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Abuzeid AMI, Hefni MM, Huang Y, Zhuang T, Li G. Phylogenetic relationship of Prohemistomum vivax to other trematodes based on the internal transcribed spacer region and mitochondrial genes. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:113. [PMID: 38273031 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08126-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Prohemistomum vivax is a zoonotic small cyathocotylid trematode that inhabits the intestines of fish-eating birds and mammals. Here, we amplified the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence and six mitochondrial protein-coding genes (PCGs) from P. vivax. The ITS region was 1389 base pairs long and had a partial 18S ribosomal RNA gene, a full ITS1, 5.8S rRNA, and ITS2 sequence, and a partial 28S rRNA gene. The ITS region of P. vivax showed a minimum pairwise distance (0.3-0.6%) from the ITS sequences of Cyathocotylidae sp. 1 and 2 metacercariae from Clarias gariepinus. This result suggests that these metacercariae belong to P. vivax metacercariae. We first amplified mitochondrial genes from P. vivax, including cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (cox3) partial sequence; tRNA-His, cytochrome b (cytb), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4L (nad4L) complete sequences; and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nad4), cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1), and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (nad5) partial sequences. P. vivax was most closely related to Cyathocotyle prussica (NC_039780) and Holostephanus sp. (OP082179), with cox1, cox3, and cytb genes conserved among the three trematodes. The ML phylogenetic tree of ITS sequences supports the order Diplostomida, divided into two main clades (the superfamily Diplostomoidea and Schistosomatoidea). The phylogeny of concatenated amino acid sequences of P. vivax six PCGs revealed that diplostomoids and Clinostomum sp. evolved in a clade with Plagiorchiida members, away from Schistosoma species. These results may yield ribosomal and mitochondrial genetic markers for molecular epidemiological investigations of cyathocotylid intestinal flukes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud M Hefni
- Institute of Biotechnology for Postgraduates and Research, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Presswell B, Bennett J. Gastrointestinal helminths of the Australasian harrier ( Circus approximans Peale, 1848) in New Zealand, and description of a new species of nematode, Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Habronematidae). J Helminthol 2024; 98:e6. [PMID: 38213187 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The Australasian harrier Circus approximans, a native of Australia, New Zealand and the South Pacific, is an opportunistic hunter of small prey, although a large part of its diet consists of carrion, mainly from roadkill. Besides a record of a single, unnamed species of capillariid nematode there have been no investigations into the parasites of Australasian harriers in New Zealand. In this study, a helminthological survey of sixty-five deceased harriers from southern New Zealand uncovered a gastrointestinal helminth fauna consisting of six parasite species. Porrocaecum circinum (Nematoda) was previously described only from fragmented females, and a redescription is presented here. Procyrnea fraseri n. sp. (Nematoda) is described, and distinguished from its congeners by its slender body shape and shorter spicules. Strigea falconis (Trematoda) is reported for the first time in New Zealand. Cladotaenia anomalis (Cestoda) and Polymorphus circi (Acanthocephala) were previously described as new species elsewhere. An unnamed species of capillariid appears to be mainly confined to North Island and is rare in South Island. Prevalence and intensity metrics are given, and DNA sequences provided to accompany new re/descriptions. Potential intermediate hosts are discussed, and the origins of the helminths and their potential for pathogenicity are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand
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3
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Cutmore SC, Corner RD, Cribb TH. Morphological constraint obscures richness: a mitochondrial exploration of cryptic richness in Transversotrema (Trematoda: Transversotrematidae). Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:595-635. [PMID: 37488048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Species of Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 (Transversotrematidae) occupy a unique ecological niche for the Trematoda, living externally under the scales of their teleost hosts. Previous studies of the genus have been impeded partly by limited variation in ribosomal DNA sequence data between closely related species and partly by a lack of morphometrically informative characters. Here, we assess richness of the tropical Indo-west Pacific species through parallel phylogenetic and morphometric analyses, generating cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 mitochondrial sequence data and morphometric data for hologenophore specimens from Australia, French Polynesia, Japan and Palau. These analyses demonstrate that molecular data provide the only reliable basis for species identification; host distribution, and to a lesser extent morphology, are useful for identifying just a few species of Transversotrema. We infer that a combination of morphological simplicity and infection site constraint has led to the group displaying exceptionally low morphological diversification. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial data broadly support previous systematic interpretations based on ribosomal data, but also demonstrate the presence of several morphologically and ecologically cryptic species. Ten new species are described, eight from the Great Barrier Reef, Australia (Transversotrema chrysallis n. sp., Transversotrema daphnidis n. sp., Transversotrema enceladi n. sp., Transversotrema hyperionis n. sp., Transversotrema iapeti n. sp., Transversotrema rheae n. sp., Transversotrema tethyos n. sp., and Transversotrema titanis n. sp.) and two from off Japan (Transversotrema methones n. sp. and Transversotrema panos n. sp.). There are now 26 Transversotrema species known from Australian marine fishes, making it the richest trematode genus for the fauna.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | - Richard D Corner
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Khosravi M, Díaz-Morales DM, Thieltges DW, Wahl M, Vajedsamiei J. Thermal optima of cercarial emergence in trematodes from a marine high-temperature ecosystem, the Persian Gulf. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4923. [PMID: 36966171 PMCID: PMC10039888 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31670-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming may alter the dynamics of infectious diseases by affecting important steps in the transmission of pathogens and parasites. In trematode parasites, the emergence of cercarial stages from their hosts is temperature-dependent, being highest around a thermal optimum. If environmental temperatures exceed this optimum as a consequence of global warming, this may affect cercarial transmission. However, our knowledge of cercarial emergence patterns of species from high temperature environments is currently very limited. Here, we investigated the effect of temperature on the emergence of two common trematode species from an abundant mud snail Pirenella cingulata in the Persian Gulf, the warmest sea on Earth. Infected snails were incubated in the laboratory at 6 temperatures from 10 to 40 °C for 3 days. We found an optimal temperature for cercarial emergence of 32.0 °C and 33.5 °C for Acanthotrema tridactyla and Cyathocotylidae gen. sp., respectively, which are the warmest recorded thermal optima for any aquatic trematode species. Emergence of both species dropped at 40 °C, suggesting upper thermal limits to emergence. Overall, Persian Gulf trematodes may be among the most heat-tolerant marine trematode species, indicating a potential for dispersing to regions that will continue to warm in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maral Khosravi
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Dakeishla M Díaz-Morales
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Centre for Water and Environmental Research, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitatsstr. 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - David W Thieltges
- Department of Coastal Systems, NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, PO Box 59, 1790 AB, Den Burg Texel, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Wahl
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jahangir Vajedsamiei
- Department of Marine Ecology, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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Review of the metazoan parasites of the economically and ecologically important African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus in Africa: Current status and novel records. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2023; 119:65-222. [PMID: 36707175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2022.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
One of the most widely distributed African freshwater fish is the African sharptooth catfish Clarias gariepinus (Burchell) that is naturally distributed in 8 of the 10 ichthyofaunal regions of this continent. Clarias gariepinus is a highly valued and cheap staple to local communities and an ideal aquaculture species. Consequently, interest in the parasitic communities of C. gariepinus has increased as parasites may accidentally be ingested by humans when eating uncooked fish or can be introduced into culture systems through fish stocks supplied from local rivers which affect yield, growth, and marketability. This review provides an overview of the ∼107 metazoan parasite species known to parasitise C. gariepinus in Africa and their general life cycles, morphology, paratenic and post-cyclic infections, and the biogeography and validity of records are discussed. A brief overview is included on the application of some of these parasites in environmental studies and their link to human health.
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Phylogenetic relationships and further unknown diversity of diplostomids (Diplostomida: Diplostomidae) parasitic in kingfishers. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e8. [PMID: 36636864 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Kingfishers (Alcedinidae Rafinesque) are common inhabitants of wetlands and are known to be definitive hosts to a wide range of digeneans that parasitize fish as second intermediate hosts. Among these digeneans, members of the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 (diplostomids) are particularly common. Recent studies of diplostomids collected from kingfishers have revealed that they are probably more diverse than currently known. This particularly concerns the genera Crassiphiala Van Haitsma, 1925 and Uvulifer Yamaguti, 1934. In the present work, we studied seven diplostomid taxa from kingfishers in Brazil, the USA and the Philippines. Partial DNA sequences of the nuclear large ribosomal subunit (28S) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I (cox1) genes were obtained, and 28S sequences were used to study the phylogenetic interrelationships of these diplostomids. We provide the first DNA sequences from Uvulifer semicircumcisus Dubois et Rausch, 1950 and a member of Subuvulifer Dubois, 1952. Pseudocrassiphiala n. gen. is erected for a previously recognized species-level lineage of Crassiphiala and a new generic diagnosis of Crassiphiala is provided. Crassiphiala jeffreybelli n. sp., Crassiphiala wecksteini n. sp. and Pseudocrassiphiala tulipifera n. sp. are described, and a description of newly collected, high-quality specimens of Crassiphiala bulboglossa Van Haitsma, 1925 (the type-species of the genus) is provided.
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López-Hernández D, Valadão MC, de Melo AL, Tkach VV, Pinto HA. Elucidating the life cycle of opossum parasites: DNA sequences reveal the involvement of planorbid snails as intermediate hosts of Rhopalias spp. (Trematoda: Echinostomatidae) in Brazil. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279268. [PMID: 36867609 PMCID: PMC9983843 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinostomatid digeneans belonging to the genus Rhopalias are intestinal trematodes found mainly in opossums in the New World. The genus comprises seven species, but their life cycles and intermediate hosts have been unknown until now. During our long-term study carried out in freshwater habitats within the state of Minas Gerais, Southeast Brazil, echinostomatid cercariae lacking collar spines were found in planorbid snails Biomphalaria glabrata, Biomphalaria straminea, Drepanotrema lucidum and Gundlachia ticaga in six different batches of snail samples collected between 2010 and 2019. Morphologically, the larvae reported herein are morphologically consistent with each other and characterized by the presence of 2-3 large ovoid or spherical corpuscles in each main duct of the excretory system, resembling to Cercaria macrogranulosa previously described from the same region of Brazil. Partial sequences of the ITS (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) region and 28S gene of the nuclear ribosomal RNA operon, and partial sequences of mitochondrial nad1 and cox1 genes were obtained and compared with the data available for members of the family Echinostomatidae. Nuclear markers indicate that all samples of cercariae evaluated in the present study can be assigned to Rhopalias, but distinct from North American isolates of Rhopalias macracanthus, Rhopalias coronatus and Rhopalias oochi (divergence 0.2-1.2% in 28S and 0.8-4.7% in ITS). The lack of differences verified in both 28S and ITS in 5 out 6 studied samples suggested that they belong to the same species. However, nad1 sequences revealed that our cercariae correspond to three distinct species of Rhopalias (interspecific divergence: 7.7-9.9%), named here as Rhopalias sp. 1, found in B. straminea and G. ticaga, Rhopalias sp. 2 found in B. glabrata and D. lucidum, and Rhopalias sp. 3 also found in D. lucidum. They also differ by 10.8-17.2% from a North American isolate of R. macracanthus sequenced in this study. The cox1 sequences obtained for Rhopalias sp. 1 and Rhopalias sp. 2 (but not Rhopalias sp. 3) reveal that they are distinct from North American isolates of R. macracanthus (genetic divergence 16.3-16.5% and 15.6-15.7%, respectively), R. coronatus (9.2-9.3% and 9.3-9.5%) and Rhopalias oochi (9.0% and 9.5-10.1%). Encysted metacercariae with general morphology similar to that of the body of cercariae were found in tadpoles of Rhinella sp. from the same stream where snails harbored Rhopalias sp. 2, suggesting that the amphibians could act as second intermediate hosts of species of Rhopalias. Data obtained provide the first insights into the life cycle of this unusual echinostomatid genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danimar López-Hernández
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marisa Caixeta Valadão
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota Grand Forks, Grand Forks, ND, United States of America
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Laboratório de Biologia de Trematoda, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Cutmore SC, Littlewood DTJ, Arellano-Martínez M, Louvard C, Cribb TH. Evidence that a lineage of teleost-infecting blood flukes (Aporocotylidae) infects bivalves as intermediate hosts. Int J Parasitol 2023; 53:13-25. [PMID: 36328150 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The family Aporocotylidae is recognized as having the widest intermediate host usage in the Digenea. Currently, intermediate host groups are clearly correlated with definitive host groups; all known life cycles of marine teleost-infecting aporocotylids involve polychaetes, those of freshwater teleost-infecting aporocotylids involve gastropods, and those of chondrichthyan-infecting aporocotylids involve bivalves. Here we report the life cycle for a marine elopomorph-infecting species, Elopicola bristowi Orélis-Ribeiro & Bullard in Orélis-Ribeiro, Halanych, Dang, Bakenhaster, Arias & Bullard, 2017, as infecting a bivalve, Anadara trapezia (Deshayes) (Arcidae), as the intermediate host in Moreton Bay, Queensland, Australia. The cercaria of E. bristowi has a prominent finfold, distinct anterior and posterior widenings of the oesophagus, a tail with symmetrical furcae with finfolds, and develops in elongate to oval sporocysts. We also report molecular data for an unmatched aporocotylid cercaria from another bivalve, Megapitaria squalida (G. B. Sowerby I) (Veneridae), from the Gulf of California, Mexico, and six unmatched cercariae from a gastropod, Posticobia brazieri (E. A. Smith) (Tateidae), from freshwater systems of south-east Queensland, Australia. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrate the presence of six strongly-supported lineages within the Aporocotylidae, including one of elopomorph-infecting genera, Elopicola Bullard, 2014 and Paracardicoloides Martin, 1974, now shown to use both gastropods and bivalves as intermediate hosts. Of a likely 14 aporocotylid species reported from bivalves, six are now genetically characterised. The cercarial morphology of these six species demonstrates a clear distinction between those that infect chondrichthyans and those that infect elopomorphs; chondrichthyan-infecting aporocotylids have cercariae with asymmetrical furcae that lack finfolds and develop in spherical sporocysts whereas those of elopomorph-infecting aporocotylids have symmetrical furcae with finfolds and develop in elongate sporocysts. This morphological correlation allows predictions of the host-based lineage to which the unsequenced species belong. The Aporocotylidae is proving exceptional in is propensity for major switches in intermediate host use, with the most parsimonious interpretation of intermediate host distribution implying a minimum of three host switches within the family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Cutmore
- Queensland Museum, Biodiversity and Geosciences Program, South Brisbane, Queensland 4101, Australia.
| | | | - Marcial Arellano-Martínez
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias Marinas, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional s/n Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita, C.P. 23096 La Paz, Baja California Sur, Mexico
| | - Clarisse Louvard
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Thomas H Cribb
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Díaz Pernett SC, Brant SV, Locke SA. First integrative study of the diversity and specificity of metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 from native and introduced fishes in the Caribbean. Parasitology 2022; 149:1894-1909. [PMID: 36000173 PMCID: PMC11010570 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182022001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of the genus Posthodiplostomum are often recorded in freshwater fish hosts. While the diversity and taxonomy of this genus are receiving increasing attention in molecular phylogenetic studies, available data remain geographically biased. Most molecular studies of Posthodiplostomum and morphologically similar (neascus) worms originate in North America and Europe and Asia (more than 60% of DNA sequences are from USA and Canada), with few data currently available from the Neotropics, where high host diversity suggests high and under-sampled parasite diversity. In this study, we report molecular and morphological data from metacercariae of Posthodiplostomum in fish in Puerto Rico, where only a single species has been previously reported. Partial sequences of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 from metacercariae from Dajaus monticola (native to Puerto Rico) and the introduced fishes Poecilia reticulata, Parachromis managuensis, Lepomis macrochirus and Micropterus salmoides revealed 7 genetically distinct species-level lineages, of which 4 were novel. We report novel molecular life-cycle linkages in Posthodiplostomum macrocotyle (metacercariae in muscle of the cichlid Pa. managuensis), a species previously known only from adults in birds from South America; and in Posthodiplostomum sp. 23 (metacercariae in poeciliids), which has recently been found in Ardea herodias in Georgia, USA. We also report the first molecular data from Posthodiplostomum sp. 8 in M. salmoides in the Caribbean. Metacercariae of most species were morphologically distinguished and all displayed narrow specificity for fish hosts, with no indication of parasite sharing among introduced and native fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra C. Díaz Pernett
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Museum of Southwestern Biology Division of Parasites MSC03 2020, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
| | - Sean A. Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681, USA
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Achatz TJ, Martens JR, Kudlai O, Junker K, Boe NW, Tkach VV. A New Genus of Diplostomids (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) from the Nile Crocodile in South Africa with a Key to Diplostomid Genera. J Parasitol 2022; 108:453-466. [DOI: 10.1645/22-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Olena Kudlai
- Institute of Ecology, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos, 2, 08412 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort 0110, South Africa
| | - Nicholas W. Boe
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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No strict host specificity: Brain metacercariae Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) are conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102654. [PMID: 36038057 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Metacercariae of Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis (Digenea, Diplostomidae) from the brain of European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis from the Baltic Sea basin and Arctic lamprey Lethenteron camtschaticum from the White Sea basin were studied with the use of genetic and morphological methods. Phylogenetic analysis based on cox1 marker showed that the parasites of both lamprey species were conspecific with Diplostomum sp. Lineage 4 of Blasco-Costa et al. (2014). The name Diplostomum petromyzifluviatilis Müller (Diesing, 1850) has historical precedence as a species described from the brain of lampreys and should be used in genus nomenclature. There were no morphological qualitative differences between the metacercariae from the two lamprey species but those from L. fluviatilis were larger than those from L. camtschaticum. We expanded the data on the second intermediate hosts and the localization of D. petromyzifluviatilis, showing that its metacercariae occur not only in the brain of lampreys but also in the brain and the retina of three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus and the vitreous humour of the perch Perca fluviatilis across the European part of the Palearctic.
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Perales Macedo DMB, Díaz Pernett SC, Díaz González MG, Torres Nieves GM, Santos Flores CJ, Díaz Lameiro AM, Locke SA. Autochthonous transmission of the Indomalayan parasite, Transversotrema patialense, in the Caribbean: Molecular, morphological, and experimental evidence. Exp Parasitol 2022; 242:108368. [PMID: 36044962 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Asian freshwater snail Melanoides tuberculata has been established since the 1960s in the Americas, where it transmits cercariae of a small number of digenetic trematode species from its native range. In 2021-2022, 24 M. tuberculata were discovered shedding transversotrematid cercariae in Puerto Rico, where parasites of this snail have not been previously studied. Adult transversotrematids (in some cases, gravid) were found on field-caught fish and on fish exposed to shedding snails, including on fish species native to Puerto Rico. Adults and cercariae were identified as Transversotrema patialense (Soparkar, 1924), a species native to the Indomalayan region. Morphological identification was supported with 28S rDNA sequences closely matching that from unidentified transversotrematid cercariae in Thailand. The absence of T. patialense in snails collected prior to 2021, increasing prevalence of infection in snails collected thereafter, and lack of variation in parasite DNA sequences (28S, internal transcribed spacer 2, cytochrome c oxidase I) from three isolates are consistent with a recently introduced and possibly expanding parasite population. Transversotrema patialense has been recorded outside its native range before, but most studies (including a prior record in the Americas) reported the parasite from captive hosts from commercial sources such as pet shops. The present results thus provide the first demonstration of natural transmission of T. patialense in the Americas. Phylogenetic analysis of 28S but not of ITS2 show the transversotrematid genus Transversotrema Witenberg, 1944 is paraphyletic, with Crusziella Cribb, Bray and Barker1992 nested within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M B Perales Macedo
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Sandra C Díaz Pernett
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - María G Díaz González
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Gabriel M Torres Nieves
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Carlos J Santos Flores
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Alondra M Díaz Lameiro
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
| | - Sean A Locke
- Departamento de Biología, Recinto Universitario de Mayagüez, Universidad de Puerto Rico, Call Box 9000, Mayagüez, 00681-9000, Puerto Rico.
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Metacercariae in the brain of Erythrinus cf. erythrinus (Characiformes: Erythrinidae) from Iguazú National Park (Argentina): do they belong to Dolichorchis lacombeensis (Digenea, Diplostomidae)? J Helminthol 2022; 96:e61. [PMID: 35979699 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x22000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In Argentina, the family Diplostomidae is composed of eight genera: Austrodiplostomum Szidat & Nani; Diplostomum von Nordmann; Dolichorchis Dubois; Hysteromorpha Lutz; Neodiplostomum Railliet; Posthodiplostomum Dubois; Sphincterodiplostomum Dubois; and Tylodelphys Diesing. During a parasitological survey of fishes from the Iguazú National Park we detected diplostomid metacercariae in the brain of Erythrinus cf. erythrinus. Fish were caught using crab traps, transported alive to the field laboratory, cold-anaesthetized and euthanized by cervical dissection. Some metacercariae were heat-killed in water and fixed in 10% formalin and others were preserved in alcohol 96% for DNA extraction. They were sequenced for the partial segment of the 28S rDNA, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mtDNA genes. Phylogenetic reconstruction was carried out using Bayesian inference and the proportion (p) of absolute nucleotide sites (p-distance) was obtained. In the 28S rDNA tree, the metacercaria sequenced grouped as Dolichorchis sp. The COI mtDNA p-distance between the metacercariae with Dolichorchis lacombeensis was 0.01. There is a small number of ITS sequences for the Diplostomidae family deposited in the GenBank. The oral sucker, ventral sucker, holdfast organ and the distance between oral and ventral suckers are larger in the adult compared with the metacercariae. Additionally, hind-body length and width are larger in the adult due to the development of the genital complex. Further studies using an integrative approach will help confirm the affiliation of other species to the genus Dolichorchis.
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14
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Pyrka E, Kanarek G, Gabrysiak J, Jeżewski W, Cichy A, Stanicka A, Żbikowska E, Zaleśny G, Hildebrand J. Life history strategies of Cotylurus spp. Szidat, 1928 (Trematoda, Strigeidae) in the molecular era – Evolutionary consequences and implications for taxonomy. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2022; 18:201-211. [PMID: 35733618 PMCID: PMC9207058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2022.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Species of Cotylurus Szidat, 1928 (Diplostomoidea: Strigeidae) are highly specialized digeneans that parasitize the gastrointestinal tract and bursa of Fabricius of water and wading birds. They have a three-host life cycle; the role of first intermediate host is played by pulmonate snails, while a wide range of water snails (both pulmonate and prosobranch) and leeches are reported as second intermediate hosts. Unfortunately, species richness, molecular diversity and phylogeny of metacercariae of Cotylurus spp. (tetracotyle) occurring in snails remain poorly understood. Thus, we have performed the parasitological and taxonomical examination of tetracotyles form freshwater snails from Poland, supplemented with adult Strigeidae specimens sampled from water birds. In this study we report our use of recently obtained sequences of two molecular markers (28S nuclear large ribosomal subunit gene (28S rDNA) and the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (CO1) fragment), supplemented by results of a method of species delimitation (GMYC) and haplotype analysis to analyse some aspects of the ecology, taxonomy, and phylogeny of members of the genus Cotylurus. The provided phylogenetic reconstructions discovered unexpectedly high molecular diversity within Cotylurus occurring in snails, with clearly expressed evidence of cryptic diversity and the existence of several novel-species lineages. The obtained results revealed the polyphyletic character of C. syrius Dubois, 1934 (with three separate molecular species-level lineages) and C. cornutus (Rudolphi, 1809) Szidat, 1928 (with four separate molecular species-level lineages). Moreover, we demonstrated the existence of two divergent phylogenetical and ecological lineages within Cotylurus (one using leeches and other snails as second intermediate hosts), differing significantly in their life history strategies. Within Cotylurus existed two divergent phylogenetical and ecological lineages. The lineages within Cotylurus sp. differing significantly in their routes of transmission. Molecular analysis revealed high genetic diversity with evidence of cryptic species.
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15
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Presswell B. New specimens and molecular data provide validation of Apatemon jamiesoni n. sp. (Trematoda: Strigeidae) from water birds in New Zealand. Syst Parasitol 2022; 99:535-543. [PMID: 35610530 PMCID: PMC9402731 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-022-10043-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
A study published in 2016 reported on an undescribed species of Apatemon (Strigeidae) from New Zealand that was previously well known from its larval stages. Only a single specimen from a mallard duck was available at the time, which was described and given the provisional name Apatemon sp. “jamiesoni”. Specimens also obtained from a spotted shag were not in good enough condition to form the basis of a new species description. A black-backed gull has since been discovered with specimens of this strigeid, their identity confirmed by genetic similarity, allowing formal description and naming of this species. This paper provides a description of the new specimens from the black-backed gull, along with a comparison with the specimens from other bird hosts, reprises some data from Blasco-Costa et al. (Parasitol Res 115:271–289, 2016) and presents formally the name Apatemon jamiesonin. sp. This species differs from all other species of Apatemon in its small size, particularly that of the ovary and testes. It is most similar to A. jamesi from which it differs in the size of the oral and ventral suckers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bronwen Presswell
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, PO Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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16
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Achatz TJ, Pulis EE, Woodyard ET, Rosser TG, Martens JR, Weinstein SB, Fecchio A, McAllister CT, Carrión Bonilla C, Tkach VV. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of Neodiplostomum and Fibricola (Digenea, Diplostomidae) does not support host-based systematics. Parasitology 2022; 149:542-554. [PMID: 35042575 PMCID: PMC8976946 DOI: 10.1017/s003118202100216x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Fibricola and Neodiplostomum are diplostomid genera with very similar morphology that are currently separated based on their definitive hosts. Fibricola spp. are normally found in mammals, while Neodiplostomum spp. typically parasitize birds. Previously, no DNA sequence data was available for any member of Fibricola. We generated nuclear ribosomal and mtDNA sequences of Fibricola cratera (type-species), Fibricola lucidum and 6 species of Neodiplostomum. DNA sequences were used to examine phylogenetic interrelationships among Fibricola and Neodiplostomum and re-evaluate their systematics. Molecular phylogenies and morphological study suggest that Fibricola should be considered a junior synonym of Neodiplostomum. Therefore, we synonymize the two genera and transfer all members of Fibricola into Neodiplostomum. Specimens morphologically identified as Neodiplostomum cratera belonged to 3 distinct phylogenetic clades based on mitochondrial data. One of those clades also included sequences of specimens identified morphologically as Neodiplostomum lucidum. Further study is necessary to resolve the situation regarding the morphology of N. cratera. Our results demonstrated that some DNA sequences of N. americanum available in GenBank originate from misidentified Neodiplostomum banghami. Molecular phylogentic data revealed at least 2 independent host-switching events between avian and mammalian hosts in the evolutionary history of Neodiplostomum; however, the directionality of these host-switching events remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, Georgia31206, USA
| | - Eric E. Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota57401, USA
| | - Ethan T. Woodyard
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, USA
| | - Thomas G. Rosser
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi39762, USA
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
| | - Sara B. Weinstein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah84112, USA
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso78060900, Brazil
| | - Chris T. McAllister
- Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, Oklahoma74745, USA
| | | | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota58202, USA
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17
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Molecular phylogeny of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys, Austrodiplostomum and Paralaria (Digenea: Diplostomidae) necessitates systematic changes and reveals a history of evolutionary host switching events. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:47-63. [PMID: 34371018 PMCID: PMC8742756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 is a large, globally distributed family of digeneans parasitic in intestines of their definitive hosts. Diplostomum and Tylodelphys spp. are broadly distributed, commonly reported, and the most often sequenced diplostomid genera. The majority of published DNA sequences from these genera originated from larval stages only, which typically cannot be identified to the species level based on morphology alone. We generated partial large ribosomal subunit (28S) rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mtDNA gene sequences from 14 species/species-level lineages of Diplostomum, six species/species-level lineages of Tylodelphys, two species/species-level lineages of Austrodiplostomum, one species previously assigned to Paralaria, two species/species-level lineages of Dolichorchis and one unknown diplostomid. Our DNA sequences of 11 species/species-level lineages of Diplostomum (all identified to species), four species/species-level lineages of Tylodelphys (all identified to species), Austrodiplostomum compactum, Paralaria alarioides and Dolichorchis lacombeensis originated from adult specimens. 28S sequences were used for phylogenetic inference to demonstrate the position of Paralaria alarioides and Dolichorchis spp. within the Diplostomoidea and study the interrelationships of Diplostomum, Tylodelphys and Austrodiplostomum. Our results demonstrate that two diplostomids from the North American river otter (P. alarioides and a likely undescribed taxon) belong within Diplostomum. Further, our results demonstrate the non-monophyly of Tylodelphys due to the position of Austrodiplostomum spp., based on our phylogenetic analyses and morphology. Furthermore, the results of phylogenetic analysis of 28S confirmed the status of Dolichorchis as a separate genus. The phylogenies suggest multiple definitive host-switching events (birds to otters and among major avian groups) and a New World origin of Diplostomum and Tylodelphys spp. Our DNA sequences from adult digeneans revealed identities of 10 previously published lineages of Diplostomum and Tylodelphys, which were previously identified to genus only. The novel DNA data from this work provide opportunities for future comparisons of larval diplostomines collected in ecological studies.
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Cracco ADF, Scorsim B, Oliveira AVD, Takemoto RM. Morphological and molecular characterization of Austrodiplostomum compactum metacercariae in the eyes and brains of fishes from the Ivaí River, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e021421. [PMID: 35476009 PMCID: PMC9901856 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Austrodiplostomum spp. (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) are endoparasites with a broad geographic distribution in South America. During the larval stage, they parasitize the eyes, brains, muscles, gill, kidneys and swim bladder of a wide variety of fishes. The metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum spp. have several morphological characteristics during development, but are very similar among species, which makes it necessary to use molecular tools to contribute to the elucidation during the larval stage. The objective of this study was to perform morphological and molecular analyses of Austrodiplostomum sp. found in specimens of Hypostomus sourced from the Ivaí River in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Of the 93 analyzed specimens (H. hermanni [n = 50], H. albopunctatus [n = 9], Hypostomus sp. 1 [n = 24], and Hypostomus sp. 2 [n = 10]), 60 were parasitized. A total of 577 Austrodiplostomum sp. metacercariae was collected from the infected hosts; DNA from seven of these samples was extracted, amplified, and sequenced. The morphological data associated with the genetic distance values and the relationships observed in the COI gene tree, indicate that all metacercariae were A. compactum. This is the first record of A. compactum parasitizing H. hermanni, H. albopunctatus, Hypostomus sp. 1, and Hypostomus sp. 2 in the Ivaí River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparecida de Fátima Cracco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Bárbara Scorsim
- Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Alessandra Valéria de Oliveira
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Genética e Biologia Celular, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Ricardo Massato Takemoto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Comparada, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura - NUPÉLIA, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil.,Programa de pós-graduação em Ecologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá - UEM, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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19
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Ruehle BP, Presswell B, Bennett J. DISTRIBUTION AND DIVERSITY OF DIPLOSTOMIDS IN NEW ZEALAND. J Parasitol 2021; 107:933-942. [PMID: 34910201 DOI: 10.1645/21-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitism is one of the most common consumer strategies and contributes a large portion to biological diversity. Trematodes in the family Diplostomidae are common in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, often residing in the eyes or brain of fish and then infecting fish-eating birds as adults. As a result, some species have broad geographic distributions due to the bird host's motility. In contrast to the cosmopolitan nature of diplostomids, only a single species, Tylodelphys darbyi, has been identified in New Zealand to date, and only from the South Island. Tylodelphys darbyi has a 3-host life cycle consisting of an unidentified snail, a freshwater fish (Gobiomorphus cotidianus), and the Australasian crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus australis). To date, T. darbyi has been found in 2 locations, Lake Hayes, in the eyes of G. cotidianus, and Lake Wanaka, adults recovered from grebes. Considering the near ubiquity of the fish host in New Zealand, it is likely the bird, listed as nationally vulnerable, is the limiting factor in the range of T. darbyi. Up to 10 G. cotidianus were sampled from 10 mountain lakes known to have populations of grebe in the Otago and Canterbury regions of New Zealand's South Island. The eyes of all fish were examined and any metacercariae present were set aside for genetic analysis. In addition to expanding the known range of T. darbyi to at least 4 water bodies across the South Island, 2 new taxa of diplostomid were identified. A lens-infecting metacercariae clustered with Diplostomum spathaceum, while the metacercariae from the humor clustered with Diplostomum baeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon P Ruehle
- University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.,Northland Regional Council, 36 Water Street, Whangarei 0110, New Zealand
| | - Bronwen Presswell
- University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Jerusha Bennett
- University of Otago, 362 Leith Street, North Dunedin, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
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20
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Achatz TJ, Chermak TP, Martens JR, Pulis EE, Fecchio A, Bell JA, Greiman SE, Cromwell KJ, Brant SV, Kent ML, Tkach VV. Unravelling the diversity of the Crassiphialinae (Digenea: Diplostomidae) with molecular phylogeny and descriptions of five new species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:100051. [PMID: 35284861 PMCID: PMC8906103 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Crassiphialinae Sudarikov, 1960 is a large subfamily of the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886 with a complex taxonomic history. It includes a diversity of species parasitic in the intestines of avian and mammalian definitive hosts worldwide. Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 is a large and broadly distributed crassiphialine genus notorious for its association with diseases in their fish second intermediate hosts. In this study, we generated partial 28S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) mtDNA gene sequences of digeneans belonging to seven crassiphialine genera. The 28S sequences were used to study the interrelationships among crassiphialines and their placement among other major diplostomoidean lineages. Our molecular phylogenetic analysis and review of morphology does not support subfamilies currently recognized in the Diplostomidae; therefore, we abandon the current subfamily system of the Diplostomidae. Molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest the synonymy of Posthodiplostomum, Ornithodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 and Mesoophorodiplostomum Dubois, 1936; morphological study of our well-fixed adult specimens and review of literature revealed lack of consistent differences among the three genera. Thus, we synonymize Ornithodiplostomum and Mesoophorodiplostomum with Posthodiplostomum. Our phylogenetic analyses suggest an Old World origin of Posthodiplostomum followed by multiple dispersal events among biogeographic realms. Furthermore, our analyses indicate that the ancestors of these digeneans likely parasitized ardeid definitive hosts. Four new species of Posthodiplostomum collected from birds in the New World as well as one new species of Posthodiplostomoides Williams, 1969 from Uganda are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA,Department of Natural Sciences, Middle Georgia State University, Macon, GA 31206, USA
| | - Taylor P. Chermak
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Jakson R. Martens
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Eric E. Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, SD 57401, USA
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060900, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Jeffrey A. Bell
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA
| | - Stephen E. Greiman
- Department of Biology, Georgia Southern University, Statesboro, GA 30460, USA
| | - Kara J. Cromwell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA,Confluence Ecology, Missoula, MT 59802, USA
| | - Sara V. Brant
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, Division of Parasites, Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Michael L. Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 220 Nash Hall, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, ND 58202, USA,Corresponding author.
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21
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López-Jiménez A, González-García MT, García-Varela M. Molecular and morphological evidence suggests the reallocation from Parastrigea brasiliana (Szidat, 1928) Dubois, 1964 to Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 (Digenea: Strigeidae), a parasite of boat-billed heron (Cochlearius cochlearius) from the Neotropical region. Parasitol Int 2021; 86:102468. [PMID: 34520840 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2021.102468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parastrigea brasiliana (Szidat, 1928) Dubois, 1964, was described from (Cochlearius cochlearius) in South America. The taxonomy of this species has been unstable due that it was described as a member of Strigea Abildgaard, 1790. However, the same author one year later transferred it to Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1927 and since then, it has been alternatively placed in the genus Apharyngostrigea or Parastrigea Szidat, 1928 from Strigeidae. In the current research, specimens identified as P. brasiliana were collected from type host in southeastern Mexico. We sequenced three molecular markers: the internal transcribed spacers ITS1 and ITS2 including the 5.8S gene (ITS region), the D1-D3 domains of the large subunit (LSU) from nuclear DNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (cox 1) from mitochondrial DNA. These sequences were aligned with other sequences available in the GenBank dataset from Strigeidae. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses inferred with three molecular markers consistently showed that P. brasiliana is not closely related to other members of the genus Parastrigea and are placed in a reciprocal monophyletic clade inside Apharyngostrigea, with very low genetic divergence, varying from 0 to 0.09% for the ITS, from 0 to 0.08% for the LSU and from 0.21 to 0.43% for cox 1. Consequently, we proposed to reallocate it to A. brasiliana. The phylogenetic analyses obtained are key and very useful for re-evaluate the morphology of A. brasiliana because this species share morphological characters with the genera Parastrigea (concentration of vitelline follicles distributed in two lateral expansions on the forebody) and Apharyngostrigea (absence of pharynx). Finally, the current record of A. brasiliana expands its distribution range in four countries, namely, the USA, Mexico, Venezuela and Brazil, in the Neotropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra López-Jiménez
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Tonatiuh González-García
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, Mexico
| | - Martín García-Varela
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Avenida Universidad 3000, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 México City, Mexico.
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Chibwana F, Katandukila J. Occurrence of echinostomatoids (Platyhelminthes: Digenea) in Great Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) and Grey Heron (Ardea cinerea): first insights into the DNA barcodes from Lake Victoria, Tanzania. AFRICAN ZOOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15627020.2021.1958056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fred Chibwana
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Jestina Katandukila
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Sokolov SG, Lebedeva DI, Khasanov FK, Gordeev II. First Description of the Metacercaria of Nematostrigea serpens serpens (Nitzsch, 1819) (Trematoda, Strigeidae) and Phylogenetic Affiliation of Nematostrigea vietnamiensis Zhokhov & Mishina, 2011. Acta Parasitol 2021; 66:664-672. [PMID: 32940832 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-020-00275-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Nematostrigea comprises trematodes parasitising in fish-eating birds of Europe, Africa, and North America. Their life cycle is unknown. PURPOSE To provide the first description of metacercariae of Nematostrigea serpens serpens, a nominative subspecies of the type species of Nematostrigea, and to record metacercaria of Nematostrigea vietnamiensis, with molecular data. METHODS Encysted metacercariae of N. serpens serpens and N. vietnamiensis were collected from fish in Russia and Vietnam, respectively, and were processed, identified, and documented using standard morphological techniques. The 28S rRNA gene of metacercariae of both species and the cox1 gene of metacercariae an earlier studied adult of N. serpens serpens were sequenced and used for phylogenetic analysis. RESULTS Metacercaria of N. serpens serpens have a spatulate body with a foliate forebody and a short hindbody, two long lateral rectilinear pseudosuckers, and the holdfast organ with bifurcated anterior and entire posterior external lobes. The analysis of the cox1and 28S rRNA gene sequences unequivocally showed the conspecificity of metacercariae and adult stage of N. serpens serpens. Based on the 28S rRNA gene sequence-based phylogenetic analysis, the genus Nematostrigea is a sister taxon to the group of strigeid genera Cotylurus + Ichthyocotylurus. Morphological and phylogenetic data demonstrated that N. vietnamiensis does not belong to the genus Nematostrigea and is possibly be affiliated with the crassiphialine trematodes. CONCLUSION This is the first record of metacercariae of N. serpens serpens. N. vietnamiensis, renamed Prodiplostomulum vietnamiense comb. nov., must be moved to the crassiphialine 'Prodiplostomulum'-type metacercariae group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey G Sokolov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of the RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Daria I Lebedeva
- Institute of Biology, Karelian Research Centre of the RAS, Petrozavodsk, Russia
| | - Fuat K Khasanov
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ilya I Gordeev
- Pacific Salmons Department, Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography, Moscow, Russia.
- Departmant of Invertebrate Zoology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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López-Rodríguez R, George-Nascimento M, Górski K. Effects of the cranial parasite Tylodelphys sp. on the behavior and physiology of puye Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842). PeerJ 2021; 9:e11095. [PMID: 33828918 PMCID: PMC7993012 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diplostomatid digeneans are well-known manipulators of the behavior of their intermediate hosts. Unencysted metacercariae of Tylodelphys sp. inhabit the cranial cavity of the fish Galaxias maculatus; however, to date they have not been documented to alter their host behavior. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential effects of Tylodelphys sp. inhabiting the cranial cavity of Galaxias maculatus on host physiology and swimming behavior as well as its reaction to a simulated predation attempt. Blind experiments in the lab were carried out on 56 fish that were filmed individually. The Fulton condition factor (K) was used as an approximation of nutritional status and a respirometry chamber was used to evaluate oxygen consumption rates of fish. Of the 56 fish, 21 were parasitized by Tylodelphys sp. (mean intensity = 30, range from 1 to 101). Parasitized and non-parasitized fish were similar in condition factor and oxygen consumption rates. Furthermore, the oxygen consumption rate of G. maculatus was not correlated with the abundance of Tylodelphys sp. However, parasitized fish more frequently swam close to the water surface, whereas non-parasitized fish more frequently swam at intermediate depths. When faced with a simulated predator attack, unparasitized fish showed more frequent fleeing behavior as well as a more intense post-fleeing activity. Collectively, these results suggest that Tylodelphys sp. inhabiting the cranial cavity of fish may alter their behavior predisposing them to predation by birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby López-Rodríguez
- Programa de Magister en Ecología Marina, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile.,Departamento de Ecología/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile
| | - Mario George-Nascimento
- Departamento de Ecología/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Region del Biobío, Chile
| | - Konrad Górski
- Departamento de Ecología/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Región del Biobío, Chile.,Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Ambientes Sustentables (CIBAS), Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, Concepción, Region del Biobío, Chile.,Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas/Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Región de Los Ríos, Chile
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25
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Locke SA, Drago FB, López-Hernández D, Chibwana FD, Núñez V, Van Dam A, Achinelly MF, Johnson PTJ, de Assis JCA, de Melo AL, Pinto HA. Intercontinental distributions, phylogenetic position and life cycles of species of Apharyngostrigea (Digenea, Diplostomoidea) illuminated with morphological, experimental, molecular and genomic data. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:667-683. [PMID: 33716019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When subjected to molecular study, species of digeneans believed to be cosmopolitan are usually found to consist of complexes of species with narrower distributions. We present molecular and morphological evidence of transcontinental distributions in two species of Apharyngostrigea Ciurea, 1924, based on samples from Africa and the Americas. Sequences of cytochrome c oxidase I and, in some samples, internal transcribed spacer, revealed Apharyngostrigea pipientis (Faust, 1918) in Tanzania (first known African record), Argentina, Brazil, USA and Canada. Sequences from A. pipientis also match previously published sequences identified as Apharyngostrigea cornu (Zeder, 1800) originating in Mexico. Hosts of A. pipientis surveyed include definitive hosts from the Afrotropic, Neotropic and Nearctic, as well as first and second intermediate hosts from the Americas, including the type host and type region. In addition, metacercariae of A. pipientis were obtained from experimentally infected Poecilia reticulata, the first known record of this parasite in a non-amphibian second intermediate host. Variation in cytochrome c oxidase I haplotypes in A. pipientis is consistent with a long established, wide-ranging species with moderate genetic structure among Nearctic, Neotropic and Afrotropic regions. We attribute this to natural dispersal by birds and find no evidence of anthropogenic introductions of exotic host species. Sequences of CO1 and ITS from adult Apharyngostrigea simplex (Johnston, 1904) from Egretta thula in Argentina matched published data from cercariae from Biomphalaria straminea from Brazil and metacercariae from Cnesterodon decemmaculatus in Argentina, consistent with previous morphological and life-cycle studies reporting this parasite-originally described in Australia-in South America. Analyses of the mitochondrial genome and rDNA operon from A. pipientis support prior phylogenies based on shorter markers showing the Strigeidae Railliet, 1919 to be polyphyletic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, USA.
| | - Fabiana B Drago
- Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Danimar López-Hernández
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fred D Chibwana
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Verónica Núñez
- Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alex Van Dam
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico 00681-9000, USA
| | | | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jordana Costa Alves de Assis
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Hudson Alves Pinto
- Department of Parasitology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Phylogenetic position of Sphincterodiplostomum Dubois, 1936 (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) with description of a second species from Pantanal, Brazil. J Helminthol 2021; 95:e6. [PMID: 33568246 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x21000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sphincterodiplostomum is a monotypic genus of diplostomid digeneans that parasitize fish-eating birds in the neotropics. The type species Sphincterodiplostomum musculosum has a unique, dorsal, tubular invagination in the opisthosoma with a muscular sphincter. Whereas larvae of S. musculosum are relatively commonly reported in Neotropical fish helminth surveys, adult specimens from birds are rarely collected. Prior to our study, no DNA sequence data for S. musculosum were available. Our molecular and morphological study of mature and immature adult Sphincterodiplostomum specimens from three species of birds and one species of crocodilian revealed the presence of at least two species of Sphincterodiplostomum in the neotropics. We provide the first molecular phylogeny of the Diplostomoidea that includes Sphincterodiplostomum. In addition, this is the first record of S. musculosum from caimans, along with the first record of fully mature adult S. musculosum from green kingfisher Chloroceryle americana. The new species of Sphincterodiplostomum (Sphincterodiplostomum joaopinhoi n. sp.) can be morphologically distinguished from S. musculosum based on the anterior extent of vitelline follicles, narrower prosoma, substantially smaller holdfast organ and structure of tegumental spines. Our data revealed 0.7% interspecific divergence in 28S and 10.6-11.7% divergence in cox1 sequences between the two Sphincterodiplostomum species.
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Stumbo A, Poulin R, Ruehle B. Altered neuronal activity in the visual processing region of eye-fluke-infected fish. Parasitology 2021; 148:115-121. [PMID: 33059785 PMCID: PMC11010201 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182020001948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fish, like most vertebrates, are dependent on vision to varying degrees for a variety of behaviours such as predator avoidance and foraging. Disruption of this key sensory system therefore should have some impact on the ability of fish to execute these tasks. Eye-flukes, such as Tylodelphys darbyi, often infect fish where they are known to inflict varying degrees of visual impairment. In New Zealand, T. darbyi infects the eyes of Gobiomorphus cotidianus, a freshwater fish, where it resides in the vitreous chamber between the lens and retina. Here, we investigate whether the presence of the parasite in the eye has an impact on neuronal information transfer using the c-Fos gene as a proxy for neuron activation. We hypothesized that the parasite would reduce visual information entering the eye and therefore result in lower c-Fos expression. Interestingly, however, c-Fos expression increased with T. darbyi intensity when fish were exposed to flashes of light. Our results suggest a mechanism for parasite-induced visual disruption when no obvious pathology is caused by infection. The more T. darbyi present the more visual stimuli the fish is presented with, and as such may experience difficulties in distinguishing various features of its external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Stumbo
- Otago Museum, 419 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Robert Poulin
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Brandon Ruehle
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, 340 Great King St., Dunedin9016, New Zealand
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Calhoun DM, Esfahani E, Locke SA, Moser WE, Johnson PTJ. How parasite exposure and time interact to determine Australapatemon burti (Trematoda: Digenea) infections in second intermediate hosts (Erpobdella microstoma) (Hirudinea: Erpodellidae). Exp Parasitol 2020; 219:108002. [PMID: 32976822 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.108002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Australapatemon spp. are cosmopolitan trematodes that infect freshwater snails, aquatic leeches, and birds. Despite their broad geographic distribution, relatively little is known about interactions between Australapatemon spp. and their leech hosts, particularly under experimental conditions and in natural settings. We used experimental exposures to determine how Australapatemon burti cercariae dosage (number administered to leech hosts, Erpobdella microstoma) affected infection success (fraction to encyst as metacercariae), infection abundance, host survival, and host size over the 100 days following exposure. Interestingly, infection success was strongly density-dependent, such that there were no differences in metacercariae load even among hosts exposed to a 30-fold difference in cercariae. This relationship suggests that local processes (e.g., resource availability, interference competition, or host defenses) may play a strong role in parasite transmission. Our results also indicated that metacercariae did not become evident until ~4 weeks post exposure, with average load climbing until approximately 13 weeks. There was no evidence of metacercariae death or clearance over the census period. Parasite exposure had no detectable effects on leech size or survival, even with nearly 1,000 cercariae. Complementary surveys of leeches in California revealed that 11 of 14 ponds supported infection by A. burti (based on morphology and molecular sequencing), with an average prevalence of 32% and similar metacercariae intensity as in our experimental exposures. The extended development time and extreme density dependence of A. burti has implications for studying naturally occurring host populations, for which detected infections may represent only a fraction of cercariae to which animals have been exposed. Future investigation of these underlying mechanisms would be benefical in understanding host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Calhoun
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA; U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI, 53711, USA.
| | - Evan Esfahani
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Sean A Locke
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico at Mayagüez, Box 9000, Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, 00681-9000, USA
| | - William E Moser
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Road, Suitland, MD, 20746, USA
| | - Pieter T J Johnson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Ramaley N122 CB334, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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Tkach VV, Achatz TJ, Pulis EE, Junker K, Snyder SD, Bell JA, Halajian A, de Vasconcelos Melo FT. Phylogeny and systematics of the Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 (Digenea: Diplostomoidea) reflect the complex evolutionary history of the ancient digenean group. Syst Parasitol 2020; 97:409-439. [PMID: 32813221 PMCID: PMC7434846 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-020-09928-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Proterodiplostomidae Dubois, 1936 is a relatively small family of diplostomoidean digeneans parasitising the intestines of reptilian hosts associated with freshwater environments in tropical and subtropical regions. The greatest diversity of proterodiplostomids is found in crocodilians, although some parasitise snakes and turtles. According to the most recent revision, the Proterodiplostomidae included 17 genera within 5 subfamilies. Despite the complex taxonomic structure of the family, availability of testable morphology-based phylogenetic hypotheses and ancient hosts, molecular phylogenetic analyses of the group were practically lacking. Herein, we use novel DNA sequence data of the nuclear lsrRNA gene and mitochondrial cox1 gene from a broad range of proterodiplostomid taxa obtained from crocodilian, fish, and snake hosts on four continents to test the monophyly of the family and evaluate the present morphology-based classification system of the Proterodiplostomidae in comparison with the molecular phylogeny. This first detailed phylogeny for the Proterodiplostomidae challenges the current systematic framework. Combination of molecular phylogenetic data with examination of freshly collected quality specimens and re-evaluation of morphological criteria resulted in a number of systematic and nomenclatural changes along with a new phylogeny-based classification of the Proterodiplostomidae. As the result of our molecular and morphological analyses: (i) the current subfamily structure of the Proterodiplostomidae is abolished; (ii) three new genera, Paraproterodiplostomum n. g., Neocrocodilicola n. g. and Proteroduboisia n. g., are described and Pseudoneodiplostomoides Yamaguti, 1954 is restored and elevated from subgenus to genus level; (iii) two new species, Paraproterodiplostomum currani n. g., n. sp. and Archaeodiplostomum overstreeti n. sp., are described from the American alligator in Mississippi, USA. Comparison of the structure of terminal ducts of the reproductive system in all proterodiplostomid genera did not support the use of these structures for differentiation among subfamilies (or major clades) within the family, although they proved to be useful for distinguishing among genera and species. Our study includes the first report of proterodiplostomids from Australia and the first evidence of a snake acting as a paratenic host for a proterodiplostomid. A key to proterodiplostomid genera is provided. Questions of proterodiplostomid-host associations parasitic in crocodilians are discussed in connection with their historical biogeography. Our molecular phylogeny of the Proterodiplostomidae closely matches the current molecular phylogeny of crocodilians. Directions for future studies of the Proterodiplostomidae are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA.
| | - Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA
| | - Eric E Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota, 57401, USA
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa
| | - Scott D Snyder
- College of Science and Engineering, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bell
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota, 58202, USA
| | - Ali Halajian
- DSI-NRF SARChI Chair (Ecosystem Health), Department of Biodiversity, University of Limpopo, Private Bag X1106, Sovenga, 0727, South Africa
| | - Francisco Tiago de Vasconcelos Melo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Helminthology "Prof. Dr. Reinalda Marisa Lanfredi", Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
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Phylogenetic Relationships of Cardiocephaloides spp. (Digenea, Diplostomoidea) and the Genetic Characterization of Cardiocephaloides physalis from Magellanic Penguin, Spheniscus magellanicus, in Chile. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:525-534. [PMID: 31919798 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cardiocephaloides is a small genus of strigeid digeneans with an essentially cosmopolitan distribution. Most members of Cardiocephaloides are found in larid birds, however, Cardiocephaloides physalis is an exception and parasitizes penguins in some coastal regions of South America and South Africa. No prior molecular phylogenetic studies have included DNA sequence data of C. physalis. Herein, we provide molecular phylogenetic analyses of Cardiocephaloides using DNA sequences from five species of these strigeids. METHODS Adult Cardiocephaloides spp. were obtained from larid birds and penguins collected from 3 biogeographical realms (Palearctic, Nearctic and Neotropics). We have generated sequences of the complete ITS region and partial 28S gene of the nuclear ribosomal DNA, along with partial sequences of the mitochondrial CO1 gene for C. physalis, C. medioconiger and the type species of the genus, C. longicollis and used them for phylogenetic inference. RESULTS Cardiocephaloides spp. appeared as a 100% supported clade in the phylogenetic tree based on 28S sequences. The position of C. physalis varied between the phylogenetic trees based on the relatively conservative 28S gene on one hand, and variable ITS1 and COI sequences on the other. Cardiocephaloides physalis was nested within the clade of Cardiocephaloides spp. in the 28S tree and appeared as the sister group to the remaining members of the genus in the ITS1 region and COI trees. We detected 0.4-1.6% interspecific divergence in 28S, 1.9-6.9% in the ITS region and 8.7-11.8% in CO1 sequences of Cardiocephaloides spp. Our 28S sequence of C. physalis from South America and a shorter sequence from Africa available in the GenBank were identical. CONCLUSION Cardiocephaloides as represented in the currently available dataset is monophyletic with C. physalis parasitism in penguins likely resulting from a secondary host-switching event. Identical 28S sequences of C. physalis from South America and Africa cautiously confirm the broad distribution of this species, although comparison of faster mutating genes (e. g., CO1) is recommended for a better substantiated conclusion.
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Achatz TJ, Curran SS, Patitucci KF, Fecchio A, Tkach VV. Phylogenetic Affinities of Uvulifer Spp. (Digenea: Diplostomidae) in the Americas with Description of Two New Species from Peruvian Amazon. J Parasitol 2020. [PMID: 31580785 DOI: 10.1645/19-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Uvulifer Yamaguti, 1934, is a genus of diplostomoidean digeneans that parasitizes kingfishers worldwide. Species have a Neascus-type metacercaria that encysts in or on fish intermediate hosts, often causing black spot disease. Only 3 prior studies published DNA sequence data for Uvulifer species with only 1 including a single named species (Uvulifer spinatus López-Jiménez, Pérez-Ponce de León, & García-Varela, 2018). Herein we describe 2 new species of Uvulifer from the green-and-rufous kingfisher, Chloroceryle inda (Linnaeus), collected in Peru ( Uvulifer batesi n. sp. and Uvulifer pequenae n. sp.). Both new species are readily differentiated from their New World congeners by a combination of morphological characters including distribution of vitelline follicles and prosoma:opisthosoma length ratios. In addition, we used newly generated nuclear 28S rRNA and mitochondrial COI gene sequence data to differentiate among species and examine phylogenetic affinities of Uvulifer. This includes the 2 new species and Uvulifer ambloplitis (Hughes, 1927), as well as Uvulifer elongatus Dubois, 1988 , Uvulifer prosocotyle (Lutz, 1928), and Uvulifer weberi Dubois, 1985 , none of which have been part of prior molecular phylogenetic studies. Our data on Uvulifer revealed 0.1-2.2% interspecific divergence in 28S sequences and 9.3-15.3% in COI sequences. Our 28S phylogeny revealed at least 6 well-supported clades within the genus. In contrast, the branch topology in the COI phylogenetic tree was overall less supported, indicating that although COI sequences are a great tool for species differentiation, they should be used with caution for phylogenetic inference at higher taxonomic levels. Our 28S phylogeny did not reveal any clear patterns of host association between Uvulifer and particular species of kingfishers; however, it identified 2 well-supported clades uniting Uvulifer species from distant geographical locations and more than 1 biogeographic realm, indicating at least 2 independent dispersal events in the evolutionary history of the New World Uvulifer. Our results clearly demonstrate that the diversity of Uvulifer in the New World has been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Stephen S Curran
- Division of Coastal Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, 703 East Beach Drive, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 39564
| | - Kaylyn F Patitucci
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Alan Fecchio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, MT 78060900, Brazil
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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CAMPOS DENISW, MANOEL LETÍCIAO, FRANCESCHINI LIDIANE, VERÍSSIMO-SILVEIRA ROSICLEIRE, DELARIVA ROSILENEL, RIBEIRO CRISTIÉLES, RAMOS IGORP. Occurrence of metacercariae of Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928) (Trematoda, Diplostomidae) in Pimelodus platicirris in the Ilha Solteira Reservoir, São Paulo, Brazil. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2020; 92:e20180649. [DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202020180649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - IGOR P. RAMOS
- Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Brazil; Universidade Estadual Paulista/UNESP, Brazil
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Heneberg P, Sitko J, Těšínský M. Paraphyly of Conodiplostomum Dubois, 1937. Parasitol Int 2019; 76:102033. [PMID: 31809881 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2019.102033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Adult trematodes of the genera Conodiplostomum Dubois, 1937 and Neodiplostomum Railliet, 1919 (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) parasitize the intestines of birds of prey, owls and, rarely, passeriform birds. Although the family is taxonomically unsettled, molecular phylogenetics have not been applied to analyze Conodiplostomum and Neodiplostomum and the reference DNA sequences from adult Diplostomidae are scarce and limit studies of their indistinct larval forms. We analyze the Conodiplostomum and Neodiplostomum spp. found during the examination of Czech birds performed from 1962 to 2017, and we provide comparative measurements and host spectra, including prevalence and intensity; we also provide and analyze the sequences of four DNA loci from eight diplostomid species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggested that Conodiplostomum spathula (Creplin, 1829), the type species of this genus, is nested in Neodiplostomum. Thus, we suggest the rejection of Conodiplostomum spathula (Creplin, 1829) and the resurrection of Neodiplostomum spathula (Creplin, 1829) La Rue, 1926 and reclassification of all species of Conodiplostomum with the neodiplostomulum type of metacercariae to Neodiplostomum as well. Conodiplostomum canaliculatum (Nicoll, 1914) is reclassified as Neodiplostomum spathulaeforme (Brandes, 1888). The molecular analysis suggested that Conodiplostomum perlatum (Ciurea, 1911), the species with the neascus type of metacercariae, belongs to Crassiphialinae Sudarikov, 1960. We erect the genus Ciureatrema gen. nov. Heneberg & Sitko and reclassify Conodiplostomum perlatum (Ciurea, 1911) as Ciureatrema perlatum (Ciurea, 1911) and establish it as a type species of Ciureatrema gen. nov. Further research should focus on the evolution of the neascus and neodiplostomulum types of metacercariae, as well as the evolution of the genital cone and pseudosuckers in Diplostomidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Heneberg
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiljí Sitko
- Comenius Museum, Moravian Ornithological Station, Přerov, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Těšínský
- Charles University, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
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Molecular, morphological and experimental-infection studies of cercariae of five species in the superfamily Diplostomoidea (Trematoda: Digenea) infecting Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae) in Brazil. Acta Trop 2019; 199:105082. [PMID: 31351070 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Trematodes belonging to the superfamily Diplostomoidea have complex life cycles involving birds, mammals and reptiles as definitive hosts, and gastropods and different groups of invertebrates and vertebrates as intermediate hosts. Molecular studies of these parasites are numerous, but data from larval stages in molluscs remain scarce, particularly in South America. The present study focused mainly on five morphotypes of longifurcate cercariae found in Biomphalaria straminea (Dunker, 1848) from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, collected between 2009 and 2017. In each morphotype, nuclear internal transcribed spacer (ITS1-5.8S ITS-2) rDNA and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) genes were sequenced. Laboratory-reared fish, Poecilia reticulata Peters, 1859 or snails, Biomphalaria glabrata (Say, 1818) were exposed to cercariae to obtain metacercariae. The morphology of cercariae, experimentally obtained metacercariae, and phylogenetic analyses led to the identification of three species of Diplostomidae [Austrodiplostomum compactum (Lutz, 1928), Crassiphialinae gen. sp. and Hysteromorpha sp.] and two species of Strigeidae (Cotylurus sp., Apharyngostrigea sp.). Previously published sequences allowed species-level identification for only A. compactum, although provisional identifications were possible in two cases. First, the COI from cercariae of Apharyngostrigea sp. in Brazil matched those of metacercariae from naturally infected Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Jenyns, 1842) in Argentina; although a positive identification is not possible, the material presents morphological similarities with larval stages previously described for A. simplex. Secondly, Cotylurus sp. resembles C. lutzi. Our analysis of previously published COI sequences suggests that Cotylurus cornutus (Rudolphi, 1808) has a Holarctic distribution. Both the morphology of experimentally obtained metacercariae and COI sequences indicate that Hysteromorpha sp. in Brazil is distinct from congeners in North America [Hysteromorpha corti (Hughes, 1929)] and Europe [Hysteromorpha triloba (Rudolphi, 1819)].
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Achatz TJ, Dmytrieva I, Kuzmin Y, Tkach VV. Phylogenetic Position of Codonocephalus Diesing, 1850 (Digenea, Diplostomoidea), an Unusual Diplostomid with Progenetic Metacercariae. J Parasitol 2019. [DOI: 10.1645/19-108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J. Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Ivanna Dmytrieva
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Yuriy Kuzmin
- I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Bogdan Khmelnitsky Street, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vasyl V. Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, Starcher Hall, 10 Cornell Street Stop 9019, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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Phylogenetic relationships, expanded diversity and distribution of Crassiphiala spp. (Digenea, Diplostomidae), agents of black spot disease in fish. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2781-2787. [PMID: 31493063 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Crassiphiala is a monotypic genus of diplostomid digeneans and is the type genus of the subfamily Crassiphialinae. The type species Crassiphiala bulboglossa parasitizes kingfishers in the Nearctic and has a Neascus-type metacercaria that encysts on fish intermediate hosts, often causing black spot disease. While recent molecular phylogenetic studies included some members of the Crassiphialinae, no DNA sequence data of Crassiphiala is currently available. Our molecular and morphological study of adult and larval crassiphialines from the Americas revealed the presence of at least three lineages of Crassiphiala from the Nearctic and two lineages from the Neotropics. This is the first record of Crassiphiala from the Neotropics. Herein, we provide the first molecular phylogeny of the Diplostomoidea that includes Crassiphiala. Our data revealed 0.2-2.4% divergence among 28S sequences and 11-19.8% among CO1 sequences of lineages of Crassiphiala. The results of our analyses did not support the monophyly of Crassiphialinae. Our results clearly demonstrated that the diversity of Crassiphiala has been underestimated.
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A morphological, molecular and life cycle study of the capybara parasite Hippocrepis hippocrepis (Trematoda: Notocotylidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221662. [PMID: 31442291 PMCID: PMC6707557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocrepis hippocrepis is a notocotylid that has been widely reported in capybaras; however, the molluscs that act as intermediate hosts of this parasite remain unknown. Furthermore, there are currently no molecular data available for H. hippocrepis regarding its phylogenetic relationship with other members of the family Notocotylidae. In the present study, we collected monostome cercariae and adult parasites from the planorbid Biomphalaria straminea and in the large intestine of capybaras, respectively, from Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We subjected them to morphological and molecular (amplification and sequencing of partial regions of 28S and cox-1 genes) studies. Adult parasites collected from the capybaras were identified as H. hippocrepis and the sequences obtained for both molecular markers showed 100% similarity with monostome cercariae found in B. straminea. The sequences obtained for H. hippocrepis were compared with data available in public databases; analysis revealed this species differs from other notocotylids with available sequences (1.5–3.8% with respect to 28S and 11.4%–13.8% with respect to cox-1). On the phylogenetic analyses, H. hippocrepis appeared to be a distinct lineage in relation to other notocotylids. Some ecological aspects related to the infection of capybaras with H. hippocrepis are briefly discussed.
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Metacercariae of Heterodiplostomum lanceolatum (Trematoda: Proterodiplostomidae) found in Leptodactylus podicipinus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from Brazil: a morphological, molecular and ecological study. J Helminthol 2019; 94:e66. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x19000646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The trematodes from South American reptiles are poorly known, with only one life cycle completely characterized. We used molecular and morphological methods to characterize diplostomoid metacercariae found in 29 of 86 pointedbelly frogs, Leptodactylus podicipinus (Cope, 1862) collected in a marsh pond in Selvíria, in the central-west region of Brazil. The metacercariae were identified as Heterodiplostomum lanceolatum Dubois, 1936 (Proterodiplostomidae), a rarely reported species that matures in snakes. In phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences from 28S rDNA, H. lanceolatum fell within a polytomy with the proterodiplostomid Crocodilicola pseudostoma (molecular divergence of 4.1%) and other members of the superfamily Diplostomoidea. Our collections provide insights into the ecology of this parasite, in that infected frogs were smaller than uninfected frogs, and metacercariae were more numerous in the abdominal cavity and hindlimb muscles than in abdominal muscles, which suggests directions for future research on the transmission and pathology of this proterodiplostomid.
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Johansen IB, Henriksen EH, Shaw JC, Mayer I, Amundsen PA, Øverli Ø. Contrasting associations between breeding coloration and parasitism of male Arctic charr relate to parasite species and life cycle stage. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10679. [PMID: 31337816 PMCID: PMC6650492 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Conspicuous carotenoid ornamentation is considered a signal of individual "quality" and one of the most intensely studied traits found to co-vary with parasitism. Since it has been suggested that only "high quality" individuals have enough resources to express excessive sexual ornaments and resist parasites, current theory struggles to explain cases where the brightest individuals carry the most parasites. Surprisingly little emphasis has been put on the contrasting routes to fitness utilized by different parasite species inhabiting the same host. Using Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) as model species, we hypothesized that skin redness and allocation of carotenoids between skin and muscle (redness ratio) will be positively and negatively associated with parasites using the fish as an intermediate and final host, respectively. Both pigment parameters were indeed positively associated with abundances of parasites awaiting trophic transmission (Diplostomum sp. and Diphyllobothrium spp.) and negatively associated with the abundance of adult Eubothrium salvelini tapeworms. These empirical data demonstrate that contrasting associations between carotenoid coloration and parasite intensities relates to the specific premises of different parasite species and life cycle stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- I B Johansen
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway.
| | - E H Henriksen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Sentrum, Langnes, Tromsø, Norway
| | - J C Shaw
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106-6150, USA
| | - I Mayer
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
| | - P-A Amundsen
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Sentrum, Langnes, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ø Øverli
- Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 369, Sentrum, N-0102, Oslo, Norway
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Pelegrini LS, Gião T, Vieira DHMD, Müller MI, da Silva RJ, de León GPP, de Azevedo RK, Abdallah VD. Molecular and morphological characterization of the metacercariae of two species of diplostomid trematodes (Platyhelminthes, Digenea) in freshwater fishes of the Batalha River, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2169-2182. [PMID: 31183598 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06362-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The Diplostomidae include a large group of flatworms with complex life cycles and are frequently found parasitizing the eyes and central nervous system of freshwater fishes. The morphological identification of the metacercariae at species level is not always possible. Thus, molecular tools have become essential to assist in the parasite species determination. This study was aimed at describing two diplostomid metacercariae found in freshwater fish in São Paulo, Brazil, based on morphological characters and in the genetic characterization of COI sequences. Our results showed that the two recognized taxa (Tylodelphys sp. and Diplostomidae gen. sp.) appear to be different from the species already described in South America. Tylodelphys sp. differs morphologically from Tylodelphys xenopi, T. mashonense, T. jenynsiae, and T. scheuringi. The metacercariae of T. clavata and T. conifera are smaller than Tylodelphys sp., while T. podicipina is larger than the metacercariae described here. The phylogenetic analysis of COI sequences yielded Tylodelphys sp. as the sister species of Tylodelphys sp. 4, a species reported from the brain of the eleotrid Gobiomorus maculatus in Oaxaca, Mexico. The metacercariae identified as Diplostomidae gen. sp. are morphologically different from the known diplostomid metacercariae and did not match with other diplostomid sequences available. Diplostomidae gen. sp. is recovered as the sister species of Diplostomum ardeae. Although the morphological evidence and the COI sequences differentiate the metacercariae found, the absence of adult specimens of both species precludes the specific designation. This is one of the first papers that use an integrative taxonomy approach to describe the species diversity of diplostomid trematodes in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Sbeghen Pelegrini
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Thayana Gião
- Pró-reitoria de Pesquisa e Pós-graduação, Laboratório de Ictioparasitologia, Rua Irmã Arminda, Universidade do Sagrado Coração (USC), 10-50, Jardim Brasil, Bauru, São Paulo, 17011-160, Brazil
| | - Diego Henrique Mirandola Dias Vieira
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Maria Isabel Müller
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo José da Silva
- Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rua Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin, Distrito de Rubião Júnior, Botucatu, São Paulo, 18618-970, Brazil
| | - Gerardo Pérez-Ponce de León
- Instituto de Biologia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Av. Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, Coyoacán, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodney Kozlowiski de Azevedo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Doro Abdallah
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Análise de Sistemas Ambientais, Centro Universitário CESMAC, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil.
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Achatz TJ, Pulis EE, Junker K, Binh TT, Snyder SD, Tkach VV. Molecular phylogeny of the Cyathocotylidae (Digenea, Diplostomoidea) necessitates systematic changes and reveals a history of host and environment switches. ZOOL SCR 2019; 48:545-556. [PMID: 31937984 DOI: 10.1111/zsc.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Cyathocotylidae is a globally distributed family of digeneans parasitic as adults in fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals in both freshwater and marine environments. Molecular phylogenetic analysis of interrelationships among cyathocotylids is lacking with only a few species included in previous studies. We used sequences of the nuclear 28S rRNA gene to examine phylogenetic affinities of 11 newly sequenced taxa of cyathocotylids and the closely related family Brauninidae collected from fish, reptiles, birds, and dolphins from Australia, Southeast Asia, Europe, North America and South America. This is the first study to provide sequence data from adult cyathocotylids parasitic in fish and reptiles. Our analyses demonstrated that the members of the genus Braunina (family Brauninidae) belong to the Cyathocotylidae, placing the Brauninidae into synonymy with the Cyathocotylidae. In addition, our DNA sequences supported the presence of a second species in the currently monotypic Braunina. Our phylogeny revealed that Cyathocotyle spp. from crocodilians belong to a separate genus (Suchocyathocotyle, previously proposed as a subgenus) and subfamily (Suchocyathocotylinae subfam. n.). Morphological study of Gogatea serpentum indicum supported its elevation to species as Gogatea mehri. The phylogeny did not support Holostephanoides within the subfamily Cyathocotylinae; instead, Holostephanoides formed a strongly supported clade with members of the subfamily Szidatiinae (Gogatea and Neogogatea). Therefore, we transfer Holostephanoides into the Szidatiinae. DNA sequence data revealed the potential presence of cryptic species reported under the name Mesostephanus microbursa. Our phylogeny indicated at least two major host switching events in the evolutionary history of the subfamily Szidatiinae which likely resulted in the transition of these parasites from birds to fish and snakes. Likewise, the transition to dolphins by Braunina represents another major host switching event among the Cyathocotylidae. In addition, our phylogeny revealed more than a single transition between freshwater and marine environments demonstrated in our dataset by Braunina and some Mesostephanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler J Achatz
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, U.S.A
| | - Eric E Pulis
- Department of Science and Mathematics, Northern State University, Aberdeen, South Dakota 57401, U.S.A
| | - Kerstin Junker
- Epidemiology, Parasites and Vectors, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag X05, Onderstepoort, 0110 South Africa
| | - Tran Thi Binh
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nghiado, Caugiay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Scott D Snyder
- College of Science and Engineering, Idaho State University, 921 S 8th Ave, Pocatello, ID, 83209 U.S.A
| | - Vasyl V Tkach
- Department of Biology, University of North Dakota, 10 Cornell Street, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, U.S.A
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Gonchar A, Jouet D, Skírnisson K, Krupenko D, Galaktionov KV. Transatlantic discovery of Notocotylus atlanticus (Digenea: Notocotylidae) based on life cycle data. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1445-1456. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Molecular and morphological characterisation of four diplostomid metacercariae infecting Tilapia sparrmanii (Perciformes: Cichlidae) in the North West Province, South Africa. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:1403-1416. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06285-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huguenin A, Depaquit J, Villena I, Ferté H. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry: a new tool for rapid identification of cercariae (Trematoda, Digenea). Parasite 2019; 26:11. [PMID: 30838972 PMCID: PMC6402365 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of cercariae was long based on morphological and morphometric features, but these approaches remain difficult to implement and require skills that have now become rare. Molecular tools have become the reference even though they remain relatively time-consuming and expensive. We propose a new approach for the identification of cercariae using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Snails of different genera (Radix, Lymnaea, Stagnicola, Planorbis, and Anisus) were collected in the field to perform emitting tests in the laboratory. The cercariae they emitted (Trichobilharzia anseri, Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, Alaria alata, Echinostoma revolutum, Petasiger phalacrocoracis, Tylodelphys sp., Australapatemon sp., Cotylurus sp., Posthodiplostomum sp., Parastrigea sp., Echinoparyphium sp. and Plagiorchis sp.) were characterized by sequencing the D2, ITS2 and ITS1 domains of rDNA, and by amplification using specific Alaria alata primers. A sample of each specimen, either fresh or stored in ethanol, was subjected to a simple preparation protocol for MALDI-TOF analysis. The main spectral profiles were analyzed by Hierarchical Clustering Analysis. Likewise, the haplotypes were analyzed using the maximum likelihood method. Analytical performance and the log-score value (LSV) cut-off for species identification were then assessed by blind testing. The clusters obtained by both techniques were congruent, allowing identification at a species level. MALDI-TOF enables identification at an LSV cut-off of 1.7 without false-positives; however, it requires more data on closely related species. The development of a "high throughput" identification system for all types of cercariae would be of considerable interest in epidemiological surveys of trematode infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Huguenin
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EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
| | - Jérôme Depaquit
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EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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USC ANSES Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR) Reims France
| | - Isabelle Villena
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EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
| | - Hubert Ferté
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EA 7510, ESCAPE, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne 51 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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Laboratoire de Parasitologie Mycologie, CHU de Reims, Hôpital Maison Blanche 45 rue Cognacq Jay 51092
Reims CEDEX France
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USC ANSES Transmission vectorielle et épidémiosurveillance de maladies parasitaires (VECPAR) Reims France
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Gordy MA, Hanington PC. A fine-scale phylogenetic assessment of digenean trematodes in central Alberta reveals we have yet to uncover their total diversity. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:3153-3238. [PMID: 30962888 PMCID: PMC6434566 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite over 100 years of digenean trematode parasite species descriptions, from a wide diversity of vertebrate and invertebrate host species, our ability to recognize the diversity of trematode species within a single lake remains an incredible challenge. The most challenging aspect is the identification of species from larval stages derived from intermediate hosts, due to the disjointed data of adult worm morphological descriptions, from which species are named, and links to corresponding molecular identifiers in depauperate databases. Cryptic species also play a significant role in the challenge of linking trematode larvae to adults, species identifications, and estimating diversity. Herein, we utilize a large, longitudinal dataset of snail first-intermediate host infection data from lakes in Alberta, Canada, to infer trematode larval diversity using molecular phylogenetics and snail host associations. From our assessments, we uncover a diversity of 79 larval trematode species among just five snail host species. Only 14 species were identified to a previously described species, while the other 65 species are either cryptic or otherwise unrepresented by mitochondrial genes in GenBank. This study currently represents the largest and most diverse singular molecular survey of trematode larval fauna composed of over one thousand mitochondrial sequences. Surprisingly, rarefaction analyses indicate we have yet to capture the complete diversity of trematodes from our sampling area.
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Horák P, Bulantová J, Mikeš L. Schistosomatoidea and Diplostomoidea. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1154:217-254. [PMID: 31297764 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-18616-6_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Trematodes of the order Diplostomida are well known as serious pathogens of man, and both farm and wild animals; members of the genus Schistosoma (Schistosomatidae) are responsible for human schistosomosis affecting more than 200 million people in tropical and subtropical countries, infections of mammals and birds by animal schistosomes are of great veterinary importance. The order Diplostomida is also rich in species parasitizing other major taxa of vertebrates. The Aporocotylidae are pathogenic in fish, Spirorchiidae in reptiles. All these flukes have two-host life cycles, with asexually reproducing larvae usually in molluscs and occasionally in annelids, and adults usually live in the blood vessels of their vertebrate hosts. Pathology is frequently associated with inflammatory reactions to eggs trapped in various tissues/organs. On the other hand, the representatives of Diplostomidae and Strigeidae have three- or four-host life cycles in which vertebrates often serve not only as definitive, but also as intermediate or paratenic hosts. Pathology is usually associated with migration of metacercariae and mesocercariae within the host tissues. The impact of these trematode infections on both farm and wild animals may be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Horák
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Jana Bulantová
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Libor Mikeš
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
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Intermediate host switches drive diversification among the largest trematode family: evidence from the Polypipapiliotrematinae n. subf. (Opecoelidae), parasites transmitted to butterflyfishes via predation of coral polyps. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1107-1126. [PMID: 30367863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Podocotyloides stenometra Pritchard, 1966 (Digenea: Opecoelidae) is the only trematode known to infect anthozoan corals. It causes disease in coral polyps of the genus Porites Link (Scleractinia: Poritidae) and its life-cycle depends on ingestion of these polyps by butterflyfishes (Perciformes: Chaetodontidae). This species has been reported throughout the Indo-Pacific, from the Seychelles to the Galápagos, but no study has investigated whether multiple species are involved. Here, we recollect P. stenometra from its type-host and type-locality, in Hawaiian waters, and describe four new species from examination of 768 butterflyfishes from French Polynesia. On the basis of morphology, phylogeny and life-history, we propose Polypipapiliotrema Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. gen. and the Polypipapiliotrematinae Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. subf., for P. stenometra (Pritchard) n. comb., P. citerovarium Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. sp., P. hadrometra Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. sp., P. heniochi Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. sp., and P. ovatheculum Martin, Cutmore & Cribb n. sp. Given the diversity uncovered here and the ubiquity, abundance and diversity of butterflyfishes on coral reefs, we predict that Polypipapiliotrema will prove to comprise a rich complex of species causing disease in corals across the Indo-Pacific. The unique life-cycle of these taxa is consistent with phylogenetic distinction of the group and provides evidence for a broader basis of diversification among the family. We argue that life-cycle specialisation, in terms of adoption of disparate second intermediate host groups, has been a key driver of the diversification and richness of the Opecoelidae, the largest of all trematode families and the group most frequently encountered in coral reef fishes.
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Validity of the Diplostomoidea and Diplostomida (Digenea, Platyhelminthes) upheld in phylogenomic analysis. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:1043-1059. [PMID: 30347194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Higher systematics within the Digenea, Carus 1863 have been relatively stable since a phylogenetic analysis of partial nuclear ribosomal markers (rDNA) led to the erection of the Diplostomida Olson, Cribb, Tkach, Bray, and Littlewood, 2003. However, recent mitochondrial (mt) genome phylogenies suggest this order might be paraphyletic. These analyses show members of two diplostomidan superfamilies are more closely related to the Plagiorchiida La Rue, 1957 than to other members of the Diplostomida. A recent phylogeny based on partial cytochrome c oxidase I also indicates one of the groups implicated, the Diplostomoidea Poirier, 1886, is non-monophyletic. To determine if these results were robust to additional taxon sampling, we analyzed mt genomes from seven diplostomoids in three families. To choose between phylogenetic alternatives based on mt genomes and the prior rDNA-based topology, we analyzed hundreds of ultra-conserved genomic elements assembled from shotgun sequencing. The Diplostomida was paraphyletic in the mt genome phylogeny but supported in the ultra-conserved genomic element phylogeny. We speculate this mitonuclear discordance is related to ancient, rapid radiation in the Digenea. Both ultra-conserved genomic elements and mt genomes support the monophyly of the Diplostomoidea and show congruent relationships within it. The Cyathocotylidae Mühling, 1898 are early diverging descendants of a paraphyletic clade of Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886, in which are nested members of the Strigeidae Railliet, 1919; the results support prior suggestions that the Crassiphialinae Sudarikov, 1960 will rise to the family level. Morphological traits of diplostomoid metacercariae appear to be more useful for differentiating clades than those of adults. We describe a new species of Cotylurus Szidat, 1928, resurrect a species of Hysteromorpha Lutz, 1931, and find support for a species of Alaria Schrank, 1788 of contested validity. Complete rDNA operons from seven diplostomoid species are provided as a resource for future studies.
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Gopko M, Chowdhury MMR, Taskinen J. Interactions between two parasites of brown trout ( Salmo trutta): Consequences of preinfection. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:9986-9997. [PMID: 30397441 PMCID: PMC6206180 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Preinfection by one parasitic species may facilitate or by contrast hamper the subsequent penetration and/or establishment of other parasites in a host. The biology of interacting species, timing of preinfection, and dosage of subsequent parasite exposure are likely important variables in this multiparasite dynamic infection process. The increased vulnerability to subsequent infection can be an important and often overlooked factor influencing parasite virulence. We investigated how the preinfection by freshwater pearl mussel Margaritifera margaritifera glochidia could influence the success of subsequent infection by the common trematode Diplostomum pseudospathaceum in brown trout Salmo trutta and vice versa whether preinfection by the trematode made fish more susceptible to glochidia infection. The first experiment was repeated twice with different (low and high) exposure doses to initiate the subsequent trematode infection, while in the second experiment we varied the timing of the preinfection with trematodes. The preinfection with glochidia made fish more vulnerable to subsequent infection with trematodes. Since the trematodes penetrate through the gills, we suggest that increased host vulnerability was most likely the result of increased respiration caused by the freshwater pearl mussel glochidia encysted on gills. In turn, brown trout preinfected with trematodes were more vulnerable to the subsequent glochidial infection, but only if they were preinfected shortly before the subsequent infection (20 hr). Fish preinfected with trematodes earlier (2 weeks before the subsequent infection) did not differ in their vulnerability to glochidia. These effects were observed at moderate intensities of infections similar to those that occur in nature. Our study demonstrates how the timing and sequence of exposure to parasitic species can influence infection success in a host-multiparasite system. It indicates that the negative influence of glochidia on host fitness is likely to be underestimated and that this should be taken into consideration when organizing freshwater pearl mussel restoration procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Gopko
- A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and EvolutionRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - M. Motiur R. Chowdhury
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
| | - Jouni Taskinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyvaskylaFinland
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Molecular, morphological and experimental assessment of the life cycle of Posthodiplostomum nanum Dubois, 1937 (Trematoda: Diplostomidae) from Brazil, with phylogenetic evidence of the paraphyly of the genus Posthodiplostomum Dubois, 1936. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2018; 63:95-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2018.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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