1
|
Vonada A, Wakefield L, Martinez M, Harding CO, Grompe M, Tiyaboonchai A. Complete correction of murine phenylketonuria by selection-enhanced hepatocyte transplantation. Hepatology 2024; 79:1088-1097. [PMID: 37824086 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocyte transplantation for genetic liver diseases has several potential advantages over gene therapy. However, the low efficiency of cell engraftment has limited its clinical implementation. This problem could be overcome by selectively expanding transplanted donor cells until they replace enough of the liver mass to achieve therapeutic benefit. We previously described a gene therapy method to selectively expand hepatocytes deficient in cytochrome p450 reductase (Cypor) using acetaminophen (APAP). Because Cypor is required for the transformation of APAP to a hepatotoxic metabolite, Cypor-deficient cells are protected from toxicity and are able to expand following APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we apply this selection system to correct a mouse model of phenylketonuria by cell transplantation. APPROACH AND RESULTS Hepatocytes from a wild-type donor animal were edited in vitro to create Cypor deficiency and then transplanted into phenylketonuric animals. Following selection with APAP, blood phenylalanine concentrations were fully normalized and remained stable following APAP withdrawal. Cypor-deficient hepatocytes expanded from < 1% to ~14% in corrected animals, and they showed no abnormalities in blood chemistries, liver histology, or drug metabolism. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that APAP-mediated selection of transplanted hepatocytes is a potential therapeutic for phenylketonuria with long-term efficacy and a favorable safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vonada
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Michael Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Amita Tiyaboonchai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Belenichev I, Popazova O, Bukhtiyarova N, Savchenko D, Oksenych V, Kamyshnyi O. Modulating Nitric Oxide: Implications for Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:504. [PMID: 38790609 PMCID: PMC11118938 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the significant progress in the fields of biology, physiology, molecular medicine, and pharmacology; the designation of the properties of nitrogen monoxide in the regulation of life-supporting functions of the organism; and numerous works devoted to this molecule, there are still many open questions in this field. It is widely accepted that nitric oxide (•NO) is a unique molecule that, despite its extremely simple structure, has a wide range of functions in the body, including the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (CNS), reproduction, the endocrine system, respiration, digestion, etc. Here, we systematize the properties of •NO, contributing in conditions of physiological norms, as well as in various pathological processes, to the mechanisms of cytoprotection and cytodestruction. Current experimental and clinical studies are contradictory in describing the role of •NO in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the cardiovascular system and CNS. We describe the mechanisms of cytoprotective action of •NO associated with the regulation of the expression of antiapoptotic and chaperone proteins and the regulation of mitochondrial function. The most prominent mechanisms of cytodestruction-the initiation of nitrosative and oxidative stresses, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and participation in apoptosis and mitosis. The role of •NO in the formation of endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction is also considered. Moreover, we focus on the various ways of pharmacological modulation in the nitroxidergic system that allow for a decrease in the cytodestructive mechanisms of •NO and increase cytoprotective ones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Belenichev
- Department of Pharmacology and Medical Formulation with Course of Normal Physiology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Olena Popazova
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Nina Bukhtiyarova
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Zaporizhzhia State Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 69000 Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Savchenko
- Department of Pharmacy and Industrial Drug Technology, Bogomolets National Medical University, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Broegelmann Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Oleksandr Kamyshnyi
- Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, I. Horbachevsky Ternopil State Medical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gasteazoro F, Catucci G, Barbieri L, De Angelis M, Dalla Costa A, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G, Valetti F. Cascade reactions with two non-physiological partners for NAD(P)H regeneration via renewable hydrogen. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300567. [PMID: 38581100 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
An attractive application of hydrogenases, combined with the availability of cheap and renewable hydrogen (i.e., from solar and wind powered electrolysis or from recycled wastes), is the production of high-value electron-rich intermediates such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotides. Here, the capability of a very robust and oxygen-resilient [FeFe]-hydrogenase (CbA5H) from Clostridium beijerinckii SM10, previously identified in our group, combined with a reductase (BMR) from Bacillus megaterium (now reclassified as Priestia megaterium) was tested. The system shows a good stability and it was demonstrated to reach up to 28 ± 2 nmol NADPH regenerated s-1 mg of hydrogenase-1 (i.e., 1.68 ± 0.12 U mg-1, TOF: 126 ± 9 min-1) and 0.46 ± 0.04 nmol NADH regenerated s-1 mg of hydrogenase-1 (i.e., 0.028 ± 0.002 U mg-1, TOF: 2.1 ± 0.2 min-1), meaning up to 74 mg of NADPH and 1.23 mg of NADH produced per hour by a system involving 1 mg of CbA5H. The TOF is comparable with similar systems based on hydrogen as regenerating molecule for NADPH, but the system is first of its kind as for the [FeFe]-hydrogenase and the non-physiological partners used. As a proof of concept a cascade reaction involving CbA5H, BMR and a mutant BVMO from Acinetobacter radioresistens able to oxidize indole is presented. The data show how the cascade can be exploited for indigo production and multiple reaction cycles can be sustained using the regenerated NADPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Gasteazoro
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- CICATA Unidad Morelos, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico D. F., Mexico
| | - Gianluca Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Lisa Barbieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- University School for Advanced Studies IUSS Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Melissa De Angelis
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Sheila J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Francesca Valetti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumar R, Jayaraman M, Ramadas K, Chandrasekaran A. Computational identification and analysis of deleterious non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human POR gene: a structural and functional impact. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:1518-1532. [PMID: 37173831 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2211674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) protein is essential for steroidogenesis, and POR gene mutations are frequently associated with P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency (PORD), a disorder of hormone production. To our knowledge, no previous attempt has been made to identify and analyze the deleterious/pathogenic non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in the human POR gene through an extensive computational approach. Computational algorithms and tools were employed to identify, characterize, and validate the pathogenic SNPs associated with certain diseases. To begin with, all the high-confidence SNPs were collected, and their structural and functional impacts on the protein structures were explored. The results of various in silico analyses affirm that the A287P and R457H variants of POR could destabilize the interactions between the amino acids and the hydrogen bond networks, resulting in functional deviations of POR. The literature study further confirms that the pathogenic mutations (A287P and R457H) are associated with the onset of PORD. Molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) and essential dynamics (ED) studies characterized the structural consequences of prioritized deleterious mutations, representing the structural destabilization that might disrupt POR biological function. The identified deleterious mutations at the cofactor's binding domains might interfere with the essential interactions between the protein and cofactors, thus inhibiting POR catalytic activity. The consolidated insights from the computational analyses can be used to predict potential deleterious mutants and understand the disease's pathological basis and the molecular mechanism of drug metabolism for the application of personalized medication. HIGHLIGHTSNADPH cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) mutations are associated with a broad spectrum of human diseasesIdentified and analyzed the most deleterious nsSNPs of POR through the sequence and structure-based prediction toolsInvestigated the structural and functional impacts of the most significant mutations (A287P and R457H) associated with PORDMolecular dynamics and PCA-based FEL analysis were utilized to probe the mutation-induced structural alterations in PORCommunicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajalakshmi Kumar
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| | - Manikandan Jayaraman
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Krishna Ramadas
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, India
| | - Adithan Chandrasekaran
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pillayarkuppam, Puducherry, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Burris-Hiday SD, Scott EE. Allosteric modulation of cytochrome P450 enzymes by the NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase FMN-containing domain. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105112. [PMID: 37517692 PMCID: PMC10481364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase delivers electrons required by heme oxygenase, squalene monooxygenase, fatty acid desaturase, and 48 human cytochrome P450 enzymes. While conformational changes supporting reductase intramolecular electron transfer are well defined, intermolecular interactions with these targets are poorly understood, in part because of their transient association. Herein the reductase FMN domain responsible for interacting with targets was fused to the N-terminus of three drug-metabolizing and two steroidogenic cytochrome P450 enzymes to increase the probability of interaction. These artificial fusion enzymes were profiled for their ability to bind their respective substrates and inhibitors and to perform catalysis supported by cumene hydroperoxide. Comparisons with the isolated P450 enzymes revealed that even the oxidized FMN domain causes substantial and diverse effects on P450 function. The FMN domain could increase, decrease, or not affect total ligand binding and/or dissociation constants depending on both P450 enzyme and ligand. As examples, FMN domain fusion has no effect on inhibitor ketoconazole binding to CYP17A1 but substantially altered CYP21A2 binding of the same compound. FMN domain fusion to CYP21A2 resulted in differential effects dependent on whether the ligand was 17α-hydroxyprogesterone versus ketoconazole. Similar enzyme-specific effects were observed on steady-state kinetics. These observations are most consistent with FMN domain interacting with the proximal P450 surface to allosterically impact P450 ligand binding and metabolism separate from electron delivery. The variety of effects on different P450 enzymes and on the same P450 with different ligands suggests intricate and differential allosteric communication between the P450 active site and its proximal reductase-binding surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah D Burris-Hiday
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Emily E Scott
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry and the Programs in Chemical Biology and Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vonada A, Wakefield L, Martinez M, Harding CO, Grompe M, Tiyaboonchai A. Complete correction of murine phenylketonuria by selection-enhanced hepatocyte transplantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.27.554228. [PMID: 37693457 PMCID: PMC10491101 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.27.554228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocyte transplantation for genetic liver diseases has several potential advantages over gene therapy. However, low efficiency of cell engraftment has limited its clinical implementation. This problem could be overcome by selectively expanding transplanted donor cells until they replace enough of the liver mass to achieve therapeutic benefit. We previously described a gene therapy method to selectively expand hepatocytes deficient in cytochrome p450 reductase (Cypor) using acetaminophen (APAP). Because Cypor is required for the transformation of APAP to a hepatotoxic metabolite, Cypor deficient cells are protected from toxicity and are able to expand following APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we apply this selection system to correct a mouse model of phenylketonuria (PKU) by cell transplantation. Hepatocytes from a wildtype donor animal were edited in vitro to create Cypor deficiency and then transplanted into PKU animals. Following selection with APAP, blood phenylalanine concentrations were fully normalized and remained stable following APAP withdrawal. Cypor-deficient hepatocytes expanded from <1% to ~14% in corrected animals, and they showed no abnormalities in blood chemistries, liver histology, or drug metabolism. We conclude that APAP-mediated selection of transplanted hepatocytes is a potential therapeutic for PKU with long-term efficacy and a favorable safety profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vonada
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Michael Martinez
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Cary O. Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amita Tiyaboonchai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wang N, Peng H, Yang C, Guo W, Wang M, Li G, Liu D. Metabolic Engineering of Model Microorganisms for the Production of Xanthophyll. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1252. [PMID: 37317226 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11051252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyll is an oxidated version of carotenoid. It presents significant value to the pharmaceutical, food, and cosmetic industries due to its specific antioxidant activity and variety of colors. Chemical processing and conventional extraction from natural organisms are still the main sources of xanthophyll. However, the current industrial production model can no longer meet the demand for human health care, reducing petrochemical energy consumption and green sustainable development. With the swift development of genetic metabolic engineering, xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms shows great application potential. At present, compared to carotenes such as lycopene and β-carotene, xanthophyll has a relatively low production in engineering microorganisms due to its stronger inherent antioxidation, relatively high polarity, and longer metabolic pathway. This review comprehensively summarized the progress in xanthophyll synthesis by the metabolic engineering of model microorganisms, described strategies to improve xanthophyll production in detail, and proposed the current challenges and future efforts needed to build commercialized xanthophyll-producing microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huakang Peng
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Caifeng Yang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenfang Guo
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gangqiang Li
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Dehu Liu
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Li H, Yuan S, Wu H, Liu X, Zhang J. NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase knockdown decreases the response to precocene I in the migratory locust Locusta migratoria. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 190:105337. [PMID: 36740331 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precocene I is a juvenile hormone antagonist that needs to be activated via oxidative biotransformation catalyzed by cytochrome P450 (CYP). NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) supplies CYP with electrons in the oxidation-reduction process; however, its functional role in the activation of precocene I remains unexplored. Here, the representative characteristics of CPRs were analyzed in the CPR gene of Locusta migratoria (LmCPR), the result of model docking indicated that the hydrogen bonds were formed between reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and NADPH-, FAD-, FMN-domains of LmCPR, respectively. Treating the fourth-instar nymphs with precocene I decreased the juvenile hormone titers of nymphs to 0.55-fold of that in acetone-treated controls, and extended the interval time between fourth- and fifth-instar nymphs. 68.75% of the treated fourth-instar nymphs developed into precocious adults in the fifth-instar. LmCPR knockdown decreased the response to precocene I in the nymphs, the occurrence rate of precocious adults induced by precocene I treatment reduced by 23.11%. Therefore, LmCPR may be involved in the activation of precocene I in L. migratoria. In addition, we generated an active recombinant LmCPR protein using a prokaryotic expression system, its activity in reducing cytochrome c was 33.13 ± 11.50 nmol CytCred/min/μg protein. This study lays the foundation for further research on the role of LmCPR in precocene I activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China.
| | - Hongli Li
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Shaohang Yuan
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China; College of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Haihua Wu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Xiaojian Liu
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Jianzhen Zhang
- Institute of Applied Biology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tiyaboonchai A, Vonada A, Posey J, Pelz C, Wakefield L, Grompe M. Self-cleaving guide RNAs enable pharmacological selection of precise gene editing events in vivo. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7391. [PMID: 36450762 PMCID: PMC9712609 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35097-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of guide RNAs in the CRISPR/Cas9 system typically requires the use of RNA polymerase III promoters, which are not cell-type specific. Flanking the gRNA with self-cleaving ribozyme motifs to create a self-cleaving gRNA overcomes this limitation. Here, we use self-cleaving gRNAs to create drug-selectable gene editing events in specific hepatocyte loci. A recombinant Adeno Associated Virus vector targeting the Albumin locus with a promoterless self-cleaving gRNA to create drug resistance is linked in cis with the therapeutic transgene. Gene expression of both are dependent on homologous recombination into the target locus. In vivo drug selection for the precisely edited hepatocytes allows >30-fold expansion of gene-edited cells and results in therapeutic levels of a human Factor 9 transgene. Importantly, self-cleaving gRNA expression is also achieved after targeting weak hepatocyte genes. We conclude that self-cleaving gRNAs are a powerful system to enable cell-type specific in vivo drug resistance for therapeutic gene editing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Tiyaboonchai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Anne Vonada
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Posey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Carl Pelz
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Leslie Wakefield
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Papé Pediatric Research Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Iyanagi T. Roles of Ferredoxin-NADP + Oxidoreductase and Flavodoxin in NAD(P)H-Dependent Electron Transfer Systems. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2143. [PMID: 36358515 PMCID: PMC9687028 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Distinct isoforms of FAD-containing ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR) and ferredoxin (Fd) are involved in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic electron transfer systems. The FNR (FAD)-Fd [2Fe-2S] redox pair complex switches between one- and two-electron transfer reactions in steps involving FAD semiquinone intermediates. In cyanobacteria and some algae, one-electron carrier Fd serves as a substitute for low-potential FMN-containing flavodoxin (Fld) during growth under low-iron conditions. This complex evolves into the covalent FNR (FAD)-Fld (FMN) pair, which participates in a wide variety of NAD(P)H-dependent metabolic pathways as an electron donor, including bacterial sulfite reductase, cytochrome P450 BM3, plant or mammalian cytochrome P450 reductase and nitric oxide synthase isoforms. These electron transfer systems share the conserved Ser-Glu/Asp pair in the active site of the FAD module. In addition to physiological electron acceptors, the NAD(P)H-dependent diflavin reductase family catalyzes a one-electron reduction of artificial electron acceptors such as quinone-containing anticancer drugs. Conversely, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), which shares a Fld-like active site, functions as a typical two-electron transfer antioxidant enzyme, and the NQO1 and UDP-glucuronosyltransfease/sulfotransferase pairs function as an antioxidant detoxification system. In this review, the roles of the plant FNR-Fd and FNR-Fld complex pairs were compared to those of the diflavin reductase (FAD-FMN) family. In the final section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain electron transfer systems are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Iyanagi
- Graduate School of Life Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Akoh 678-1297, Hyogo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Urban P, Pompon D. Confrontation of AlphaFold models with experimental structures enlightens conformational dynamics supporting CYP102A1 functions. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15982. [PMID: 36155638 PMCID: PMC9510131 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20390-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformational dynamics plays a critical role for the function of multidomain electron transfer complexes. While crystallographic or NMR approaches allow detailed insight into structures, lower resolution methods like cryo-electron microscopy can provide more information on dynamics. In silico structure modelling using AlphaFold was recently successfully extended to the prediction of protein complexes but its capability to address large conformational changes involved in catalysis remained obscure. We used bacterial CYP102A1 monooxygenase homodimer as a test case to design a competitive modelling approach (CMA) for assessing alternate conformations of multi-domain complexes. Predictions were confronted with published crystallographic and cryo-EM data, evidencing consistencies but also permitting some reinterpretation of experimental data. Structural determinants stabilising the new type of domain connectivity evidenced in this bacterial self-sufficient monooxygenase were analysed by CMA and used for in silico retro-engineering applied to its eukaryotic bi-component counterparts.
Collapse
|
12
|
Brogyányi T, Kaplánek R, Kejík Z, Hosnedlová B, Antonyová V, Abramenko N, Veselá K, Martásek P, Vokurka M, Richardson DR, Jakubek M. Azulene hydrazide-hydrazones for selective targeting of pancreatic cancer cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 155:113736. [PMID: 36156366 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of iron homeostasis is one of the important processes in the development of many oncological diseases, such as pancreatic cancer. Targeting it with specific agents, such as an iron chelator, are promising therapeutic methods. In this study, we tested the cytotoxicity of novel azulene hydrazide-hydrazone-based chelators against pancreatic cancer cell lines (MIA PaCa-2, PANC-1, AsPC-1). All prepared chelators (compounds 4-6) showed strong cytotoxicity against pancreatic cancer cell lines and high selectivity for cancer cell lines compared to the healthy line. Their cytotoxicity is lower than thiosemicarbazone-based chelators Dp44mT and DpC, but significantly higher than hydroxamic acid-based chelator DFO. The chelator tested showed mitochondrial and lysosomal co-localization and its mechanism of action was based on the induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1-alpha (HIF-1α), N-myc downstream-regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1). This strongly implies that the cytotoxic effect of tested chelators could be associated with mitophagy induction. Lipinski's rule of five analyses was performed to determine whether the prepared compounds had properties ensuring their bioavailability. In addition, the drug-likeness and drug-score were calculated and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Brogyányi
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Kaplánek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Kejík
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Božena Hosnedlová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Antonyová
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikita Abramenko
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Veselá
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Martásek
- Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vokurka
- Institute of Pathological Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, U Nemocnice 5, 128 53 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Des R Richardson
- Centre for Cancer Cell Biology and Drug Discovery, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Milan Jakubek
- BIOCEV, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Průmyslová 595, 252 50 Vestec, Czech Republic; Department of Paediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Ke Karlovu 455, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Smeets E, Huang S, Lee XY, Van Nieuwenhove E, Helsen C, Handle F, Moris L, El Kharraz S, Eerlings R, Devlies W, Willemsen M, Bücken L, Prezzemolo T, Humblet-Baron S, Voet A, Rochtus A, Van Schepdael A, de Zegher F, Claessens F. A disease-associated missense mutation in CYP4F3 affects the metabolism of leukotriene B4 via disruption of electron transfer. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:2242-2253. [PMID: 35686338 PMCID: PMC9397552 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome P450 4F3 (CYP4F3) is an ω-hydroxylase that oxidizes leukotriene B4 (LTB4), prostaglandins, and fatty acid epoxides. LTB4 is synthesized by leukocytes and acts as a chemoattractant for neutrophils, making it an essential component of the innate immune system. Recently, involvement of the LTB4 pathway was reported in various immunological disorders such as asthma, arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. We report a 26-year-old female with a complex immune phenotype, mainly marked by exhaustion, muscle weakness, and inflammation-related conditions. The molecular cause is unknown, and symptoms have been aggravating over the years. METHODS Whole exome sequencing was performed and validated; flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to describe patient's phenotype. Function and impact of the mutation were investigated using molecular analysis: co-immunoprecipitation, western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Capillary electrophoresis with ultraviolet detection was used to detect LTB4 and its metabolite and in silico modelling provided structural information. RESULTS We present the first report of a patient with a heterozygous de novo missense mutation c.C1123 > G;p.L375V in CYP4F3 that severely impairs its activity by 50% (P < 0.0001), leading to reduced metabolization of the pro-inflammatory LTB4. Systemic LTB4 levels (1034.0 ± 75.9 pg/mL) are significantly increased compared with healthy subjects (305.6 ± 57.0 pg/mL, P < 0.001), and immune phenotyping shows increased total CD19+ CD27- naive B cells (25%) and decreased total CD19+ CD27+ IgD- switched memory B cells (19%). The mutant CYP4F3 protein is stable and binding with its electron donors POR and Cytb5 is unaffected (P > 0.9 for both co-immunoprecipitation with POR and Cytb5). In silico modelling of CYP4F3 in complex with POR and Cytb5 suggests that the loss of catalytic activity of the mutant CYP4F3 is explained by a disruption of an α-helix that is crucial for the electron shuffling between the electron carriers and CYP4F3. Interestingly, zileuton still inhibits ex vivo LTB4 production in patient's whole blood to 2% of control (P < 0.0001), while montelukast and fluticasone do not (99% and 114% of control, respectively). CONCLUSIONS A point mutation in the catalytic domain of CYP4F3 is associated with high leukotriene B4 plasma levels and features of a more naive adaptive immune response. Our data provide evidence for the pathogenicity of the CYP4F3 variant as a cause for the observed clinical features in the patient. Inhibitors of the LTB4 pathway such as zileuton show promising effects in blocking LTB4 production and might be used as a future treatment strategy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elien Smeets
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shengyun Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xiao Yin Lee
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erika Van Nieuwenhove
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christine Helsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Handle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Moris
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sarah El Kharraz
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Roy Eerlings
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wout Devlies
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathijs Willemsen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leoni Bücken
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Teresa Prezzemolo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arnout Voet
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry, Molecular and Structural Biology Section Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Francis de Zegher
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Claessens
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Murray DT, Walia N, Weiss KL, Stanley CB, Nagy G, Stroupe ME. Neutron scattering maps the higher-order assembly of NADPH-dependent assimilatory sulfite reductase. Biophys J 2022; 121:1799-1812. [PMID: 35443926 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2022.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Precursor molecules for biomass incorporation must be imported into cells and made available to the molecular machines that build the cell. Sulfur-containing macromolecules require that sulfur be in its S2- oxidation state before assimilation into amino acids, cofactors, and vitamins that are essential to organisms throughout the biosphere. In α-proteobacteria, NADPH-dependent assimilatory sulfite reductase (SiR) performs the final six-electron reduction of sulfur. SiR is a dodecameric oxidoreductase composed of an octameric flavoprotein reductase (SiRFP) and four hemoprotein metalloenzyme oxidases (SiRHP). SiR performs the electron transfer reduction reaction to produce sulfide from sulfite through coordinated domain movements and subunit interactions without release of partially reduced intermediates. Efforts to understand the electron transfer mechanism responsible for SiR's efficiency are confounded by structural heterogeneity arising from intrinsically disordered regions throughout its complex, including the flexible linker joining SiRFP's flavin-binding domains. As a result, high-resolution structures of SiR dodecamer and its subcomplexes are unknown, leaving a gap in the fundamental understanding of how SiR performs this uniquely large-volume electron transfer reaction. Here, we use deuterium labeling, in vitro reconstitution, analytical ultracentrifugation (AUC), small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), and neutron contrast variation (NCV) to observe the relative subunit positions within SiR's higher-order assembly. AUC and SANS reveal SiR to be a flexible dodecamer and confirm the mismatched SiRFP and SiRHP subunit stoichiometry. NCV shows that the complex is asymmetric, with SiRHP on the periphery of the complex and the centers of mass between SiRFP and SiRHP components over 100 Å apart. SiRFP undergoes compaction upon assembly into SiR's dodecamer and SiRHP adopts multiple positions in the complex. The resulting map of SiR's higher-order structure supports a cis/trans mechanism for electron transfer between domains of reductase subunits as well as between tightly-bound or transiently-interacting reductase and oxidase subunits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Murray
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Nidhi Walia
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA
| | - Kevin L Weiss
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Christopher B Stanley
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA; Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Gergely Nagy
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Stroupe
- Department of Biological Science and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pan Y, Chang J, Xu P, Xie Y, Yang L, Hao W, Li J, Wan B. Twenty-four hours of Thiamethoxam: In vivo and molecular dynamics simulation study on the toxicokinetic and underlying mechanisms in quails (Coturnix japonica). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128159. [PMID: 34979383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids is the most widely used insecticide, its contamination has led to sustained bird population declines. However, the toxicokinetic and underlying mechanisms of neonicotinoid toxicity in birds are largely unknown. Thiamethoxam (TMX), as a representative neonicotinoid insecticide, is now widely detected in most environmental medium and animal bodies. In this study, 5 mg/kg body weight TMX (potential environmental intake level) were orally administrated to male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica). We found a rapid absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination of TMX in quails in a period of 24 h, with the main metabolite, clothianidin (CLO), being extensively distributed and rapidly eliminated from tissues as well. The maximum plasm concentration of CLO was consistent with wild birds. Metabolomics analysis and followed determination of liver enzymes mRNA expression indicated the rapid metabolism was mediated mainly by CYPs and GSTs that involved riboflavin metabolism and glutathione metabolism pathways upon TMX exposure. Molecular dynamic simulation showed the strongest binding interaction in quail CYP2H1-TMX and CYP3A12-CLO complexes among a set of CYPs-substrate. The present study elucidated toxicokinetic and underlying metabolic mechanisms of TMX in quails at environmentally-relevant concentration, the findings would facilitate the understanding of potential risks of TMX and its metabolites to birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Pan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Chang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Xie
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection & Quarantine, Beijing 100176, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China; Agricultural Information Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiyu Hao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Wan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing RD 18, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yuquan RD 19 a, Beijing 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Oxygen levels are key to understanding "Anaerobic" protozoan pathogens with micro-aerophilic lifestyles. Adv Microb Physiol 2021; 79:163-240. [PMID: 34836611 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2021.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Publications abound on the physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of "anaerobic" protozoal parasites as usually grown under "anaerobic" culture conditions. The media routinely used are poised at low redox potentials using techniques that remove O2 to "undetectable" levels in sealed containers. However there is growing understanding that these culture conditions do not faithfully resemble the O2 environments these organisms inhabit. Here we review for protists lacking oxidative energy metabolism, the oxygen cascade from atmospheric to intracellular concentrations and relevant methods of measurements of O2, some well-studied parasitic or symbiotic protozoan lifestyles, their homeodynamic metabolic and redox balances, organism-drug-oxygen interactions, and the present and future prospects for improved drugs and treatment regimes.
Collapse
|
17
|
Rwere F, Im S, Waskell L. The FMN "140s Loop" of Cytochrome P450 Reductase Controls Electron Transfer to Cytochrome P450. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910625. [PMID: 34638963 PMCID: PMC8508823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR) provides electrons to all human microsomal cytochrome P450s (cyt P450s). The length and sequence of the “140s” FMN binding loop of CYPOR has been shown to be a key determinant of its redox potential and activity with cyt P450s. Shortening the “140s loop” by deleting glycine-141(ΔGly141) and by engineering a second mutant that mimics flavo-cytochrome P450 BM3 (ΔGly141/Glu142Asn) resulted in mutants that formed an unstable anionic semiquinone. In an attempt to understand the molecular basis of the inability of these mutants to support activity with cyt P450, we expressed, purified, and determined their ability to reduce ferric P450. Our results showed that the ΔGly141 mutant with a very mobile loop only reduced ~7% of cyt P450 with a rate similar to that of the wild type. On the other hand, the more stable loop in the ΔGly141/Glu142Asn mutant allowed for ~55% of the cyt P450 to be reduced ~60% faster than the wild type. Our results reveal that the poor activity of the ΔGly141 mutant is primarily accounted for by its markedly diminished ability to reduce ferric cyt P450. In contrast, the poor activity of the ΔGly141/Glu142Asn mutant is presumably a consequence of the altered structure and mobility of the “140s loop”.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freeborn Rwere
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan and VAMC, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (S.I.); (L.W.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Sangchoul Im
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan and VAMC, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (S.I.); (L.W.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan and VAMC, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Lucy Waskell
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan and VAMC, 2215 Fuller Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; (S.I.); (L.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Vonada A, Tiyaboonchai A, Nygaard S, Posey J, Peters AM, Winn SR, Cantore A, Naldini L, Harding CO, Grompe M. Therapeutic liver repopulation by transient acetaminophen selection of gene-modified hepatocytes. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:eabg3047. [PMID: 34108249 PMCID: PMC9094690 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abg3047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy by integrating vectors is promising for monogenic liver diseases, especially in children where episomal vectors remain transient. However, reaching the therapeutic threshold with genome-integrating vectors is challenging. Therefore, we developed a method to expand hepatocytes bearing therapeutic transgenes. The common fever medicine acetaminophen becomes hepatotoxic via cytochrome p450 metabolism. Lentiviral vectors with transgenes linked in cis to a Cypor shRNA were administered to neonatal mice. Hepatocytes lacking the essential cofactor of Cyp enzymes, NADPH-cytochrome p450 reductase (Cypor), were selected in vivo by acetaminophen administration, replacing up to 50% of the hepatic mass. Acetaminophen treatment of the mice resulted in over 30-fold expansion of transgene-bearing hepatocytes and achieved therapeutic thresholds in hemophilia B and phenylketonuria. We conclude that therapeutically modified hepatocytes can be selected safely and efficiently in preclinical models with a transient regimen of moderately hepatotoxic acetaminophen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Vonada
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Amita Tiyaboonchai
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Sean Nygaard
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Jeffrey Posey
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alexander Mack Peters
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Shelley R Winn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Alessio Cantore
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Naldini
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cary O Harding
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Markus Grompe
- Oregon Stem Cell Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hubbard PA, Xia C, Shen AL, Kim JJP. Structural and kinetic investigations of the carboxy terminus of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 701:108792. [PMID: 33556357 PMCID: PMC8020834 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the side chains and positioning of the carboxy-terminal residues of NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) on catalytic activity, structure of the carboxy terminus, and interaction with cofactors has been investigated. A tandem deletion of residues Asp675 and Val676, that was expected to shift the position of the functionally important Trp677, resulted in higher cytochrome c reductase activity than that expected from previous studies on the importance of Asp675 and Trp677 in catalysis. Crystallographic determination of the structure of this variant revealed two conformations of the carboxy terminus. In one conformation (Mol A), the last α-helix is partially unwound, resulting in repositioning of all subsequent residues in β-strand 21, from Arg671 to Leu674 (corresponding to Ser673 and Val676 in the wild type structure). This results in the two C-terminal residues, Trp677 and Ser678, being maintained in their wild type positions, with the indole ring of Trp677 stacked against the isoalloxazine ring of FAD as seen in the wild type structure, and Ser673 occupying a similar position to the catalytic residue, Asp675. The other, more disordered conformation is a mixture of the Mol A conformation and one in which the last α-helix is not unwound and the nicotinamide ring is in one of two conformations, out towards the protein surface as observed in the wild type structure (1AMO), or stacked against the flavin ring, similar to that seen in the W677X structure that lacks Trp677 and Ser678 (1JA0). Further kinetic analysis on additional variants showed deletion or substitution of alanine or glycine for Trp677 in conjunction with deletion of Ser678 produced alterations in interactions of CYPOR with NADP+, 2'5'-ADP, and 2'-AMP, as well as the pH dependence of cytochrome c reductase activity. We postulate that deletion of bulky residues at the carboxy terminus permits increased mobility leading to decreased affinity for the 2'5'-ADP and 2'-AMP moieties of NADP+ and subsequent domain movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Hubbard
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Chuanwu Xia
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anna L Shen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jung-Ja P Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Small-angle neutron scattering solution structures of NADPH-dependent sulfite reductase. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107724. [PMID: 33722582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sulfite reductase (SiR), a dodecameric complex of flavoprotein reductase subunits (SiRFP) and hemoprotein oxidase subunits (SiRHP), reduces sulfur for biomass incorporation. Electron transfer within SiR requires intra- and inter-subunit interactions that are mediated by the relative position of each protein, governed by flexible domain movements. Using small-angle neutron scattering, we report the first solution structures of SiR heterodimers containing a single copy of each subunit. These structures show how the subunits bind and how both subunit binding and oxidation state impact SiRFP's conformation. Neutron contrast matching experiments on selectively deuterated heterodimers allow us to define the contribution of each subunit to the solution scattering. SiRHP binding induces a change in the position of SiRFP's flavodoxin-like domain relative to its ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase domain while compacting SiRHP's N-terminus. Reduction of SiRFP leads to a more open structure relative to its oxidized state, re-positioning SiRFP's N-terminal flavodoxin-like domain towards the SiRHP binding position. These structures show, for the first time, how both SiRHP binding to, and reduction of, SiRFP positions SiRFP for electron transfer between the subunits.
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang Z, Shaik S, Wang B. Conformational Motion of Ferredoxin Enables Efficient Electron Transfer to Heme in the Full-Length P450 TT. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1005-1016. [PMID: 33426875 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are versatile biocatalysts used in natural products biosynthesis, xenobiotic metabolisms, and biotechnologies. In P450s, the electrons required for O2 activation are supplied by NAD(P)H through stepwise electron transfers (ETs) mediated by redox partners. While much is known about the machinery of the catalytic cycle of P450s, the mechanisms of long-range ET are largely unknown. Very recently, the first crystal structure of full-length P450TT was solved. This enables us to decipher the interdomain ET mechanism between the [2Fe-2S]-containing ferredoxin and the heme, by use of molecular dynamics simulations. In contrast to the "distal" conformation characterized in the crystal structure where the [2Fe-2S] cluster is ∼28 Å away from heme-Fe, our simulations demonstrated a "proximal" conformation of [2Fe-2S] that is ∼17 Å [and 13.7 Å edge-to-edge] away from heme-Fe, which may enable the interdomain ET. Key residues involved in ET pathways and interdomain complexation were identified, some of which have already been verified by recent mutation studies. The conformational transit of ferredoxin between "distal" and "proximal" was found to be controlled mostly by the long-range electrostatic interactions between the ferredoxin domain and the other two domains. Furthermore, our simulations show that the full-length P450TT utilizes a flexible ET pathway that resembles either P450Scc or P450cam. Thus, this study provides a uniform picture of the ET process between reductase domains and heme domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Sason Shaik
- Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry of Solid Surface and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Röllig R, Paul CE, Claeys-Bruno M, Duquesne K, Kara S, Alphand V. Divorce in the two-component BVMO family: the single oxygenase for enantioselective chemo-enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidations. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:3441-3450. [PMID: 33899864 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Two-component flavoprotein monooxygenases consist of a reductase and an oxygenase enzyme. The proof of functionality of the latter without its counterpart as well as the mechanism of flavin transfer remains unanswered beyond doubt. To tackle this question, we utilized a reductase-free reaction system applying purified 2,5-diketocamphane-monooxygenase I (2,5-DKCMO), a FMN-dependent type II Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenase, and synthetic nicotinamide analogues (NCBs) as dihydropyridine derivatives for FMN reduction. This system demonstrated the stand-alone quality of the oxygenase, as well as the mechanism of FMNH2 transport by free diffusion. The efficiency of this reductase-free system strongly relies on the balance of FMN reduction and enzymatic (re)oxidation, since reduced FMN in solution causes undesired side reactions, such as hydrogen peroxide formation. Design of experiments allowed us to (i) investigate the effect of various reaction parameters, underlining the importance to balance the FMN/FMNH2 cycle, (ii) optimize the reaction system for the enzymatic Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of rac-bicyclo[3.2.0]hept-2-en-6-one, rac-camphor, and rac-norcamphor. Finally, this study not only demonstrates the reductase-independence of 2,5-DKCMO, but also revisits the terminology of two-component flavoprotein monooxygenases for this specific case.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Röllig
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, Marseille, France. and Aarhus University, Denmark
| | | | | | - Katia Duquesne
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Véronique Alphand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2 UMR 7313, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chen CC, Min J, Zhang L, Yang Y, Yu X, Guo RT. Advanced Understanding of the Electron Transfer Pathway of Cytochrome P450s. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1317-1328. [PMID: 33232569 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450s are heme-thiolate enzymes that participate in carbon source assimilation, natural compound biosynthesis and xenobiotic metabolism in all kingdoms of life. P450s can catalyze various reactions by using a wide range of organic compounds, thus exhibiting great potential in biotechnological applications. The catalytic reactions of P450s are driven by electron equivalents that are sourced from pyridine nucleotides and delivered by cognate or matching redox partners (RPs). The electron transfer (ET) route from RPs to P450s involves one or more redox center-containing domains. As the rate of ET is one of the main determinants of P450 efficacy, an in-depth understanding of the P450 ET pathway should increase our knowledge of these important enzymes and benefit their further applications. Here, the various P450 RP systems along with current understanding of their ET routes will be reviewed. Notably, state-of-the-art structural studies of the two main types of self-sufficient P450 will also be summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Xuejing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430062, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Caciolla J, Bisi A, Belluti F, Rampa A, Gobbi S. Reconsidering Aromatase for Breast Cancer Treatment: New Roles for an Old Target. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225351. [PMID: 33207783 PMCID: PMC7696276 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current therapeutic approach for the treatment of hormone dependent breast cancer includes interference with estrogen receptors via either selective modulators or estrogens deprivation, by preventing their biosynthesis with aromatase inhibitors. Severe side effects and acquired resistance are drawbacks of both drug classes, and the efforts to overcome these issues still allow for research in this field to be animated. This review reports on recent findings that have opened new avenues for reconsidering the role of aromatase enzymes (and estrogen receptors) leading to the possibility of looking at well-known targets in a new perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Caciolla
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bisi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Belluti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Angela Rampa
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Gobbi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gómez M, Campusano S, Gutiérrez MS, Sepúlveda D, Barahona S, Baeza M, Cifuentes V, Alcaíno J. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein Sre1 regulates carotenogenesis in the red yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:1658-1674. [PMID: 32933952 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.ra120000975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is a basidiomycete yeast that produces carotenoids, mainly astaxanthin. Astaxanthin is an organic pigment of commercial interest due to its antioxidant and coloring properties. X. dendrorhous has a functional SREBP pathway, and the Sre1 protein is the SREBP homolog in this yeast. However, how sterol regulatory element (Sre)1 promotes the biosynthesis of sterols and carotenoids in X. dendrorhous is unknown. In this work, comparative RNA-sequencing analysis between modified X. dendrorhous strains that have an active Sre1 protein and the WT was performed to identify Sre1-dependent genes. In addition, Sre1 direct target genes were identified through ChIP combined with lambda exonuclease digestion (ChIP-exo) assays. SRE motifs were detected in the promoter regions of several Sre1 direct target genes and were consistent with the SREs described in other yeast species. Sre1 directly regulates genes related to ergosterol biosynthesis as well as genes related to the mevalonate (MVA) pathway, which synthesizes the building blocks of isoprenoids, including carotenoids. Two carotenogenic genes, crtE and crtR, were also identified as Sre1 direct target genes. Thus, carotenogenesis in X. dendrorhous is regulated by Sre1 through the regulation of the MVA pathway and the regulation of the crtE and crtR genes. As the crtR gene encodes a cytochrome P450 reductase, Sre1 regulates pathways that include cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as the biosynthesis of carotenoids and sterols. These results demonstrate that Sre1 is a sterol master regulator that is conserved in X. dendrorhous.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gómez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Campusano
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Soledad Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dionisia Sepúlveda
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Salvador Barahona
- Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcelo Baeza
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Víctor Cifuentes
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jennifer Alcaíno
- Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Insight into the structural and functional analysis of the impact of missense mutation on cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 100:107708. [PMID: 32805558 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is a steroidogenic and drug-metabolizing enzyme. It helps in the NADPH dependent transfer of electrons to cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes for their biological activity. In this study, we employed integrative computational approaches to decipher the impact of proline to leucine missense mutation at position 384 (P384L) in the connecting/hinge domain region which is essential for the catalytic activity of POR. Analysis of protein stability using DUET, MUpro, CUPSAT, I-Mutant2.0, iStable and SAAFEC servers predicted that mutation might alter the structural stability of POR. The significant conformational changes induced by the mutation to the POR structure were analyzed by long-range molecular dynamics simulation. The results revealed that missense mutation decreased the conformational stability of POR as compared to wild type (WT). The PCA based FEL analysis described the mutant-specific conformational alterations and dominant motions essential for the biological activity of POR. The LIGPLOT interaction analysis showed the different binding architecture of FMN, FAD, and NADPH as a result of mutation. The increased number of hydrogen bonds in the FEL conformation of WT proved the strong binding of cofactors in the binding pocket as compared to the mutant. The porcupine plot analysis associated with cross-correlation analysis depicted the high-intensity flexible motion exhibited by functionally important FAD and NADPH binding domain regions. The computational findings unravel the impact of mutation at the structural level, which could be helpful in understanding the molecular mechanism of drug metabolism.
Collapse
|
27
|
Sugishima M, Taira J, Sagara T, Nakao R, Sato H, Noguchi M, Fukuyama K, Yamamoto K, Yasunaga T, Sakamoto H. Conformational Equilibrium of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Is Essential for Heme Oxygenase Reaction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080673. [PMID: 32731542 PMCID: PMC7464098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes heme degradation using electrons supplied by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). Electrons from NADPH flow first to FAD, then to FMN, and finally to the heme in the redox partner. Previous biophysical analyses suggest the presence of a dynamic equilibrium between the open and the closed forms of CPR. We previously demonstrated that the open-form stabilized CPR (ΔTGEE) is tightly bound to heme-HO-1, whereas the reduction in heme-HO-1 coupled with ΔTGEE is considerably slow because the distance between FAD and FMN in ΔTGEE is inappropriate for electron transfer from FAD to FMN. Here, we characterized the enzymatic activity and the reduction kinetics of HO-1 using the closed-form stabilized CPR (147CC514). Additionally, we analyzed the interaction between 147CC514 and heme-HO-1 by analytical ultracentrifugation. The results indicate that the interaction between 147CC514 and heme-HO-1 is considerably weak, and the enzymatic activity of 147CC514 is markedly weaker than that of CPR. Further, using cryo-electron microscopy, we confirmed that the crystal structure of ΔTGEE in complex with heme-HO-1 is similar to the relatively low-resolution structure of CPR complexed with heme-HO-1 in solution. We conclude that the "open-close" transition of CPR is indispensable for electron transfer from CPR to heme-HO-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Junichi Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuya Sagara
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Ryota Nakao
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hideaki Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Two cytochrome P450 enzymes, CYP97A3 and CYP97C1, catalyze hydroxylations of the β- and ε-rings of α-carotene to produce lutein. Chirality is introduced at the C-3 atom of both rings, and the reactions are both pro-3R-stereospecific. We determined the crystal structures of CYP97A3 in substrate-free and complex forms with a nonnatural substrate and the structure of CYP97C1 in a detergent-bound form. The structures of CYP97A3 in different states show the substrate channel and the structure of CYP97C1 bound with octylthioglucoside confirms the binding site for the carotenoid substrate. Biochemical assays confirm that the ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR)-ferredoxin pair is used as the redox partner. Details of the pro-3R stereospecificity are revealed in the retinal-bound CYP97A3 structure. Further analysis indicates that the CYP97B clan bears similarity to the β-ring-specific CYP97A clan. Overall, our research describes the molecular basis for the last steps of lutein biosynthesis.
Collapse
|
29
|
Gantner BN, LaFond KM, Bonini MG. Nitric oxide in cellular adaptation and disease. Redox Biol 2020; 34:101550. [PMID: 32438317 PMCID: PMC7235643 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide synthases are the major sources of nitric oxide, a critical signaling molecule involved in a wide range of cellular and physiological processes. These enzymes comprise a family of genes that are highly conserved across all eukaryotes. The three family members found in mammals are important for inter- and intra-cellular signaling in tissues that include the nervous system, the vasculature, the gut, skeletal muscle, and the immune system, among others. We summarize major advances in the understanding of biochemical and tissue-specific roles of nitric oxide synthases, with a focus on how these mechanisms enable tissue adaptation and health or dysfunction and disease. We highlight the unique mechanisms and processes of neuronal nitric oxide synthase, or NOS1. This was the first of these enzymes discovered in mammals, and yet much remains to be understood about this highly conserved and complex gene. We provide examples of two areas that will likely be of increasing importance in nitric oxide biology. These include the mechanisms by which these critical enzymes promote adaptation or disease by 1) coordinating communication by diverse cell types within a tissue and 2) directing cellular differentiation/activation decisions processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Gantner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA.
| | - Katy M LaFond
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Marcelo G Bonini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Li L, Guo H, Yang L, Li X, Wang H, He C. Encapsulation of Flavin Cofactor within a Manganese Porphyrin-Based Metal-Organic Polyhedron for Reductive Dioxygen Activation. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:2636-2640. [PMID: 32058709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b03430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulation of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) in a porphyrinatomanganese(III)-based cubic cage allowed the fast reduction of manganese(III) porphyrin in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). This supramolecular system was capable of efficiently activating dioxygen and catalyzing the oxidation of benzyl alcohol. Control experiments suggested that the close proximity between FMN and manganese(III) porphyrins forced by the host-guest interaction might benefit the electron-transfer process from the FMN cofactor to the metal centers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LiLi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Huimin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Linlin Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Forensic Science Evidence, School of Forensic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, P. R. China
| | - Xuezhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| | - Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Drug resistance in Giardia: Mechanisms and alternative treatments for Giardiasis. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2020; 107:201-282. [PMID: 32122530 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of chemotherapeutic drugs is the main resource against clinical giardiasis due to the lack of approved vaccines. Resistance of G. duodenalis to the most used drugs to treat giardiasis, metronidazole and albendazole, is a clinical issue of growing concern and yet unknown impact, respectively. In the search of new drugs, the completion of the Giardia genome project and the use of biochemical, molecular and bioinformatics tools allowed the identification of ligands/inhibitors for about one tenth of ≈150 potential drug targets in this parasite. Further, the synthesis of second generation nitroimidazoles and benzimidazoles along with high-throughput technologies have allowed not only to define overall mechanisms of resistance to metronidazole but to screen libraries of repurposed drugs and new pharmacophores, thereby increasing the known arsenal of anti-giardial compounds to some hundreds, with most demonstrating activity against metronidazole or albendazole-resistant Giardia. In particular, cysteine-modifying agents which include omeprazole, disulfiram, allicin and auranofin outstand due to their pleiotropic activity based on the extensive repertoire of thiol-containing proteins and the microaerophilic metabolism of this parasite. Other promising agents derived from higher organisms including phytochemicals, lactoferrin and propolis as well as probiotic bacteria/fungi have also demonstrated significant potential for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes in giardiasis. In this context the present chapter offers a comprehensive review of the current knowledge, including commonly prescribed drugs, causes of therapeutic failures, drug resistance mechanisms, strategies for the discovery of new agents and alternative drug therapies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Naim A, Chevalier Y, Bouzidi Y, Gairola P, Mialane P, Dolbecq A, Avenier F, Mahy JP. Aerobic oxidation catalyzed by polyoxometalates associated to an artificial reductase at room temperature and in water. Inorg Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qi00442a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Four polyoxometalates (POMs) were combined with an artificial reductase based on polyethyleneimine (PEI) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) which is capable of delivering single electrons upon addition of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Naim
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Yoan Chevalier
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | - Younes Bouzidi
- LCBB
- ICMMO
- Univ Paris-Sud
- Université Paris Saclay
- 91405 Orsay
| | | | - Pierre Mialane
- Université Paris Saclay
- UVSQ
- CNRS
- UMR 8180
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
| | - Anne Dolbecq
- Université Paris Saclay
- UVSQ
- CNRS
- UMR 8180
- Institut Lavoisier de Versailles
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sharifian S, Homaei A, Kamrani E, Etzerodt T, Patel S. New insights on the marine cytochrome P450 enzymes and their biotechnological importance. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 142:811-821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
34
|
Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20088. [PMID: 31882753 PMCID: PMC6934812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) are diflavin oxidoreductases that supply electrons to type II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In addition, it can also reduce other proteins and molecules, including cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and different drugs. Although various CPRs have been functionally and structurally characterized, the overall mechanism and its interaction with different redox acceptors remain elusive. One of the main problems regarding electron transfer between CPRs and CYPs is the so-called “uncoupling”, whereby NAD(P)H derived electrons are lost due to the reduced intermediates’ (FAD and FMN of CPR) interaction with molecular oxygen. Additionally, the decay of the iron-oxygen complex of the CYP can also contribute to loss of reducing equivalents during an unproductive reaction cycle. This phenomenon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an inefficient reaction. Here, we present the study of the CPR from Candida tropicalis (CtCPR) lacking the hydrophobic N-terminal part (Δ2–22). The enzyme supports the reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, with an estimated 30% uncoupling during the reactions with cytochrome c. The ROS produced was not influenced by different physicochemical conditions (ionic strength, pH, temperature). The X-ray structures of the enzyme were solved with and without its cofactor, NADPH. Both CtCPR structures exhibited the closed conformation. Comparison with the different solved structures revealed an intricate ionic network responsible for the regulation of the open/closed movement of CtCPR.
Collapse
|
35
|
Ebrecht AC, van der Bergh N, Harrison STL, Smit MS, Sewell BT, Opperman DJ. Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20088. [PMID: 31882753 DOI: 10.1101/711317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) are diflavin oxidoreductases that supply electrons to type II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In addition, it can also reduce other proteins and molecules, including cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and different drugs. Although various CPRs have been functionally and structurally characterized, the overall mechanism and its interaction with different redox acceptors remain elusive. One of the main problems regarding electron transfer between CPRs and CYPs is the so-called "uncoupling", whereby NAD(P)H derived electrons are lost due to the reduced intermediates' (FAD and FMN of CPR) interaction with molecular oxygen. Additionally, the decay of the iron-oxygen complex of the CYP can also contribute to loss of reducing equivalents during an unproductive reaction cycle. This phenomenon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an inefficient reaction. Here, we present the study of the CPR from Candida tropicalis (CtCPR) lacking the hydrophobic N-terminal part (Δ2-22). The enzyme supports the reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, with an estimated 30% uncoupling during the reactions with cytochrome c. The ROS produced was not influenced by different physicochemical conditions (ionic strength, pH, temperature). The X-ray structures of the enzyme were solved with and without its cofactor, NADPH. Both CtCPR structures exhibited the closed conformation. Comparison with the different solved structures revealed an intricate ionic network responsible for the regulation of the open/closed movement of CtCPR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Ebrecht
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Naadia van der Bergh
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - B Trevor Sewell
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Diederik J Opperman
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Davydov RM, Jennings G, Hoffman BM, Podust LM. Short-lived neutral FMN and FAD semiquinones are transient intermediates in cryo-reduced yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 673:108080. [PMID: 31445894 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2019.108080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The electron configuration of flavin cofactors, FMN and FAD, is a critical factor governing the reactivity of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). The current view of electron transfer by the mammalian CPR, based on equilibrium redox potentials of the flavin cofactors, is that the two electron-reduced FMN hydroquinone (FMNH2), rather than one electron-reduced FMN semiquinone, serves as electron donor to the terminal protein acceptors. However, kinetic and thermodynamic studies on the CPR species originated from different organisms have shown that redox potentials measured at distinct electron transfer steps differ from redox potentials determined by equilibrium titration. Collectively, previous observations suggest that the short-lived transient semiquinone species may carry electrons in diflavin reductases. In this work, we have investigated spectroscopic properties of the CPR-bound FAD and FMN reduced at 77 K by radiolytically-generated thermalized electrons. Using UV-vis spectroscopy, we demonstrated that upon cryo-reduction of oxidized yeast CPR (yCPR) containing an equimolar ratio of both FAD and FMN, or FAD alone, neutral semiquinones were trapped at 77 K. During annealing at the elevated temperatures, unstable short-lived neutral semiquinones relaxed to spectroscopically distinct air-stable neutral semiquinones. This transition was independent of pH within the 6.0-10.7 range. Our data on yeast CPR are in line with the previous observations of others that the flavin short-lived transient semiquinone intermediates may have a role in the electron transfer by CPR at physiological conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roman M Davydov
- The Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Gareth Jennings
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brian M Hoffman
- The Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Larissa M Podust
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Strohmaier SJ, Huang W, Baek JM, Hunter DJB, Gillam EMJ. Rational evolution of the cofactor-binding site of cytochrome P450 reductase yields variants with increased activity towards specific cytochrome P450 enzymes. FEBS J 2019; 286:4473-4493. [PMID: 31276316 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the natural redox partner of microsomal cytochrome P450 enzymes. CPR shows a stringent preference for NADPH over the less expensive cofactor, NADH, economically limiting its use as a biocatalyst. The complexity of cofactor-linked CPR protein dynamics and the incomplete understanding of the interaction of CPR with both cofactors and electron acceptors present challenges for the successful rational engineering of a CPR with enhanced activity with NADH. Here, we report a rational evolution approach to enhance the activity of CPR with NADH, in which mutations were introduced into the NADPH-binding flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) domain. Multiple CPR mutants that used NADH more effectively than the wild-type CPR in the reduction of the surrogate electron acceptor, cytochrome c were found. However, most were inactive in supporting P450 activity, arguing against the use of cytochrome c as a surrogate electron acceptor. Unexpectedly, several mutants showed significantly improved activity towards CYP2C9 (mutant 1-014) and/or CYP2A6 (mutants 1-014, 1-015, 1-053 and 1-077) using NADPH, even though the mutations were introduced at locations remote from the putative CPR-P450 interaction face. Therefore, mutations at sites in the FAD domain of CPR may be promising future engineering targets to enhance P450-mediated substrate turnover. ENZYMES: NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase - EC 1.6.2.4; cytochrome P450 - EC 1.14.14.1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silja J Strohmaier
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Weiliang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jong-Min Baek
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dominic J B Hunter
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Velazquez MNR, Parween S, Udhane SS, Pandey AV. Variability in human drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A5 activities caused by genetic variations in cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 515:133-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
39
|
Coupling of Redox and Structural States in Cytochrome P450 Reductase Studied by Molecular Dynamics Simulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9341. [PMID: 31249341 PMCID: PMC6597723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45690-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is the key protein that regulates the electron transfer from NADPH to various heme-containing monooxygenases. CPR has two flavin-containing domains: one with flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), called FAD domain, and the other with flavin mononucleotide (FMN), called FMN domain. It is considered that the electron transfer occurs via FAD and FMN (NADPH → FAD → FMN → monooxygenase) and is regulated by an interdomain open-close motion. It is generally thought that the structural state is coupled with the redox state, which, however, has not yet been firmly established. In this report, we studied the coupling of the redox and the structural states by full-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of CPR (total 86.4 μs). Our MD result showed that while CPR predominantly adopts the closed state both in the oxidized and reduced states, it exhibits a tendency to open in the reduced state. We also found a correlation between the FAD-FMN distance and the predicted FMN-monooxygenase distance, which is embedded in the equilibrium thermal fluctuation of CPR. Based on these results, a physical mechanism for the electron transfer by CPR is discussed.
Collapse
|
40
|
Mahajan M, Ravula T, Prade E, Anantharamaiah GM, Ramamoorthy A. Probing membrane enhanced protein-protein interactions in a minimal redox complex of cytochrome-P450 and P450-reductase. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:5777-5780. [PMID: 31041432 PMCID: PMC7467500 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01630a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Investigating the interplay in a minimal redox complex of cytochrome-P450 and its reductase is crucial for understanding cytochrome-P450's enzymatic activity. Probing the hotspots of dynamic structural interactions using NMR revealed the engagement of loop residues from P450-reductase to be responsible for the enhanced affinity of CYP450 towards its obligate redox partner.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Mahajan
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1055, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Sugishima M, Sato H, Wada K, Yamamoto K. Crystal structure of a NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) and heme oxygenase 1 fusion protein implies a conformational change in CYPOR upon NADPH/NADP + binding. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:868-875. [PMID: 30883732 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1) catalyzes heme degradation utilizing reducing equivalents supplied from NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CYPOR). Recently, we determined the complex structure of NADP+ -bound open-conformation stabilized CYPOR and heme-HMOX1, but the resolution was limited to 4.3 Å. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the fusion protein of open-conformation stabilized CYPOR and heme-HMOX1 at 3.25 Å resolution. Unexpectedly, no NADP+ was bound to this fusion protein in the crystal. Structural comparison of the NADP+ -bound complex and the NADP+ -free fusion protein suggests that NADP+ binding regulates the conformational change in the FAD-binding domain of CYPOR. As a result of this change, the FMN-binding domain of CYPOR approaches heme-bound HMOX1 upon NADP+ binding to enhance the electron-transfer efficiency from FMN to heme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Hideaki Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hedison TM, Scrutton NS. Tripping the light fantastic in membrane redox biology: linking dynamic structures to function in ER electron transfer chains. FEBS J 2019; 286:2004-2017. [PMID: 30657259 PMCID: PMC6563164 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
How the dynamics of proteins assist catalysis is a contemporary issue in enzymology. In particular, this holds true for membrane‐bound enzymes, where multiple structural, spectroscopic and biochemical approaches are needed to build up a comprehensive picture of how dynamics influence enzyme reaction cycles. Of note are the recent studies of cytochrome P450 reductases (CPR)–P450 (CYP) endoplasmic reticulum redox chains, showing the relationship between dynamics and electron flow through flavin and haem redox centres and the impact this has on monooxygenation chemistry. These studies have led to deeper understanding of mechanisms of electron flow, including the timing and control of electron delivery to protein‐bound cofactors needed to facilitate CYP‐catalysed reactions. Individual and multiple component systems have been used to capture biochemical behaviour and these have led to the emergence of more integrated models of catalysis. Crucially, the effects of membrane environment and composition on reaction cycle chemistry have also been probed, including effects on coenzyme binding/release, thermodynamic control of electron transfer, conformational coupling between partner proteins and vectorial versus ‘off pathway’ electron flow. Here, we review these studies and discuss evidence for the emergence of dynamic structural models of electron flow along human microsomal CPR–P450 redox chains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias M Hedison
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel S Scrutton
- Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Molecular mechanism of metabolic NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer systems: The role of redox cofactors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2018; 1860:233-258. [PMID: 30419202 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
NAD(P)H-dependent electron-transfer (ET) systems require three functional components: a flavin-containing NAD(P)H-dehydrogenase, one-electron carrier and metal-containing redox center. In principle, these ET systems consist of one-, two- and three-components, and the electron flux from pyridine nucleotide cofactors, NADPH or NADH to final electron acceptor follows a linear pathway: NAD(P)H → flavin → one-electron carrier → metal containing redox center. In each step ET is primarily controlled by one- and two-electron midpoint reduction potentials of protein-bound redox cofactors in which the redox-linked conformational changes during the catalytic cycle are required for the domain-domain interactions. These interactions play an effective ET reactions in the multi-component ET systems. The microsomal and mitochondrial cytochrome P450 (cyt P450) ET systems, nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isozymes, cytochrome b5 (cyt b5) ET systems and methionine synthase (MS) ET system include a combination of multi-domain, and their organizations display similarities as well as differences in their components. However, these ET systems are sharing of a similar mechanism. More recent structural information obtained by X-ray and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) analysis provides more detail for the mechanisms associated with multi-domain ET systems. Therefore, this review summarizes the roles of redox cofactors in the metabolic ET systems on the basis of one-electron redox potentials. In final Section, evolutionary aspects of NAD(P)H-dependent multi-domain ET systems will be discussed.
Collapse
|
44
|
Pedersen MH, Hood BL, Ehmsen S, Beck HC, Conrads TP, Bak M, Ditzel HJ, Leth‐Larsen R. CYPOR is a novel and independent prognostic biomarker of recurrence‐free survival in triple‐negative breast cancer patients. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:631-640. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin H. Pedersen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Brian L. Hood
- Womens Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System; Gynecologic Cancer Center of ExcellenceHenry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Annandale VA
| | - Sidse Ehmsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| | - Hans C. Beck
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and PharmacologyOdense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Thomas P. Conrads
- Womens Health Integrated Research Center at Inova Health System; Gynecologic Cancer Center of ExcellenceHenry Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Annandale VA
- Inova Schar Cancer InstituteInova Center for Personalized Health Fairfax VA
| | - Martin Bak
- Department of PathologyOdense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Henrik J. Ditzel
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of OncologyOdense University Hospital Odense Denmark
| | - Rikke Leth‐Larsen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation ResearchInstitute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
- Department of Regional Health ResearchUniversity of Southern Denmark Odense Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Girvan HM, Poddar H, McLean KJ, Nelson DR, Hollywood KA, Levy CW, Leys D, Munro AW. Structural and catalytic properties of the peroxygenase P450 enzyme CYP152K6 from Bacillus methanolicus. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 188:18-28. [PMID: 30119014 PMCID: PMC6167049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The CYP152 family of cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s or CYPs) are bacterial peroxygenases that use hydrogen peroxide to drive hydroxylation and decarboxylation of fatty acid substrates. We have expressed and purified a novel CYP152 family member - CYP152K6 from the methylotroph Bacillus methanolicus MGA3. CYP152K6 was characterized using spectroscopic, analytical and structural methods. CYP152K6, like its peroxygenase counterpart P450SPα (CYP152B1) from Sphingomonas paucimobilis, does not undergo significant fatty acid-induced perturbation to the heme spectrum, with the exception of a minor Soret shift observed on binding dodecanoic acid. However, CYP152K6 purified from an E. coli expression system was crystallized and its structure was determined to 1.3 Å with tetradecanoic acid bound. No lipids were present in conditions used for crystallogenesis, and thus CYP152K6 must form a complex by incorporating the fatty acid from E. coli cells. Turnover studies with dodecanoic acid revealed several products, with 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid as the major product and much smaller quantities of 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid. Secondary turnover products were undec-1-en-1-ol, 2-hydroxydodec-2-enoic acid and 2,3-dihydroxydodecanoic acid. This is the first report of a 2,3-hydroxylated fatty acid product made by a peroxygenase P450, with the dihydroxylated product formed by CYP152K6-catalyzed 3-hydroxylation of 2-hydroxydodecanoic acid, but not by 2-hydroxylation of 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hazel M Girvan
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Harshwardhan Poddar
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty J McLean
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David R Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, United States of America
| | - Katherine A Hollywood
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin W Levy
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - David Leys
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew W Munro
- Centre for Synthetic Biology of Fine and Specialty Chemicals (SYNBIOCHEM), Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, School of Chemistry, The University of Manchester, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Li J, Zheng H, Feng C. Deciphering mechanism of conformationally controlled electron transfer in nitric oxide synthases. FRONT BIOSCI-LANDMRK 2018; 23:1803-1821. [PMID: 29772530 PMCID: PMC11167721 DOI: 10.2741/4674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electron transfer is a fundamental process in life that is very often coupled to catalysis within redox enzymes through a stringent control of protein conformational movements. Mammalian nitric oxide synthase (NOS) proteins are redox flavo-hemoproteins consisting of multiple modular domains. The NOS enzyme is exquisitely regulated in vivo by its partner, the Ca2+ sensing protein calmodulin (CaM), to control production of nitric oxide (NO). The importance of functional domain motion in NOS regulation has been increasingly recognized. The significant size and flexibility of NOS is a tremendous challenge to the mechanistic studies. Herein recent applications of modern biophysical techniques to NOS problems have been critically analyzed. It is important to note that any current biophysical technique alone can only probe partial aspects of the conformational dynamics due to limitations in the technique itself and/or the sample preparations. It is necessary to combine the latest methods to comprehensively quantitate the key conformational aspects (conformational states and distribution, conformational change rates, and domain interacting interfaces) governing the electron transfer. This is to answer long-standing central questions about the NOS isoforms by defining how specific CaM-NOS interactions and regulatory elements underpin the distinct conformational behavior of the NOS isoform, which in turn determine unique electron transfer and NO synthesis properties. This review is not intended as comprehensive, but as a discussion of prospects that promise impact on important questions in the NOS enzymology field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinghui Li
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Huayu Zheng
- College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Changjian Feng
- University of New Mexico, MSC 09 5360, Albuquerque, NM 87131,
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Baker SC, Arlt VM, Indra R, Joel M, Stiborová M, Eardley I, Ahmad N, Otto W, Burger M, Rubenwolf P, Phillips DH, Southgate J. Differentiation-associated urothelial cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase predicates the xenobiotic-metabolizing activity of "luminal" muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Mol Carcinog 2018; 57:606-618. [PMID: 29323757 PMCID: PMC5900743 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Extra-hepatic metabolism of xenobiotics by epithelial tissues has evolved as a self-defence mechanism but has potential to contribute to the local activation of carcinogens. Bladder epithelium (urothelium) is bathed in excreted urinary toxicants and pro-carcinogens. This study reveals how differentiation affects cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity and the role of NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase (POR). CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 transcripts were inducible in normal human urothelial (NHU) cells maintained in both undifferentiated and functional barrier-forming differentiated states in vitro. However, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylation (EROD) activity, the generation of reactive BaP metabolites and BaP-DNA adducts, were predominantly detected in differentiated NHU cell cultures. This gain-of-function was attributable to the expression of POR, an essential electron donor for all CYPs, which was significantly upregulated as part of urothelial differentiation. Immunohistology of muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) revealed significant overall suppression of POR expression. Stratification of MIBC biopsies into "luminal" and "basal" groups, based on GATA3 and cytokeratin 5/6 labeling, showed POR over-expression by a subgroup of the differentiated luminal tumors. In bladder cancer cell lines, CYP1-activity was undetectable/low in basal PORlo T24 and SCaBER cells and higher in the luminal POR over-expressing RT4 and RT112 cells than in differentiated NHU cells, indicating that CYP-function is related to differentiation status in bladder cancers. This study establishes POR as a predictive biomarker of metabolic potential. This has implications in bladder carcinogenesis for the hepatic versus local activation of carcinogens and as a functional predictor of the potential for MIBC to respond to prodrug therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon C. Baker
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular CarcinogenesisDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| | - Volker M. Arlt
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonFranklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in Partnership with Public Health EnglandFranklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonUK
| | - Radek Indra
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BiochemistryCharles UniversityAlbertovPragueCzech Republic
| | - Madeleine Joel
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonFranklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonUK
| | - Marie Stiborová
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of BiochemistryCharles UniversityAlbertovPragueCzech Republic
| | | | | | - Wolfgang Otto
- Department of UrologyRegensburg University Medical CentreRegensburgGermany
| | - Maximilian Burger
- Department of UrologyRegensburg University Medical CentreRegensburgGermany
- Department of UrologyFrankfurt University Medical Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe‐UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Peter Rubenwolf
- Department of UrologyRegensburg University Medical CentreRegensburgGermany
| | - David H. Phillips
- Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesMRC‐PHE Centre for Environment and HealthKing's College LondonFranklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonUK
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Health Impact of Environmental Hazards at King's College London in Partnership with Public Health EnglandFranklin‐Wilkins BuildingLondonUK
| | - Jennifer Southgate
- Jack Birch Unit of Molecular CarcinogenesisDepartment of BiologyUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYorkUK
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Freeman SL, Martel A, Devos JM, Basran J, Raven EL, Roberts GCK. Solution structure of the cytochrome P450 reductase-cytochrome c complex determined by neutron scattering. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:5210-5219. [PMID: 29475945 PMCID: PMC5892573 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.001941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Electron transfer in all living organisms critically relies on formation of complexes between the proteins involved. The function of these complexes requires specificity of the interaction to allow for selective electron transfer but also a fast turnover of the complex, and they are therefore often transient in nature, making them challenging to study. Here, using small-angle neutron scattering with contrast matching with deuterated protein, we report the solution structure of the electron transfer complex between cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) and its electron transfer partner cytochrome c This is the first reported solution structure of a complex between CPR and an electron transfer partner. The structure shows that the interprotein interface includes residues from both the FMN- and FAD-binding domains of CPR. In addition, the FMN is close to the heme of cytochrome c but distant from the FAD, indicating that domain movement is required between the electron transfer steps in the catalytic cycle of CPR. In summary, our results reveal key details of the CPR catalytic mechanism, including interactions of two domains of the reductase with cytochrome c and motions of these domains relative to one another. These findings shed light on interprotein electron transfer in this system and illustrate a powerful approach for studying solution structures of protein-protein complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L Freeman
- From the Departments of Chemistry and.,Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom and
| | - Anne Martel
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Juliette M Devos
- Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble, France
| | - Jaswir Basran
- From the Departments of Chemistry and.,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom and.,Molecular and Cell Biology and
| | - Emma L Raven
- From the Departments of Chemistry and .,Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom and
| | - Gordon C K Roberts
- Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom and .,Molecular and Cell Biology and
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Zhang L, Xu Y, Makris TM, Wang Q. Enhanced Arylamine N-Oxygenase Activity of Polymer–Enzyme Assemblies by Facilitating Electron-Transferring Efficiency. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:918-925. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.7b01706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Yanmei Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Thomas M. Makris
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, 631 Sumter Street, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Xia C, Rwere F, Im S, Shen AL, Waskell L, Kim JJP. Structural and Kinetic Studies of Asp632 Mutants and Fully Reduced NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Define the Role of Asp632 Loop Dynamics in the Control of NADPH Binding and Hydride Transfer. Biochemistry 2018; 57:945-962. [PMID: 29308883 PMCID: PMC5967631 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b01102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Conformational changes in NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) associated with electron transfer from NADPH to electron acceptors via FAD and FMN have been investigated via structural studies of the four-electron-reduced NADP+-bound enzyme and kinetic and structural studies of mutants that affect the conformation of the mobile Gly631-Asn635 loop (Asp632 loop). The structure of four-electron-reduced, NADP+-bound wild type CYPOR shows the plane of the nicotinamide ring positioned perpendicular to the FAD isoalloxazine with its carboxamide group forming H-bonds with N1 of the flavin ring and the Thr535 hydroxyl group. In the reduced enzyme, the C8-C8 atoms of the two flavin rings are ∼1 Å closer than in the fully oxidized and one-electron-reduced structures, which suggests that flavin reduction facilitates interflavin electron transfer. Structural and kinetic studies of mutants Asp632Ala, Asp632Phe, Asp632Asn, and Asp632Glu demonstrate that the carboxyl group of Asp632 is important for stabilizing the Asp632 loop in a retracted position that is required for the binding of the NADPH ribityl-nicotinamide in a hydride-transfer-competent conformation. Structures of the mutants and reduced wild type CYPOR permit us to identify a possible pathway for NADP(H) binding to and release from CYPOR. Asp632 mutants unable to form stable H-bonds with the backbone amides of Arg634, Asn635, and Met636 exhibit decreased catalytic activity and severely impaired hydride transfer from NADPH to FAD, but leave interflavin electron transfer intact. Intriguingly, the Arg634Ala mutation slightly increases the cytochrome P450 2B4 activity. We propose that Asp632 loop movement, in addition to facilitating NADP(H) binding and release, participates in domain movements modulating interflavin electron transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwu Xia
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226
| | - Freeborn Rwere
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Sangchoul Im
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Anna L. Shen
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Lucy Waskell
- University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105,Corresponding Author: Correspondence should be addressed to Lucy Waskell, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Mail Stop 151, 2215 Fuller Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0112. . OR Jung Ja Kim, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226.
| | - Jung-Ja P. Kim
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53226,Corresponding Author: Correspondence should be addressed to Lucy Waskell, M.D., Ph.D., Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Mail Stop 151, 2215 Fuller Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0112. . OR Jung Ja Kim, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Rd., Milwaukee, WI 53226.
| |
Collapse
|