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Cho M, Min X, Been N, Son HS. The evolutionary and genetic patterns of African swine fever virus. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024:105612. [PMID: 38824981 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a serious animal disease, and has spread to Africa, Europe and Asia, causing massive economic losses. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is transmitted from a reservoir host (warthog) to domestic pigs via a sylvatic cycle (transmission between warthogs and soft ticks) and a domestic cycle (transmission between domestic pigs) and survives by expressing a variety of genes related to virus-host interactions. We evaluated differences in codon usage patterns among ASFV genotypes and clades and explored the common and specific evolutionary and genetic characteristics of ASFV sequences. We analysed the evolutionary relationships, nucleotide compositions, codon usage patterns, selection pressures (mutational pressure and natural selection) and viral adaptation to host codon usage based on the coding sequences (CDS) of key functional genes of ASFV. AT bias was detected in the six genes analysed, irrespective of clade. The AT bias of genes (A224L, A179L, EP153R) encoding proteins involved in interaction with host cells after infection was high; among them, the AT bias of EP153R was the greatest at 78.3%. A large number of overrepresented codons were identified in EP153R, whereas there were no overrepresented codons with a relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) value of ≥3 in B646L. In most genes, the pattern of selection pressure was similar for each clade, but in EP153R, diverse patterns of selection pressure were captured within the same clade and genotype. As a result of evaluating host adaptation based on the codon adaptation index (CAI), for B646L, E183L, CP204L and A179L, the codon usage patterns in all sequences were more similar to tick than domestic pig or wild boar. However, EP153R showed the lowest average CAI value of 0.52 when selecting tick as a reference set. The genes analysed in this study showed different magnitudes of selection pressure at the clade and genotype levels, which is likely to be related to the function of the encoded proteins and may determine key evolutionary traits of viruses, such as the level of genetic variation and host range. The diversity of codon adaptations at the genetic level in ASFV may account for differences in translational selection in ASFV hosts and provides insight into viral host adaptation and co-evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeongji Cho
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Xianglan Min
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Nara Been
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeon S Son
- Laboratory of Computational Virology & Viroinformatics, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioinformatics, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Yin D, Shi B, Geng R, Liu Y, Gong L, Shao H, Qian K, Chen H, Qin A. Function investigation of p11.5 in ASFV infection. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00076-2. [PMID: 38789040 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Virus replication relies on complex interactions between proteins. A comprehensive understanding of the protein interactions may provide clues for developing new antiviral strategies. In the case of African swine fever virus (ASFV), only a few protein interactions have been identified so far. In this study, we demonstrate that ASFV protein p72 interacts with p11.5 using co-immunoprecipitation and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). It was found that protein p72 interacts specifically with p11.5 at sites amino acids (aa) 1-216 of p72 and aa 1-68 of p11.5. To assess the importance of p11.5 in ASFV infection, we developed a recombinant virus (ASFVGZΔA137R) by deleting the A137R gene from the ASFVGZ genome. Compared with ASFVGZ, the infectious progeny virus titers of ASFVGZΔA137R were reduced by approximately 1.0 logs. In addition, we demonstrated that the growth defect was partially attributable to a higher genome copies-to-infectious virus titer ratios produced in ASFVGZΔA137R-infected MA104 cells than in those infected with ASFVGZ. This finding suggests that MA104 cells infected with ASFVGZΔA137R may generate larger quantities of noninfectious particles. Importantly, we found that p11.5 did not affect virus-cell binding or endocytosis. Collectively, we show for the first time that the interaction between ASFV p72 and p11.5. Our results effectively provide the relevant information of the p11.5 protein. These results extend our understanding of complex interactions between viral proteins, paving the way for further studies of the potential mechanism and pathogenesis of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Renhao Geng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lang Gong
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Kun Qian
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Aijian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Avian Preventive Medicine, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Jiangsu 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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Yao M, Cao H, Li W, Hu Z, Rong Z, Yin M, Tian L, Hu D, Li X, Qian P. African swine fever virus MGF505-6R attenuates type I interferon production by targeting STING for degradation. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1380220. [PMID: 38799458 PMCID: PMC11116646 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1380220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute hemorrhagic and devastating infectious disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. It is caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), which is characterized by genetic diversity and sophisticated immune evasion strategies. To facilitate infection, ASFV encodes multiple proteins to antagonize host innate immune responses, thereby contributing to viral virulence and pathogenicity. The molecular mechanisms employed by ASFV-encoded proteins to modulate host antiviral responses have not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, it was observed that the ASFV MGF505-6R protein, a member of the multigene family 505 (MGF505), effectively suppressed the activation of the interferon-beta (IFN-β) promoter, leading to reduced mRNA levels of antiviral genes. Additional evidence has revealed that MGF505-6R antagonizes the cGAS-STING signaling pathway by interacting with the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) for degradation in the autophagy-lysosomal pathway. The domain mapping revealed that the N-terminal region (1-260aa) of MGF505-6R is the primary domain responsible for interacting with STING, while the CTT domain of STING is crucial for its interaction with MGF505-6R. Furthermore, MGF505-6R also inhibits the activation of STING by reducing the K63-linked polyubiquitination of STING, leading to the disruption of STING oligomerization and TANK binding kinase 1 (TBK1) recruitment, thereby impairing the phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3). Collectively, our study elucidates a novel strategy developed by ASFV MGF505-6R to counteract host innate immune responses. This discovery may offer valuable insights for further exploration of ASFV immune evasion mechanisms and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hua Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wentao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zihui Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhenxiang Rong
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mengge Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Linxing Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Dayue Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ping Qian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Zhang L, Zhao P, Xia Y, Hu Y, Wang C, Fang R, Zhao J. A novel easy-to-desorb eluant contributes to address environmental contamination of African swine fever virus. AMB Express 2024; 14:55. [PMID: 38730054 PMCID: PMC11087445 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01697-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly pathogenic and rapidly disseminated virus with strong viability in the environment, suggesting the importance of environmental detection for prevention and control in all the pig industry. However, the detection results of environmental swabs cannot always reflect the accurate status of viral pollution, leading to persistent ASFV environmental contamination. In this study, we developed an ASFV eluant with higher environmental ASFV detection efficiency relative to 0.85% saline solution, which obtains the patent certificate issued by the China Intellectual Property Office (patent number:202010976050.9). qPCR analysis showed that in the environmental swab samples, the number of viral copies was 100 times higher for the ASFV eluant treatment than the traditional eluant treatment (0.85% saline solution). And besides, the high sensitivity of the ASFV eluant had be verified in a slaughterhouse environmental sampling detection. In soil samples, the ASFV eluent showed the same extraction effect as the TIANamp Soil DNA Kit, in contrast to no extraction effect for 0.85% saline solution. Simultaneously, this eluent could protect ASFV from degradation and allow the transportation of samples at ambient temperature without refrigeration. In clinical practice, we monitored the environmental contamination condition of the ASFV in a large-scale pig farm. The results shown that the ASFV load decreased after every disinfection in environment. This study provides an effective solution for surveilling the potential threat of ASFV in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Pengfei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yingjun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yanli Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Chaofei Wang
- Wuhan keweichuang biology science and technology co., ltd., Wuhan, Hubei, 430076, China
| | - Rui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Junlong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemical Disease and Infectious Zoonoses, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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Xu Y, Wu L, Hong J, Chi X, Zheng M, Wang L, Chen JL, Guo G. African swine fever virus A137R protein inhibits NF-κB activation via suppression of MyD88 signaling in PK15 and 3D4/21 cells in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2024; 292:110067. [PMID: 38564905 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease with high mortality caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), which poses a great threat to the global swine industry. ASFV has evolved multiple strategies to evade host antiviral innate immunity by perturbing inflammatory responses and interferon production. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying manipulation of inflammatory responses by ASFV proteins are not fully understood. Here, we report that A137R protein of ASFV is a key suppressor of host inflammatory responses. Ectopic expression of ASFV A137R in HEK293T cells significantly inhibited the activation of IL-8 and NF-κB promoters triggered by Sendai virus (SeV), influenza A virus (IAV), or vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV). Accordingly, forced A137R expression caused a significant decrease in the production of several inflammatory cytokines such as IL-8, IL-6 and TNF-α in the cells infected with SeV or IAV. Similar results were obtained from experiments using A137R overexpressing PK15 and 3D4/21 cells infected with SeV or VSV. Furthermore, we observed that A137R impaired the activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling pathways, as enhanced expression of A137R significantly decreased the phosphorylation of JNK, p38 and p65 respectively upon viral infection (SeV or IAV) and IL-1β treatment. Mechanistically, we found that A137R interacted with MyD88, and dampened MyD88-mediated activation of MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Together, these findings uncover a critical role of A137R in restraining host inflammatory responses, and improve our understanding of complicated mechanisms whereby ASFV evades innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Meichun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Guijie Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Pathogen Infection and Immunology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
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Gao S, Zuo W, Kang C, Zou Z, Zhang K, Qiu J, Shang X, Li J, Zhang Y, Zuo Q, Zhao Y, Jin M. Saccharomyces cerevisiae oral immunization in mice using multi-antigen of the African swine fever virus elicits a robust immune response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1373656. [PMID: 38742108 PMCID: PMC11089227 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1373656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is one of the most complex viruses. ASFV is a serious threat to the global swine industry because no commercial vaccines against this virus are currently available except in Vietnam. Moreover, ASFV is highly stable in the environment and can survive in water, feed, and aerosols for a long time. ASFV is transmitted through the digestive and respiratory tract. Mucosal immunity is the first line of defense against ASFV. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC), which has been certified by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and has a generally recognized as safe status in the food industry, was used for oral immunization in this study. ASFV antigens were effectively expressed in recombinant SC strains with high DNA copy numbers and stable growth though surface display technology and chromosome engineering (δ-integration). The recombinant SC strains containing eight ASFV antigens-KP177R, E183L, E199L, CP204L, E248R, EP402R, B602L, and B646L- induced strong humoral and mucosal immune responses in mice. There was no antigenic competition, and these antigens induced Th1 and Th2 cellular immune responses. Therefore, the oral immunization strategy using recombinant SC strains containing multiple ASFV antigens demonstrate potential for future testing in swine, including challenge studies to evaluate its efficacy as a vaccine against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenfeng Zuo
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaiqi Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jun Qiu
- College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaomin Shang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Zuo
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Qin G, Sun W, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhang G, Zhao J. On-site detection and differentiation of African swine fever virus variants using an orthogonal CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based assay. iScience 2024; 27:109050. [PMID: 38571763 PMCID: PMC10987800 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) and its variants have induced substantial economic losses in China, prompting a critical need for efficient detection methods. Several PCR-based methods have been developed to discriminate between wild-type ASFV and gene-deleted variants. However, the requirement for sophisticated equipment and skilled operators limits their use in field settings. Here, we developed a CRISPR-Cas12b/Cas13a-based detection assay that can identify ASFV variants with minimal equipment requirements and a short turnaround time. The assay utilizes the distinct DNA/RNA collateral cleavage preferences of Cas12b/Cas13a to detect two amplified targets from multiplex recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) in a single tube, and the results can be visualized through fluorescent or lateral-flow readouts. When tested with clinical samples in field settings, our assay successfully detected all ASFV-positive samples in less than 60 min. This assay provides a rapid on-site surveillance tool for detecting ASFV and its emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guosong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenbo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Immunobiology, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianguo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100101, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Yang R, Fu WG, Zhou J, Zhang YF, Yang L, Yang HB, Fu LZ. Enhanced detection of African swine fever virus in samples with low viral load using digital PCR technology. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28426. [PMID: 38689956 PMCID: PMC11059528 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection of low viral load samples has long been a challenge for African swine fever (ASF) prevention and control. This study aimed to compare the detection efficacy of droplet digital PCR(ddPCR) and quantitative PCR(qPCR) for African swine fever virus (ASFV) at different viral loads, with a focus on assessing the accuracy of ddPCR in detecting low viral load samples. The results revealed that ddPCR had a detection limit of 1.97 (95% CI 1.48 - 4.12) copies/reaction and was 18.99 times more sensitive than qPCR (detection limit: 37.42, 95% CI 29.56 - 69.87 copies/reaction). In the quantification of high, medium, and low viral load samples, ddPCR showed superior stability with lower intra- (2.06% - 7.58%) and inter-assay (3.83% - 7.50%) coefficients of variation than those of qPCR (intra-assay: 8.08%-29.86%; inter-assay: 9.27%-34.58%). Bland-Altman analysis indicated acceptable consistency between ddPCR and qPCR for high and medium viral load samples; however, discrepancies were observed for low viral load samples, where two samples (2/24, 8.33%) exhibited deviations beyond the acceptable range (-46.18 copies/reaction). Moreover, ddPCR demonstrated better performance in detecting ASFV in clinical samples from asymptomatic pigs and environmental samples, with qPCR showing false negative rates of 7.69% (2/26) and 27.27% (12/44), respectively. McNemar analysis revealed significant differences between the two methods (P = 0.000) for samples with a viral load <100 copies/reaction. The results of this study demonstrate that ddPCR has better detection limits and adaptability than qPCR, allowing for a more accurate detection of ASFV in early-stage infections and low-concentration environmental samples. These findings highlight the potential of ddPCR in the prevention and control of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- National Animal Disease-Chongqing Monitoring Station, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products Engineering Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - W.-G. Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- National Animal Disease-Chongqing Monitoring Station, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products Engineering Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - J. Zhou
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Y.-F. Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- National Animal Disease-Chongqing Monitoring Station, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products Engineering Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - L. Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- National Animal Disease-Chongqing Monitoring Station, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products Engineering Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - H.-B. Yang
- Agricultural Science and Technology Promotion Center of Da'an District, Zigong City, Sichuan, China
| | - L.-Z. Fu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- National Animal Disease-Chongqing Monitoring Station, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Research Center of Veterinary Biological Products Engineering Technology, Chongqing, China
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Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Espinoza N, Spinard E, Silva E, Burton L, Clark J, Meyers A, Valladares A, Velazquez-Salinas L, Gay CG, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Recombinant Vaccine Strain ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK Produced in the IPKM Cell Line Is Genetically Stable and Efficacious in Inducing Protection in Pigs Challenged with the Virulent African Swine Fever Virus Field Isolate Georgia 2010. Pathogens 2024; 13:319. [PMID: 38668274 PMCID: PMC11055038 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that the recombinant African Swine Fever (ASF) vaccine candidate ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK efficiently induces protection in domestic pigs challenged with the virulent strain Georgia 2010 (ASFV-G). As reported, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK induces protection, while intramuscularly (IM), administered at doses of 104 HAD50 or higher, prevents ASF clinical disease in animals infected with the homologous ASFV g strain. Like other recombinant vaccine candidates obtained from ASFV field isolates, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK stocks need to be produced in primary cultures of swine macrophages, which constitutes an important limitation in the production of large virus stocks at the industrial level. Here, we describe the development of ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK stocks using IPKM (Immortalized Porcine Kidney Macrophage) cells, which are derived from swine macrophages. We show that ten successive passages of ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK in IPKM cells induced small changes in the virus genome. The produced virus, ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUKp10, presented a similar level of replication in swine macrophages cultures to that of the original ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUK (ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUKp0). The protective efficacy of ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUKp10 was evaluated in pigs that were IM-inoculated with either 104 or 106 HAD50 of ASFV-G-Δ9GL/ΔUKp10. While animals inoculated with 104 HAD50 present a partial protection against the experimental infection with the virulent parental virus ASFV-G, those inoculated with 106 HAD50 were completely protected. Therefore, as was just recently reported for another ASF vaccine candidate, ASFV-G-ΔI177L, IPKM cells are an effective alternative to produce stocks for vaccine strains which only grow in swine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ayushi Rai
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Edward Spinard
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Ediane Silva
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Leeanna Burton
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Jason Clark
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Amanda Meyers
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Alyssa Valladares
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Cyril G. Gay
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA;
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Orient, NY 11957, USA; (E.R.-M.); (A.R.); (N.E.); (E.S.); (A.M.); (A.V.); (L.V.-S.)
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Foreign Animal Disease Research Unit, National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.S.); (L.B.); (J.C.)
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10
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Luan H, Wang S, Ju L, Liu T, Shi H, Ge S, Jiang S, Wu J, Peng J. KP177R-based visual assay integrating RPA and CRISPR/ Cas12a for the detection of African swine fever virus. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1358960. [PMID: 38655256 PMCID: PMC11035814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1358960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Early detection of the virus in the environment or in infected pigs is a critical step to stop African swine fever virus (ASFV) transmission. The p22 protein encoded by ASFV KP177R gene has been shown to have no effect on viral replication and virulence and can serve as a molecular marker for distinguishing field virus strains from future candidate KP177R deletion vaccine strains. Methods This study established an ASFV detection assay specific for the highly conserved ASFV KP177R gene based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) and the CRISPR/Cas12 reaction system. The KP177R gene served as the initial template for the RPA reaction to generate amplicons, which were recognized by guide RNA to activate the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a protein, thereby leading to non-specific cleavage of single-stranded DNA as well as corresponding color reaction. The viral detection in this assay could be determined by visualizing the results of fluorescence or lateral flow dipstick (LFD) biotin blotting for color development, and was respectively referred to as fluorescein-labeled RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a and biotin-labeled LFD RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a. The clinical samples were simultaneously subjected to the aforementioned assay, while real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was employed as a control for determining the diagnostic concordance rate between both assays. Results The results showed that fluorescein- and biotin-labeled LFD KP177R RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assays specifically detected ASFV, did not cross-react with other swine pathogens including PCV2, PEDV, PDCoV, and PRV. The detection assay established in this study had a limit of detection (LOD) of 6.8 copies/μL, and both assays were completed in 30 min. The KP177R RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay demonstrated a diagnostic coincidence rate of 100% and a kappa value of 1.000 (p < 0.001), with six out of ten clinical samples testing positive for ASFV using both KP177R RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a and RT-qPCR, while four samples tested negative in both assays. Discussion The rapid, sensitive and visual detection assay for ASFV developed in this study is suitable for field application in swine farms, particularly for future differentiation of field virus strains from candidate KP177R gene-deleted ASFV vaccines, which may be a valuable screening tool for ASF eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorui Luan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Shujuan Wang
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Lin Ju
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Tong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Haoyue Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Shengqiang Ge
- China Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Shijin Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- East China Scientific Experimental Station of Animal Pathogen Biology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
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11
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Zhu J, Liu Q, Li L, Zhang R, Chang Y, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhao X, Chen X, Sun Y, Zhao Q. Nanobodies against African swine fever virus p72 and CD2v proteins as reagents for developing two cELISAs to detect viral antibodies. Virol Sin 2024:S1995-820X(24)00038-5. [PMID: 38588947 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a significant threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or treatments available to combat ASFV infection in pigs. The primary means of controlling the spread of the disease is through rapid detection and subsequent elimination of infected pig. Recently, a lower virulent ASFV isolate with a deleted EP402R gene (CD2v-deleted) has been reported in China, which further complicates the control of ASFV infection in pig farms. Furthermore, an EP402R-deleted ASFV variant has been developed as a potential live attenuated vaccine candidate strain. Therefore, it is crucial to develop detection methods that can distinguish wild-type and EP402R-deleted ASFV infections. In this study, two recombinant ASFV-p72 and -CD2v proteins were expressed using a prokaryotic system and used to immunize Bactrian camels. Subsequently, eight nanobodies against ASFV-p72 and ten nanobodies against ASFV-CD2v were screened. Following the production of these nanobodies with horse radish peroxidase (HRP) fusion proteins, the ASFV-p72-Nb2-HRP and ASFV-CD2v-Nb22-HRP fusions were selected for the development of two competitive ELISAs (cELISAs) to detect anti-ASFV antibodies. The two cELISAs exhibited high sensitivity, good specificity, repeatability, and stability. The coincidence rate between the two cELISAs and commercial ELISA kits was 98.6% and 97.6%, respectively. Collectively, the two cELISA for detecting antibodies against ASFV demonstrated ease of operation, a low cost, and a simple production process. The two cELISAs could determine whether pigs were infected with wild-type or CD2v-deleted ASFV, and could play an important role in monitoring ASFV infections in pig farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Zhu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qingyuan Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Liuya Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Runyu Zhang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yueting Chang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jiakai Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Qin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling Observing and Experimental Station of National Data Center of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, China.
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12
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Chen Q, Liu L, Guo S, Li L, Yu Y, Liu Z, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Characterization of the monoclonal antibody and the immunodominant B-cell epitope of African swine fever virus pA104R by using mouse model. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0140123. [PMID: 38305163 PMCID: PMC10913377 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01401-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The African swine fever virus (ASFV) structural protein pA104R is the only histone-like protein encoded by eukaryotic viruses. pA104R is an essential DNA-binding protein required for DNA replication and genome packaging of ASFV, which are vital for pathogen survival and proliferation. pA104R is an important target molecule for diagnosing, treating, and immune prevention of ASFV. This study characterized monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against pA104R and found them to recognize natural pA104R in ASFV strains with different genotypes, showing high conservation. Confirmation analyses of pA104R epitopes using mAbs indicated the presence of immunodominant B-cell epitopes, and further characterization showed the high antigenic index and surface accessibility coefficients of the identified epitope. Furthermore, the pA104R protein functions through the polar interactions between the binding amino acid sites; however, these interactions may be blocked by the recognition of generated mAbs. Characterizing the immunodominant B-cell epitope of the ASFV critical proteins, such as pA104R, may contribute to developing sensitive diagnostic tools and vaccine candidate targets.IMPORTANCEAfrican swine fever (ASF) is a highly pathogenic, lethal, and contagious viral disease affecting domestic pigs and wild boars. As no effective vaccine or other treatments have been developed, the control of African swine fever virus (ASFV) relies heavily on virus detection and diagnosis. A potential serological target is the structural protein pA104R. However, the molecular basis of pA104R antigenicity remains unclear, and a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against this protein is still unavailable. In this study, mAbs against pA104R were characterized and found to recognize natural pA104R in ASFV strains with different genotypes. In addition, confirmation analyses of pA104R epitopes using mAbs indicated the presence of immunodominant B-cell epitopes, and further characterization showed the high antigenic index and surface accessibility coefficients of the identified epitope. Characteristics of the immunodominant B-cell epitope of ASFV proteins, such as pA104R, may contribute to developing sensitive diagnostic tools and identifying vaccine candidate targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixinjie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yifeng Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhankui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China
- International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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13
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Desmet C, Coelho-Cruz B, Mehn D, Colpo P, Ruiz-Moreno A. ASFV epitope mapping by high density peptides microarrays. Virus Res 2024; 339:199287. [PMID: 38029799 PMCID: PMC10711508 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute, highly contagious and deadly infectious disease. It is a threat to animal health with major potential economic and societal impact. Despite decades of ASF vaccine research, still some gaps in knowledge are hindering the development of a functional vaccine. Worth mentioning are gaps in understanding the mechanism of ASF infection and immunity, as well as the fact that - in case of this disease - virus proteins, so-called protective antigens, responsible for inducing protective immune responses in pigs are not identified yet. In this paper we elaborate on a methodology to identify protective antigens based on epitope mapping by microarray technology. High density peptide microarrays, combined with fluorescence scanning, have been used to analyze the interaction of peptide sequences of African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins with antibodies present in inactivated serum from infected and healthy animals. The study evidenced ASFV proteins already under the radar for vaccine development, such as p54, and identified specific sequences in those proteins that may become the focus for future vaccine candidates. Such methodology is amenable to automation and high-throughput and may help developing better targeting for next generation vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cloé Desmet
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Dora Mehn
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Pascal Colpo
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Ana Ruiz-Moreno
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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14
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Jin J, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Lu W, Zhang S, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhang A, Zhang G, Sun A, Zhuang G. Establishment and characterization of a novel indirect ELISA method based on ASFV antigenic epitope-associated recombinant protein. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127311. [PMID: 37865977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
African Swine Fever (ASF) is an acute and highly lethal disease in pigs caused by African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV). Viral proteins have been commonly used as antigenic targets for the development of ASF diagnostic methods. However, the prokaryotic expression of viral proteins has deficiencies such as instability, insolubility, and high cost in eukaryotic situations. This study screened and verified ASFV-encoded p72, p54, and p30 protein antigenic epitopes. Subsequently, a novel antigenic epitope-associated recombinant protein was designed based on an ideal structural protein and expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli). Western blot analysis indicated that the recombinant protein could specifically react with the monoclonal antibody (mAb) of p72 and polyclonal antibodies of p54 and p30, respectively. Next, an ASF indirect ELISA (iELISA) method was established based on the recombinant protein, which has no specific reaction with sera of other important pig viral diseases. Meanwhile, it shows a sensitivity to detecting dilutions of ASF-positive reference serum up to 1:6400. The clinical sample detection results showed a high coincidence rate of 98 % with a commercial competition ELISA kit. In conclusion, we established a novel specific, and sensitive ASF serologic detection method that opens new avenues for ASF serodiagnostic method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Bai
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenlong Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuyang Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs & Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aijun Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhuang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China; International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.
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15
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Zhang X, Guan X, Wang Q, Wang X, Yang X, Li S, Zhao XT, Yuan M, Liu X, Qiu HJ, Li Y. Identification of the p34 Protein of African Swine Fever Virus as a Novel Viral Antigen with Protection Potential. Viruses 2023; 16:38. [PMID: 38257738 PMCID: PMC10818326 DOI: 10.3390/v16010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), affecting domestic and wild boars. The polyprotein pp220 of ASFV is responsible for producing the major structural proteins p150, p37, p14, p34, and p5 via proteolytic processing. The p34 protein is the main component of the ASFV core shell. However, the immunologic properties of the p34 protein in vitro and in vivo remain unclear. The results showed that the recombinant p34 protein expressed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes could react with convalescent swine sera to ASFV, suggesting that p34 is an immunogenic protein. Significantly, anti-p34 antibodies were found to inhibit the replication of ASFV in target cells. Furthermore, rabbits immunized with the recombinant C-strain of classical swine fever virus containing p34 produced both anti-p34 humoral and cellular immune responses. In addition, the p34 protein could induce a cell-mediated immune response, and a T-cell epitope on the p34 protein was identified using immunoinformatics and enzyme-linked immunospot (ELIspot) assay. Our study demonstrates that the p34 protein is a novel antigen of ASFV with protective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiangyu Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Qiuxia Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China;
| | - Xiaoke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Shuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xiao-Tian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Mengqi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Xingyou Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Hua-Ji Qiu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Yongfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (X.Z.); (X.G.); (X.Y.); (S.L.); (X.-T.Z.); (M.Y.)
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16
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Migliore S, Hussein HA, Galluzzo P, Puleio R, Loria GR. African Swine Fever and Its Control Measures in Wild Boar: A "De Iure Condito" Analysis in the European Union. Animals (Basel) 2023; 14:14. [PMID: 38200745 PMCID: PMC10778324 DOI: 10.3390/ani14010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the African swine fever (ASF) epizootic has been reported in domestic pigs and wild boars in several European Union Member States (EU MS) and epidemiological evidence has accumulated which indicates that wild boar play a key role in maintaining and spreading the disease. Thanks to the experience gained when managing ASF outbreaks in Sardinia (Italy) and Eastern Europe, Directive 2002/60 CE was issued. This directive represented an important step forward in controlling the disease, particularly the risk of spreading the virus to wild animals. Since 2021, according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429, which is also called "Animal Health Law-AHL", when the MS competent authority suspects or confirms ASF (a cat. A listed disease) in wild animals, it is mandatory to conduct surveillance in the wild boar population and implement the necessary control measures. Within AHL, Regulations (EU) 2020/687 and 2023/594 established special ASF control measures in kept and wild porcine animals, and their products and by-products, focusing on and underlying old and new responsibilities that vets (both public and private ones) have to accomplish under the new regulations. The new change in the legal framework deals with specific measures to be applied in the wild and represents a great challenge for MS veterinary services. Some of these measures have been well established in the last two decades, particularly those related to application in the farming system, while other measures are still new to veterinary health management and require a holistic approach in terms of intensity, considering all geographical, ecological, productive, cultural and social features of the involved EU MS. In this contribution, the authors intend to focus on specific measures which have been issued in order to limit or stop the spread of ASF in a wild, "boundless" ecosystem. These measures expand the field of competence of the official veterinary service to wild areas in addition to farm activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia “A. Mirri”, 90129 Palermo, Italy; (S.M.); (H.A.H.); (P.G.); (G.R.L.)
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17
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Liu Y, Xie Z, Li Y, Song Y, Di D, Liu J, Gong L, Chen Z, Wu J, Ye Z, Liu J, Yu W, Lv L, Zhong Q, Tian C, Song Q, Wang H, Chen H. Evaluation of an I177L gene-based five-gene-deleted African swine fever virus as a live attenuated vaccine in pigs. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2148560. [PMID: 36378022 PMCID: PMC9769145 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2148560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). The current research on ASF vaccines focuses on the development of naturally attenuated, isolated, or genetically engineered live viruses that have been demonstrated to produce reliable immunity. As a result, a genetically engineered virus containing five genes deletion was synthesized based on ASFV Chinese strain GZ201801, named ASFV-GZΔI177LΔCD2vΔMGF. The five-gene-deleted ASFV was safe and fully attenuated in pigs and provides reliable protection against the parental ASFV strain challenge. This indicates that the five-gene-deleted ASFV is a potential candidate for a live attenuated vaccine that could control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Biosafety Research Center, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yingying Song
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Di
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Biosafety Research Center, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lang Gong
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Biosafety Research Center, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxian Wu
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengqin Ye
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianqi Liu
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Zhong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanwen Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Song
- The Spirit Jinyu Biological Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Hohhot, People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Wang
- South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, People’s Republic of China, Hongjun Chen ; Heng Wang
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Biosafety Research Center, CAAS, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Hongjun Chen ; Heng Wang
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18
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Hang Vu TT, Le VP, Jeong DG, Yeom M, Oh J, Kang B, Park SK, Song D. Establishment of a p30-based lateral flow assay for African swine fever virus detection. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114823. [PMID: 37748737 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) has continuously devastated the global pig industry. Viral persistence causes problems in large pig farms and kills small farms. Timely diagnostic tools play an important role in controlling outbreaks and minimizing losses. In this study, we developed a lateral flow assay to detect ASFV on-site. The VDRG® ASFV Ag Rapid Kit was established using two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the p30 protein. The conjunction pad of the kit was coated with a mixture of the mAb and colloidal gold. This rapid kit was capable of detecting 11.5 ng of antigen and 0.16 HAD50 of virus from samples, in 20 min for the entire procedure. It passed cross-specific tests using common viruses that cause infectious diseases in pigs. ASFV was detected after 4 days in experimental infection in pigs by the kit. The specificity and sensitivity of the kit for clinical samples were 99.88% and 84.52% (93.8% for samples with a Ct value below 30), respectively. Finally, the kit can detect 100% positive herd outbreaks. The VDRG® ASFV Ag Rapid Kit presents a useful point-of-care tool for ASFV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131001, Viet Nam
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsik Oh
- Median Diagnostics, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24399, Republic of Korea
| | - BoKyu Kang
- Median Diagnostics, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24399, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea.
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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19
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Hu Y, Wang A, Yan W, Li J, Meng X, Chen L, Li S, Tong W, Kong N, Yu L, Yu H, Shan T, Xu J, Tong G, Zheng H. Identification of Linear Epitopes in the C-Terminal Region of ASFV p72 Protein. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2846. [PMID: 38137990 PMCID: PMC10746095 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, which is induced by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), poses a significant threat to the global pig industry due to its high lethality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Despite the severity of the disease, there is a lack of effective vaccines and drugs against the ASFV. The p72 protein, constituting 31 to 33% of the total virus particle mass, serves as the primary capsid protein of ASFV. It is a crucial antigen for the development of ASF subunit vaccines and serological diagnostic methods. In this investigation, 27 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were generated through mouse immunization with the truncated C-terminal p72 protein expressed by Escherichia coli. Among these, six mAbs exhibited binding to the p72 trimer, with their respective recognized epitopes identified as 542VTAHGINLIDKF553, 568GNAIKTP574, and 584FALKPREEY592. All three epitopes were situated within the interval sequences of functional units of the C-terminal jelly-roll barrel of p72. Notably, two epitopes, 568GNAIKTP574 and 584FALKPREEY592, were internal to the p72 trimer, while the epitope 542VTAHGINLIDKF553 was exposed on the surface of the trimer and consistently conserved across all ASFV genotypes. These findings enhance our comprehension of the antigenic function and structure of the p72 protein, facilitating the utilization of p72 in the development of diagnostic techniques for ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Anchen Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Wanwan Yan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Junbo Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Songnan Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Jiaping Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230031, China;
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China; (Y.H.); (A.W.); (W.Y.); (J.L.); (X.M.); (L.C.); (S.L.); (W.T.); (N.K.); (L.Y.); (H.Y.); (T.S.); (G.T.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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20
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Pérez-Núñez D, García-Belmonte R, Riera E, Fernández-Sesma MH, Vigara-Astillero G, Revilla Y. Signal peptide and N-glycosylation of N-terminal-CD2v determine the hemadsorption of African swine fever virus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0103023. [PMID: 37768082 PMCID: PMC10617588 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01030-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the cause of the current major animal epidemic worldwide. This disease affects domestic pigs and wild boars, has spread since 2007 through Russia, Eastern Europe, and more recently to Western European countries, and since 2018 emerged in China, from where it spread throughout Southeast Asia. Recently, outbreaks have appeared in the Caribbean, threatening the Americas. It is estimated that more than 900,000 animals have died directly or indirectly from ASFV since 2021 alone. One of the features of ASFV infection is hemoadsorption (HAD), which has been linked to virulence, although the molecular and pathological basis of this hypothesis remains largely unknown. In this study, we have analyzed and identified the key players responsible of HAD, contributing to the identification of new determinants of ASFV virulence, the understanding of ASFV pathogenesis, and the rational development of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta H. Fernández-Sesma
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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21
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Lim JW, Vu TTH, Le VP, Yeom M, Song D, Jeong DG, Park SK. Advanced Strategies for Developing Vaccines and Diagnostic Tools for African Swine Fever. Viruses 2023; 15:2169. [PMID: 38005846 PMCID: PMC10674204 DOI: 10.3390/v15112169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most lethal infectious diseases affecting domestic pigs and wild boars of all ages. Over a span of 100 years, ASF has continued to spread over continents and adversely affects the global pig industry. To date, no vaccine or treatment has been approved. The complex genome structure and diverse variants facilitate the immune evasion of the ASF virus (ASFV). Recently, advanced technologies have been used to design various potential vaccine candidates and effective diagnostic tools. This review updates vaccine platforms that are currently being used worldwide, with a focus on genetically modified live attenuated vaccines, including an understanding of their potential efficacy and limitations of safety and stability. Furthermore, advanced ASFV detection technologies are presented that discuss and incorporate the challenges that remain to be addressed for conventional detection methods. We also highlight a nano-bio-based system that enhances sensitivity and specificity. A combination of prophylactic vaccines and point-of-care diagnostics can help effectively control the spread of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Woo Lim
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Thi Thu Hang Vu
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 131000, Vietnam;
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Daesub Song
- Department of Veterinary Medicine Virology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; (J.-W.L.); (M.Y.); (D.S.)
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Analytical Science Division, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Kyu Park
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
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22
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Chen Q, Li L, Liu L, Liu Z, Guo S, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. African Swine Fever Virus pF778R Attenuates Type I Interferon Response by Impeding STAT1 Nuclear Translocation. Virus Res 2023; 335:199190. [PMID: 37536381 PMCID: PMC10424126 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an extensive and intricate double-stranded DNA virus with approximately 100% lethality in domestic swine. There is no effective vaccine to combat this virus, and this has led to substantial economic losses in the swine industry. ASFV encodes various proteins that impede interferon-based immune defenses in the host by employing diverse mechanisms. However, the roles of most of these proteins remain unknown. Therefore, understanding the immune evasion mechanisms employed by ASFV may facilitate the development of effective measures against the virus. In this study, we discovered a negative regulation of the type I interferon (IFN) response by the ASFV ribonuclease reductase large subunit pF778R. This novel type Ⅰ IFN response antagonist significantly inhibits IFN-α-induced interferon-stimulated response element promoter activation, precludes the upregulation of various interferon-stimulated genes, and prevents STAT1 nuclear translocation. Mechanistically, pF778R did not affect the protein levels of crucial molecules in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway or engage in direct interactions. However, pF778R expression impedes type I IFN responses mediated by the JAK/STAT signaling pathway. Further investigations revealed that pF778R did not interfere with STAT1 phosphorylation or dimerization, but it inhibited IFN signaling by weakening the nuclear accumulation of activated STAT1. The critical role of the ASFV protein pF778R in evading IFN-I-mediated innate immunity highlights a unique mode of ASFV evasion and provides insights into the pathogenic mechanism of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Lixinjie Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhankui Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shibang Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, China; International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China, Wuhan, China.
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23
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Niu S, Guo Y, Wang X, Wang Z, Sun L, Dai H, Peng G. Innate immune escape and adaptive immune evasion of African swine fever virus: A review. Virology 2023; 587:109878. [PMID: 37708611 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes hemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs. The continued spread of the virus in Africa, Europe and Asia threatens the global pig industry. The lack of an effective vaccine limits disease control. ASFV has evolved a variety of encoded immune escape proteins and can evade host adaptive immunity, inducing cellular inflammation, autophagy, or apoptosis in host cells. Frequent persistent infections hinder the development of a viral vaccine and impose technical barriers. Currently, knowledge of the virulence-related genes, main pathogenic genes and immunoregulatory mechanism of ASFV is not comprehensive. We explain that ASFV invades the host to regulate its inflammatory response, interferon production, antigen presentation and cellular immunity. Furthermore, we propose potential ideas for ASFV vaccine target design, such as knocking out high-virulence genes in ASFV and performing data mining to identify the main genes that induce antiviral responses. To support a rational strategy for vaccine development, a better understanding of how ASFV interacts with the host and regulates the host's response to infection is needed. We review the current knowledge about ASFV targeting of host innate and adaptive immunity and the mechanisms by which the affected immune pathways are suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yilin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Limeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Guiqing Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China.
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24
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Deng L, Gu S, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhao J, Nie M, Xu L, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. Immunogenic response of recombinant pseudorabies virus carrying B646L and B602L genes of African swine fever virus in mice. Vet Microbiol 2023; 284:109815. [PMID: 37348208 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious disease that poses a high lethality risk to domestic pigs and wild boars, causing substantial economic losses to the global pig industry. The prevention and control of ASF remain challenging, necessitating the urgent development of a safe and effective vaccine. This study focused on the essential structural protein p72 of ASFV (encoded by the B646L gene) and its chaperone protein pB602L (encoded by the B602L gene) as the target antigenic proteins. Based on CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology, we constructed a live attenuated recombinant pseudorabies virus vector expressing the p72 and pB602L proteins (designated as rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L), and assessed its immunization effect in mice. The recombinant virus rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L successfully proliferated and demonstrated stable expression of the p72 and pB602L proteins in BHK-21 cells. Moreover, it exhibited excellent safety when used in mice and induced specific humoral and cellular immune responses targeting p72 and pB602L. In addition, it provided complete protection (100%) against the virulent PRV strain (PRV-XJ). These results indicate that the recombinant virus rPRVXJ-EGFP/B602L/B646L possesses robust immunogenicity and safety in mice. In conclusion, PRV represents a promising viral vector for expressing ASFV gene, and our study serves as an essential reference for the development of viral vector vaccines against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Sirui Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yao Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuling Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mincai Nie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, China.
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25
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Velazquez-Salinas L, Ramirez-Medina E, Rai A, Pruitt S, Vuono EA, Espinoza N, Gay CG, Witte S, Gladue DP, Borca MV. Confirming the absence of parental African swine fever virus as a potential contaminant of recombinant live attenuated ASF vaccines. Biologicals 2023; 83:101685. [PMID: 37276750 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2023.101685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease that is currently producing a panzootic significantly impacting the swine industry worldwide. One of the major challenges for advancing the development of ASF vaccines has been the absence of international standards for ASF vaccine purity, potency, safety, and efficacy. To date, the most effective experimental vaccines have been live attenuated strains of viruses. Most of these promising vaccine candidates have been developed by deleting virus genes involved in the process of viral pathogenesis and disease production. This approach requires genomic modification of a parental virus field strain through a process of homologous recombination followed by purification of the recombinant attenuated virus. In this scenario, it is critical to confirm the absence of any parental virulent virus in the final virus stock used for vaccine production. We present here a protocol to establish the purity of virus stock using the live attenuated vaccine candidates ASFV-G-ΔMGF, ASFV-G-Δ9 GLΔUK and ASFV-G-ΔI177L. Procedures described here includes inoculation in susceptible pigs followed by the assessment of the obtained material by differential qPCRs that allows the identification of vaccine virus from ASFV field isolates. This protocol is proposed as a model to ensure that master seed virus stock used for vaccine production does not contain residual parental virulent virus. Procedures described here includes a passage in susceptible pigs followed by the assessment of the obtained material by differential qPCRs that allows the identification of vaccine virus from ASFV field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauro Velazquez-Salinas
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Ayushi Rai
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN, 37830, USA
| | - Sarah Pruitt
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Vuono
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA; Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA
| | - Cyril G Gay
- Agricultural Research Service, Office of National Programs, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Steve Witte
- Biologics Development Module, National Bio and Agrodefense Facility, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Douglas P Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
| | - Manuel V Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Greenport, NY, 11944, USA.
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26
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Chen Y, Song Z, Chang H, Guo Y, Wei Z, Sun Y, Gong L, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Dihydromyricetin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by downregulating toll-like receptor 4-dependent pyroptosis in vitro. Vet Res 2023; 54:58. [PMID: 37438783 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by ASF virus (ASFV) infection, poses a huge threat to the pork industry owing to ineffective preventive and control measures. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop strategies, including antiviral drugs targeting ASFV, for preventing ASFV spread. This study aimed to identify novel compounds with anti-ASFV activity. To this end, we screened a small chemical library of 102 compounds, among which the natural flavonoid dihydromyricetin (DHM) exhibited the most potent anti-ASFV activity. DHM treatment inhibited ASFV replication in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it inhibited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine influenza virus replication, which suggested that DHM exerts broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Mechanistically, DHM treatment inhibited ASFV replication in various ways in the time-to-addition assay, including pre-, co-, and post-treatment. Moreover, DHM treatment reduced the levels of ASFV-induced inflammatory mediators by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, DHM treatment reduced the ASFV-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, further minimizing pyroptosis by inhibiting the ASFV-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, the effects of DHM on ASFV were partly reversed by treatment with polyphyllin VI (a pyroptosis agonist) and RS 09 TFA (a TLR4 agonist), suggesting that DHM inhibits pyroptosis by regulating TLR4 signaling. Furthermore, targeting TLR4 with resatorvid (a specific inhibitor of TLR4) and small interfering RNA against TLR4 impaired ASFV replication. Taken together, these results reveal the anti-ASFV activity of DHM and the underlying mechanism of action, providing a potential compound for developing antiviral drugs targeting ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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27
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Li D, Ren J, Zhu G, Wu P, Yang W, Ru Y, Feng T, Liu H, Zhang J, Peng J, Tian H, Liu X, Zheng H. Deletions of MGF110-9L and MGF360-9L from African swine fever virus are highly attenuated in swine and confer protection against homologous challenge. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104767. [PMID: 37142221 PMCID: PMC10236468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever, caused by a large icosahedral DNA virus (African swine fever virus, ASFV), is a highly contagious disease in domestic and feral swine, thus posing a significant economic threat to the global swine industry. Currently, there are no effective vaccines or the available methods to control ASFV infection. Attenuated live viruses with deleted virulence factors are considered to be the most promising vaccine candidates; however, the mechanism by which these attenuated viruses confer protection is unclear. Here, we used the Chinese ASFV CN/GS/2018 as a backbone and used homologous recombination to generate a virus in which MGF110-9L and MGF360-9L, two genes antagonize host innate antiviral immune response, were deleted (ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L). This genetically modified virus was highly attenuated in pigs and provided effective protection of pigs against parental ASFV challenge. Importantly, we found ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L infection induced higher expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) mRNA compared with parental ASFV as determined by RNA-Seq and RT-PCR analysis. Further immunoblotting results showed that parental ASFV and ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L infection inhibited Pam3CSK4-triggered activating phosphorylation of proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB subunit p65 and phosphorylation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα levels, although NF-κB activation was higher in ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L-infected cells compared with parental ASFV-infected cells. Additionally, we show overexpression of TLR2 inhibited ASFV replication and the expression of ASFV p72 protein, whereas knockdown of TLR2 had the opposite effect. Our findings suggest that the attenuated virulence of ASFV-ΔMGF110/360-9L might be mediated by increased NF-κB and TLR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Panxue Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenping Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiangling Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
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28
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Zhao D, Sun E, Huang L, Ding L, Zhu Y, Zhang J, Shen D, Zhang X, Zhang Z, Ren T, Wang W, Li F, He X, Bu Z. Highly lethal genotype I and II recombinant African swine fever viruses detected in pigs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3096. [PMID: 37248233 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) poses a great threat to the global pig industry and food security. Currently, 24 ASFV genotypes have been reported but it is unclear whether recombination of different genotype viruses occurs in nature. In this study, we detect three recombinants of genotype I and II ASFVs in pigs in China. These recombinants are genetically similar and classified as genotype I according to their B646L gene, yet 10 discrete fragments accounting for over 56% of their genomes are derived from genotype II virus. Animal studies with one of the recombinant viruses indicate high lethality and transmissibility in pigs, and deletion of the virulence-related genes MGF_505/360 and EP402R derived from virulent genotype II virus highly attenuates its virulence. The live attenuated vaccine derived from genotype II ASFV is not protective against challenge of the recombinant virus. These naturally occurring recombinants of genotype I and II ASFVs have the potential to pose a challenge to the global pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Encheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Leilei Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanmao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijun He
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Bu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National High Containment Facilities for Animal Diseases Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Yu Z, Xie L, Shuai P, Zhang J, An W, Yang M, Zheng J, Lin H. New perspective on African swine fever: a bibliometrics study and visualization analysis. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1085473. [PMID: 37266383 PMCID: PMC10229902 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1085473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease that can have devastating effects on domestic pigs and wild boars. Over the past decade, there has been a new wave of this ancient disease spreading around the world, prompting many scholars to dedicate themselves to researching this disease. This research aims to use bibliometric methods to organize, analyze and summarize the scientific publications on ASF that have been amassed in the past two decades. Methods This paper used VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and a bibliometric online analysis platform to conduct performance analysis and visualization studies on 1,885 academic papers about ASF in the Web of Science from January 2003 to December 2022. Results The amount of literature published on ASF has increased exponentially in recent years, and the development trend of related research is good. A group of representative scholars have appeared in this research field, and some cooperative networks have been formed. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases is the journal with the most publications in this field, while Virus Research is the journal with the most citation per article. High-productivity countries are led by China in terms of the number of articles published followed by the United States and Spain. In regard to the average number of citations, the scholars in the UK are in the lead. The institution with the most articles was the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The analysis of high-frequency keywords showed that the pathogens and epidemiology of ASF were the research hotspots in this field, and the research content was closely related to molecular biology and immunology. The burst keywords "transmission", "identification", "virulence", "replication", and "gene" reflects the research frontier. In addition, by collating and analyzing highly cited journals and highly co-cited references, we explored the knowledge structure and theoretical basis of this field. Discussion This is the first bibliometric analysis report on ASF research, which highlights the key characteristics of ASF research and presents the research status and evolution trend in this field from a new perspective. It provides a valuable reference for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyu Yu
- Department of Hematology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Peiqiang Shuai
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei An
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Miao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Wildlife Quarantine and Surveillance (Sichuan), Technology Center of Chengdu Customs, Chengdu, China
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Duan X, Liu Y, Chen Z, Xie Z, Tian C, Li Y, Lv L, Wang R, Liu J, Chen H. Identification of monoclonal antibody targeting epitope on p72 trimeric spike of African swine fever virus. Virus Genes 2023:10.1007/s11262-023-02003-0. [PMID: 37191778 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-023-02003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is highly contagious and can cause lethal disease in pigs. ASFV p72 protein is a major capsid protein that presents as trimer in the virion. Epitopes on the surface of p72 trimer are considered as protective antigens. In this study, recombinant p72 protein and p72-baculovirus were constructed and obtained. Three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to ASFV p72 protein, designated as 1A3, 2B5 and 4A5, were generated. Among them, 4A5 showed strong reactivity with ASFV infected cells. Subsequently, the epitope recognized by 4A5 was mapped and identified using a series of overlapping peptides generated from p72 protein. IFA and western blot analyses showed that 4A5 recognized the linear epitope of p72 monomer located between amino acids 245-285 and recognized the conformational epitope located at the surface and top of the p72 trimer. These findings will enrich our knowledge regarding the epitope on p72 protein and provide valuable information for further characterization of the antigenicity and molecular functions of p72 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xulai Duan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yingnan Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zongyan Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Xie
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chuanwen Tian
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yao Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China.
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, 200241, China.
- Biosafety Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China.
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Mao G, Luo X, Ye S, Wang X, He J, Kong J, Dai J, Yin W, Ma Y. Fluorescence and Colorimetric Analysis of African Swine Fever Virus Based on the RPA-Assisted CRISPR/Cas12a Strategy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:8063-8069. [PMID: 37167072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that different detection modes are necessary for corresponding applications, which can effectively reduce matrix interference and improve the detection accuracy. Here, we reported a magnetic separation method based on recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA)-assisted clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas12a for dual-mode analysis of African swine fever virus (ASFV) genes, including colorimetry and fluorescence. The ASFV gene was selected as the initial RPA template to generate the amplicon. The RPA amplicon was then recognized by CRISPR-associated RNA (crRNA), activating the trans-cleavage activity of Cas12a and leading to the nonspecific cleavage of ssDNA as well as a significant release of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the ALP-ssDNA modified magnetic bead. The released ALP can catalyze para-nitrophenyl phosphate to generate para-nitrophenol, resulting in substantial changes in absorbance and fluorescence, both of which can be used for detection with the naked eye. This strategy allows the sensitive detection of ASFV DNA, with a 20 copies/mL detection limit; no cross-reactivity with other viruses was observed. A good linear relationship was obtained in serum. In addition, this sensor displayed 100% specificity and sensitivity for clinical sample analysis. This method integrates the high sensitivity of fluorescence with easy readout of colorimetry and enables a simple, low-cost, and highly sensitive dual-mode detection of viral nucleic acid, thereby providing a broad prospect for the practical application in the diagnosis of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guobin Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xing Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Silu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jilie Kong
- Department of Chemistry and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junbiao Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wen Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yingxin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Synthetic Genomics, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Xu Z, Hu Y, Li J, Wang A, Meng X, Chen L, Wei J, Tong W, Kong N, Yu L, Yu H, Shan T, Tong G, Wang G, Zheng H. Screening and identification of the dominant antigens of the African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1175701. [PMID: 37215478 PMCID: PMC10192620 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1175701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a highly lethal contagious disease of pigs for which there is no vaccine. Its causative agent African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly complex enveloped DNA virus encoding more than 150 open reading frames. The antigenicity of ASFV is still unclear at present. In this study, 35 proteins of ASFV were expressed by Escherichia coli, and ELISA was developed for the detection of antibodies against these proteins. p30, p54, and p22 were presented as the major antigens of ASFV, positively reacting with all five clinical ASFV-positive pig sera, and 10 pig sera experimentally infected by ASFV. Five proteins (pB475L, pC129R, pE199L, pE184L, and pK145R) reacted well with ASFV-positive sera. The p30 induced a rapid and strong antibody immune response during ASFV infection. These results will promote the development of subunit vaccines and serum diagnostic methods against ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Xu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junbo Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ancheng Wang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Wildlife and Protected Area, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guihua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine of Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Hannat S, La Scola B, Andreani J, Aherfi S. Asfarviruses and Closely Related Giant Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:v15041015. [PMID: 37112995 PMCID: PMC10146109 DOI: 10.3390/v15041015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba polyphaga mimivirus, so called because of its "mimicking microbe", was discovered in 2003 and was the founding member of the first family of giant viruses isolated from amoeba. These giant viruses, present in various environments, have opened up a previously unexplored field of virology. Since 2003, many other giant viruses have been isolated, founding new families and taxonomical groups. These include a new giant virus which was isolated in 2015, the result of the first co-culture on Vermamoeba vermiformis. This new giant virus was named "Faustovirus". Its closest known relative at that time was African Swine Fever Virus. Pacmanvirus and Kaumoebavirus were subsequently discovered, exhibiting phylogenetic clustering with the two previous viruses and forming a new group with a putative common ancestor. In this study, we aimed to summarise the main features of the members of this group of giant viruses, including Abalone Asfarvirus, African Swine Fever Virus, Faustovirus, Pacmanvirus, and Kaumoebavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sihem Hannat
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Julien Andreani
- CHU Grenoble Alpes, 27 Boulevard de la Chantourne, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Sarah Aherfi
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- MEPHI, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Aix-Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Marseille (AP-HM), 13005 Marseille, France
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Yang J, Yuan X, Hao Y, Shi X, Yang X, Yan W, Chen L, Zhang D, Shen C, Li D, Zhu Z, Liu X, Zheng H, Zhang K. Proteins in pregnant swine serum promote the African swine fever virus replication: an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis. Virol J 2023; 20:54. [PMID: 36978180 PMCID: PMC10043535 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a severe infectious disease caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), seriously endangering the global pig industry. ASFV possesses a large genome, strong mutation ability, and complex immune escape mechanisms. Since the first case of ASF was reported in China in August 2018, it has had a significant impact on social economy and food safety. In the present study, pregnant swine serum (PSS) was found to promote viral replication; differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in PSS were screened and identified using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation technology and compared with those in non-pregnant swine serum (NPSS). The DEPs were analyzed using Gene Ontology functional annotation, Kyoto Protocol Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment, and protein-protein interaction networks. In addition, the DEPs were validated via western blot and RT-qPCR experiments. And the 342 of DEPs were identified in bone marrow-derived macrophages cultured with PSS compared with the NPSS. The 256 were upregulated and 86 of DEPs were downregulated. The primary biological functions of these DEPs involved signaling pathways that regulate cellular immune responses, growth cycles, and metabolism-related pathways. An overexpression experiment showed that the PCNA could promote ASFV replication whereas MASP1 and BST2 could inhibit it. These results further indicated that some protein molecules in PSS were involved in the regulation of ASFV replication. In the present study, the role of PSS in ASFV replication was analyzed using proteomics, and the study will be provided a basis for future detailed research on the pathogenic mechanism and host interactions of ASFV as well as new insights for the development of small-molecule compounds to inhibit ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xingguo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yu Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xijuan Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xing Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Wenqian Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dajun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Chaochao Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Pathological Characteristics of Domestic Pigs Orally Infected with the Virus Strain Causing the First Reported African Swine Fever Outbreaks in Vietnam. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030393. [PMID: 36986314 PMCID: PMC10058432 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently Vietnam’s most economically significant swine disease. The first ASF outbreak in Vietnam was reported in February 2019. In this study, VNUA/HY/ASF1 strain isolated from the first ASF outbreak was used to infect 10 eight-week-old pigs orally with 103 HAD50 per animal. The pigs were observed daily for clinical signs, and whole blood samples were collected from each animal for viremia detection. Dead pigs were subjected to full post-mortem analyses. All 10 pigs displayed acute or subacute clinical signs and succumbed to the infection between 10 to 27 (19.8 ± 4.66) days post-inoculation (dpi). The onset of clinical signs started around 4–14 dpi. Viremia was observed in pigs from 6–16 dpi (11.2 ± 3.55). Enlarged, hyperemic, and hemorrhagic lymph nodes, enlarged spleen, pneumonia, and hydropericardium were observed at post-mortem examinations.
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The Impact of African Swine Fever (ASF) on Romanian Pig Meat Production: A Review. ACTA VET-BEOGRAD 2023. [DOI: 10.2478/acve-2023-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The first outbreak of African Swine Fever (ASF) in Romania was recorded in a backyard holding in Satu Mare County in July 2017 as a result of a previous large-scale spread of the virus in wild boars and domestic pig populations in two of Romania’s neighbouring countries, Ukraine and the Republic of Moldova. Since then, more than 1.3 million domestic pigs have been infected in more than 5600 backyard holdings and commercial farms all over Romania where stamping out procedures have been performed afterwards. The spread of the disease could not be contained despite the contingency plans developed by the authorities based on the current EU and Romanian legislation, and currently, the entire territory of Romania is considered to be affected, leading to a significant decline of the pig inventory and major damages in the commercial farming system. Consequently, the amounts of pork imported from other EU member states have increased yearly, pig meat becoming the main commodity on the list of agricultural goods purchased by Romania. 2021 has been by far the worst year for Romanian pig meat production, generating the highest financial losses mainly due to the inability of authorities and policymakers to implement effective and efficient disease control measures.
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Dynamics of Serological and Mucosal Antibody Responses against African Swine Fever Viruses in Experimentally Infected Pigs. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/9959847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a lethal swine pathogen, and there is no effective vaccine or treatment available for ASFV infection. Recently, the occurrence of ASFV genotype I and genotype II natural mutants that manifest as subacute, longer-incubation, or persistent infections poses threats to preventing ASFV infection. The dynamics of antibody responses to ASFV are still completely unrevealed, especially the secretion of mucosal antibodies in oral fluid. Here, a systematic analysis was performed of serological and mucosal antibody secretion against 6 ASFV antigens after direct or indirect infection with four different ASFV strains or genotypes, namely, the field virulent genotype II isolate ASFV HLJ/18, the artificially attenuated genotype II strain HLJ/18-7GD, the naturally attenuated genotype II isolate HLJ/HRB1/20, and genotype I isolate SD/DY-I/21. Severe clinical signs of HLJ/18 infection were observed in pigs from 4 days postinoculation. However, no clinical signs were observed in HLJ/18-7GD-infected pigs. The contact pigs cohoused with the pigs intramuscularly infected with the isolate SD/DY-I/21 or HLJ/HRB1/20 only showed chronic clinical signs. Interestingly, the oral fluid sIgA responses to all the selected antigens were significantly stronger and earlier than the serum IgG responses in both HLJ/18- and HLJ/18-7GD-challenged pigs. Although significant fluctuations and individual differences appeared in oral swab sIgA responses in the contact transmission group, they were earlier than the corresponding serological IgG responses. Moreover, according to the comparative analysis of the three infection groups, P54 was proposed to be a dominant target for serological IgG diagnosis, while P30, CD2v, P54, P22, and P10 were more advantageous as mucosal sIgA diagnosis targets. These results highlight the important role of mucosal antibodies in the early diagnosis of ASFV infection and can provide references to screen appropriate targets for ASFV detection.
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Zhu Z, Li S, Ma C, Yang F, Cao W, Liu H, Chen X, Feng T, Shi Z, Tian H, Zhang K, Chen H, Liu X, Zheng H. African Swine Fever Virus E184L Protein Interacts with Innate Immune Adaptor STING to Block IFN Production for Viral Replication and Pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:442-458. [PMID: 36602826 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
African swine fever is one of the most serious viral diseases that affects domestic and wild pigs. The causative agent, African swine fever virus (ASFV), has evolved sophisticated immune evasion mechanisms that target both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not been fully understood. Here, we report that ASFV E184L protein inhibits host innate immune response via targeting the stimulator of IFN genes (STING)-mediated signaling pathway in both human embryonic kidney HEK-293T cells and porcine pulmonary alveolar macrophages. E184L interacts with STING, impairing dimerization and oligomerization of STING but not affecting its puncta formation at the perinuclear region. Furthermore, E184L disrupts STING-TBK1-IRF3 complex formation, leading to inhibition of STING phosphorylation, and IRF3 dimerization and nuclear translocation. The 1-20 aa region in E184L is essential for E184L-STING interaction and blocking IL-1β and type I IFN production. Deletion of E184L in ASFV considerably impairs antagonistic function of the virus in suppression of the STING-mediated antiviral response, an effect that is reversible by introduction of E184L. Importantly, the virulence of mutant ASFV lacking E184L is reduced in pigs compared with its parental virus due to induction of higher IFN production in vivo. Our findings indicate that ASFV E184L is an important antagonist of IFN signaling to evade host innate immune antiviral responses, which improves our understanding of immune evasion mechanisms of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shasha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.,College of Life Science and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou, China; and
| | - Caina Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Huanan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengwang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Keshan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangtao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Yang S, Miao C, Liu W, Zhang G, Shao J, Chang H. Structure and function of African swine fever virus proteins: Current understanding. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1043129. [PMID: 36846791 PMCID: PMC9950752 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1043129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal double-stranded DNA virus that is responsible for African swine fever (ASF). ASFV was first reported in Kenya in 1921. Subsequently, ASFV has spread to countries in Western Europe, Latin America, and Eastern Europe, as well as to China in 2018. ASFV epidemics have caused serious pig industry losses around the world. Since the 1960s, much effort has been devoted to the development of an effective ASF vaccine, including the production of inactivated vaccines, attenuated live vaccines, and subunit vaccines. Progress has been made, but unfortunately, no ASF vaccine has prevented epidemic spread of the virus in pig farms. The complex ASFV structure, comprising a variety of structural and non-structural proteins, has made the development of ASF vaccines difficult. Therefore, it is necessary to fully explore the structure and function of ASFV proteins in order to develop an effective ASF vaccine. In this review, we summarize what is known about the structure and function of ASFV proteins, including the most recently published findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wei Liu
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Guanglei Zhang
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Lanzhou), State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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Zhang H, Zhao S, Zhang H, Qin Z, Shan H, Cai X. Vaccines for African swine fever: an update. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1139494. [PMID: 37180260 PMCID: PMC10173882 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1139494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a fatal infectious disease of swine caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). Currently, the disease is listed as a legally notifiable disease that must be reported to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). The economic losses to the global pig industry have been insurmountable since the outbreak of ASF. Control and eradication of ASF are very critical during the current pandemic. Vaccination is the optimal strategy to prevent and control the ASF epidemic, but since inactivated ASFV vaccines have poor immune protection and there aren't enough cell lines for efficient in vitro ASFV replication, an ASF vaccine with high immunoprotective potential still remains to be explored. Knowledge of the course of disease evolution, the way of virus transmission, and the breakthrough point of vaccine design will facilitate the development of an ASF vaccine. In this review, the paper aims to highlight the recent advances and breakthroughs in the epidemic and transmission of ASF, virus mutation, and the development of vaccines in recent years, focusing on future directions and trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Saisai Zhao
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
| | - Haojie Zhang
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhihua Qin
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hu Shan
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Hu Shan,
| | - Xiulei Cai
- Shandong Collaborative Innovation Center for Development of Veterinary Pharmaceuticals, College of Veterinary Medicine, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Xiulei Cai,
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Jiang W, Jiang D, Li L, Wang J, Wang P, Shi X, Zhao Q, Liu B, Ji P, Zhang G. Identification of Two Novel Linear B Cell Epitopes on the CD2v Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Using Monoclonal Antibodies. Viruses 2022; 15:131. [PMID: 36680174 PMCID: PMC9866794 DOI: 10.3390/v15010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious viral pathogen that endangers the global pig industry, and no effective vaccine is available thus far. The CD2v protein is a glycoprotein on the outer envelope of ASFV, which mediates the transmission of the virus in the blood and recognition of the virus serotype, playing an important role in ASFV vaccine development and disease prevention. Here, we generated two specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), 6C11 and 8F12 (subtype IgG1/kappa-type), against the ASFV CD2v extracellular domain (CD2v-ex, GenBank: MK128995.1, 1-588 bp) and characterized their specificity. Peptide scanning technology was used to identify the epitopes recognized by mAbs 6C11 and 8F12. As a result, two novel B cell epitopes, 38DINGVSWN45 and 134GTNTNIY140, were defined. Amino acid sequence alignment showed that the defined epitopes were conserved in all referenced ASFV strains from various regions of China including the highly pathogenic, epidemic strain, Georgia2007/1 (NC_044959.2), with the same noted substitutions compared to the four foreign ASFV wild-type strains. This study provides important reference values for the design and development of an ASFV vaccine and useful biological materials for the functional study of the CD2v protein by deletion analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Dawei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Lu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Jiabin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Xuejian Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Pengchao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- International Joint Research Center of National Animal Immunology, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Longhu Laboratory, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Animal Biological Products, Zhengzhou 450046, China
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Oronasal or Intramuscular Immunization with a Thermo-Attenuated ASFV Strain Provides Full Clinical Protection against Georgia 2007/1 Challenge. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122777. [PMID: 36560781 PMCID: PMC9784117 DOI: 10.3390/v14122777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a contagious viral disease of suids that induces high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boars. Given the current spread of ASF, the development of a vaccine is a priority. During an attempt to inactivate the Georgia 2007/1 strain via heat treatment, we fortuitously generated an attenuated strain called ASFV-989. Compared to Georgia, the ASFV-989 strain genome has a deletion of 7458 nucleotides located in the 5'-end encoding region of MGF 505/360, which allowed for developing a DIVA PCR system. In vitro, in porcine alveolar macrophages, the replication kinetics of the ASFV-989 and Georgia strains were identical. In vivo, specific-pathogen-free (SPF) pigs inoculated with the ASFV-989 strain, either intramuscularly or oronasally, exhibited transient hyperthermia and slightly decreased growth performance. Animals immunized with the ASFV-989 strain showed viremia 100 to 1000 times lower than those inoculated with the Georgia strain and developed a rapid antibody and cell-mediated response. In ASFV-989-immunized pigs challenged 2 or 4 weeks later with the Georgia strain, no symptoms were recorded and no viremia for the challenge strain was detected. These results show that the ASFV-989 strain is a promising non-GMO vaccine candidate that is usable either intramuscularly or oronasally.
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Lv L, Zhang T, Jia H, Zhang Y, Ahsan A, Zhao X, Chen T, Shen Z, Shen N. Temporally integrated transcriptome analysis reveals ASFV pathology and host response dynamics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995998. [PMID: 36544767 PMCID: PMC9761332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal swine hemorrhagic disease and is currently responsible for widespread damage to the pig industry. The pathogenesis of ASFV infection and its interaction with host responses remain poorly understood. In this study, we profiled the temporal viral and host transcriptomes in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with virulent and attenuated ASFV strains. We identified profound differences in the virus expression programs between SY18 and HuB20, which shed light on the pathogenic functions of several ASFV genes. Through integrated computational analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrated that compared to the virulent SY18 strain, the attenuated HuB20 quickly activates expression of receptors, sensors, regulators, as well as downstream effectors, including cGAS, STAT1/2, IRF9, MX1/2, suggesting rapid induction of a strong antiviral immune response in HuB20. Surprisingly, in addition to the pivotal DNA sensing mechanism mediated by cGAS-STING pathway, infection of the DNA virus ASFV activates genes associated with RNA virus response, with stronger induction by HuB20 infection. Taken together, this study reveals novel insights into the host-virus interaction dynamics, and provides reference for future mechanistic studies of ASFV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanying Jia
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Binzhou, Shandong, China,Shandong Lvdu Bio-Sciences and Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Ning Shen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
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Pérez-Núñez D, Sunwoo SY, García-Belmonte R, Kim C, Vigara-Astillero G, Riera E, Kim DM, Jeong J, Tark D, Ko YS, You YK, Revilla Y. Recombinant African Swine Fever Virus Arm/07/CBM/c2 Lacking CD2v and A238L Is Attenuated and Protects Pigs against Virulent Korean Paju Strain. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10121992. [PMID: 36560402 PMCID: PMC9784410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10121992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an obligated declaration swine disease, provoking farm isolation measures and the closing of affected country boarders. ASF virus (ASFV) is currently the cause of a pandemic across China and Eurasia. By the end of 2019, ASF was detected in nine EU Member States: Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Belgium. The affected area of the EU extended progressively, moving mostly in a southwestern direction (EFSA). Inactivated and/or subunit vaccines have proven to fail since certain virus replication is needed for protection. LAVs are thus the most realistic option, which must be safe, effective and industrially scalable. We here generated a vaccine prototype from the Arm/07/CBM/c2 genotype II strain, in which we have deleted the EP402R (CD2v) and A238L genes by CRISPR/Cas9 in COS-1 cells, without detectable further genetic changes. The successful immunization of pigs has proven this vaccine to be safe and fully protective against the circulating Korean Paju genotype II strain, opening the possibility of a new vaccine on the market in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sun-Young Sunwoo
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Raquel García-Belmonte
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Chansong Kim
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gonzalo Vigara-Astillero
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Riera
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dae-min Kim
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Jeong
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seung Ko
- Laboratory for infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Ma-dong, Iksan 54531, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kook You
- Careside Co., Ltd., Sagimakgol-ro 45 Beongil 14, Seongnam-si 13209, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-911964570
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The H240R Protein of African Swine Fever Virus Inhibits Interleukin 1β Production by Inhibiting NEMO Expression and NLRP3 Oligomerization. J Virol 2022; 96:e0095422. [DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00954-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), a lethal hemorrhagic disease, is caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). There are no commercially available vaccines or antivirals for the disease.
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46
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Yin D, Geng R, Shao H, Ye J, Qian K, Chen H, Qin A. Identification of novel linear epitopes in P72 protein of African swine fever virus recognized by monoclonal antibodies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1055820. [PMID: 36406452 PMCID: PMC9666363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1055820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is one of the highly contagious and lethal diseases among domestic pigs and wild boars. The capsid protein P72 of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is very important for the diagnosis and vaccine development. However, the epitope of the protein is not clear. In this study, capsid protein P72 was expressed in Sf9 cells along with its chaperone B602L. A total of ten monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to P72 protein were developed by fusions between SP2/0 cells and spleen cells of mice immunized with the recombinant-P72&B602L proteins expressed in Sf9 cells. Four linear B cell epitopes 31SNIKNVNKSY40, 41GKPDP45, 56HLVHFNAH63 and 185ERLYE189 were identified. Biological information analysis illustrated that epitopes 31SNIKNVNKSY40, 41GKPDP45 and 185ERLYE189 were highly conserved within different ASFV strains. These findings may lead to a better understanding of the antibody-antigen interaction and provide new insights into the vaccine research and serological diagnosis of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yin
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Renhao Geng
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongxia Shao
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Qian
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Shanghai, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- The International Joint Laboratory for Cooperation in Agriculture and Agricultural Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou, China
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Gao Q, Yang Y, Luo Y, Zheng J, Gong L, Wang H, Feng Y, Gong T, Wu D, Wu R, Zheng X, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Adaptation of African swine fever virus to porcine kidney cells stably expressing CD163 and Siglec1. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1015224. [PMID: 36389805 PMCID: PMC9647134 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1015224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a complex large DNA enveloped virus that causes African swine fever (ASF) with a fatality rate of up to 100%, seriously threatening the global swine industry. Due to the strict cell tropism of ASFV, there is no effective in vitro cell line, which hinders its prevention and control. Herein, we analyzed genome-wide transcriptional profiles of ASFV-susceptible porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and non-susceptible cell lines PK15 and 3D4-21, an found that PAM surface pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) were significantly higher and common differential genes were significantly enriched in phagocytosis compared with that observed in PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines. Therefore, endocytosis functions of host cell surface PRRs may play key roles in ASFV infection in vitro. ASFV was found to be infective to PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines overexpressing CD163 and Siglec1, and to the PK15S1-CD163 cell line stably expressing CD163 and Siglec1. However, the PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines overexpressing CD163 or Siglec1 alone were not infectious. Simultaneous interference of CD163 and Siglec1 in PAMs with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced the infectivity of ASFV. However, siRNA interference of CD163 and Siglec1 respectively did not affect ASFV infectivity. ASFV significantly inhibited IFN expression levels in PAMs and PK15S1-CD163 cells, but had no effect on PK15 and 3D4-21 cell lines. These results indicate that CD163 and Siglec1 are key receptors for ASFV-infected host cells, and both play a synergistic role in the process of ASFV infection. ASFV inhibits IFN expression in susceptible cells, thereby downregulating the host immune response and evading the immune mechanism. The discovery of the ASFV receptor provides novel ideas to study ASFV and host cell interactions, pathogenic mechanisms, development of receptor blockers, vaccine design, and disease resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachen Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruixia Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
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48
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Mai NTA, Trinh TBN, Nguyen VT, Lai TNH, Le NP, Nguyen TTH, Nguyen TL, Ambagala A, Do DL, Le VP. Estimation of basic reproduction number (R0) of African swine fever (ASF) in mid-size commercial pig farms in Vietnam. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:918438. [PMID: 36246317 PMCID: PMC9556723 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.918438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a devastating disease affecting the global swine industry. Recently, it has spread to many countries in Africa, Europe, Asia, and the Caribbean, leaving severe damage to local, regional, national, and global economies. Due to its highly complex molecular characteristics and pathogenesis, the development of a successful vaccine has been an unmet challenge. Therefore, ASF control relies solely on biosecurity, rapid detection, and elimination. Epidemiological information obtained from natural ASF outbreaks is critical for designing and implementing ASF control measures. Basic reproduction number (R0), an epidemiological metric used to describe the contagiousness or transmissibility of infectious agents, is an important epidemiological tool. In this study, we have calculated R0 for the in-farm spread of ASF among fattening pigs and sows in two midsize commercial pig farms, HY1 and HY2, that practice the spot removal approach in controlling ASF outbreaks in Vietnam. The R0 values for the sows and fattening pigs were 1.78 (1.35–2.35) and 4.76 (4.18–5.38) for HY1 and 1.55 (1.08–2.18) and 3.8 (3.33–4.28) for HY2. This is the first study to evaluate the transmission potential of ASF in midsize commercial pig farms in Vietnam. Based on the R0 values, we predict that the spot removal approach could be used to successfully control ASF outbreaks in midsize commercial sow barns but not in fattening pens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Tuan Anh Mai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Bich Ngoc Trinh
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Tam Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nam Phuong Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Huyen Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Bac Giang Agriculture and Forestry University, Bac Giang, Vietnam
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Duc Luc Do
- College of Animal Sciences, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
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49
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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50
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African Swine Fever Vaccinology: The Biological Challenges from Immunological Perspectives. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092021. [PMID: 36146827 PMCID: PMC9505361 DOI: 10.3390/v14092021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV), a nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus (NCLDV), causes African swine fever (ASF), an acute hemorrhagic disease with mortality rates up to 100% in domestic pigs. ASF is currently epidemic or endemic in many countries and threatening the global swine industry. Extensive ASF vaccine research has been conducted since the 1920s. Like inactivated viruses of other NCLDVs, such as vaccinia virus, inactivated ASFV vaccine candidates did not induce protective immunity. However, inactivated lumpy skin disease virus (poxvirus) vaccines are protective in cattle. Unlike some experimental poxvirus subunit vaccines that induced protection, ASF subunit vaccine candidates implemented with various platforms containing several ASFV structural genes or proteins failed to protect pigs effectively. Only some live attenuated viruses (LAVs) are able to protect pigs with high degrees of efficacy. There are currently several LAV ASF vaccine candidates. Only one commercial LAV vaccine is approved for use in Vietnam. LAVs, as ASF vaccines, have not yet been widely tested. Reports thus far show that the onset and duration of protection induced by the LAVs are late and short, respectively, compared to LAV vaccines for other diseases. In this review, the biological challenges in the development of ASF vaccines, especially subunit platforms, are discussed from immunological perspectives based on several unusual ASFV characteristics shared with HIV and poxviruses. These characteristics, including multiple distinct infectious virions, extremely high glycosylation and low antigen surface density of envelope proteins, immune evasion, and possible apoptotic mimicry, could pose enormous challenges to the development of ASF vaccines, especially subunit platforms designed to induce humoral immunity.
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