1
|
Lu X, Zhang Z, Gao R, Wang H, Xiao J. Recent progress in the chemical attribution of chemical warfare agents and highly toxic organophosphorus pesticides. Forensic Toxicol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-021-00578-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
2
|
Decker TK, Zheng Y, McClellan JS, Ruben AJ, Lammert SA, Austin DE, Hawkins AR. Double resonance ejection using novel radiofrequency phase tracking circuitry in a miniaturized planar linear ion trap mass spectrometer. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:2024-2030. [PMID: 30133876 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Ion trap mass spectrometers are attractive due to their inherent sensitivity and specificity. Miniaturization increases trap portability for in situ mass analysis by relaxing vacuum and voltage requirements but decreases the trapping volume. To overcome signal/resolution loss from miniaturization, double resonance ejection using phase tracking circuitry was investigated. METHODS Phase tracking circuitry was developed to induce double resonance ejection in a planar linear ion trap using the β 2/3 hexapole resonance line. RESULTS Double resonance was observed using phase tracking circuitry. Resolution of 0.5 m/z units and improved signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) compared with AC resonant ejection were achieved. CONCLUSIONS The phase tracking circuitry proved effective despite deviations from a true phase locked condition. Double resonance ejection is a means to increase signal intensity in a miniaturized planar ion trap.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor K Decker
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Yajun Zheng
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Aaron J Ruben
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | | | - Daniel E Austin
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602-0002, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Until very recently, handheld spectrometers were the domain of major analytical and security instrument companies, with turnkey analyzers using spectroscopic techniques from X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for elemental analysis (metals), to Raman, mid-infrared, and near-infrared (NIR) for molecular analysis (mostly organics). However, the past few years have seen rapid changes in this landscape with the introduction of handheld laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), smartphone spectroscopy focusing on medical diagnostics for low-resource areas, commercial engines that a variety of companies can build up into products, hyphenated or dual technology instruments, low-cost visible-shortwave NIR instruments selling directly to the public, and, most recently, portable hyperspectral imaging instruments. Successful handheld instruments are designed to give answers to non-scientist operators; therefore, their developers have put extensive resources into reliable identification algorithms, spectroscopic libraries or databases, and qualitative and quantitative calibrations. As spectroscopic instruments become smaller and lower cost, "engines" have emerged, leading to the possibility of being incorporated in consumer devices and smart appliances, part of the Internet of Things (IOT). This review outlines the technologies used in portable spectroscopy, discusses their applications, both qualitative and quantitative, and how instrument developers and vendors have approached giving actionable answers to non-scientists. It outlines concerns on crowdsourced data, especially for heterogeneous samples, and finally looks towards the future in areas like IOT, emerging technologies for instruments, and portable hyphenated and hyperspectral instruments.
Collapse
|
4
|
Wong YF, Yan D, Shellie RA, Sciarrone D, Marriott PJ. Rapid Plant Volatiles Screening Using Headspace SPME and Person-Portable Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
|
5
|
Tian Y, Decker TK, McClellan JS, Bennett L, Li A, De la Cruz A, Andrews D, Lammert SA, Hawkins AR, Austin DE. Improved Miniaturized Linear Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer Using Lithographically Patterned Plates and Tapered Ejection Slit. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:213-222. [PMID: 28836122 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a new two-plate linear ion trap mass spectrometer that overcomes both performance-based and miniaturization-related issues with prior designs. Borosilicate glass substrates are patterned with aluminum electrodes on one side and wire-bonded to printed circuit boards. Ions are trapped in the space between two such plates. Tapered ejection slits in each glass plate eliminate issues with charge build-up within the ejection slit and with blocking of ions that are ejected at off-nominal angles. The tapered slit allows miniaturization of the trap features (electrode size, slit width) needed for further reduction of trap size while allowing the use of substrates that are still thick enough to provide ruggedness during handling, assembly, and in-field applications. Plate spacing was optimized during operation using a motorized translation stage. A scan rate of 2300 Th/s with a sample mixture of toluene and deuterated toluene (D8) and xylenes (a mixture of o-, m-, p-) showed narrowest peak widths of 0.33 Th (FWHM). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Trevor K Decker
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Joshua S McClellan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Linsey Bennett
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Abraham De la Cruz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Derek Andrews
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | | | - Aaron R Hawkins
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Daniel E Austin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lam R, Lennard C, Kingsland G, Johnstone P, Symons A, Wythes L, Fewtrell J, O’Brien D, Spikmans V. Person-portable equipment in environmental forensic investigations: application to fire scenes. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2018.1424242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rylee Lam
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Chris Lennard
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Graham Kingsland
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Paul Johnstone
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Andrew Symons
- Environment Protection Science Branch, Office of Environment and Heritage, Lidcombe, Australia
| | - Laura Wythes
- Hazardous Incidents and Environmental Health Branch, New South Wales Environment Protection Authority, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jeremy Fewtrell
- Operational Capability Directorate, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - David O’Brien
- Fire and Investigation Research Unit, Fire & Rescue New South Wales, Greenacre, Australia
| | - Val Spikmans
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Reyes-Garcés N, Gionfriddo E, Gómez-Ríos GA, Alam MN, Boyacı E, Bojko B, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Advances in Solid Phase Microextraction and Perspective on Future Directions. Anal Chem 2017; 90:302-360. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Md. Nazmul Alam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-067 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ohrui Y, Nagoya T, Kurimata N, Sodeyama M, Seto Y. Identification of V-type nerve agents in vapor samples using a field-portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri-Bed concentrator and fluoridating conversion tube. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2017; 52:472-479. [PMID: 28544043 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A field-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system (Hapsite ER) was evaluated for the detection of nonvolatile V-type nerve agents (VX and Russian VX (RVX)) in the vapor phase. The Hapsite ER system consists of a Tri-Bed concentrator gas sampler, a nonpolar low thermal-mass capillary GC column and a hydrophobic membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometer evacuated by a non-evaporative getter pump. The GC-MS system was attached to a VX-G fluoridating conversion tube containing silver nitrate and potassium fluoride. Sample vapors of VX and RVX were converted into O-ethyl methylphosphonofluoridate (EtGB) and O-isobutyl methylphosphonofluoridate (iBuGB), respectively. These fluoridated derivatives were detected within 10 min. No compounds were detected when the VX and RVX samples were analyzed without the conversion tube. A vapor sample of tabun (GA) was analyzed, in which GA and O-ethyl N,N-dimethylphosphoramidofluoridate were detected. The molar recovery percentages of EtGB and iBuGB from VX and RVX vapors varied from 0.3 to 17%, which was attributed to variations in the vaporization efficiency of the glass vapor container. The conversion efficiencies of the VX-G conversion tube for VX and RVX to their phosphonate derivatives were estimated to be 40%. VX and RVX vapors were detected at concentrations as low as 0.3 mg m-3 . Gasoline vapor was found to interfere with the analyses of VX and RVX. In the presence of 160 mg m-3 gasoline, the detection limits of VX and RVX vapor were increased to 20 mg m-3 . Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohrui
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| | - T Nagoya
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
- Technopro R&D Co., Ltd., Hosokawa Bld. 6F, 1-15-1, Benten, Chica, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-0045, Japan
| | - N Kurimata
- INFICON Co., Ltd., NARA Bldg. II 5F, 2-2-8, Shin-Yokohama, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 222-0033, Japan
| | - M Sodeyama
- Teikoku Sen-i Co., Ltd., 5-12, 2-chome, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 103-0027, Japan
| | - Y Seto
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-0882, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wolf JC, Etter R, Schaer M, Siegenthaler P, Zenobi R. Direct and Sensitive Detection of CWA Simulants by Active Capillary Plasma Ionization Coupled to a Handheld Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:1197-1202. [PMID: 27020924 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An active capillary plasma ionization (ACI) source was coupled to a handheld mass spectrometer (Mini 10.5; Aston Labs, West Lafayette, IN, USA) and applied to the direct gas-phase detection and quantification of chemical warfare agent (CWA) related chemicals. Complementing the discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface (DAPI) of the Mini 10.5 mass spectrometer with an additional membrane pump, a quasi-continuous sample introduction through the ACI source was achieved. Nerve agent simulants (three dialkyl alkylphosphonates, a dialkyl phosporamidate, and the pesticide dichlorvos) were detected at low gas-phase concentrations with limits of detection ranging from 1.0 μg/m(3) to 6.3 μg/m(3). Our results demonstrate a sensitivity enhancement for portable MS-instrumentation by using an ACI source, enabling direct, quantitative measurements of volatile organic compounds. Due to its high sensitivity, selectivity, low power consumption (<80 W) and weight (<13 kg), this instrumentation has the potential for direct on-site CWA detection as required by military or civil protection. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Christoph Wolf
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Raphael Etter
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Schaer
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Peter Siegenthaler
- Federal Office for Civil Protection FOCP, Spiez Laboratory, Analytical Chemistry Branch, CH-3700, Spiez, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Bioscience, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Xue B, Sun L, Huang Z, Gao W, Fan R, Cheng P, Ding L, Ma L, Zhou Z. A hand-portable digital linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Analyst 2016; 141:5535-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an01118g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A hand-portable digital linear ion trap mass spectrometer (DLIT-MS) has been developed for VOC analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xue
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Lulu Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Security and Pollution Control
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Security and Pollution Control
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Security and Pollution Control
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Rongrong Fan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Li Ding
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering
- Shanghai University
- Shanghai 200444
- China
| | - Li Ma
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Security and Pollution Control
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Atmospheric Environment Security and Pollution Control
- Jinan University
- Guangzhou 510632
- China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Beck JJ, Porter N, Cook D, Gee WS, Griffith CM, Rands AD, Truong TV, Smith L, San Román I. In-field Volatile Analysis Employing a Hand-held Portable GC-MS: Emission Profiles Differentiate Damaged and Undamaged Yellow Starthistle Flower Heads. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2015; 26:395-403. [PMID: 26095961 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the complex chemical signalling of plants and insects is an important component of chemical ecology. Accordingly, the collection and analysis of chemical cues from plants in their natural environment is integral to elucidation of plant-insect communications. Remote plant locations and the need for a large number of replicates make in situ headspace analyses a daunting logistical challenge. A hand-held, portable GC-MS system was used to discriminate between damaged and undamaged Centaurea solstitialis (yellow starthistle) flower heads in both a potted-plant and natural setting. OBJECTIVE To determine if a portable GC-MS system was capable of distinguishing between undamaged and mechanically damaged plant treatments, and plant environments. METHODOLOGY A portable GC-MS utilising needle trap adsorbent technology was used to collect and analyse in situ headspace volatiles of varying yellow starthistle treatments. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to distinguish treatments and identify biomarker volatiles. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between treatment volatile amounts. RESULTS The portable GC-MS system detected 31 volatiles from the four treatments. Each GC-MS run was completed in less than 3 min. PCA showed four distinct clusters representing the four treatments - damaged and undamaged potted plant, and damaged and undamaged natural plant. Damage-specific volatiles were identified. CONCLUSION The portable GC-MS system distinguished the treatments based on their detected volatile profiles. Additional statistical analysis identified five possible biomarker volatiles for the treatments, among them cyclosativene and copaene, which indicated damaged flower heads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John J Beck
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Porter
- Torion Technologies Incorporated, American Fork, UT, USA
| | - Daniel Cook
- Poisonous Plant Research Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Wai S Gee
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | - Corey M Griffith
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| | | | - Tai V Truong
- Torion Technologies Incorporated, American Fork, UT, USA
| | - Lincoln Smith
- European Biological Control Lab, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Montpellier, France
| | - Itxaso San Román
- Foodborne Toxin Detection and Prevention, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Development of a standard gas generating vial comprised of a silicon oil–polystyrene/divinylbenzene composite sorbent. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1410:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
13
|
Nagashima H, Kondo T, Nagoya T, Ikeda T, Kurimata N, Unoke S, Seto Y. Identification of chemical warfare agents from vapor samples using a field-portable capillary gas chromatography/membrane-interfaced electron ionization quadrupole mass spectrometry instrument with Tri-Bed concentrator. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:279-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
14
|
Visotin A, Lennard C. Preliminary evaluation of a next-generation portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for the on-site analysis of ignitable liquid residues. AUST J FORENSIC SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00450618.2015.1045554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Iwai T, Kakegawa K, Aida M, Nagashima H, Nagoya T, Kanamori-Kataoka M, Miyahara H, Seto Y, Okino A. Development of a Gas-Cylinder-Free Plasma Desorption/Ionization System for On-Site Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5707-15. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Iwai
- National Research Institute of Police Science,
6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Ken Kakegawa
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Mari Aida
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Hisayuki Nagashima
- National Research Institute of Police Science,
6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tomoki Nagoya
- National Research Institute of Police Science,
6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mieko Kanamori-Kataoka
- National Research Institute of Police Science,
6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Miyahara
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| | - Yasuo Seto
- National Research Institute of Police Science,
6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Okino
- Department of Energy Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Weissberg A, Tzanani N, Dagan S. Specificity enhancement by electrospray ionization multistage mass spectrometry--a valuable tool for differentiation and identification of 'V'-type chemical warfare agents. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:1340-1348. [PMID: 24338889 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of chemical warfare agents has become an issue of emerging concern. One of the challenges in analytical monitoring of the extremely toxic 'V'-type chemical weapons [O-alkyl S-(2-dialkylamino)ethyl alkylphosphonothiolates] is to distinguish and identify compounds of similar structure. MS analysis of these compounds reveals mostly fragment/product ions representing the amine-containing residue. Hence, isomers or derivatives with the same amine residue exhibit similar mass spectral patterns in both classical EI/MS and electrospray ionization-MS, leading to unavoidable ambiguity in the identification of the phosphonate moiety. A set of five 'V'-type agents, including O-ethyl S-(2-diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VX), O-isobutyl S-(2-diethylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate (RVX) and O-ethyl S-(2-diethylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothiolate (VM) were studied by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/MS, utilizing a QTRAP mass detector. MS/MS enhanced product ion scans and multistage MS(3) experiments were carried out. Based on the results, possible fragmentation pathways were proposed, and a method for the differentiation and identification of structural isomers and derivatives of 'V'-type chemical warfare agents was obtained. MS/MS enhanced product ion scans at various collision energies provided information-rich spectra, although many of the product ions obtained were at low abundance. Employing MS(3) experiments enhanced the selectivity for those low abundance product ions and provided spectra indicative of the different phosphonate groups. Study of the fragmentation pathways, revealing some less expected structures, was carried out and allowed the formulation of mechanistic rules and the determination of sets of ions typical of specific groups, for example, methylphosphonothiolates versus ethylphosphonothiolates. The new group-specific ions elucidated in this work are also useful for screening unknown 'V'-type agents and related compounds, utilizing precursor ion scan experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avi Weissberg
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Israel Institute for Biological Research (IIBR), P.O.B. 19, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Jacobs MR, Hilder EF, Shellie RA. Applications of resistive heating in gas chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 803:2-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
18
|
Stevens ME, Tipple CA, Smith PA, Cho DS, Mustacich RV, Eckenrode BA. Application of a High Surface Area Solid-Phase Microextraction Air Sampling Device: Collection and Analysis of Chemical Warfare Agent Surrogate and Degradation Compounds. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8626-33. [DOI: 10.1021/ac401033a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Stevens
- Visiting Scientist Program,
Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Counterterrorism and
Forensic Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, Virginia 22135, United States
| | - Christopher A. Tipple
- Counterterrorism and Forensic
Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, Virginia 22135, United States
| | - Philip A. Smith
- Department of Preventive Medicine
and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - David S. Cho
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science
and Education, Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico,
Virginia 22135, United States
| | - Robert V. Mustacich
- Agilent Technologies, Incorporated, Santa
Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Brian A. Eckenrode
- Counterterrorism and Forensic
Science Research Unit, Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory, Quantico, Virginia 22135, United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Wang A, Tolley HD, Lee ML. Gas chromatography using resistive heating technology. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:46-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
20
|
Smith PA. Person-portable gas chromatography: rapid temperature program operation through resistive heating of columns with inherently low thermal mass properties. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1261:37-45. [PMID: 22770386 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
As open tubular gas chromatography was becoming widely adopted, the potential to rapidly heat and cool the low thermal mass of an open tubular fused silica column was recognized. Numerous resistive column heating approaches were subsequently described and demonstrated, often with a common objective to focus heating efforts on the column alone, rather than on a large convection oven. Low thermal mass column bundles have been commercially available for about ten years, where insulated wires in close proximity to a coiled open tubular capillary column provide resistive heating. Before this, person-portable gas chromatographs either operated isothermally at relatively low temperatures or at ambient temperature to lessen power demands, but several person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) instruments capable of temperature program operation have become available in the past ten years based on this heating method. When low thermal mass heated zones are used, and with a direct GC-MS interface, analysis times of less than 5 min are possible for target compounds having a wide range of volatilities. Previous capabilities in transportable and person-portable gas chromatography instrumentation are reviewed to demonstrate the scale of advancement made possible by the adoption of open tubular columns and low power heating techniques now becoming routinely available. Microcomachined columns which are usually etched in a silicon wafer represent a radical break from the traditional fused silica open tubular column design, and increasing efforts to use this column construction approach are also examined. The developments discussed have introduced the potential to rapidly analyze compounds with a wide volatility range in the field to protect deployed military forces, the health of workers, and the health of the general public.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Smith
- U.S. Department of Labor - OSHA, Health Response Team, Salt Lake Technical Center, 8660 S. Sandy Parkway, Sandy, UT 84070 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Robinson AM, Harroun SG, Bergman J, Brosseau CL. Portable Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy System for Routine Spectroelectrochemical Analysis. Anal Chem 2012; 84:1760-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - S. G. Harroun
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - J. Bergman
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| | - C. L. Brosseau
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 3C3 Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Popiel S, Sankowska M. Determination of chemical warfare agents and related compounds in environmental samples by solid-phase microextraction with gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8457-79. [PMID: 22015307 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.09.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 09/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) is an increasingly common method of sample isolation and enhancement. SPME is a convenient and simple sample preparation technique for chromatographic analysis and a useful alternative to liquid-liquid extraction and solid phase extraction. SPME is speed and simply method, which has been widely used in environmental analysis because it is a rather safe method when dealing with highly toxic chemicals. A combination of SPME and gas chromatography (GC) permits both the qualitative and quantitative analysis of toxic industrial compounds, pesticides and chemical warfare agents (CWAs), including their degradation products, in air, water and soil samples. This work presents a combination of SPME and GC methods with various types of detectors in the analysis of CWAs and their degradation products in air, water, soil and other matrices. The combination of SPME and GC methods allows for low detection limits depending on the analyte, matrix and detection system. Commercially available fibers have been mainly used to extract CWAs in headspace analysis. However, attempts have been made to introduce new fiber coatings that are characterized by higher selectivities towards different analytes of interest. Environmental decomposition of CWAs leads to the formation of more hydrophilic products. These compounds may be isolated from samples using SPME and analyzed using GC however, they must often be derivatized first to produce good chromatography. In these cases, one must ensure that the SPME method also meets the same needs. Otherwise, it is helpful to use derivatization methods. SPME may also be used with fieldportable mass spectrometry (MS) and GC-MS instruments for chemical defense applications, including field sampling and analysis. SPME fibers can be taken into contaminated areas to directly sample air, headspaces above solutions, soils and water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stanisław Popiel
- Military University of Technology, Institute of Chemistry, 2 Kaliski Street, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland.
| | | |
Collapse
|