1
|
Hoshino A, Clemente V, Shetty M, Castle B, Odde D, Bazzaro M. The microtubule-severing protein UNC-45A preferentially binds to curved microtubules and counteracts the microtubule-straightening effects of Taxol. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105355. [PMID: 37858676 PMCID: PMC10654038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncoordinated protein 45A (UNC-45A) is the only known ATP-independent microtubule (MT)-severing protein. Thus, it severs MTs via a novel mechanism. In vitro and in cells, UNC-45A-mediated MT severing is preceded by the appearance of MT bends. While MTs are stiff biological polymers, in cells, they often curve, and the result of this curving can be breaking off. The contribution of MT-severing proteins on MT lattice curvature is largely undefined. Here, we show that UNC-45A curves MTs. Using in vitro biophysical reconstitution and total internal fluorescence microscopy analysis, we show that UNC-45A is enriched in the areas where MTs are curved versus the areas where MTs are straight. In cells, we show that UNC-45A overexpression increases MT curvature and its depletion has the opposite effect. We also show that this effect occurs is independent of actomyosin contractility. Lastly, we show for the first time that in cells, Paclitaxel straightens MTs, and that UNC-45A can counteracts the MT-straightening effects of the drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asumi Hoshino
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Valentino Clemente
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mihir Shetty
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brian Castle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - David Odde
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Martina Bazzaro
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hoshino A, Clemente V, Shetty M, Castle B, Odde D, Bazzaro M. The Microtubule Severing Protein UNC-45A Counteracts the Microtubule Straightening Effects of Taxol. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.12.557417. [PMID: 37745537 PMCID: PMC10515786 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.557417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
UNC-45A is the only known ATP-independent microtubule (MT) severing protein. Thus, it severs MTs via a novel mechanism. In vitro and in cells UNC-45A-mediated MT severing is preceded by the appearance of MT bends. While MTs are stiff biological polymers, in cells, they often curve, and the result of this curving can be breaking off. The contribution of MT severing proteins on MT lattice curvature is largely undefined. Here we show that UNC-45A curves MTs. Using in vitro biophysical reconstitution and TIRF microscopy analysis, we show that UNC-45A is enriched in the areas where MTs are curved versus the areas where MTs are straight. In cells, we show that UNC-45A overexpression increases MT curvature and its depletion has the opposite effect. We also show that this effect occurs is independent of actomyosin contractility. Lastly, we show for the first time that in cells, Paclitaxel straightens MTs, and that UNC-45A can counteracts the MT straightening effects of the drug. Significance: Our findings reveal for the first time that UNC-45A increases MT curvature. This hints that UNC-45A-mediated MT severing could be due to the worsening of MT curvature and provide a mechanistic understanding of how this MT-severing protein may act. UNC-45A is the only MT severing protein expressed in human cancers, including paclitaxel-resistant ovarian cancer. Our finding that UNC-45A counteracts the paclitaxel-straightening effects of MTs in cells suggests an additional mechanism through which cancer cells escape drug treatment.
Collapse
|
3
|
Szatkowski L, Merz DR, Jiang N, Ejikeme I, Belonogov L, Ross JL, Dima RI. Mechanics of the Microtubule Seam Interface Probed by Molecular Simulations and in Vitro Severing Experiments. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:4888-4900. [PMID: 31117616 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b03059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are structural components essential for cell morphology and organization. It has recently been shown that defects in the filament's lattice structure can be healed to create stronger filaments in a local area and ultimately cause global changes in MT organization and cell mobility. The ability to break, causing a defect, and heal appears to be a physiologically relevant and important feature of the MT structure. Defects can be created by MT severing enzymes and are target sites for complete severing or for healing by newly incorporated dimers. One particular lattice defect, the MT lattice ''seam" interface, is a location often speculated to be a weak site, a site of disassembly, or a target site for MT binding proteins. Despite seams existing in many MT structures, very little is known about the seam's role in MT function and dynamics. In this study, we probed the mechanical stability of the seam interface by applying coarse-grained indenting molecular dynamics. We found that the seam interface is as structurally robust as the typical lattice structure of MTs. Our results suggest that, unlike prior results that claim the seam is a weak site, it is just as strong as any other location on the MT, corroborating recent mechanical measurements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Szatkowski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dale R Merz
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Ifunanya Ejikeme
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Liudmila Belonogov
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Ruxandra I Dima
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Belonogov L, Bailey ME, Tyler MA, Kazemi A, Ross JL. Katanin catalyzes microtubule depolymerization independently of tubulin C-terminal tails. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:254-268. [PMID: 30980604 PMCID: PMC6618852 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Microtubule network remodeling is an essential process for cell development, maintenance, cell division, and motility. Microtubule‐severing enzymes are key players in the remodeling of the microtubule network; however, there are still open questions about their fundamental biochemical and biophysical mechanisms. Here, we explored the ability of the microtubule‐severing enzyme katanin to depolymerize stabilized microtubules. Interestingly, we found that the tubulin C‐terminal tail (CTT), which is required for severing, is not required for katanin‐catalyzed depolymerization. We also found that the depolymerization of microtubules lacking the CTT does not require ATP or katanin's ATPase activity, although the ATP turnover enhanced depolymerization. We also observed that the depolymerization rate depended on the katanin concentration and was best described by a hyperbolic function. Finally, we demonstrate that katanin can bind to filaments that lack the CTT, contrary to previous reports. The results of our work indicate that microtubule depolymerization likely involves a mechanism in which binding, but not enzymatic activity, is required for tubulin dimer removal from the filament ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liudmila Belonogov
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Madison A Tyler
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Arianna Kazemi
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol can connect the distal and proximal ends of an injured nerve at the cellular level through axonal fusion to avoid Wallerian degeneration of the injured distal nerve and promote peripheral nerve regeneration. However, this method can only prevent Wallerian degeneration in 10% of axons because the cytoskeleton is not repaired in a timely fashion. Reconstruction of the cytoskeletal trunk and microtubule network has been suggested to be the key for improving the efficiency of axonal fusion. As a microtubule-severing protein, spastin has been used to enhance cytoskeletal reconstruction. Therefore, we hypothesized that spastin combined with polyethylene glycol can more effectively promote peripheral nerve regeneration. A total of 120 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham, suture, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups. In suture group rats, only traditional nerve anastomosis of the end-to-end suture was performed after transection of the sciatic nerve. In polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups, 50 μL of polyethylene glycol or 25 μL of polyethylene glycol + 25 μL of spastin, respectively, were injected immediately under the epineurium of the distal suture. Sensory fiber regeneration distance, which was used to assess early nerve regeneration at 1 week after surgery, was shortest in the suture group, followed by polyethylene glycol group and greatest in the polyethylene glycol + spastin group. Behavioral assessment of motor function recovery in rats showed that limb function was restored in polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups at 8 weeks after surgery. At 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, sciatic functional index values and percentages of gastrocnemius muscle wet weight were highest in the sham group, followed by polyethylene glycol + spastin and polyethylene glycol groups, and lowest in the suture group. Masson staining was utilized to assess the morphology of muscle tissue. Morphological changes in skeletal muscle were detectable in suture, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Among them, muscular atrophy of the suture group was most serious, followed by polyethylene glycol and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups. Ultrastructure of distal sciatic nerve tissue, as detected by transmission electron microscopy, showed a pattern of initial destruction, subsequent disintegration, and gradual repair in suture, polyethylene glycol, and polyethylene glycol + spastin groups at 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. As time proceeded, axonal ultrastructure gradually recovered. Indeed, the polyethylene glycol + spastin group was similar to the sham group at 8 weeks after surgery. Our findings indicate that the combination of polyethylene glycol and spastin can promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Moreover, the effect of this combination was better than that of polyethylene glycol alone, and both were superior to the traditional neurorrhaphy. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Second Military Medical University, China (approval No. CZ20170216) on March 16, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Fa Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai; Department of Orthopedics, The Second People's Hospital of Karamay, Karamay, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Hui-Hao Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Wan Shao
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao-Dong Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Advani S, Maresca TJ, Ross JL. Creation and testing of a new, local microtubule-disruption tool based on the microtubule-severing enzyme, katanin p60. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2018; 75:531-544. [PMID: 30176123 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Current methods to disrupt the microtubule cytoskeleton do not easily provide rapid, local control with standard cell manipulation reagents. Here, we develop a new microtubule-disruption tool based on katanin p60 severing activity and demonstrate proof-of-principle by targeting it to kinetochores in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Specifically, we show that human katanin p60 can remove microtubule polymer mass in S2 cells and an increase in misaligned chromosomes when globally overexpressed. When katanin p60 was targeted to the kinetochores via Mis12, we were able to recapitulate the misalignment only when using a phosphorylation-resistant mutant katanin p60. Our results demonstrate that targeting an active version of katanin p60 to the kinetochore can reduce the fidelity of achieving full chromosome alignment in metaphase and could serve as a microtubule disruption tool for the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siddheshwari Advani
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas J Maresca
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gramlich MW, Conway L, Liang WH, Labastide JA, King SJ, Xu J, Ross JL. Single Molecule Investigation of Kinesin-1 Motility Using Engineered Microtubule Defects. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44290. [PMID: 28287156 PMCID: PMC5347089 DOI: 10.1038/srep44290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the microtubule is tightly regulated in cells via a number of microtubule associated proteins and enzymes. Microtubules accumulate structural defects during polymerization, and defect size can further increase under mechanical stresses. Intriguingly, microtubule defects have been shown to be targeted for removal via severing enzymes or self-repair. The cell’s control in defect removal suggests that defects can impact microtubule-based processes, including molecular motor-based intracellular transport. We previously demonstrated that microtubule defects influence cargo transport by multiple kinesin motors. However, mechanistic investigations of the observed effects remained challenging, since defects occur randomly during polymerization and are not directly observable in current motility assays. To overcome this challenge, we used end-to-end annealing to generate defects that are directly observable using standard epi-fluorescence microscopy. We demonstrate that the annealed sites recapitulate the effects of polymerization-derived defects on multiple-motor transport, and thus represent a simple and appropriate model for naturally-occurring defects. We found that single kinesins undergo premature dissociation, but not preferential pausing, at the annealed sites. Our findings provide the first mechanistic insight to how defects impact kinesin-based transport. Preferential dissociation on the single-molecule level has the potential to impair cargo delivery at locations of microtubule defect sites in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Gramlich
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Leslie Conway
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Winnie H Liang
- Department of Physics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Joelle A Labastide
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Stephen J King
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Physics, University of California Merced, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Bailey ME, Sackett DL, Ross JL. Katanin Severing and Binding Microtubules Are Inhibited by Tubulin Carboxy Tails. Biophys J 2016; 109:2546-2561. [PMID: 26682813 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule dynamics in cells are regulated by associated proteins that can be either stabilizers or destabilizers. A class of destabilizers that is important in a large number of cellular activities is the microtubule-severing enzymes, yet little is known about how they function. Katanin p60 was the first ATPase associated with microtubule severing. Here, we investigate the activity of katanin severing using a GFP-labeled human version. We quantify the effect of katanin concentration on katanin binding and severing activity. We find that free tubulin can inhibit severing activity by interfering with katanin binding to microtubules. The inhibition is mediated by the sequence of the tubulin and specifically depends on the carboxy-terminal tails. We directly investigate the inhibition effect of tubulin carboxy-terminal tails using peptide sequences of α-, β-, or detyrosinated α-tubulin tails that have been covalently linked to bovine serum albumin. Our results show that β-tubulin tails are the most effective at inhibiting severing, and that detyrosinated α-tubulin tails are the least effective. These results are distinct from those for other severing enzymes and suggest a scheme for regulation of katanin activity in cells dependent on free tubulin concentration and the modification state of the tubulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Bailey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Dan L Sackett
- Program in Physical Biology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jennifer L Ross
- Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts.
| |
Collapse
|