically predict and experimentally verify that the condensation force is of the order of 0.1 pN. Thus, our results reveal an active mechanism for local actin remodeling by growing microtubules that relies on passive cross-linkers.
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3
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Konietzny A, Grendel J, Kadek A, Bucher M, Han Y, Hertrich N, Dekkers DHW, Demmers JAA, Grünewald K, Uetrecht C, Mikhaylova M. Caldendrin and myosin V regulate synaptic spine apparatus localization via ER stabilization in dendritic spines. EMBO J 2022; 41:e106523. [PMID: 34935159 PMCID: PMC8844991 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitatory synapses of principal hippocampal neurons are frequently located on dendritic spines. The dynamic strengthening or weakening of individual inputs results in structural and molecular diversity of dendritic spines. Active spines with large calcium ion (Ca2+ ) transients are frequently invaded by a single protrusion from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is dynamically transported into spines via the actin-based motor myosin V. An increase in synaptic strength correlates with stable anchoring of the ER, followed by the formation of an organelle referred to as the spine apparatus. Here, we show that myosin V binds the Ca2+ sensor caldendrin, a brain-specific homolog of the well-known myosin V interactor calmodulin. While calmodulin is an essential activator of myosin V motor function, we found that caldendrin acts as an inhibitor of processive myosin V movement. In mouse and rat hippocampal neurons, caldendrin regulates spine apparatus localization to a subset of dendritic spines through a myosin V-dependent pathway. We propose that caldendrin transforms myosin into a stationary F-actin tether that enables the localization of ER tubules and formation of the spine apparatus in dendritic spines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Konietzny
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Jasper Grendel
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Alan Kadek
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI)HamburgGermany
- European XFEL GmbHSchenefeldGermany
| | - Michael Bucher
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | - Yuhao Han
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
| | - Nathalie Hertrich
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
| | | | | | - Kay Grünewald
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI)HamburgGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Charlotte Uetrecht
- Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology (HPI)HamburgGermany
- European XFEL GmbHSchenefeldGermany
- Centre for Structural Systems BiologyHamburgGermany
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- RG OptobiologyInstitute of BiologyHumboldt Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Guest Group Neuronal Protein TransportCenter for Molecular NeurobiologyZMNHUniversity Medical Center Hamburg‐EppendorfHamburgGermany
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4
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Shen Y, Wu H, Lu PJ, Wang D, Shayegan M, Li H, Shi W, Wang Z, Cai LH, Xia J, Zhang M, Ding R, Herrmann H, Goldman R, MacKintosh FC, Moncho-Jordá A, Weitz DA. Effects of Vimentin Intermediate Filaments on the Structure and Dynamics of In Vitro Multicomponent Interpenetrating Cytoskeletal Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:108101. [PMID: 34533352 PMCID: PMC10725302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.108101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the rheological properties of interpenetrating networks reconstituted from the main cytoskeletal components: filamentous actin, microtubules, and vimentin intermediate filaments. The elastic modulus is determined largely by actin, with little contribution from either microtubules or vimentin. However, vimentin dramatically impacts the relaxation, with even small amounts significantly increasing the relaxation time of the interpenetrating network. This highly unusual decoupling between dissipation and elasticity may reflect weak attractive interactions between vimentin and actin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Shen
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Huayin Wu
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Peter J Lu
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Dianzhuo Wang
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Marjan Shayegan
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hui Li
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weichao Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zizhao Wang
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Materials Science and Engineering & Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Precision Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ruihua Ding
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana and Champaign, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Cell Biology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany
| | - Robert Goldman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
| | - Fred C MacKintosh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering & Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
| | - Arturo Moncho-Jordá
- Department of Applied Physics & Institute Carlos I for Theoretical and Computational Physics, University of Granada, Granada 18071, Spain
| | - David A Weitz
- Department of Physics & John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
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5
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Dugina VB, Shagieva GS, Shakhov AS, Alieva IB. The Cytoplasmic Actins in the Regulation of Endothelial Cell Function. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22157836. [PMID: 34360602 PMCID: PMC8345992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22157836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the endothelial cells (EC) lining the inner surface of all vessels is to regulate permeability of vascular walls and to control exchange between circulating blood and tissue fluids of organs. The EC actin cytoskeleton plays a crucial role in maintaining endothelial barrier function. Actin cytoskeleton reorganization result in EC contraction and provides a structural basis for the increase in vascular permeability, which is typical for many diseases. Actin cytoskeleton in non-muscle cells presented two actin isoforms: non-muscle β-cytoplasmic and γ-cytoplasmic actins (β-actins and γ-actins), which are encoded by ACTB and ACTG1 genes, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed in the different cells in vivo and in vitro and the β/γ-actin ratio depends on the cell type. Both cytoplasmic actins are essential for cell survival, but they perform various functions in the interphase and cell division and play different roles in neoplastic transformation. In this review, we briefly summarize the research results of recent years and consider the features of the cytoplasmic actins: The spatial organization in close connection with their functional activity in different cell types by focusing on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera B. Dugina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Galina S. Shagieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Anton S. Shakhov
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Irina B. Alieva
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (V.B.D.); (G.S.S.); (A.S.S.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Bouvrais H, Chesneau L, Le Cunff Y, Fairbrass D, Soler N, Pastezeur S, Pécot T, Kervrann C, Pécréaux J. The coordination of spindle-positioning forces during the asymmetric division of the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e50770. [PMID: 33900015 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In Caenorhabditis elegans zygote, astral microtubules generate forces essential to position the mitotic spindle, by pushing against and pulling from the cortex. Measuring microtubule dynamics there, we revealed the presence of two populations, corresponding to pulling and pushing events. It offers a unique opportunity to study, under physiological conditions, the variations of both spindle-positioning forces along space and time. We propose a threefold control of pulling force, by polarity, spindle position and mitotic progression. We showed that the sole anteroposterior asymmetry in dynein on-rate, encoding pulling force imbalance, is sufficient to cause posterior spindle displacement. The positional regulation, reflecting the number of microtubule contacts in the posterior-most region, reinforces this imbalance only in late anaphase. Furthermore, we exhibited the first direct proof that dynein processivity increases along mitosis. It reflects the temporal control of pulling forces, which strengthens at anaphase onset following mitotic progression and independently from chromatid separation. In contrast, the pushing force remains constant and symmetric and contributes to maintaining the spindle at the cell centre during metaphase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yann Le Cunff
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Nina Soler
- CNRS, IGDR - UMR 6290, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Thierry Pécot
- INRIA, Centre Rennes - Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
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7
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In Vitro Reconstitution of Dynamic Co-organization of Microtubules and Actin Filaments in Emulsion Droplets. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 31879898 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0219-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In vitro (or cell-free) reconstitution is a powerful tool to study the physical basis of cytoskeletal organization in eukaryotic cells. Cytoskeletal reconstitution studies have mostly been done for individual cytoskeleton systems in unconfined 3D or quasi-2D geometries, which lack complexity relative to a cellular environment. To increase the level of complexity, we present a method to study co-organization of two cytoskeletal components, namely microtubules and actin filaments, confined in cell-sized water-in-oil emulsion droplets. We show that centrosome-nucleated dynamic microtubules can be made to interact with actin filaments through a tip-tracking complex consisting of microtubule end-binding proteins and an actin-microtubule cytolinker. In addition to the protocols themselves, we discuss the optimization steps required in order to build these more complex in vitro model systems of cytoskeletal interactions.
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8
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Farhadi L, Ricketts SN, Rust MJ, Das M, Robertson-Anderson RM, Ross JL. Actin and microtubule crosslinkers tune mobility and control co-localization in a composite cytoskeletal network. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:7191-7201. [PMID: 32207504 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02400j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Actin and microtubule filaments, with their auxiliary proteins, enable the cytoskeleton to carry out vital processes in the cell by tuning the organizational and mechanical properties of the network. Despite their critical importance and interactions in cells, we are only beginning to uncover information about the composite network. The challenge is due to the high complexity of combining actin, microtubules, and their hundreds of known associated proteins. Here, we use fluorescence microscopy, fluctuation, and cross-correlation analysis to examine the role of actin and microtubules in the presence of an antiparallel microtubule crosslinker, MAP65, and a generic, strong actin crosslinker, biotin-NeutrAvidin. For a fixed ratio of actin and microtubule filaments, we vary the amount of each crosslinker and measure the organization and fluctuations of the filaments. We find that the microtubule crosslinker plays the principle role in the organization of the system, while, actin crosslinking dictates the mobility of the filaments. We have previously demonstrated that the fluctuations of filaments are related to the mechanics, implying that actin crosslinking controls the mechanical properties of the network, independent of the microtubule-driven re-organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farhadi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 666 N. Pleasant St., Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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Revealing the assembly of filamentous proteins with scanning transmission electron microscopy. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226277. [PMID: 31860683 PMCID: PMC6924676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous proteins are responsible for the superior mechanical strength of our cells and tissues. The remarkable mechanical properties of protein filaments are tied to their complex molecular packing structure. However, since these filaments have widths of several to tens of nanometers, it has remained challenging to quantitatively probe their molecular mass density and three-dimensional packing order. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) is a powerful tool to perform simultaneous mass and morphology measurements on filamentous proteins at high resolution, but its applicability has been greatly limited by the lack of automated image processing methods. Here, we demonstrate a semi-automated tracking algorithm that is capable of analyzing the molecular packing density of intra- and extracellular protein filaments over a broad mass range from STEM images. We prove the wide applicability of the technique by analyzing the mass densities of two cytoskeletal proteins (actin and microtubules) and of the main protein in the extracellular matrix, collagen. The high-throughput and spatial resolution of our approach allow us to quantify the internal packing of these filaments and their polymorphism by correlating mass and morphology information. Moreover, we are able to identify periodic mass variations in collagen fibrils that reveal details of their axially ordered longitudinal self-assembly. STEM-based mass mapping coupled with our tracking algorithm is therefore a powerful technique in the characterization of a wide range of biological and synthetic filaments.
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10
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Anderson SJ, Matsuda C, Garamella J, Peddireddy KR, Robertson-Anderson RM, McGorty R. Filament Rigidity Vies with Mesh Size in Determining Anomalous Diffusion in Cytoskeleton. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:4380-4388. [PMID: 31687803 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The diffusion of microscopic particles through the cell, important to processes such as viral infection, gene delivery, and vesicle transport, is largely controlled by the complex cytoskeletal network, comprised of semiflexible actin filaments and rigid microtubules, that pervades the cytoplasm. By varying the relative concentrations of actin and microtubules, the cytoskeleton can display a host of different structural and dynamic properties that, in turn, impact the diffusion of particles through the composite network. Here, we couple single-particle tracking with differential dynamic microscopy to characterize the transport of microsphere tracers diffusing through composite in vitro networks with varying ratios of actin and microtubules. We analyze multiple complementary metrics for anomalous transport to show that particles exhibit anomalous subdiffusion in all networks, which our data suggest arises from caging by networks. Further, subdiffusive characteristics are markedly more pronounced in actin-rich networks, which exhibit similarly more prominent viscoelastic properties compared to microtubule-rich composites. While the smaller mesh size of actin-rich composites compared to microtubule-rich composites plays an important role in these results, the rigidity of the filaments comprising the network also influences the anomalous characteristics that we observe. Our results suggest that as microtubules in our composites are replaced with actin filaments, the decreasing filament rigidity competes with increasing network connectivity to drive anomalous transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylas J Anderson
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
| | - Christelle Matsuda
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
| | - Jonathan Garamella
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
| | - Karthik Reddy Peddireddy
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
| | - Rae M Robertson-Anderson
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
| | - Ryan McGorty
- Department of Physics and Biophysics , University of San Diego , San Diego , California 92110 , United States
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11
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van de Willige D, Hummel JJ, Alkemade C, Kahn OI, Au FK, Qi RZ, Dogterom M, Koenderink GH, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Cytolinker Gas2L1 regulates axon morphology through microtubule-modulated actin stabilization. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47732. [PMID: 31486213 PMCID: PMC6831992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons underlies cellular morphogenesis. Interactions between actin filaments and microtubules are particularly important for establishing the complex polarized morphology of neurons. Here, we characterized the neuronal function of growth arrest‐specific 2‐like 1 (Gas2L1), a protein that can directly bind to actin, microtubules and microtubule plus‐end‐tracking end binding proteins. We found that Gas2L1 promotes axon branching, but restricts axon elongation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Using pull‐down experiments and in vitro reconstitution assays, in which purified Gas2L1 was combined with actin and dynamic microtubules, we demonstrated that Gas2L1 is autoinhibited. This autoinhibition is relieved by simultaneous binding to actin filaments and microtubules. In neurons, Gas2L1 primarily localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and functions as an actin stabilizer. The microtubule‐binding tail region of Gas2L1 directs its actin‐stabilizing activity towards the axon. We propose that Gas2L1 acts as an actin regulator, the function of which is spatially modulated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ja Hummel
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Alkemade
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Living Matter Department, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Kc Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Shakhov AS, Dugina VB, Alieva IB. Structural Features of Actin Cytoskeleton Required for Endotheliocyte Barrier Function. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 84:358-369. [PMID: 31228927 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297919040035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic actin structures are essential components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. According to the classic concepts, actin structures perform contractile and motor functions, ensuring the possibility of cell shape changes during cell spreading, polarization, and movement both in vitro and in vivo, from the early embryogenesis stages and throughout the life of a multicellular organism. Intracellular organization of actin structures, their biochemical composition, and dynamic properties play a key role in the realization of specific cellular and tissue functions and vary in different cell types. This paper is a review of recent studies on the organization and properties of actin structures in endotheliocytes, interaction of these structures with other cytoskeletal components and elements involved in cell adhesion, as well as their role in the functional activity of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Shakhov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - V B Dugina
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - I B Alieva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119992, Russia.
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13
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Turkowyd B, Müller-Esparza H, Climenti V, Steube N, Endesfelder U, Randau L. Live-cell single-particle tracking photoactivated localization microscopy of Cascade-mediated DNA surveillance. Methods Enzymol 2019; 616:133-171. [PMID: 30691641 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Type I CRISPR-Cas systems utilize small CRISPR RNA (crRNA) molecules to scan DNA strands for target regions. Different crRNAs are bound by several CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein subunits that form the stable ribonucleoprotein complex Cascade. The Cascade-mediated DNA surveillance process requires a sufficient degree of base-complementarity between crRNA and target sequences and relies on the recognition of small DNA motifs, termed protospacer adjacent motifs. Recently, super-resolution microscopy and single-particle tracking methods have been developed to follow individual protein complexes in live cells. Here, we described how this technology can be adapted to visualize the DNA scanning process of Cascade assemblies in Escherichia coli cells. The activity of recombinant Type I-Fv Cascade complexes of Shewanella putrefaciens CN-32 serves as a model system that facilitates comparative studies for many of the diverse CRISPR-Cas systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Turkowyd
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Müller-Esparza
- Prokaryotic Small RNA Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Climenti
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany
| | - Niklas Steube
- Prokaryotic Small RNA Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Endesfelder
- Department of Systems and Synthetic Microbiology, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany; LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany.
| | - Lennart Randau
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), Marburg, Germany; Prokaryotic Small RNA Biology Group, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg, Germany.
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14
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Ricketts SN, Ross JL, Robertson-Anderson RM. Co-Entangled Actin-Microtubule Composites Exhibit Tunable Stiffness and Power-Law Stress Relaxation. Biophys J 2018; 115:1055-1067. [PMID: 30177441 PMCID: PMC6139891 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We use optical tweezers microrheology and fluorescence microscopy to characterize the nonlinear mesoscale mechanics and mobility of in vitro co-entangled actin-microtubule composites. We create a suite of randomly oriented, well-mixed networks of actin and microtubules by co-polymerizing varying ratios of actin and tubulin in situ. To perturb each composite far from equilibrium, we use optical tweezers to displace an embedded microsphere a distance greater than the lengths of the filaments at a speed much faster than their intrinsic relaxation rates. We simultaneously measure the force the filaments exert on the bead and the subsequent force relaxation. We find that the presence of a large fraction of microtubules (>0.7) is needed to substantially increase the measured force, which is accompanied by large heterogeneities in force response. Actin minimizes these heterogeneities by reducing the mesh size of the composites and supporting microtubules against buckling. Composites also undergo a sharp transition from strain softening to stiffening when the fraction of microtubules (ϕT) exceeds 0.5, which we show arises from faster poroelastic relaxation and suppressed actin bending fluctuations. The force after bead displacement relaxes via power-law decay after an initial period of minimal relaxation. The short-time relaxation profiles (t < 0.06 s) arise from poroelastic and bending contributions, whereas the long-time power-law relaxation is indicative of filaments reptating out of deformed entanglement constraints. The scaling exponents for the long-time relaxation exhibit a nonmonotonic dependence on ϕT, reaching a maximum for equimolar composites (ϕT = 0.5), suggesting that reptation is fastest in ϕT = 0.5 composites. Corresponding mobility measurements of steady-state actin and microtubules show that both filaments are indeed the most mobile in ϕT = 0.5 composites. This nonmonotonic dependence of mobility on ϕT demonstrates the important interplay between mesh size and filament rigidity in polymer networks and highlights the surprising emergent properties that can arise in composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shea N Ricketts
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of San Diego, San Diego, California
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
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15
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Denning D, Roos WH. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying cellular response to biophysical cues using synthetic biology approaches. Cell Adh Migr 2016; 10:540-553. [PMID: 27266767 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1170259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of synthetic surfaces and materials to influence and study cell behavior has vastly progressed our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in cellular response to physicochemical and biophysical cues. Reconstituting cytoskeletal proteins and interfacing them with a defined microenvironment has also garnered deep insight into the engineering mechanisms existing within the cell. This review presents recent experimental findings on the influence of several parameters of the extracellular environment on cell behavior and fate, such as substrate topography, stiffness, chemistry and charge. In addition, the use of synthetic environments to measure physical properties of the reconstituted cytoskeleton and their interaction with intracellular proteins such as molecular motors is discussed, which is relevant for understanding cell migration, division and structural integrity, as well as intracellular transport. Insight is provided regarding the next steps to be taken in this interdisciplinary field, in order to achieve the global aim of artificially directing cellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Denning
- a Moleculaire Biofysica , Zernike instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Roos
- a Moleculaire Biofysica , Zernike instituut, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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16
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Denisov DV, Miedema DM, Nienhuis B, Schall P. Totally asymmetric simple exclusion process simulations of molecular motor transport on random networks with asymmetric exit rates. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:052714. [PMID: 26651730 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.052714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the totally asymmetric simple-exclusion-process and mean-field transport theory, we investigate the transport in closed random networks with simple crossing topology-two incoming, two outgoing segments, as a model for molecular motor motion along biopolymer networks. Inspired by in vitro observation of molecular motor motion, we model the motor behavior at the intersections by introducing different exit rates for the two outgoing segments. Our simulations of this simple network reveal surprisingly rich behavior of the transport current with respect to the global density and exit rate ratio. For asymmetric exit rates, we find a broad current plateau at intermediate motor densities resulting from the competition of two subnetwork populations. This current plateau leads to stabilization of transport properties within such networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Denisov
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D M Miedema
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Nienhuis
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P Schall
- Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94485, 1090 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Abstract
In living cells, the architecture of the microtubule cytoskeleton is intimately linked to its function. The principles determining how microtubules arrange in space are, however, still not fully understood. Biochemical activities controlling microtubule nucleation and dynamics as well as mechanochemical activities exerted by molecular motors and the dynamic microtubules themselves are known to be critical for the correct spatial organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. In vitro reconstitution approaches have revealed the morphogenetic properties of these activities in minimal systems. In most cases, such in vitro experiments were performed in experimental chambers of spatial dimensions that exceeded typical cell sizes by orders of magnitude. Here, we describe a method for the fluorescence microscopic study of the effects of spatial confinement on the self-organization of purified motors and microtubules that are encapsulated in micrometer-sized lipid-monolayered droplets emulsified in oil. In the future, this experimental setup can be extended in several ways. Additional proteins can be added, either to the lumen or to the boundary of the microcontainers, and the droplets can be transformed into liposomes. Such more complex in vitro reconstitutions would be another step closer to mimicking intracellular cytoskeleton organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hella Baumann
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Thomas Surrey
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
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18
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Alieva IB. Role of microtubule cytoskeleton in regulation of endothelial barrier function. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:964-75. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914090119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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19
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López MP, Huber F, Grigoriev I, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A, Koenderink GH, Dogterom M. Actin-microtubule coordination at growing microtubule ends. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4778. [PMID: 25159196 PMCID: PMC4365169 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
To power dynamic processes in cells, the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons organize into complex structures. Although it is known that cytoskeletal coordination is vital for cell function, the mechanisms by which cross-linking proteins coordinate actin and microtubule activities remain poorly understood. In particular, it is unknown how the distinct mechanical properties of different actin architectures modulate the outcome of actin-microtubule interactions. To address this question, we engineered the protein TipAct, which links growing microtubule ends via end-binding proteins to actin filaments. We show that growing microtubules can be captured and guided by stiff actin bundles, leading to global actin-microtubule alignment. Conversely, growing microtubule ends can transport, stretch and bundle individual actin filaments, thereby globally defining actin filament organization. Our results provide a physical basis to understand actin-microtubule cross-talk, and reveal that a simple cross-linker can enable a mechanical feedback between actin and microtubule organization that is relevant to diverse biological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Florian Huber
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Michel O. Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Division of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marileen Dogterom
- FOM Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
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