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Naz S, Liu P, Farooq U, Ma H. Insight into de-regulation of amino acid feedback inhibition: a focus on structure analysis method. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:161. [PMID: 37612753 PMCID: PMC10464499 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02178-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of amino acid's biosynthetic pathway is of significant importance to maintain homeostasis and cell functions. Amino acids regulate their biosynthetic pathway by end-product feedback inhibition of enzymes catalyzing committed steps of a pathway. Discovery of new feedback resistant enzyme variants to enhance industrial production of amino acids is a key objective in industrial biotechnology. Deregulation of feedback inhibition has been achieved for various enzymes using in vitro and in silico mutagenesis techniques. As enzyme's function, its substrate binding capacity, catalysis activity, regulation and stability are dependent on its structural characteristics, here, we provide detailed structural analysis of all feedback sensitive enzyme targets in amino acid biosynthetic pathways. Current review summarizes information regarding structural characteristics of various enzyme targets and effect of mutations on their structures and functions especially in terms of deregulation of feedback inhibition. Furthermore, applicability of various experimental as well as computational mutagenesis techniques to accomplish feedback resistance has also been discussed in detail to have an insight into various aspects of research work reported in this particular field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Naz
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Pi Liu
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China
| | - Umar Farooq
- Department of Chemistry, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, Islamabad, 22060, Pakistan
| | - Hongwu Ma
- Biodesign Center, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, 300308, China.
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2
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Huang A, Coutu C, Harrington M, Rozwadowski K, Hegedus DD. Engineering a feedback inhibition-insensitive plant dihydrodipicolinate synthase to increase lysine content in Camelina sativa seeds. Transgenic Res 2021; 31:131-148. [PMID: 34802109 PMCID: PMC8821502 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-021-00291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Camelina sativa (camelina) is emerging as an alternative oilseed crop due to its short growing cycle, low input requirements, adaptability to less favorable growing environments and a seed oil profile suitable for biofuel and industrial applications. Camelina meal and oil are also registered for use in animal and fish feeds; however, like meals derived from most cereals and oilseeds, it is deficient in certain essential amino acids, such as lysine. In higher plants, the reaction catalyzed by dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is the first committed step in the biosynthesis of lysine and is subject to regulation by lysine through feedback inhibition. Here, we report enhancement of lysine content in C. sativa seed via expression of a feedback inhibition-insensitive form of DHDPS from Corynebacterium glutamicums (CgDHDPS). Two genes encoding C. sativa DHDPS were identified and the endogenous enzyme is partially insensitive to lysine inhibition. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to examine the impact of alterations, alone and in combination, present in lysine-desensitized DHDPS isoforms from Arabidopsis thaliana DHDPS (W53R), Nicotiana tabacum (N80I) and Zea mays (E84K) on C. sativa DHDPS lysine sensitivity. When introduced alone, each of the alterations decreased sensitivity to lysine; however, enzyme specific activity was also affected. There was evidence of molecular or structural interplay between residues within the C. sativa DHDPS allosteric site as coupling of the W53R mutation with the N80V mutation decreased lysine sensitivity of the latter, but not to the level with the W53R mutation alone. Furthermore, the activity and lysine sensitivity of the triple mutant (W53R/N80V/E84T) was similar to the W53R mutation alone or the C. glutamicum DHDPS. The most active and most lysine-insensitive C. sativa DHDPS variant (W53R) was not inhibited by free lysine up to 1 mM, comparable to the C. glutamicums enzyme. Seed lysine content increased 13.6 -22.6% in CgDHDPS transgenic lines and 7.6–13.2% in the mCsDHDPS lines. The high lysine-accumulating lines from this work may be used to produce superior quality animal feed with improved essential amino acid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Huang
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Cathy Coutu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Myrtle Harrington
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Kevin Rozwadowski
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 107 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0X2, Canada. .,Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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3
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Wendisch VF, Kosec G, Heux S, Brautaset T. Aerobic Utilization of Methanol for Microbial Growth and Production. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 180:169-212. [PMID: 34761324 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Methanol is a reduced one-carbon (C1) compound. It supports growth of aerobic methylotrophs that gain ATP from reduced redox equivalents by respiratory phosphorylation in their electron transport chains. Notably, linear oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide may yield three reduced redox equivalents if methanol oxidation is NAD-dependent as, e.g., in Bacillus methanolicus. Methanol has a higher degree of reduction per carbon than glucose (6 vs. 4), and thus, lends itself as an ideal carbon source for microbial production of reduced target compounds. However, C-C bond formation in the RuMP or serine cycle, a prerequisite for production of larger molecules, requires ATP and/or reduced redox equivalents. Moreover, heat dissipation and a high demand for oxygen during catabolic oxidation of methanol may pose challenges for fermentation processes. In this chapter, we summarize metabolic pathways for aerobic methanol utilization, aerobic methylotrophs as industrial production hosts, strain engineering, and methanol bioreactor processes. In addition, we provide technological and market outlooks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany.
| | | | - Stéphanie Heux
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Trygve Brautaset
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
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4
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Schmitz RA, Dietl A, Müller M, Berben T, Op den Camp HJM, Barends TRM. Structure of the 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase from the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV and the phylogeny of the aminotransferase pathway. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2020; 76:199-208. [PMID: 32356521 PMCID: PMC7193512 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x20005294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme 4-hydroxy-tetrahydrodipicolinate synthase (DapA) is involved in the production of lysine and precursor molecules for peptidoglycan synthesis. In a multistep reaction, DapA converts pyruvate and L-aspartate-4-semialdehyde to 4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinic acid. In many organisms, lysine binds allosterically to DapA, causing negative feedback, thus making the enzyme an important regulatory component of the pathway. Here, the 2.1 Å resolution crystal structure of DapA from the thermoacidophilic methanotroph Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum SolV is reported. The enzyme crystallized as a contaminant of a protein preparation from native biomass. Genome analysis reveals that M. fumariolicum SolV utilizes the recently discovered aminotransferase pathway for lysine biosynthesis. Phylogenetic analyses of the genes involved in this pathway shed new light on the distribution of this pathway across the three domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A. Schmitz
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Dietl
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Melanie Müller
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tom Berben
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huub J. M. Op den Camp
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas R. M. Barends
- Department of Biomolecular Mechanisms, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Wood K, Griffin MDW, Gorman MA, Hor L, Reboul CF, Buckle AM, Wuttke J, Parker MW, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Substrate Locking Promotes Dimer-Dimer Docking of an Enzyme Antibiotic Target. Structure 2018; 26:948-959.e5. [PMID: 29804823 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein dynamics manifested through structural flexibility play a central role in the function of biological molecules. Here we explore the substrate-mediated change in protein flexibility of an antibiotic target enzyme, Clostridium botulinum dihydrodipicolinate synthase. We demonstrate that the substrate, pyruvate, stabilizes the more active dimer-of-dimers or tetrameric form. Surprisingly, there is little difference between the crystal structures of apo and substrate-bound enzyme, suggesting protein dynamics may be important. Neutron and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments were used to probe substrate-induced dynamics on the sub-second timescale, but no significant changes were observed. We therefore developed a simple technique, coined protein dynamics-mass spectrometry (ProD-MS), which enables measurement of time-dependent alkylation of cysteine residues. ProD-MS together with X-ray crystallography and analytical ultracentrifugation analyses indicates that pyruvate locks the conformation of the dimer that promotes docking to the more active tetrameric form, offering insight into ligand-mediated stabilization of multimeric enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kathleen Wood
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michael A Gorman
- ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Lilian Hor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Cyril F Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Ashley M Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joachim Wuttke
- Juelich Centre for Neutron Science (JCNS), at Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, Lichtenstrasse 1, Garching 85 747, Germany
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ACRF Rational Drug Discovery Centre, St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, VIC 3065, Australia
| | - Renwick C J Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag, Christchurch 4800, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia.
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6
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Desbois S, John UP, Perugini MA. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase is absent in fungi. Biochimie 2018; 152:73-84. [PMID: 29959064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The class I aldolase dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first committed step of the diaminopimelate (DAP) lysine biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, archaea and plants. Despite the existence, in databases, of numerous fungal sequences annotated as DHDPS, its presence in fungi has been the subject of contradictory claims. We report the characterization of DHDPS candidates from fungi. Firstly, the putative DHDPS from Coccidioides immitis (PDB ID: 3QFE) was shown to have negligible enzyme activity. Sequence analysis of 3QFE showed that three out of the seven amino acid residues critical for DHDPS activity are absent; however, exact matches to catalytic residues from two other class I aldolases, 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate aldolase (KDGA), and 4-hydroxy-2-oxoglutarate aldolase (HOGA), were identified. The presence of both KDGA and HOGA activity in 3QFE was confirmed in vitro using enzyme assays, the first report of such dual activity. Subsequent analyses of all publically available fungal sequences revealed that no entry contains all seven residues important for DHDPS function. The candidate with the highest number of identities (6 of 7), KIW77228 from Fonsecaea pedrosoi, was shown to have trace DHDPS activity in vitro, partially restored by substitution of the seventh critical residue, and to be incapable of complementing DHDPS-deficient E. coli cells. Combined with the presence of all seven sequences for the alternative α-aminoadipate (AAA) lysine biosynthesis pathway in C. immitis and F. pedrosoi, we believe that DHDPS and the DAP pathway are absent in fungi, and further, that robust informed methods for annotating genes need to be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien Desbois
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Ulrik P John
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia; Agriculture Victoria Research, Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport and Resources, AgriBio, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia
| | - Matthew A Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, VIC, 3086, Australia.
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7
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Shrivastava P, Navratna V, Silla Y, Dewangan RP, Pramanik A, Chaudhary S, Rayasam G, Kumar A, Gopal B, Ramachandran S. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrodipicolinate synthase by alpha-ketopimelic acid and its other structural analogues. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30827. [PMID: 27501775 PMCID: PMC4977564 DOI: 10.1038/srep30827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis dihydrodipicolinate synthase (Mtb-dapA) is an essential gene. Mtb-DapA catalyzes the aldol condensation between pyruvate and L-aspartate-beta-semialdehyde (ASA) to yield dihydrodipicolinate. In this work we tested the inhibitory effects of structural analogues of pyruvate on recombinant Mtb-DapA (Mtb-rDapA) using a coupled assay with recombinant dihydrodipicolinate reductase (Mtb-rDapB). Alpha-ketopimelic acid (α-KPA) showed maximum inhibition of 88% and IC50 of 21 μM in the presence of pyruvate (500 μM) and ASA (400 μM). Competition experiments with pyruvate and ASA revealed competition of α-KPA with pyruvate. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) data with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) showed that the relative abundance peak of final product, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydrodipicolinate, was decreased by 50%. Thermal shift assays showed 1 °C Tm shift of Mtb-rDapA upon binding α-KPA. The 2.4 Å crystal structure of Mtb-rDapA-α-KPA complex showed the interaction of critical residues at the active site with α-KPA. Molecular dynamics simulations over 500 ns of pyruvate docked to Mtb-DapA and of α-KPA-bound Mtb-rDapA revealed formation of hydrogen bonds with pyruvate throughout in contrast to α-KPA. Molecular descriptors analysis showed that ligands with polar surface area of 91.7 Å(2) are likely inhibitors. In summary, α-hydroxypimelic acid and other analogues could be explored further as inhibitors of Mtb-DapA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Shrivastava
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IGIB South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Vikas Navratna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yumnam Silla
- Biotechnology Group (BIF center), Biological Science & Technology Division (BSTD), CSIR-North-East Institute of Science and Technology (CSIR-NEIST), Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Rikeshwer P. Dewangan
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Atreyi Pramanik
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - Sarika Chaudhary
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
| | - GeethaVani Rayasam
- Open Source Drug Discovery Unit (OSDD), CSIR-IGIB, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | - Anuradha Kumar
- Open Source Drug Discovery Unit (OSDD), CSIR-IGIB, New Delhi, 110001, India
| | | | - Srinivasan Ramachandran
- Functional Genomics Unit, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-IGIB South Campus, New Delhi 110025, India
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8
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Ji W, Sun W, Feng J, Song T, Zhang D, Ouyang P, Gu Z, Xie J. Characterization of a novel N-acetylneuraminic acid lyase favoring industrial N-acetylneuraminic acid synthesis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9341. [PMID: 25799411 PMCID: PMC5380162 DOI: 10.1038/srep09341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Acetylneuraminic acid lyase (NAL, E.C. number 4.1.3.3) is a Class I aldolase that catalyzes the reversible aldol cleavage of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) from pyruvate and N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (ManNAc). Due to the equilibrium favoring Neu5Ac cleavage, the enzyme catalyzes the rate-limiting step of two biocatalytic reactions producing Neu5Ac in industry. We report the biochemical characterization of a novel NAL from a “GRAS” (General recognized as safe) strain C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 (CgNal). Compared to all previously reported NALs, CgNal exhibited the lowest kcat/Km value for Neu5Ac and highest kcat/Km values for ManNAc and pyruvate, which makes CgNal favor Neu5Ac synthesis the most. The recombinant CgNal reached the highest expression level (480 mg/L culture), and the highest reported yield of Neu5Ac was achieved (194 g/L, 0.63 M). All these unique properties make CgNal a promising biocatalyst for industrial Neu5Ac biosynthesis. Additionally, although showing the best Neu5Ac synthesis activity among the NAL family, CgNal is more related to dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) by phylogenetic analysis. The activities of CgNal towards both NAL's and DHDPS' substrates are fairly high, which indicates CgNal a bi-functional enzyme. The sequence analysis suggests that CgNal might have adopted a unique set of residues for substrates recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Ji
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, PR China [2] College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China [3] National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Wujin Sun
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Jinmei Feng
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tianshun Song
- College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Dalu Zhang
- International Cooperation Division, China National Center for Biotechnology Development, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pingkai Ouyang
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, PR China [2] College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China [3] National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, United States
| | - Jingjing Xie
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing, PR China [2] College of Life Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, PR China [3] National Engineering Technique Research Center for Biotechnology, Nanjing, PR China
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9
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Crystal structure and in silico studies of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) from Aquifex aeolicus. Extremophiles 2014; 18:973-85. [PMID: 24996798 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-014-0667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, E.C.4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed step in the lysine biosynthetic pathway: the condensation of (S)-aspartate semialdehyde and pyruvate to form (4S)-4-hydroxy-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-(2S)-dipicolinic acid. Since (S)-lysine biosynthesis does not occur in animals, DHDPS is an attractive target for rational antibiotic and herbicide design. Here, we report the crystal structure of DHDPS from a hyperthermophilic bacterium Aquifex aeolicus (AqDHDPS). L-Lysine is used as an important animal feed additive where the production is at the level of 1.5 million tons per year. The biotechnological manufacture of lysine has been going for more than 50 years which includes over synthesis and reverse engineering of DHDPS. AqDHDPS revealed a unique disulfide linkage which is not conserved in the homologues of AqDHDPS. In silico mutation of C139A and intermolecular ion-pair residues and the subsequent molecular dynamics simulation of the mutants showed that these residues are critical for the stability of AqDHDPS tetramer. MD simulations of AqDHDPS at three different temperatures (303, 363 and 393 K) revealed that the molecule is stable at 363 K. Thus, this structural and in silico study of AqDHDPS likely provides additional details towards the rational and structure-based design of hyper-L-lysine producing bacterial strains.
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10
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Dogovski C, Gorman MA, Ketaren NE, Praszkier J, Zammit LM, Mertens HD, Bryant G, Yang J, Griffin MDW, Pearce FG, Gerrard JA, Jameson GB, Parker MW, Robins-Browne RM, Perugini MA. From knock-out phenotype to three-dimensional structure of a promising antibiotic target from Streptococcus pneumoniae. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83419. [PMID: 24349508 PMCID: PMC3862839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the rise in drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, there is an urgent need to discover new antimicrobials targeting this pathogen and an equally urgent need to characterize new drug targets. A promising antibiotic target is dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in lysine biosynthesis. In this study, we firstly show by gene knock out studies that S. pneumoniae (sp) lacking the DHDPS gene is unable to grow unless supplemented with lysine-rich media. We subsequently set out to characterize the structure, function and stability of the enzyme drug target. Our studies show that sp-DHDPS is folded and active with a k(cat) = 22 s(-1), K(M)(PYR) = 2.55 ± 0.05 mM and K(M)(ASA) = 0.044 ± 0.003 mM. Thermal denaturation experiments demonstrate sp-DHDPS exhibits an apparent melting temperature (T(M)(app)) of 72 °C, which is significantly greater than Escherichia coli DHDPS (Ec-DHDPS) (T(M)(app) = 59 °C). Sedimentation studies show that sp-DHDPS exists in a dimer-tetramer equilibrium with a K(D)(4→2) = 1.7 nM, which is considerably tighter than its E. coli ortholog (K(D)(4→2) = 76 nM). To further characterize the structure of the enzyme and probe its enhanced stability, we solved the high resolution (1.9 Å) crystal structure of sp-DHDPS (PDB ID 3VFL). The enzyme is tetrameric in the crystal state, consistent with biophysical measurements in solution. Although the sp-DHDPS and Ec-DHDPS active sites are almost identical, the tetramerization interface of the s. pneumoniae enzyme is significantly different in composition and has greater buried surface area (800 Å(2)) compared to its E. coli counterpart (500 Å(2)). This larger interface area is consistent with our solution studies demonstrating that sp-DHDPS is considerably more thermally and thermodynamically stable than Ec-DHDPS. Our study describe for the first time the knock-out phenotype, solution properties, stability and crystal structure of DHDPS from S. pneumoniae, a promising antimicrobial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael A. Gorman
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Natalia E. Ketaren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Judy Praszkier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Leanne M. Zammit
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Gary Bryant
- School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ji Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael D. W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Callaghan Innovation, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Geoffrey B. Jameson
- Centre for Structural Biology, Institute of Fundamental Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roy M. Robins-Browne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Siddiqui T, Paxman JJ, Dogovski C, Panjikar S, Perugini MA. Cloning to crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:1177-81. [PMID: 24100576 PMCID: PMC3792684 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309113024639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyses the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of meso-diaminopimelate and lysine. Here, the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS from the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila are described. Crystals grown in the presence of high-molecular-weight PEG precipitant and magnesium chloride were found to diffract beyond 1.65 Å resolution. The crystal lattice belonged to the hexagonal space group P6₁22, with unit-cell parameters a=b=89.31, c=290.18 Å, and contained two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The crystal structure was determined by molecular replacement using a single chain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa DHDPS as the search model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzeela Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | | | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- Australian Synchrotron, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton Campus, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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12
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Skovpen YV, Palmer DRJ. Dihydrodipicolinate Synthase from Campylobacter jejuni: Kinetic Mechanism of Cooperative Allosteric Inhibition and Inhibitor-Induced Substrate Cooperativity. Biochemistry 2013; 52:5454-62. [DOI: 10.1021/bi400693w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia V. Skovpen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada, S7N 5C9
| | - David R. J. Palmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada, S7N 5C9
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13
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Erzeel E, Van Bochaute P, Thu TT, Angenon G. Medicago truncatula dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) enzymes display novel regulatory properties. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:401-415. [PMID: 23329373 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0008-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Lysine biosynthesis in plants is tightly regulated by feedback inhibition of the end product on the first enzyme of the lysine-specific branch, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS). Three complete DHDPS coding sequences and one partial sequence were obtained in Medicago truncatula via inverse PCR. Analysis of the MtDHDPS sequences indicated the presence of isozymes (MtDHDPS2 and MtDHDPS3) with multiple amino acid substitutions on positions previously shown to be involved in feedback inhibition and of residues important for catalytic activity, possibly affecting the enzymatic properties of these isoforms. Sequences similar to MtDHDPS2 and 3 are present in Lotus japonicus and Glycine max, suggesting the existence of a specific conserved class of DHDPS genes within the Fabaceae family. The MtDHDPS genes were found by quantitative RT-PCR analysis to be expressed in an organ-specific manner in M. truncatula. All four MtDHDPS enzymes were expressed separately in Escherichia coli, revealing a strongly reduced sensitivity of the MtDHDPS2 protein to lysine feedback inhibition and a severely reduced activity of the MtDHDPS3 protein. Remarkably, MtDHDPS3 expression in Arabidopsis thaliana produced transgenic plants with a significantly increased threonine level, suggesting a dominant DHDPS inhibiting role of this isoform. This is supported by co-expression experiments in E. coli which indicate that AtDHDPS and MtDHDPS3 interact and may form hetero-oligomers with strongly reduced enzymatic activity. In conclusion, analysis of DHDPS in M. truncatula revealed the presence of unique isozymes displaying novel regulatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Erzeel
- Laboratory of Plant Genetics, Institute for Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
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14
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:1040-7. [PMID: 22949190 PMCID: PMC3433193 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309112033052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, plants and some fungi. This study describes the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS (NP_354047.1) from the plant pathogen Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AgT-DHDPS). Enzyme-kinetics studies demonstrate that AgT-DHDPS possesses DHDPS activity in vitro. Crystals of AgT-DHDPS were grown in the unliganded form and in forms with substrate bound and with substrate plus allosteric inhibitor (lysine) bound. X-ray diffraction data sets were subsequently collected to a maximum resolution of 1.40 Å. Determination of the structure with and without substrate and inhibitor will offer insight into the design of novel pesticide agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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15
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Griffin MDW, Billakanti JM, Wason A, Keller S, Mertens HDT, Atkinson SC, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA, Gerrard JA, Pearce FG. Characterisation of the first enzymes committed to lysine biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40318. [PMID: 22792278 PMCID: PMC3390394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, the lysine biosynthetic pathway is an attractive target for both the development of herbicides and increasing the nutritional value of crops given that lysine is a limiting amino acid in cereals. Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) and dihydrodipicolinate reductase (DHDPR) catalyse the first two committed steps of lysine biosynthesis. Here, we carry out for the first time a comprehensive characterisation of the structure and activity of both DHDPS and DHDPR from Arabidopsis thaliana. The A. thaliana DHDPS enzyme (At-DHDPS2) has similar activity to the bacterial form of the enzyme, but is more strongly allosterically inhibited by (S)-lysine. Structural studies of At-DHDPS2 show (S)-lysine bound at a cleft between two monomers, highlighting the allosteric site; however, unlike previous studies, binding is not accompanied by conformational changes, suggesting that binding may cause changes in protein dynamics rather than large conformation changes. DHDPR from A. thaliana (At-DHDPR2) has similar specificity for both NADH and NADPH during catalysis, and has tighter binding of substrate than has previously been reported. While all known bacterial DHDPR enzymes have a tetrameric structure, analytical ultracentrifugation, and scattering data unequivocally show that At-DHDPR2 exists as a dimer in solution. The exact arrangement of the dimeric protein is as yet unknown, but ab initio modelling of x-ray scattering data is consistent with an elongated structure in solution, which does not correspond to any of the possible dimeric pairings observed in the X-ray crystal structure of DHDPR from other organisms. This increased knowledge of the structure and function of plant lysine biosynthetic enzymes will aid future work aimed at improving primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. W. Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jagan M. Billakanti
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Akshita Wason
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sabrina Keller
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Industrial Research Limited, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Frederick Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interactions Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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16
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Downton MT, Pearce FG, Reboul CF, Buckle AM, Gerrard JA, Dobson RCJ, Wagner J, Perugini MA. Crystal, solution and in silico structural studies of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the common grapevine. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38318. [PMID: 22761676 PMCID: PMC3382604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyzes the rate limiting step in lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants. The structure of DHDPS has been determined from several bacterial species and shown in most cases to form a homotetramer or dimer of dimers. However, only one plant DHDPS structure has been determined to date from the wild tobacco species, Nicotiana sylvestris (Blickling et al. (1997) J. Mol. Biol. 274, 608-621). Whilst N. sylvestris DHDPS also forms a homotetramer, the plant enzyme adopts a 'back-to-back' dimer of dimers compared to the 'head-to-head' architecture observed for bacterial DHDPS tetramers. This raises the question of whether the alternative quaternary architecture observed for N. sylvestris DHDPS is common to all plant DHDPS enzymes. Here, we describe the structure of DHDPS from the grapevine plant, Vitis vinifera, and show using analytical ultracentrifugation, small-angle X-ray scattering and X-ray crystallography that V. vinifera DHDPS forms a 'back-to-back' homotetramer, consistent with N. sylvestris DHDPS. This study is the first to demonstrate using both crystal and solution state measurements that DHDPS from the grapevine plant adopts an alternative tetrameric architecture to the bacterial form, which is important for optimizing protein dynamics as suggested by molecular dynamics simulations reported in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew T. Downton
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Australia
| | - F. Grant Pearce
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Cyril F. Reboul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley M. Buckle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Wagner
- IBM Research Collaboratory for Life Sciences-Melbourne, Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, Carlton, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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17
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Geng F, Chen Z, Zheng P, Sun J, Zeng AP. Exploring the allosteric mechanism of dihydrodipicolinate synthase by reverse engineering of the allosteric inhibitor binding sites and its application for lysine production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:1963-71. [PMID: 22644522 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4062-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Revised: 03/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, EC 4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed reaction of L-lysine biosynthesis in bacteria and plants and is allosterically regulated by L-lysine. In previous studies, DHDPSs from different species were proved to have different sensitivity to L-lysine inhibition. In this study, we investigated the key determinants of feedback regulation between two industrially important DHDPSs, the L-lysine-sensitive DHDPS from Escherichia coli and L-lysine-insensitive DHDPS from Corynebacterium glutamicum, by sequence and structure comparisons and site-directed mutation. Feedback inhibition of E. coli DHDPS was successfully alleviated after substitution of the residues around the inhibitor's binding sites with those of C. glutamicum DHDPS. Interestingly, mutagenesis of the lysine binding sites of C. glutamicum DHDPS according to E. coli DHDPS did not recover the expected feedback inhibition but an activation of DHDPS by L-lysine, probably due to differences in the allosteic signal transduction in the DHDPS of these two organisms. Overexpression of L-lysine-insensitive E. coli DHDPS mutants in E. coli MG1655 resulted in an improvement of L-lysine production yield by 46 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Geng
- Department of Biopharmaceutic Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, China
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18
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Schnell R, Oehlmann W, Sandalova T, Braun Y, Huck C, Maringer M, Singh M, Schneider G. Tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase and dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa: structure analysis and gene deletion. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31133. [PMID: 22359568 PMCID: PMC3281039 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diaminopimelic acid pathway of lysine biosynthesis has been suggested to provide attractive targets for the development of novel antibacterial drugs. Here we report the characterization of two enzymes from this pathway in the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, utilizing structural biology, biochemistry and genetics. We show that tetrahydrodipicolinate N-succinyltransferase (DapD) from P. aeruginosa is specific for the L-stereoisomer of the amino substrate L-2-aminopimelate, and its D-enantiomer acts as a weak inhibitor. The crystal structures of this enzyme with L-2-aminopimelate and D-2-aminopimelate, respectively, reveal that both compounds bind at the same site of the enzyme. Comparison of the binding interactions of these ligands in the enzyme active site suggests misalignment of the amino group of D-2-aminopimelate for nucleophilic attack on the succinate moiety of the co-substrate succinyl-CoA as the structural basis of specificity and inhibition. P. aeruginosa mutants where the dapA gene had been deleted were viable and able to grow in a mouse lung infection model, suggesting that DapA is not an optimal target for drug development against this organism. Structure-based sequence alignments, based on the DapA crystal structure determined to 1.6 Å resolution revealed the presence of two homologues, PA0223 and PA4188, in P. aeruginosa that could substitute for DapA in the P. aeruginosa PAO1ΔdapA mutant. In vitro experiments using recombinant PA0223 protein could however not detect any DapA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schnell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wulf Oehlmann
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Tatyana Sandalova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Braun
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Mahavir Singh
- LIONEX Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Braunschweig, Germany
- * E-mail: (MS); (GS)
| | - Gunter Schneider
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (MS); (GS)
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19
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Atkinson SC, Dogovski C, Newman J, Dobson RCJ, Perugini MA. Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the grapevine Vitis vinifera. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1537-41. [PMID: 22139160 PMCID: PMC3232133 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111038395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) catalyses the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthesis pathway in bacteria, plants and some fungi. This study describes the cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of DHDPS from the grapevine Vitis vinifera (Vv-DHDPS). Following in-drop cleavage of the hexahistidine tag, cocrystals of Vv-DHDPS with the substrate pyruvate were grown in 0.1 M Bis-Tris propane pH 8.2, 0.2 M sodium bromide, 20%(w/v) PEG 3350. X-ray diffraction data in space group P1 at a resolution of 2.2 Å are presented. Preliminary diffraction data analysis indicated the presence of eight molecules per asymmetric unit (V(M) = 2.55 Å(3) Da(-1), 52% solvent content). The pending crystal structure of Vv-DHDPS will provide insight into the molecular evolution in quaternary structure of DHDPS enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Atkinson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Janet Newman
- CSIRO Division of Molecular and Health Technologies, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
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20
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Griffin MDW, Billakanti JM, Gerrard JA, Dobson RCJ, Pearce FG. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of dihydrodipicolinate synthase 2 from Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:1386-90. [PMID: 22102238 PMCID: PMC3212457 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111033276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS; EC 4.2.1.52) catalyzes the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthetic pathway in plants and bacteria. Since (S)-lysine biosynthesis does not occur in animals, DHDPS is an attractive target for rational antibiotic and herbicide design. Here, the cloning, expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of DHDPS2 from Arabidopsis thaliana are reported. Diffraction-quality protein crystals belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D W Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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21
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Evans G, Schuldt L, Griffin MDW, Devenish SRA, Grant Pearce F, Perugini MA, Dobson RCJ, Jameson GB, Weiss MS, Gerrard JA. A tetrameric structure is not essential for activity in dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 512:154-9. [PMID: 21672512 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Revised: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is a validated antibiotic target for which a new approach to inhibitor design has been proposed: disrupting native tetramer formation by targeting the dimer-dimer interface. In this study, rational design afforded a variant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mtb-DHDPS-A204R, with disrupted quaternary structure. X-ray crystallography (at a resolution of 2.1Å) revealed a dimeric protein with an identical fold and active-site structure to the tetrameric wild-type enzyme. Analytical ultracentrifugation confirmed the dimeric structure in solution, yet the dimeric mutant has similar activity to the wild-type enzyme. Although the affinity for both substrates was somewhat decreased, the high catalytic competency of the enzyme was surprising in the light of previous results showing that dimeric variants of the Escherichia coli and Bacillus anthracis DHDPS enzymes have dramatically reduced activity compared to their wild-type tetrameric counterparts. These results suggest that Mtb-DHDPS-A204R is similar to the natively dimeric enzyme from Staphylococcus aureus, and highlight our incomplete understanding of the role played by oligomerisation in relating protein structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve Evans
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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22
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Biochemical studies and crystal structure determination of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Biol Macromol 2011; 48:779-87. [PMID: 21396954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS, E.C. 4.2.1.52) from Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a potential drug target because it is essential for the growth of bacteria while it is absent in humans. Therefore, in order to design new compounds using structure based approach for inhibiting the function of DHDPS from P. aeruginosa (Ps), we have cloned, characterized biochemically and biophysically and have determined its three-dimensional structure. The gene encoding DHDPS (dapA) was cloned in a vector pET-28c(+) and the recombinant protein was overexpressed in the Escherichia coli host. The K(m) values of the recombinant enzyme estimated for the substrates, pyruvate and (S)-aspartate-β-semialdehyde [(S)-ASA] were found to be 0.90±0.13 mM and 0.17±0.02 mM, respectively. The circular dichroism studies showed that the enzyme adopts a characteristic β/α conformation which is retained up to 65°C. The fluorescence data indicated the presence of exposed tryptophan residues in the enzyme. The three-dimensional structure determination showed that DHDPS forms a homodimer which is stabilized by several hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces at the interface. The active site formed with residues Thr44, Tyr107 and Tyr133 is found to be stereochemically suitable for catalytic function. It may be noted that Tyr107 of the catalytic triad belongs to the partner molecule in the dimer. The structure of the complex of PsDHDPS with (S)-lysine determined at 2.65 Å resolution revealed the positions of three lysine molecules bound to the protein.
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23
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Wubben JM, Dogovski C, Dobson RCJ, Codd R, Gerrard JA, Parker MW, Perugini MA. Cloning, expression, purification and crystallization of dihydrodipicolinate synthase from the psychrophile Shewanella benthica. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1511-6. [PMID: 21045309 PMCID: PMC3001662 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110036791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) is an oligomeric enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step of the lysine-biosynthesis pathway in plants and bacteria, which yields essential building blocks for cell-wall and protein synthesis. DHDPS is therefore of interest to drug-discovery research as well as to studies that probe the importance of quaternary structure to protein function, stability and dynamics. Accordingly, DHDPS from the psychrophilic (cold-dwelling) organism Shewanella benthica (Sb-DHDPS) was cloned, expressed, purified and crystallized. The best crystals of Sb-DHDPS were grown in 200 mM ammonium sulfate, 100 mM bis-tris pH 5.0-6.0, 23-26%(w/v) PEG 3350, 0.02%(w/v) sodium azide and diffracted to beyond 2.5 Å resolution. Processing of diffraction data to 2.5 Å resolution resulted in a unit cell with space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) and dimensions a = 73.1, b = 84.0, c = 143.7 Å. These studies of the first DHDPS enzyme to be characterized from a bacterial psychrophile will provide insight into the molecular evolution of enzyme structure and dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta M. Wubben
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Con Dogovski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Renwick C. J. Dobson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Rachel Codd
- School of Medical Sciences (Pharmacology) and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Juliet A. Gerrard
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre and School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- St Vincents Institute of Medical Research, 9 Princes Street, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Matthew A. Perugini
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Griffin MD, Dobson RC, Gerrard JA, Perugini MA. Exploring the dihydrodipicolinate synthase tetramer: How resilient is the dimer–dimer interface? Arch Biochem Biophys 2010; 494:58-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Voss JE, Scally SW, Taylor NL, Atkinson SC, Griffin MDW, Hutton CA, Parker MW, Alderton MR, Gerrard JA, Dobson RCJ, Dogovski C, Perugini MA. Substrate-mediated stabilization of a tetrameric drug target reveals Achilles heel in anthrax. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:5188-95. [PMID: 19948665 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.038166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming bacterium that causes anthrax. With the increased threat of anthrax in biowarfare, there is an urgent need to characterize new antimicrobial targets from B. anthracis. One such target is dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), which catalyzes the committed step in the pathway yielding meso-diaminopimelate and lysine. In this study, we employed CD spectroscopy to demonstrate that the thermostability of DHDPS from B. anthracis (Ba-DHDPS) is significantly enhanced in the presence of the substrate, pyruvate. Analytical ultracentrifugation studies show that the tetramer-dimer dissociation constant of the enzyme is 3-fold tighter in the presence of pyruvate compared with the apo form. To examine the significance of this substrate-mediated stabilization phenomenon, a dimeric mutant of Ba-DHDPS (L170E/G191E) was generated and shown to have markedly reduced activity compared with the wild-type tetramer. This demonstrates that the substrate, pyruvate, stabilizes the active form of the enzyme. We next determined the high resolution (2.15 A) crystal structure of Ba-DHDPS in complex with pyruvate (3HIJ) and compared this to the apo structure (1XL9). Structural analyses show that there is a significant (91 A(2)) increase in buried surface area at the tetramerization interface of the pyruvate-bound structure. This study describes a new mechanism for stabilization of the active oligomeric form of an antibiotic target from B. anthracis and reveals an "Achilles heel" that can be exploited in structure-based drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod E Voss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Characterisation of dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) from Bacillus anthracis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2009; 1794:1510-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 06/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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