1
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Nagy C, Andrasi M, Szabo R, Gaspar A. CZE-MS peptide mapping: To desalt or not to desalt? Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1288:342162. [PMID: 38220294 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.342162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In "shotgun" approaches involving high-performance liquid chromatography or capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), matrix removal prior to sample analysis is considered as an indispensable tool. Despite the fact that CZE offers a high tolerance towards salts, most publications reported on the use of desalting. There seems to be no clear consensus on the utilization of desalting in the CZE-MS community, most probably due to the absence of works addressing the comparison of desalted and non-desalted digests. Our aim was to fill this research gap using protein samples of varying complexity in different sample matrices. RESULTS First, standard protein digests were analyzed to build the knowledge on the effect of sample clean-up by solid-phase extraction (SPE) pipette tips and the possible stacking phenomena induced by different sample matrices. Desalting led to a somewhat altered peptide profile, the procedure affected mostly the hydrophilic peptides (although not to a devastating extent). Nevertheless, desalting samples allowed remarkable stacking efficiency owing to their low-conductivity sample background, enabling a so-called field-amplified sample stacking phenomenon. Non-desalted samples also produced a stacking event, the mechanism of which is based on transient-isotachophoresis due to the presence of high-mobility ions in the digestion buffer itself. Adding either extra ammonium ions or acetonitrile into the non-desalted digests enhanced the stacking efficiency. A complex sample (yeast cell lysate) was also analyzed with the optimal conditions, which yielded similar tendencies. SIGNIFICANCE Based on these results, we propose that sample clean-up in the bottom-up sample preparation process prior to CZE-MS analysis can be omitted. The preclusion of desalting can even enhance detection sensitivity, separation efficiency or sequence coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Nagy
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Melinda Andrasi
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Ruben Szabo
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - Attila Gaspar
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary.
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2
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Wei B, Lantz C, Liu W, Viner R, Loo RRO, Campuzano IDG, Loo JA. Added Value of Internal Fragments for Top-Down Mass Spectrometry of Intact Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2023; 95:9347-9356. [PMID: 37278738 PMCID: PMC10954349 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are two of the most important therapeutic drug classes that require extensive characterization, whereas their large size and structural complexity make them challenging to characterize and demand the use of advanced analytical methods. Top-down mass spectrometry (TD-MS) is an emerging technique that minimizes sample preparation and preserves endogenous post-translational modifications (PTMs); however, TD-MS of large proteins suffers from low fragmentation efficiency, limiting the sequence and structure information that can be obtained. Here, we show that including the assignment of internal fragments in native TD-MS of an intact mAb and an ADC can improve their molecular characterization. For the NIST mAb, internal fragments can access the sequence region constrained by disulfide bonds to increase the TD-MS sequence coverage to over 75%. Important PTM information, including intrachain disulfide connectivity and N-glycosylation sites, can be revealed after including internal fragments. For a heterogeneous lysine-linked ADC, we show that assigning internal fragments improves the identification of drug conjugation sites to achieve a coverage of 58% of all putative conjugation sites. This proof-of-principle study demonstrates the potential value of including internal fragments in native TD-MS of intact mAbs and ADCs, and this analytical strategy can be extended to bottom-up and middle-down MS approaches to achieve even more comprehensive characterization of important therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqian Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Weijing Liu
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134 USA
| | - Rosa Viner
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, San Jose, CA, 95134 USA
| | - Rachel R. Ogorzalek Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
| | - Iain D. G. Campuzano
- Amgen Research, Center for Research Acceleration and Digital Innovation, Molecular Analytics, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320 USA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles-Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- UCLA-DOE Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095 USA
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3
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Instability Challenges and Stabilization Strategies of Pharmaceutical Proteins. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112533. [PMID: 36432723 PMCID: PMC9699111 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the structure of protein and peptide drugs has become one of the most important goals of scientists in recent decades. Cold and thermal denaturation conditions, lyophilization and freeze drying, different pH conditions, concentrations, ionic strength, environmental agitation, the interaction between the surface of liquid and air as well as liquid and solid, and even the architectural structure of storage containers are among the factors that affect the stability of these therapeutic biomacromolecules. The use of genetic engineering, side-directed mutagenesis, fusion strategies, solvent engineering, the addition of various preservatives, surfactants, and additives are some of the solutions to overcome these problems. This article will discuss the types of stress that lead to instabilities of different proteins used in pharmaceutics including regulatory proteins, antibodies, and antibody-drug conjugates, and then all the methods for fighting these stresses will be reviewed. New and existing analytical methods that are used to detect the instabilities, mainly changes in their primary and higher order structures, are briefly summarized.
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4
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Pernin V, Bec N, Beyze A, Bourgeois A, Szwarc I, Champion C, Chauvin A, Rene C, Mourad G, Merville P, Visentin J, Perrochia H, Couzi L, Larroque C, Le Quintrec M. IgG3 donor-specific antibodies with a proinflammatory glycosylation profile may be associated with the risk of antibody-mediated rejection after kidney transplantation. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:865-875. [PMID: 34863025 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of de novo donor-specific antibodies (dnDSA) varies according to their characteristics. While their MFI, complement-fixing ability, and IgG3 subclass are associated with ABMR occurrence and graft loss, they are not fully predictive of outcomes. We investigated the role of the Fc glycosylation of IgG3 dnDSA in ABMR occurrence using mass spectrometry after isolation by single HLA antigen beads. Between 2014 and 2018, we enrolled 54 patients who developed dnDSA (ABMR- n = 24; ABMR+ n = 30) in two French transplant centers. Fucosylation, galactosylation, GlcNAc bisection, and sialylation of IgG3 dnDSA were compared between ABMR+ and ABMR- patients. IgG3 dnDSA from ABMR+ patients exhibited significantly lower sialylation (7.5% vs. 10.5%, p < .001) and higher GlcNAc bisection (20.6% vs. 17.4%, p = .008). Fucosylation and galactosylation were similar in both groups. DSA glycosylation was not correlated with DSA MFI. In a multivariate analysis, low IgG3 sialylation, high IgG3%, time from transplantation to kidney biopsy, and tacrolimus-free regimen were independent predictive factors of ABMR. We conclude that a proinflammatory glycosylation profile of IgG3 dnDSA is associated with a risk of ABMR occurrence. Further studies are needed to confirm the clinical interest of DSA glycosylation and to clarify its role in determining the risk of ABMR and graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pernin
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Bec
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anaïs Beyze
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexis Bourgeois
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Ilan Szwarc
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Coralie Champion
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Anthony Chauvin
- IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Céline Rene
- Department of immunology, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Georges Mourad
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Merville
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jonathan Visentin
- ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Department of Immunology and Immunogenetics, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Helene Perrochia
- Department of Pathology, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Lionel Couzi
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation, Dialysis and Apheresis, Pellegrin University Hospital, Bordeaux, France.,ImmunoConcEpT, UMR CNRS 5164, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Montpellier University hospital, Montpellier, France.,IRMB, Univ Montpellier, INSERM, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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5
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Naumann L, Schlossbauer P, Klingler F, Hesse F, Otte K, Neusüß C. High throughput glycosylation analysis of intact monoclonal antibodies by mass spectrometry coupled with capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:2034-2044. [PMID: 35044720 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of monoclonal antibodies glycosylation is a crucial quality control attribute of biopharmaceutical drugs. High throughput screening approaches for antibody glycoform analysis are required in various stages of process optimization. Here, we present high throughput screening suitable mass spectrometry-based workflows for the analysis of intact antibody glycosylation out of cell supernatants. Capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography were coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight MS or Orbitrap MS. Both separation methods offer fast separation (10-15 min) and the capability to prevent the separated cell supernatant matrix to enter the MS by post-separation valving. Both MS instruments provide comparable results and both are sufficient to determine the glycosylation pattern of the five major glycoforms of the measured antibodies. However, the Orbitrap yields higher sensitivity of 25 μg/mL (CE-nanoCEasy-Orbitrap MS) and 5 μg/mL (LC-Orbitrap MS). Data processing was optimized for a faster processing and easier detection of low abundant glycoforms based on averaged charge-deconvoluted mass spectra. This approach combines a non-target glycoform analysis, while yielding the same glycosylation pattern as the traditional approach based on extracted ion traces. The presented methods enable the high throughput screening of the glycosylation pattern of antibodies down to low μg/mL-range out of cell supernatant without any sample preparation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naumann
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, Aalen, 73430, Germany
| | - Patrick Schlossbauer
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Florian Klingler
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Friedemann Hesse
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Department of applied Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Karlstraße 6-11, Biberach, 88400, Germany
| | - Christian Neusüß
- Department of Chemistry, Aalen University, Beethovenstraße 1, Aalen, 73430, Germany
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6
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Kuzyk VO, Somsen GW, Haselberg R. CE-MS for Proteomics and Intact Protein Analysis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1336:51-86. [PMID: 34628627 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-77252-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This chapter aims to explore various parameters involved in achieving high-end capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) analysis of proteins, peptides, and their posttranslational modifications. The structure of the topics discussed in this book chapter is conveniently mapped on the scheme of the CE-MS system itself, starting from sample preconcentration and injection techniques and finishing with mass analyzer considerations. After going through the technical considerations, a variety of relevant applications for this analytical approach are presented, including posttranslational modifications analysis, clinical biomarker discovery, and its growing use in the biotechnological industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriia O Kuzyk
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, AIMMS: Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Matsuda Y, Mendelsohn BA. Recent Advances in Drug-Antibody Ratio Determination of Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2021; 69:976-983. [PMID: 34602579 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c21-00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are biopharmaceuticals produced by chemically linking small molecules (payloads) to antibodies that possess specific affinity for the target cell. The ADCs currently on the commercially market are the result of a stochastic conjugation of highly-potent payloads to multiple sites on the monoclonal antibody, resulting in a heterogeneous drug-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug distribution. The heterogeneity inherent to ADCs not produced site-specifically may not only be detrimental to the quality of the drug but also is less-desirable from the perspective of regulatory science. An ideal method or unified approach used to measure the DAR for ADCs, a critical aspect of their analysis and characterization, has not yet been established in the ADC field and remains an often-challenging issue for bioanalytical chemists. In this review we describe, compare, and evaluate the characteristics of various DAR determination methods for ADCs featuring recently reported technologies. The future landscape of bioconjugate DAR analysis is also discussed.
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8
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Kumar R, Guttman A, Rathore AS. Applications of capillary electrophoresis for biopharmaceutical product characterization. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:143-166. [PMID: 34591322 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE), after being introduced several decades ago, has carved out a niche for itself in the field of analytical characterization of biopharmaceutical products. It does not only offer fast separation, high resolution in miniaturized format, but equally importantly represents an orthogonal separation mechanism to high-performance liquid chromatography. Therefore, it is not surprising that CE-based methods can be found in all major pharmacopoeias and are recommended for the analysis of biopharmaceutical products during process development, characterization, quality control, and release testing. Different separation formats of CE, such as capillary gel electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and capillary zone electrophoresis are widely used for size and charge heterogeneity characterization as well as purity and stability testing of therapeutic proteins. Hyphenation of CE with MS is emerging as a promising bioanalytical tool to assess the primary structure of therapeutic proteins along with any impurities. In this review, we confer the latest developments in capillary electrophoresis, used for the characterization of critical quality attributes of biopharmaceutical products covering the past 6 years (2015-2021). Monoclonal antibodies, due to their significant share in the market, have been given prioritized coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
| | - Andras Guttman
- Horváth Csaba Memorial Laboratories of Bioseparation Sciences, Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.,Translational Glycomics Group, Research Institute of Biomolecular and Chemical Engineering, University of Pannonia, Veszprem, Hungary
| | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi, India
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9
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Kaya SI, Cetinkaya A, Caglayan MG, Ozkan SA. Recent biopharmaceutical applications of capillary electrophoresis methods on recombinant DNA technology-based products. Electrophoresis 2021; 43:1035-1049. [PMID: 34529858 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Biopharmaceuticals (recombinant technology-based products, vaccines, whole blood and blood components, gene therapy, cells, tissues, etc.,) are described as biological medical products produced from various living sources such as human, microbial, animal, and so on by manufacturing, extraction, or semi-synthesis. They are complex molecules having high molecular weights. For their safety and efficacy, their structural, clinical, physicochemical, and chemical features must be carefully controlled, and they must be well characterized by analytical techniques before the approval of the final product. Capillary electrophoresis (CE) having versatile modes can provide valuable safety and efficacy information, such as amino acid sequence, size variants (low and high molecular weight variants), charged variants (acidic and basic impurities), aggregates, N-linked glycosylation, and O-linked glycosylation. There are numerous applications of CE in the literature. In this review, the most significant and recent studies on the analysis of recombinant DNA technology-based products using different CE modes in the last ten years have been overviewed. It was seen that the researches mostly focus on the analysis of mAbs and IgG. In addition, in recent years, researchers have started to prefer CE combined mass spectrometry (MS) techniques to provide a more detailed characterization for protein and peptide fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Irem Kaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gulhane Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Cetinkaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet G Caglayan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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Qiu D, Huang Y, Chennamsetty N, Miller SA, Hay M. Characterizing and understanding the formation of cysteine conjugates and other by-products in a random, lysine-linked antibody drug conjugate. MAbs 2021; 13:1974150. [PMID: 34486490 PMCID: PMC8425761 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1974150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes the characterization of conjugation sites for a random, lysine conjugated 2-iminothiolane (2-IT) based antibody-drug-conjugate synthesized from an IgG1 antibody and a duocarmycin analog-based payload-linker. Of the 80 putative lysine sites, 78 were found to be conjugated via tryptic peptide mapping and LC-HRMS. Surprisingly, seven cysteine-linked conjugated peptides were also detected resulting from the conjugation of cysteine residues derived from the four inter-chain disulfide bonds during the reaction. This unexpected finding could be attributed to the free thiols of the 2-IT thiolated antibody intermediates and/or the 4-mercaptobutanamide by-product resulting from the hydrolysis of 2-IT. These free thiols could cause the four inter-chain disulfide bonds of the antibody to scramble via intra- or inter-molecular attack. The presence of only pair of non-reactive (unconjugated) lysine residues, along with the four intact intra-chain disulfide bonds, is attributed to their poor accessibility, which is consistent with solvent accessibility modeling analysis. We also discovered a major by-product derived from the hydrolysis of the amidine moiety of the N-terminus conjugate. In contrast, the amidine moiety in lysine-linked conjugates appeared stable. Based on our results, we propose plausible formation mechanisms of cysteine-linked conjugates and the hydrolysis of the N-terminus conjugate, which provide scientific insights that are beneficial to process development and drug quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Difei Qiu
- Chemical Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Yande Huang
- Chemical Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Naresh Chennamsetty
- Biologics Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Scott A Miller
- Chemical Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Michael Hay
- Chemical Process Development, Global Product Development and Supply, Bristol Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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11
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Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) is aimed at preserving and determining the native structure, composition, and stoichiometry of biomolecules and their complexes from solution after they are transferred into the gas phase. Major improvements in native MS instrumentation and experimental methods over the past few decades have led to a concomitant increase in the complexity and heterogeneity of samples that can be analyzed, including protein-ligand complexes, protein complexes with multiple coexisting stoichiometries, and membrane protein-lipid assemblies. Heterogeneous features of these biomolecular samples can be important for understanding structure and function. However, sample heterogeneity can make assignment of ion mass, charge, composition, and structure very challenging due to the overlap of tens or even hundreds of peaks in the mass spectrum. In this review, we cover data analysis, experimental, and instrumental advances and strategies aimed at solving this problem, with an in-depth discussion of theoretical and practical aspects of the use of available deconvolution algorithms and tools. We also reflect upon current challenges and provide a view of the future of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber D Rolland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States
| | - James S Prell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1253, United States.,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403-1252, United States
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12
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Larson EJ, Roberts DS, Melby JA, Buck KM, Zhu Y, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Ge Y. High-Throughput Multi-attribute Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates Enabled by Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry and Top-Down Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2021; 93:10013-10021. [PMID: 34258999 PMCID: PMC8319120 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are one of the fastest growing classes of anticancer therapies. Combining the high targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with cytotoxic small molecule drugs, ADCs are complex molecular entities that are intrinsically heterogeneous. Primary sequence variants, varied drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, and conformational changes in the starting mAb structure upon drug conjugation must be monitored to ensure the safety and efficacy of ADCs. Herein, we have developed a high-throughput method for the analysis of cysteine-linked ADCs using trapped ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS) combined with top-down mass spectrometry (MS) on a Bruker timsTOF Pro. This method can analyze ADCs (∼150 kDa) by TIMS followed by a three-tiered top-down MS characterization strategy for multi-attribute analysis. First, the charge state distribution and DAR value of the ADC are monitored (MS1). Second, the intact mass of subunits dissociated from the ADC by low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) is determined (MS2). Third, the primary sequence for the dissociated subunits is characterized by CID fragmentation using elevated collisional energies (MS3). We further automate this workflow by directly injecting the ADC and using MS segmentation to obtain all three tiers of MS information in a single 3-min run. Overall, this work highlights a multi-attribute top-down MS characterization method that possesses unparalleled speed for high-throughput characterization of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - David S Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Jake A Melby
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Kevin M Buck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Linjie Han
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
- Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Avenue., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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13
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Martelet A, Garrigue V, Zhang Z, Genet B, Guttman A. Multi-attribute method based characterization of antibody drug conjugates (ADC) at the intact and subunit levels. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 201:114094. [PMID: 33957368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent an important class of new biopharmaceutical modalities. ADCs are highly complex and heterogeneous molecules, potentially containing numerous product-related structures, that can contribute to the quality, efficacy and safety of the product. To keep up with product life cycle related changes, wide-range and targeted characterization of product quality attributes (PQA) are of high demand. Multi-attribute methods (MAM) can screen numerous PQAs in a parallel fashion including product properties as well as product and process-related impurities. MAM is usually based on a bottom-up approach relying on the enzymatic digestion of the protein into peptides prior to mass spectrometry (MS). However, this processing workflow can result in considerable information loss, such as the drug distribution profile of an antibody-drug conjugate. Therefore, complementary MAM approaches, based on subunit and intact mass analyses, are necessary approaches offering the advantage of product identity confirmation, quantification of the different conjugated species and monitoring the drug-to-antibody ratio at the same time. In this work we introduce a high throughput MS based attribute tracking method for ADC characterization at the intact and subunit levels by simultaneously monitoring multiple PQAs. The workflow includes sample preparation and MS instrument suitability testing for heterogeneous lysine-linked ADCs, software solutions for routine PQAs tracking, method repeatability and an easy data review fitting perfectly into high throughput analyses. As methionine oxidation is one of the modifications that should be closely monitored at any step of process development, an important application to oxidative stress evaluation using forced degradation demonstrated the applicability of the workflow.
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14
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Lee BI, Park SJ, Park Y, Shin SH, Choi JM, Park MJ, Lim JH, Kim SY, Lee H, Shin YG. Assessments of the In Vitro and In Vivo Linker Stability and Catabolic Fate for the Ortho Hydroxy-Protected Aryl Sulfate Linker by Immuno-Affinity Capture Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometric Assay. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13010125. [PMID: 33478046 PMCID: PMC7836004 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) linkers play an important role in determining the safety and efficacy of ADC. The Ortho Hydroxy-Protected Aryl Sulfate (OHPAS) linker is a newly developed linker in the form of a di-aryl sulfate structure consisting of phenolic payload and self-immolative group (SIG). In this study, using two bioanalytical approaches (namely "bottom-up" and "middle-up" approaches) via the liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometric (LC-qTOF-MS) method, in vitro and in vivo linker stability experiments were conducted for the OHPAS linker. For comparison, the valine-citrulline-p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (VC-PABC) linker was also evaluated under the same experimental conditions. In addition, the catabolite identification experiments at the subunit intact protein level were simultaneously performed to evaluate the catabolic fate of ADCs. As a result, the OHPAS linker was stable in the in vitro mouse/human plasma as well as in vivo pharmacokinetic studies in mice, whereas the VC-PABC linker was relatively unstable in mice in vitro and in vivo. This is because the VC-PABC linker was sensitive to a hydrolytic enzyme called carboxylesterase 1c (Ces1c) in mouse plasma. In conclusion, the OHPAS linker appears to be a good linker for ADC, and further experiments would be warranted to demonstrate the efficacy and toxicity related to the OHPAS linker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong ill Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Seo-jin Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Yuri Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Seok-Ho Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Jang-mi Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Min-jae Park
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Jeong-hyeon Lim
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
| | - Sun Young Kim
- IntoCell Inc., 101, Sinildong-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34324, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Hyangsook Lee
- IntoCell Inc., 101, Sinildong-ro, Daedeok-gu, Daejeon 34324, Korea; (S.Y.K.); (H.L.)
| | - Young G. Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Institute of Drug Research and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (B.i.L.); (S.-j.P.); (Y.P.); (S.-H.S.); (J.-m.C.); (M.-j.P.); (J.-h.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-42-821-5931
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15
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Farràs M, Miret J, Camps M, Román R, Martínez Ó, Pujol X, Erb S, Ehkirch A, Cianferani S, Casablancas A, Cairó JJ. Homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates: DAR 2 anti-HER2 obtained by conjugation on isolated light chain followed by mAb assembly. MAbs 2021; 12:1702262. [PMID: 31876436 PMCID: PMC6973308 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1702262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in medical care, cancer remains a major threat to human health. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a promising targeted therapy to overcome adverse side effects to normal tissues. In this field, the current challenge is obtaining homogeneous preparations of conjugates, where a defined number of drugs are conjugated to specific antibody sites. Site-directed cysteine-based conjugation is commonly used to obtain homogeneous ADC, but it is a time-consuming and expensive approach due to the need for extensive antibody engineering to identify the optimal conjugation sites and reduction – oxidation protocols are specific for each antibody. There is thus a need for ADC platforms that offer homogeneity and direct applicability to the already approved antibody therapeutics. Here we describe a novel approach to derive homogeneous ADCs with drug-to-antibody ratio of 2 from any human immunoglobulin 1 (IgG1), using trastuzumab as a model. The method is based on the production of heavy chains (HC) and light chains (LC) in two recombinant HEK293 independent cultures, so the original amino acid sequence is not altered. Isolated LC was effectively conjugated to a single drug-linker (vcMMAE) construct and mixed to isolated HC dimers, in order to obtain a correctly folded ADC. The relevance of the work was validated in terms of ADC homogeneity (HIC-HPLC, MS), purity (SEC-HPLC), isolated antigen recognition (ELISA) and biological activity (HER2-positive breast cancer cells cytotoxicity assays).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercè Farràs
- Research&Development and New Business Development, Farmhispania SA, Montmeló, Spain
| | - Joan Miret
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Camps
- Research&Development and New Business Development, Farmhispania SA, Montmeló, Spain
| | - Ramón Román
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Martínez
- Research&Development and New Business Development, Farmhispania SA, Montmeló, Spain
| | - Xavier Pujol
- Research&Development and New Business Development, Farmhispania SA, Montmeló, Spain
| | - Stéphane Erb
- Laboratoire de Spéctrometrie de Masse BiorOganique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spéctrometrie de Masse BiorOganique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sarah Cianferani
- Laboratoire de Spéctrometrie de Masse BiorOganique, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antoni Casablancas
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Joan Cairó
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Abstract
High-resolution native mass spectrometry (MS) provides accurate mass measurements (within 30 ppm) of intact ADCs and can also yield drug load distribution (DLD) and average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) in parallel with hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC). Native MS is furthermore unique in its ability to simultaneously detect covalent and noncovalent species in a mixture and for HIC peak identity assessment offline or online.As an orthogonal method described in this chapter, LC-MS following ADC reduction or IdeS (Fabricator) digestion and reduction can also be used to measure the DLD of light chain and Fd fragments for hinge native cysteine residues such as brentuximab vedotin. Both methods allow also the measurement of average DAR for both monomeric and multimeric species. In addition, the Fc fragments can be analyzed in the same run, providing a complete glycoprofile and the demonstration or absence of additional conjugation of this subdomain involved in FcRn and Fc-gammaR binding.
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17
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Analysis of Monoclonal Antibodies by Capillary Electrophoresis: Sample Preparation, Separation, and Detection. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are dominating the biopharmaceutical field due to the fact of their high specificity in the treatment of diverse diseases. Nevertheless, mAbs are very complex glycoproteins exhibiting several macro- and microheterogeneities that may affect their safety, quality, and efficacy. This complexity is very challenging for mAbs development, formulation, and quality control. To tackle the quality issue, a combination of multiple analytical approaches is necessary. In this perspective, capillary electrophoresis has gained considerable interest over the last decade due to the fact of its complementary features to chromatographic approaches. This review provides an overview of the strategies of mAbs and derivatives analysis by capillary electrophoresis hyphenated to ultraviolet, fluorescence, and mass spectrometry detection. The main sample preparation approaches used for mAb analytical characterization (i.e., intact, middle-up/down, and bottom-up) are detailed. The different electrophoretic modes used as well as integrated analysis approaches (sample preparation and separation) are critically discussed.
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18
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Camperi J, Goyon A, Guillarme D, Zhang K, Stella C. Multi-dimensional LC-MS: the next generation characterization of antibody-based therapeutics by unified online bottom-up, middle-up and intact approaches. Analyst 2021; 146:747-769. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01963a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review presents an overview of current analytical trends in antibody characterization by multidimensional LC-MS approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Camperi
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Alexandre Goyon
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Geneva
- 1206 Geneva
- Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland (ISPSO)
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Department of Small Molecule Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
| | - Cinzia Stella
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry
- Genentech Inc
- South San Francisco
- USA
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19
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Dean AQ, Luo S, Twomey JD, Zhang B. Targeting cancer with antibody-drug conjugates: Promises and challenges. MAbs 2021; 13:1951427. [PMID: 34291723 PMCID: PMC8300931 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2021.1951427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a rapidly expanding class of biotherapeutics that utilize antibodies to selectively deliver cytotoxic drugs to the tumor site. As of May 2021, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved ten ADCs, namely Adcetris®, Kadcyla®, Besponsa®, Mylotarg®, Polivy®, Padcev®, Enhertu®, Trodelvy®, Blenrep®, and Zynlonta™ as monotherapy or combinational therapy for breast cancer, urothelial cancer, myeloma, acute leukemia, and lymphoma. In addition, over 80 investigational ADCs are currently being evaluated in approximately 150 active clinical trials. Despite the growing interest in ADCs, challenges remain to expand their therapeutic index (with greater efficacy and less toxicity). Recent advances in the manufacturing technology for the antibody, payload, and linker combined with new bioconjugation platforms and state-of-the-art analytical techniques are helping to shape the future development of ADCs. This review highlights the current status of marketed ADCs and those under clinical investigation with a focus on translational strategies to improve product quality, safety, and efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Q. Dean
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Shen Luo
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Julianne D. Twomey
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Baolin Zhang
- Office of Biotechnology Products, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
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20
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Larson EJ, Zhu Y, Wu Z, Chen B, Zhang Z, Zhou S, Han L, Zhang Q, Ge Y. Rapid Analysis of Reduced Antibody Drug Conjugate by Online LC-MS/MS with Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15096-15103. [PMID: 33108180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), which harness the high targeting specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) with the potency of small molecule therapeutics, are one of the fastest growing pharmaceutical classes. Nevertheless, ADC conjugation techniques and processes may introduce intrinsic heterogeneity including primary sequence variants, varied drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) species, and drug positional isomers, which must be monitored to ensure the safety and efficacy of ADCs. Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-MS) is a powerful tool for characterization of ADCs. However, the conventional bottom-up MS analysis workflows require an enzymatic digestion step which can be time consuming and may introduce artifactual modifications. Herein, we develop an online LC-MS/MS method for rapid analysis of reduced ADCs without digestion, enabling determination of DAR, characterization of the primary sequence, and localization of the drug conjugation site of the ADC using high-resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) MS. Specifically, a model cysteine-linked ADC was reduced to generate six unique subunits: light chain (Lc) without drug (Lc0), Lc with 1 drug (Lc1), heavy chain (Hc) without drug (Hc0), and Hc with 1-3 drugs (Hc1-3, respectively). A concurrent reduction strategy is applied to assess ADC subunits in both the partially reduced (intrachain disulfide bonds remain intact) and fully reduced (all disulfide bonds are cleaved) forms. The entire procedure including the sample preparation and LC-MS/MS takes less than 55 min, enabling rapid multiattribute analysis of ADCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli J Larson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yanlong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Zhijie Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Bifan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Zhaorui Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Shiyue Zhou
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Linjie Han
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Analytical R&D, AbbVie Inc., 1 Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
| | - Ying Ge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave. Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States.,Human Proteomics Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
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21
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Watts E, Williams JD, Miesbauer LJ, Bruncko M, Brodbelt JS. Comprehensive Middle-Down Mass Spectrometry Characterization of an Antibody–Drug Conjugate by Combined Ion Activation Methods. Anal Chem 2020; 92:9790-9798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Watts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | | | | | - Milan Bruncko
- AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois 60064-1802, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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22
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Gahoual R, Bolbach G, Ould-Melha I, Clodic G, François YN, Scherman D, Mignet N, Houzé P. Kinetic and structural characterization of therapeutic albumin chemical functionalization using complementary mass spectrometry techniques. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2020; 185:113242. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Proof of site-specificity of antibody-drug conjugates produced by chemical conjugation technology: AJICAP first generation. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1140:121981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.121981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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24
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Application of CE-MS for the analysis of histones and histone modifications. Methods 2020; 184:125-134. [PMID: 32014606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis, identification and quantification of histones and their post-translational modifications plays a central role in chromatin research and in studying epigenetic regulations during physiological processes. In the last decade analytical strategies based on mass spectrometry have been greatly improved for providing a global view of single modification abundances or to determine combinatorial patterns of modifications. Presented here is a newly developed strategy for histone protein analysis and a number of applications are illustrated with an emphasis on PTM characterization. Capillary electrophoresis is coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) and has proven to be a very promising concept as it enables to study intact histones (top-down proteomics) as well as the analysis of enzymatically digested proteins (bottom-up proteomics). This technology combines highly efficient low-flow CE separations with ionization in a single device and offers an orthogonal separation principle to conventional LC-MS analysis, thus expanding the existing analytical repertoire in a perfect manner.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jennifer S. Brodbelt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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26
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Saadé J, Gahoual R, Beck A, Leize-Wagner E, François YN. Characterization of the Primary Structure of Cysteine-Linked Antibody-Drug Conjugates Using Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:263-272. [PMID: 31643063 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) enables the characterization of the primary structure of ADCs. An analytical method based on a derived bottom-up proteomic workflow is designed to provide detailed information about the amino acid sequence, the glycosylation profiling, and the location on the peptide backbone of the conjugated drugs. Here we describe the experimental protocol applied on the characterization of cysteine-linked brentuximab vedotin (Adcetris®).
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane Saadé
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Laboratoire Vecteurs Pour l'Imagerie Moléculaire et le Ciblage Thérapeutique (VICT), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Alain Beck
- Pierre Fabre Laboratories, IRPF-Centre d'Immunologie Pierre Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.
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27
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Han L, Zhao Y, Zhang Q. Conjugation Site Analysis by MS/MS Protein Sequencing. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2078:221-233. [PMID: 31643060 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9929-3_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In-depth knowledge about the site of drug-linker conjugation is important for the understanding of the conjugation efficiency and the exact locations of payloads for antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Here we describe a peptide mapping-based protocol, covering sample preparation procedure, LC-MS/MS setup, and data processing (auto and manual), to determine the locations of drug-linker attachment on mAbs. In comparison with classical mAb peptide mapping, some improvements will be highlighted for maintaining hydrophobic drug-loaded peptides in solution, enabling efficient chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection, and allowing for their unambiguous identification in LC-MS/MS map by using diagnostic fragmentation ions of the payload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Han
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Yanqun Zhao
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qunying Zhang
- Process Analytical Chemistry, AbbVie Inc., North Chicago, IL, USA
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28
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Dadouch M, Ladner Y, Bich C, Larroque M, Larroque C, Morel J, Bonnet PA, Perrin C. An in-line enzymatic microreactor for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies by capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2020; 145:1759-1767. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an01906e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In-line enzymatic microreactor and electrophoretic strategy for the middle-up analysis of monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriem Dadouch
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Yoann Ladner
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Claudia Bich
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Marion Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Christian Larroque
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier (IRCM)
- INSERM U1194
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Jacques Morel
- Département de Rhumatologie
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier cedex 5
- France
| | - Pierre-Antoine Bonnet
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
| | - Catherine Perrin
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM)
- UMR 5247-CNRS-UM-ENSCM
- Université de Montpellier
- Montpellier
- France
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29
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Li K, Zhang Z, Lin ZJ, Shi H, Ma Y. Accurate determination of drug-to-antibody ratio of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates by LC-HRMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:833-840. [PMID: 31872274 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02280-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) of interchain cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) is challenging. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of the ADCs at the intact or subunit level provides a feasible way to measure the DAR. However, the measured DAR is usually lower than the true DAR because of the variation in ionization efficiency between different DAR species. In this work, we developed a novel standard-free HRMS method involving isotope-labeled payload conjugation, protease digestion, and liquid chromatography-HRMS (LC-HRMS) analysis for accurate determination of the DAR of the interchain cysteine-linked ADCs with cleavable or non-cleavable linkers. Isotope-labeled payload conjugations eliminated the structural and chemical differences between different DAR species and ensured that the drugs or payload-containing peptides could be separated from each other in the mass spectrometer. A papain digestion strategy for ADCs with cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.79, with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 0.48 (n = 3). Similarly, the trypsin and chymotrypsin digestion strategy that is applicable to ADCs with non-cleavable linkers showed a DAR of 3.77 and an RSD of 0.86 (n = 3). The DAR determined by this method was consistent with the DAR of the ADCs that was measured by the UV/Vis method. This method will be very useful to researchers working in the field of ADC discovery and development. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Zhongping John Lin
- Department of Bioanalysis, Frontage Laboratories, Inc., Exton, PA, 19341, USA
| | - Honglan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Yinfa Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Biomedical Research, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, California State University, Sacramento, CA, 95819, USA.
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Révész Á, Rokob TA, Jeanne Dit Fouque D, Hüse D, Háda V, Turiák L, Memboeuf A, Vékey K, Drahos L. Optimal Collision Energies and Bioinformatics Tools for Efficient Bottom-up Sequence Validation of Monoclonal Antibodies. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13128-13135. [PMID: 31518108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Rigorous validation of amino acid sequence is fundamental in the characterization of original and biosimilar protein biopharmaceuticals. Widely accepted workflows are based on bottom-up mass spectrometry, and they often require multiple techniques and significant manual work. Here, we demonstrate that optimization of a set of tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) collision energies and automated combination of all available information in the measurements can increase the sequence validated by one technique close to the inherent limits. We created a software (called "Serac") that consumes results of the Mascot database search engine and identifies the amino acids validated by bottom-up MS/MS experiments using the most rigorous, industrially acceptable definition of sequence coverage (we term this "confirmed sequence coverage"). The software can combine spectra at the level of amino acids or fragment ions to exploit complementarity, provides full transparency to justify validation, and reduces manual effort. With its help, we investigated collision energy dependence of confirmed sequence coverage of individual peptides and full proteins on trypsin-digested monoclonal antibody samples (rituximab and trastuzumab). We found the energy dependence to be modest, but we demonstrated the benefit of using spectra taken at multiple energies. We describe a workflow based on 2-3 LC-MS/MS runs, carefully selected collision energies, and a fragment ion level combination, which yields ∼85% confirmed sequence coverage, 25%-30% above that from a basic proteomics protocol. Further increase can mainly be expected from alternative digestion enzymes or fragmentation techniques, which can be seamlessly integrated to the processing, thereby allowing effortless validation of full sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes Révész
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Tibor András Rokob
- Theoretical Chemistry Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Dany Jeanne Dit Fouque
- UMR CNRS 6521, CEMCA , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Av. Le Gorgeu , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
| | - Dániel Hüse
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology , Gedeon Richter Plc , POB 27, H-1475 Budapest 10 , Hungary
| | - Viktor Háda
- Analytical Department of Biotechnology , Gedeon Richter Plc , POB 27, H-1475 Budapest 10 , Hungary
| | - Lilla Turiák
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Antony Memboeuf
- UMR CNRS 6521, CEMCA , Université de Bretagne Occidentale , 6 Av. Le Gorgeu , 29238 Brest Cedex 3 , France
| | - Károly Vékey
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 , Budapest , Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences , Magyar Tudósok körútja 2 , H-1117 , Budapest , Hungary
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31
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Insights from capillary electrophoresis approaches for characterization of monoclonal antibodies and antibody drug conjugates in the period 2016–2018. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1122-1123:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kerr RA, Keire DA, Ye H. The impact of standard accelerated stability conditions on antibody higher order structure as assessed by mass spectrometry. MAbs 2019; 11:930-941. [PMID: 30913973 PMCID: PMC6601562 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1599632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein therapeutic higher order structure (HOS) is a quality attribute that can be assessed to help predict shelf life. To model product shelf-life values, possible sample-dependent pathways of degradation that may affect drug efficacy or safety need to be evaluated. As changes in drug thermal stability over time can be correlated with an increased risk of HOS perturbations, the effect of long-term storage on the product should be measured as a function of temperature. Here, complementary high-resolution mass spectrometry methods for HOS analysis were used to identify storage-dependent changes of biotherapeutics (bevacizumab (Avastin), trastuzumab (Herceptin), rituximab (Rituxan), and the NIST reference material 8671 (NISTmAb)) under accelerated or manufacturer-recommended storage conditions. Collision-induced unfolding ion mobility-mass spectrometry data showed changes in monoclonal antibody folded stability profiles that were consistent with the appearance of a characteristic unfolded population. Orthogonal hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry data revealed that the observed changes in unfolding occurred in parallel to changes in HOS localized to the periphery of the hinge region. Using intact reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we identified several mass species indicative of peptide backbone hydrolysis, located between the variable and constant domains of the heavy chain of bevacizumab. Taken together, our data highlighted the capability of these approaches to identify age- or temperature-dependent changes in biotherapeutic HOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Kerr
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
| | - David A. Keire
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
| | - Hongping Ye
- Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, St. Louis, USA
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Giorgetti J, Lechner A, Del Nero E, Beck A, François YN, Leize-Wagner E. Intact monoclonal antibodies separation and analysis by sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2019; 25:324-332. [PMID: 30351978 DOI: 10.1177/1469066718807798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry coupling is a growing technique in biopharmaceutics characterization. Assessment of monoclonal antibodies is well known at middle-up and bottom-up levels to obtain information about the sequence, post-translational modifications and degradation products. Intact protein analysis is an actual challenge to be closer to the real protein structure. At this level, actual techniques are time consuming or cumbersome processes. In this work, a 20 minutes separation method has been developed to optimize characterization of intact monoclonal antibodies. Thus, separation has been done on a positively charged coated capillary with optimized volatile background electrolyte and sample buffer. Three world-wide health authorities approved monoclonal antibodies have been used to set up a rapid and ease of use method. Intact trastuzumab, rituximab and palivizumab isoforms have been partially separated with this method in less than 20 minutes under denaturing conditions. For each monoclonal antibody, 2X-glycosylated and 1X-glycosylated structures have been identified and separated. Concerning basic and acidic variants, potential aspartic acid isomerization modification and asparagine deamidation have been observed. Accurate mass determination for high-mass molecular species remains a challenge, but the progress in intact monoclonal antibodies separation appears very promising for biopharmaceutics characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Giorgetti
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Antony Lechner
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elise Del Nero
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alain Beck
- 2 Centre d'immunologie Pierre Fabre, Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- 1 Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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34
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Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, Houzé P, François YN. Revealing the potential of capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry: the tipping point. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33 Suppl 1:11-19. [PMID: 30022554 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry (CE/MS) remains a minor technique compared with liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS), which represents nowadays the standard instrumentation, regardless of its introduction thirty years ago. However, from a theoretical point of view, CE coupling should be quite favorable especially with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). At the time, the sensitivity provided by CE/MS was often limited, due to hyphenation requirements, which at some point appeared to disqualify CE/MS from benefiting from the performance gain driving the evolution of MS instruments. However, this context has been significantly modified in a matter of a few years. The development of innovative CE/MS interfacing systems has enabled an important improvement regarding sensitivity and reinforced robustness in order to provide an instrumentation accessible to the largest scientific community. Because of the unique selectivity delivered by the electrophoretic separation, CE/MS has proved to be particularly relevant for the analysis of biological molecules. The conjunction of these aspects is motivating the interest in CE/MS analysis and shows that CE/MS is mature enough to enrich the toolbox of analytical techniques for the analysis of complex biological samples. Here we discuss the characteristics of the major types of high-sensitivity CE/ESI-MS instrumentation and emphasize the late evolution and future positioning of CE/MS analysis for the characterization of biological molecules like peptides and proteins, through some pertinent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Unistra-CNRS UMR7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants malades, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Yannis-Nicolas François
- Laboratoire de spectrométrie de masse des interactions et des systèmes (LSMIS), Unistra-CNRS UMR7140, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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35
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Sun Z, Wang X, Tang Z, Chen Q, Liu X. Development of a biotin-streptavidin-amplified nanobody-based ELISA for ochratoxin A in cereal. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 171:382-388. [PMID: 30616155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.12.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A biotin-streptavidin-amplified enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a biotinylated nanobody (BA-Nb ELISA) was developed to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in cereal. The limit of detection (LOD) of the BA-Nb ELISA, which equals to 10% maximal inhibitory concentration, was 0.011 ng/mL for OTA in buffer, and the sensitivity was approximately improved by one order of magnitude compared with the traditional Nb ELISA (LOD = 0.112 ng/mL). Under optimal conditions, the developed assay could be accomplished in 40 min with maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.138 ng/mL and the linear detection range of 0.034-0.460 ng/mL. The average recovery rate of the BA-Nb ELISA ranged from 92.8% to 114%, and the relative standard deviation was in the range of 2.04-9.85%. The developed BA-Nb ELISA was validated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the results indicated the reliability of BA-Nb ELISA for the detection of OTA in cereal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Sun
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xuerou Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zongwen Tang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Qi Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Xing Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, 58 Renmin Avenue, Haikou 570228, China.
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36
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Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1118-1119:116-136. [PMID: 31035134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Capillary electrophoresis (CE) played an important role in developments in the life sciences. The technique is nowadays used for the analysis of both large and small molecules in applications where it performs better than or is complementary to liquid chromatographic techniques. In this review, principles of different electromigration techniques, especially capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary gel (CGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), are described and recent developments in instrumentation, with an emphasis on mass spectrometry (MS) coupling and microchip CE, are discussed. The role of CE in the life sciences is shown with applications in which it had a high impact over the past few decades. In this context, current practice for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals (therapeutic proteins) is shown with CIEF, CGE and CZE using different detection techniques, including MS. Subsequently, the application of CGE and CZE, in combination with laser induced fluorescence detection and CZE-MS are demonstrated for the analysis of protein-released glycans in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals and glycan biomarker discovery in biological samples. Special attention is paid to developments in capillary coatings and derivatization strategies for glycans. Finally, routine CE analysis in clinical chemistry and latest developments in metabolomics approaches for the profiling of small molecules in biological samples are discussed. The large number of CE applications published for these topics in recent years clearly demonstrates the established role of CE in life sciences.
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37
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Beck A, D’Atri V, Ehkirch A, Fekete S, Hernandez-Alba O, Gahoual R, Leize-Wagner E, François Y, Guillarme D, Cianférani S. Cutting-edge multi-level analytical and structural characterization of antibody-drug conjugates: present and future. Expert Rev Proteomics 2019; 16:337-362. [DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2019.1578215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Beck
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Valentina D’Atri
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Ehkirch
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Szabolcs Fekete
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, CMU, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Oscar Hernandez-Alba
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Rabah Gahoual
- Unité de Technologies Biologiques et Chimiques pour la Santé (UTCBS), Paris 5-CNRS UMR8258 Inserm U1022, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Leize-Wagner
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannis François
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS), UMR 7140, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
| | - Davy Guillarme
- Biologics CMC and Developability, IRPF - Centre d’Immunologie Pierre-Fabre (CIPF), Saint-Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Sarah Cianférani
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique, IPHC UMR 7178, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Strasbourg, France
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Pandeswari PB, Sabareesh V. Middle-down approach: a choice to sequence and characterize proteins/proteomes by mass spectrometry. RSC Adv 2018; 9:313-344. [PMID: 35521579 PMCID: PMC9059502 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07200k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Owing to rapid growth in the elucidation of genome sequences of various organisms, deducing proteome sequences has become imperative, in order to have an improved understanding of biological processes. Since the traditional Edman method was unsuitable for high-throughput sequencing and also for N-terminus modified proteins, mass spectrometry (MS) based methods, mainly based on soft ionization modes: electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, began to gain significance. MS based methods were adaptable for high-throughput studies and applicable for sequencing N-terminus blocked proteins/peptides too. Consequently, over the last decade a new discipline called 'proteomics' has emerged, which encompasses the attributes necessary for high-throughput identification of proteins. 'Proteomics' may also be regarded as an offshoot of the classic field, 'biochemistry'. Many protein sequencing and proteomic investigations were successfully accomplished through MS dependent sequence elucidation of 'short proteolytic peptides (typically: 7-20 amino acid residues), which is called the 'shotgun' or 'bottom-up (BU)' approach. While the BU approach continues as a workhorse for proteomics/protein sequencing, attempts to sequence intact proteins without proteolysis, called the 'top-down (TD)' approach started, due to ambiguities in the BU approach, e.g., protein inference problem, identification of proteoforms and the discovery of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The high-throughput TD approach (TD proteomics) is yet in its infancy. Nevertheless, TD characterization of purified intact proteins has been useful for detecting PTMs. With the hope to overcome the pitfalls of BU and TD strategies, another concept called the 'middle-down (MD)' approach was put forward. Similar to BU, the MD approach also involves proteolysis, but in a restricted manner, to produce 'longer' proteolytic peptides than the ones usually obtained in BU studies, thereby providing better sequence coverage. In this regard, special proteases (OmpT, Sap9, IdeS) have been used, which can cleave proteins to produce longer proteolytic peptides. By reviewing ample evidences currently existing in the literature that is predominantly on PTM characterization of histones and antibodies, herein we highlight salient features of the MD approach. Consequently, we are inclined to claim that the MD concept might have widespread applications in future for various research areas, such as clinical, biopharmaceuticals (including PTM analysis) and even for general/routine characterization of proteins including therapeutic proteins, but not just limited to analysis of histones or antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Boomathi Pandeswari
- Advanced Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu 632014 India
| | - Varatharajan Sabareesh
- Advanced Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT) Vellore Tamil Nadu 632014 India
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39
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Štěpánová S, Kašička V. Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomics and peptidomics (2015-mid 2018). J Sep Sci 2018; 42:398-414. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201801090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sille Štěpánová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czechia
| | - Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry; The Czech Academy of Sciences; Prague 6 Czechia
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40
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Shen X, Kou Q, Guo R, Yang Z, Chen D, Liu X, Hong H, Sun L. Native Proteomics in Discovery Mode Using Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Capillary Zone Electrophoresis-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2018; 90:10095-10099. [PMID: 30085653 PMCID: PMC6156775 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Native proteomics aims to characterize complex proteomes under native conditions and ultimately produces a full picture of endogenous protein complexes in cells. It requires novel analytical platforms for high-resolution and liquid-phase separation of protein complexes prior to native mass spectrometry (MS) and MS/MS. In this work, size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)-capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)-MS/MS was developed for native proteomics in discovery mode, resulting in the identification of 144 proteins, 672 proteoforms, and 23 protein complexes from the Escherichia coli proteome. The protein complexes include four protein homodimers, 16 protein-metal complexes, two protein-[2Fe-2S] complexes, and one protein-glutamine complex. Half of them have not been reported in the literature. This work represents the first example of online liquid-phase separation-MS/MS for the characterization of a complex proteome under the native condition, offering the proteomics community an efficient and simple platform for native proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Qiang Kou
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 719 Indiana Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Ruiqiong Guo
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Zhichang Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Daoyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 719 Indiana Avenue, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, 410 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Heedeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Liangliang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 S Shaw Ln, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
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41
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Goyon A, Francois YN, Colas O, Beck A, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. High-resolution separation of monoclonal antibodies mixtures and their charge variants by an alternative and generic CZE method. Electrophoresis 2018; 39:2083-2090. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Goyon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Yannis Nicolas Francois
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse des Interactions et des Systèmes (LSMIS) UMR 7140 (Unistra-CNRS); Université de Strasbourg; Strasbourg France
| | - Olivier Colas
- IRPF; Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre; Saint-Julien-en-Genevois; France
| | - Alain Beck
- IRPF; Center of Immunology Pierre Fabre; Saint-Julien-en-Genevois; France
| | - Jean Luc Veuthey
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
| | - Davy Guillarme
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Geneva; University of Lausanne; Geneva Switzerland
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IgG Antibody 3D Structures and Dynamics. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7020018. [PMID: 31544870 PMCID: PMC6698877 DOI: 10.3390/antib7020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are vital for human health because of their ability to function as nature's drugs by protecting the body from infection. In recent decades, antibodies have been used as pharmaceutics for targeted therapy in patients with cancer, autoimmune diseases, and cardiovascular diseases. Capturing the dynamic structure of antibodies and characterizing antibody fluctuation is critical for gaining a deeper understanding of their structural characteristics and for improving drug development. Current techniques for studying three-dimensional (3D) structural heterogeneity and variability of proteins have limitations in ascertaining the dynamic structural behavior of antibodies and antibody-antigen complexes. Here, we review current techniques used to study antibody structures with a focus on the recently developed individual-particle electron tomography (IPET) technique. IPET, as a particle-by-particle methodology for 3D structural characterization, has shown advantages in studying structural variety and conformational changes of antibodies, providing direct imaging data for biomolecular engineering to improve development and clinical application of synthetic antibodies.
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43
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Liu-Shin L, Fung A, Malhotra A, Ratnaswamy G. Influence of disulfide bond isoforms on drug conjugation sites in cysteine-linked IgG2 antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:583-595. [PMID: 29436897 PMCID: PMC5973704 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1440165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cysteine-linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) produced from IgG2 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are more heterogeneous than ADCs generated from IgG1 mAbs, as IgG2 ADCs are composed of a wider distribution of molecules, typically containing 0 – 12 drug-linkers per antibody. The three disulfide isoforms (A, A/B, and B) of IgG2 antibodies confer differences in solvent accessibilities of the interchain disulfides and contribute to the structural heterogeneity of cysteine-linked ADCs. ADCs derived from either IgG2-A or IgG2-B mAbs were compared to better understand the role of disulfide isoforms on attachment sites and distribution of conjugated species. Our characterization of these ADCs demonstrated that the disulfide configuration affects the kinetics of disulfide bond reduction, but has minimal effect on the primary sites of reduction. The IgG2-A mAbs yielded ADCs with higher drug-to-antibody ratios (DARs) due to the easier reduction of its interchain disulfides. However, hinge-region cysteines were the primary conjugation sites for both IgG2-A and IgG2-B mAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Liu-Shin
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA.,b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Adam Fung
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
| | - Arun Malhotra
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami , FL
| | - Gayathri Ratnaswamy
- a Analytical and Formulation Development, Agensys, Inc., an affiliate of Astellas, Inc. , Santa Monica , CA
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44
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D’Atri V, Fekete S, Stoll D, Lauber M, Beck A, Guillarme D. Characterization of an antibody-drug conjugate by hydrophilic interaction chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1080:37-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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45
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Voeten RLC, Ventouri IK, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1464-1481. [PMID: 29298038 PMCID: PMC5994730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L C Voeten
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iro K Ventouri
- TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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46
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Wagh A, Song H, Zeng M, Tao L, Das TK. Challenges and new frontiers in analytical characterization of antibody-drug conjugates. MAbs 2018; 10:222-243. [PMID: 29293399 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2017.1412025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are a growing class of biotherapeutics in which a potent small molecule is linked to an antibody. ADCs are highly complex and structurally heterogeneous, typically containing numerous product-related species. One of the most impactful steps in ADC development is the identification of critical quality attributes to determine product characteristics that may affect safety and efficacy. However, due to the additional complexity of ADCs relative to the parent antibodies, establishing a solid understanding of the major quality attributes and determining their criticality are a major undertaking in ADC development. Here, we review the development challenges, especially for reliable detection of quality attributes, citing literature and new data from our laboratories, highlight recent improvements in major analytical techniques for ADC characterization and control, and discuss newer techniques, such as two-dimensional liquid chromatography, that have potential to be included in analytical control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Wagh
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Hangtian Song
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Ming Zeng
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Li Tao
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
| | - Tapan K Das
- a Molecular & Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , New Jersey , USA
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47
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Källsten M, Hartmann R, Artemenko K, Lind SB, Lehmann F, Bergquist J. Qualitative analysis of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs): an experimental comparison of analytical techniques of cysteine-linked ADCs. Analyst 2018; 143:5487-5496. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Four different cysteine linked antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) consisting of Trastuzumab-vc-MMAE were analysed with four common analytical techniques with respect to drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Källsten
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - Rafael Hartmann
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry
- Organic Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- BMC
- Uppsala University
- SE-751 23 Uppsala
| | | | - Sara Bergström Lind
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
| | | | - Jonas Bergquist
- Department of Chemistry-BMC
- Analytical Chemistry
- Uppsala University
- Uppsala
- Sweden
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48
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Dada OO, Zhao Y, Jaya N, Salas-Solano O. High-Resolution Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry Peptide Mapping of Therapeutic Proteins: Improved Separation with Mixed Aqueous–Aprotic Dipolar Solvents (N,N-Dimethylacetamide and N,N-Dimethylformamide) as the Background Electrolyte. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11227-11235. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin O. Dada
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Nomalie Jaya
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Oscar Salas-Solano
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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49
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Dada OO, Zhao Y, Jaya N, Salas-Solano O. High-Resolution Capillary Zone Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry Peptide Mapping of Therapeutic Proteins: Peptide Recovery and Post-translational Modification Analysis in Monoclonal Antibodies and Antibody–Drug Conjugates. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11236-11242. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatosin O. Dada
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Yimeng Zhao
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Nomalie Jaya
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Oscar Salas-Solano
- Department of Analytical
Sciences, Seattle Genetics, Inc., 21823 30th Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
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50
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Immunoprecipitation middle-up LC–MS for in vivo drug-to-antibody ratio determination for antibody–drug conjugates. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1535-1549. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) determination is critical for development of antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs). This work presents a middle-up LC–MS approach for DAR analysis using prelabeled capture beads and in-house fabricated slit-plates. Methodology & Results: Cysteine, engineered cysteine and disulfide-linked ADCs, each with two different linker payloads, were immunocaptured and digested to scFc and F(ab′)2 fragments. At this point, disulfide-linked ADCs were analyzed while cysteine and engineered cysteine ADCs were reduced to LC and Fd′ fragments for analysis. Results were precise, accurate and sensitive, allowing DAR to be determined out to 21 days. Conclusion: This work describes a method that is easily implemented, amenable to high-throughput analysis and does not require specialized reagents or equipment.
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