1
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Zhang Y, Wang L, Ma N, Wan Y, Zhu X, Qian W. Ordered Porous Layer Interferometry for Dynamic Observation of Non-Specific Adsorption Induced by 1-Ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) Carbodiimide. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:11406-11413. [PMID: 37542713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific adsorption (NSA) seems to be an impregnable obstacle to the progress of the biomedical, diagnostic, microelectronic, and material fields. The reaction path of bioconjugation can alter the surface charge distribution on products and the interaction of bioconjugates, an ignored factor causing NSA. We monitored exacerbated NSA introduced by a 1-ethyl-3-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl) carbodiimide (EDC) addition reaction, which cannot be resistant to bovine serum albumin (BSA) or polyethylene glycol (PEG) antifouling coating and Tween-20. And the negative effects can be minimized by adding as low as 7.5 × 10-6 M N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide (sulfo-NHS). We applied ordered porous layer interferometry (OPLI) to sensitively evaluate the NSA that is difficult to measure on individual particles. Using the silica colloidal crystal (SCC) film with Fabry-Perot fringes as in situ and real-time monitoring for the NSA, we optimized the surface chemistry to yield a conjugate surface without variational charge distribution. In this work, we propose a novel approach from the perspective of the reaction pathway to minimize the NSA of solely EDC-induced chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yizhen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xueyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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2
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Rodriguez-Quijada C, Lyons C, Sanchez-Purra M, Santamaria C, Leonardo BM, Quinn S, Tlusty MF, Shiaris M, Hamad-Schifferli K. Gold Nanoparticle Paper Immunoassays for Sensing the Presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oyster Hemolymph. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19494-19502. [PMID: 37305279 PMCID: PMC10249105 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Seafood contamination with Vibrio bacteria is a problem for aquaculture, especially with oysters, which are often consumed raw. Current methods for diagnosing bacterial pathogens in seafood involve lab-based assays such as polymerase chain reaction or culturing, which are time consuming and must occur in a centralized location. Detection of Vibrio in a point-of-care assay would be a significant tool for food safety control measures. We report here a paper immunoassay that can detect the presence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) in buffer and oyster hemolymph. The test uses gold nanoparticles conjugated to polyclonal anti-Vibrio antibodies in a paper-based sandwich immunoassay. A sample is added to the strip and wicked through by capillary action. If Vp is present, it results in a visible color at the test area that can be read out by eyes or a standard mobile phone camera. The assay has a limit of detection of 6.05 × 105 cfu/mL and a cost estimate of $5 per test. Receiver operating characteristic curves with validated environmental samples showed a test sensitivity of 0.96 and a specificity of 1.00. Because the assay is inexpensive and can be used on Vp directly without the requirement for culturing, or sophisticated equipment, it has the potential to be used in fieldable settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Rodriguez-Quijada
- Department
of Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Casandra Lyons
- Department
of Biology, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Maria Sanchez-Purra
- Department
of Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Charles Santamaria
- Department
of Biology, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Brianna M. Leonardo
- Department
of Biology, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Sara Quinn
- Department
of Biology, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
| | - Michael F. Tlusty
- School
for the Environment, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125 United States
| | - Michael Shiaris
- Department
of Biology, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
- School
for the Environment, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125 United States
| | - Kimberly Hamad-Schifferli
- Department
of Engineering, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125, United States
- School
for the Environment, University of Massachusetts
Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd., Boston, Massachusetts 02125 United States
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3
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McCluskey SM, Govender K, Adamson J, Gandhi M, Spinelli MA, Moosa MY, Muyindike W, Moodley P, Pillay M, Masette G, Sunpath H, Pillay S, Chen G, Hedt-Gauthier B, Marconi VC, Siedner MJ. Point-of-care urine tenofovir testing to predict HIV drug resistance among individuals with virologic failure. AIDS 2023; 37:1109-1113. [PMID: 36928169 PMCID: PMC10164085 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to evaluate the utility of a point-of-care (POC) urine tenofovir (TFV) assay, developed to objectively assess adherence, to predict HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) in people failing first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN We retrospectively analyzed TFV levels as a biomarker of adherence in urine specimens collected during a clinical trial that enrolled adults with virologic failure on first-line ART in Uganda and South Africa. METHODS Urine specimens were analyzed from participants on TFV-containing regimens who had a viral load >1000 copies/ml and paired genotypic resistance test (GRT) results. We assessed recent ART TFV adherence with a qualitative POC lateral flow urine assay with a cut-off value of 1500 ng/ml. We then calculated performance characteristics of the POC urine TFV assay to predict HIVDR, defined as intermediate or high-level resistance to any component of the current ART regimen. RESULTS Urine specimens with paired plasma GRT results were available from 283 participants. The most common ART regimen during study conduct was emtricitabine, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, and efavirenz. The overall prevalence of HIVDR was 86% ( n = 243/283). Of those with TFV detected on the POC assay, 91% ( n = 204/224) had HIVDR, vs. only 66% ( n = 39/59) among those with no TFV detected ( P- value < 0.001). Positive and negative predictive values of the assay to predict HIVDR were 91% and 34%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In populations with a high prevalence of HIVDR, the POC urine TFV assay can provide a low-cost, rapid method to guide requirements for confirmatory resistance testing and inform the need for regimen change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M McCluskey
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - John Adamson
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew A Spinelli
- Division of HIV, ID, and Global Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Pravi Moodley
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service
| | | | - Godfrey Masette
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | | | - Selvan Pillay
- Adrenergy Research Innovations, Durban, South Africa
| | | | - Bethany Hedt-Gauthier
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Vincent C Marconi
- Emory University School of Medicine
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
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4
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Wang Y, Deng C, Qian S, Li H, Fu P, Zhou H, Zheng J. An ultrasensitive lateral flow immunoassay platform for foodborne biotoxins and pathogenic bacteria based on carbon-dots embedded mesoporous silicon nanoparticles fluorescent reporter probes. Food Chem 2023; 399:133970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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5
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A mAb for the detection of the antiretroviral drug emtricitabine. AIDS 2022; 36:1890-1893. [PMID: 36111696 PMCID: PMC9594139 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based testing for emtricitabine (FTC), a critical component of pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy, would provide low-cost detection for clinical monitoring to improve adherence. We developed a mAb (5D2) to FTC and demonstrated its high specificity and physiologically relevant linear range of detection in a competitive enzyme immunoassay. Thus, this mAb is a key reagent that will enable simple and low-cost lateral flow assays and enzyme immunoassays for adherence monitoring.
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6
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Davies GE, Thornton CR. Development of a Monoclonal Antibody and a Serodiagnostic Lateral-Flow Device Specific to Rhizopus arrhizus (Syn. R. oryzae), the Principal Global Agent of Mucormycosis in Humans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070756. [PMID: 35887511 PMCID: PMC9325280 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is a highly aggressive angio-invasive disease of humans caused by fungi in the zygomycete order, Mucorales. Though a number of different species can cause mucormycosis, the principal agent of the disease worldwide is Rhizopus arrhizus, which accounts for the majority of rhino-orbital-cerebral, pulmonary, and disseminated infections in immunocompromised individuals. It is also the main cause of life-threatening infections in patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, and in corticosteroid-treated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, where it causes the newly described disease, COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). Diagnosis currently relies on non-specific CT, a lengthy and insensitive culture from invasive biopsy, and a time-consuming histopathology of tissue samples. At present, there are no rapid antigen tests for the disease that detect biomarkers of infection, and which allow point-of-care diagnosis. Here, we report the development of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (mAb), KC9, which is specific to Rhizopus arrhizus var. arrhizus (syn. Rhizopus oryzae) and Rhizopus arrhizus var. delemar (Rhizopus delemar), and which binds to a 15 kDa extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) antigen secreted during hyphal growth of the pathogen. Using the mAb, we have developed a competitive lateral-flow device (LFD) that allows rapid (30 min) and sensitive (~50 ng/mL running buffer) detection of the EPS biomarker, and which is compatible with human serum (limit of detection of ~500 ng/mL) and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (limit of detection of ~100 ng/mL). The LFD, therefore, provides a potential novel opportunity for the non-invasive detection of mucormycosis caused by Rhizopus arrhizus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genna E. Davies
- ISCA Diagnostics Ltd., B12A, Hatherly Laboratories, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK;
| | - Christopher R. Thornton
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology, Geoffrey Pope Building, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
- Correspondence:
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7
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Zhang JY, Zhang Y, Bender AT, Sullivan BP, Olanrewaju AO, Lillis L, Boyle D, Drain PK, Posner JD. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis adherence test using reverse transcription isothermal amplification inhibition assay. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1361-1370. [PMID: 35297917 PMCID: PMC8991996 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay00008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Current HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART) or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) therapy adherence monitoring relies on either patient self-reported adherence or monitored drug dispensing, which are not reliable. We report a proof-of-concept adherence monitoring assay which directly measures nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) concentration using a reverse transcription isothermal amplification inhibition assay. We measure the concentration of Tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) - an NRTI that functions as a deoxyadenosine triphosphate (dATP) analog and long-term adherence marker for PrEP - by measuring the inhibition of the reverse transcription of an RNA template. The completion or inhibition of reverse transcription is evaluated by recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), an isothermal nucleic acid amplification assay commonly used for point-of-care diagnostics. We present and validate a model that predicts the amplification probability as a function of dATP and TFV-DP concentrations, nucleotide insertion sites on the RNA template, and RNA template concentration. The model can be used to rationally design and optimize the assay to operate at clinically relevant TFV-DP concentrations. We provide statistical analysis that demonstrates how the assay may be used as a qualitative or semi-quantitative tool for measuring adherence to NRTI drugs and used to support patient compliance. Due to its simple instrumentation and short runtime (<1 hour), this assay has the potential for implementation in low-complexity laboratories or point-of-care settings, which may improve access to ART and PrEP adherence monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Y Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew T Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Benjamin P Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Sevenler D, Niu X, Dossantos S, Toner M, Cressey TR, Sandlin RD, Drain PK. Point-of-care semi-quantitative test for adherence to tenofovir alafenamide or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 77:996-999. [PMID: 35038336 PMCID: PMC9126064 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkab487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Objective measurement of antiretrovirals may aid clinical interventions for improving adherence to HIV prevention or treatment regimens. A point-of-care urine test could provide real-time information about recent adherence to regimens containing tenofovir disoproxil fumarate or tenofovir alafenamide. We developed a lateral flow immunoassay (LFA) and ELISA for urinary tenofovir. METHODS The intensity of the LFA test line was quantified using an optical reader and visually scored 0-5 by two independent people, using a reference card. The sensitivity and specificity of both the ELISA and LFA were determined for two different tenofovir concentration cut-offs for tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and tenofovir alafenamide adherence-1500 and 150 ng/mL, respectively. To validate the assays, we measured 586 urine samples from 28 individuals collected as part of a study of tenofovir pharmacokinetics in adults, which were also measured by MS for reference. RESULTS Both the LFA signal and ELISA signal were each strongly correlated with drug concentrations (0.91 and 0.92, respectively). The LFA signal and ELISA were highly sensitive and specific at both thresholds (LFA sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 89%/96%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 90%/96%) (ELISA sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 94%/94%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 92%/84%). Visual scoring of the LFA was also highly sensitive and specific at both the tenofovir disoproxil fumarate threshold and the tenofovir alafenamide threshold (sensitivity/specificity: tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, 91%/94%; and tenofovir alafenamide, 87%/90%). CONCLUSIONS Our rapid semi-quantitative test can measure tenofovir concentrations relevant to both tenofovir alafenamide and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate adherence, which may support adherence-promoting interventions across a range of HIV care settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Sevenler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xin Niu
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sandy Dossantos
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tim R. Cressey
- PHPT/IRD-MIVEGEC, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Molecular & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rebecca D. Sandlin
- Center for Engineering in Medicine & Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul K. Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology and Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Huang HJ, Lin YT, Chung MC, Chen YH, Tan KT. Glucose and Ethanol Detection with an Affinity-Switchable Lateral Flow Assay. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5084-5090. [PMID: 35297623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lateral flow assay (LFA) is one of the most successful analytical platforms for rapid on-site detection of target substances. This type of assay has been used in many rapid diagnoses, for example, pregnancy tests and infectious disease prevention. However, applications of LFAs for very small molecules remain a demanding challenge due to the problem of obtaining the corresponding binding partners to form sandwich complexes. In this paper, we report an affinity-switchable (AS) LFA (ASLFA) for the rapid and selective detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), glucose, and ethanol in blood serum and urine samples. Unlike classical LFAs, which rely on the "always on" interaction between the antigen and the antibody, the working principle of ASLFA is based on the gold nanoparticle-conjugated AS biotin probe Au@H2O2-ASB, which can be activated by H2O2 for binding with the streptavidin (SA) protein. In the presence of glucose and ethanol, glucose oxidase and alcohol oxidase can react with the substrate to generate H2O2 and thereby activate Au@H2O2-ASB for binding with SA. Therefore, this ASLFA approach can be an alternative for classical glucose and ethanol detection methods in a wide variety of samples, where simple and rapid on-site detection is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Jung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Lin
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chi Chung
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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10
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Rosenbohm JM, Klapperich CM, Cabodi M. Tunable Duplex Semiquantitative Detection of Nucleic Acids with a Visual Lateral Flow Immunoassay Readout. Anal Chem 2022; 94:3956-3962. [PMID: 35199994 PMCID: PMC10017168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) is a key enabling technology for infectious disease management, especially in instances where viral load informs therapeutic decisions. Inadequate access to quantitative NAATs remains a challenge to the successful deployment of antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) in low resourced settings (LRS). Current field-deployable NAATs are generally qualitative (yes/no) rather than quantitative in nature, making them ill-suited for viral load monitoring programs for CHB patients. Here, we report the development of a proof-of-concept molecular diagnostic test, the semiquantitative ligation and amplification (SQLA) assay, which achieves semiquantitative detection of input target DNA at two independently tunable detection thresholds with a simple visual readout. The SQLA assay utilizes a duplex competitive thermophilic helicase-dependent amplification (tHDA) chemistry and can be performed in under 1 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Rosenbohm
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Catherine M Klapperich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mario Cabodi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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11
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Hou Y, Lv CC, Guo YL, Ma XH, Liu W, Jin Y, Li BX, Yang M, Yao SY. Recent Advances and Applications in Paper-Based Devices for Point-of-Care Testing. JOURNAL OF ANALYSIS AND TESTING 2022; 6:247-273. [PMID: 35039787 PMCID: PMC8755517 DOI: 10.1007/s41664-021-00204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Point-of-care testing (POCT), as a portable and user-friendly technology, can obtain accurate test results immediately at the sampling point. Nowadays, microfluidic paper-based analysis devices (μPads) have attracted the eye of the public and accelerated the development of POCT. A variety of detection methods are combined with μPads to realize precise, rapid and sensitive POCT. This article mainly introduced the development of electrochemistry and optical detection methods on μPads for POCT and their applications on disease analysis, environmental monitoring and food control in the past 5 years. Finally, the challenges and future development prospects of μPads for POCT were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hou
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Cong-Cong Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Yan-Li Guo
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Xiao-Hu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Yan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Bao-Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
| | - Shi-Yin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710062 China
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12
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Delamarche E, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. Capillary Microfluidics for Monitoring Medication Adherence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research Europe Saeumerstrasse 4 Rueschlikon Switzerland
| | | | - Michael G. Christiansen
- Institute for Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10 8092 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine Department of Health Sciences and Technology ETH Zurich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1–5/10 8092 Zurich Switzerland
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13
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Olanrewaju AO, Sullivan BP, Bardon AR, Lo TJ, Cressey TR, Posner JD, Drain PK. Pilot evaluation of an enzymatic assay for rapid measurement of antiretroviral drug concentrations. Virol J 2021; 18:77. [PMID: 33858461 PMCID: PMC8048217 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Maintaining adequate drug adherence is crucial to ensure the HIV prevention benefits of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). We developed an enzymatic assay for rapidly measuring tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations—a metabolite that indicates long-term PrEP adherence. Setting The study was conducted at the Madison HIV Clinic at Harborview Medical Center in Seattle. Methods We enrolled adults receiving standard oral PrEP, and individuals not receiving any antiretrovirals. We measured TFV-DP concentrations in diluted whole blood using our novel REverSe TRanscrIptase Chain Termination (RESTRICT) assay, based on inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. Blood samples were diluted in water, DNA templates, nucleotides, RT, and intercalating dye added, and results measured with a fluorescence reader—stronger fluorescence indicated higher RT activity. We compared RESTRICT assay results to TFV-DP concentrations from matched dried blood spot samples measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) using ≥ 700 fmol/punch TFV-DP as a threshold for adequate adherence (≥ 4 doses/week). Results Among 18 adults enrolled, 4 of 7 participants receiving PrEP had TFV-DP levels ≥ 700 fmol/punch by LC–MS/MS. RESTRICT fluorescence correlated with LC–MS/MS measurements (r = − 0.845, p < 0.0001). Median fluorescence was 93.3 (95% confidence interval [CI] 90.9 to 114) for samples < 700 fmol/punch and 54.4 (CI 38.0 to 72.0) for samples ≥ 700 fmol/punch. When calibrated to an a priori defined threshold of 82.7, RESTRICT distinguished both groups with 100% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. Conclusions This novel enzymatic assay for measuring HIV reverse transcriptase activity may be suitable for distinguishing TFV-DP concentrations in blood that correspond to protective PrEP adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin P Sullivan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ashley R Bardon
- Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Tiffany J Lo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Tim R Cressey
- PHPT/IRD 174, Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, USA.,Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jonathan D Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.,Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Paul K Drain
- Department of Global Health, Schools of Medicine and Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. .,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, USA.
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14
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Delamarche E, Temiz Y, Lovchik RD, Christiansen MG, Schuerle S. Capillary Microfluidics for Monitoring Medication Adherence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:17784-17796. [PMID: 33710725 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Medication adherence is a medical and societal issue worldwide, with approximately half of patients failing to adhere to prescribed treatments. The goal of this Minireview is to examine how recent work on microfluidics for point-of-care diagnostics may be used to enhance adherence to medication. It specifically focuses on capillary microfluidics since these devices are self-powered, easy to use, and well established for diagnostics and drug monitoring. Considering that an improvement in medication adherence can have a much larger effect than the development of new medical treatments, it is long overdue for the research communities working in chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and material sciences to consider developing technologies to enhance medication adherence. For these reasons, this Minireview is not meant to be exhaustive but rather to provide a quick starting point for researchers interested in joining this complex but intriguing and exciting field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuksel Temiz
- IBM Research Europe, Saeumerstrasse 4, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael G Christiansen
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Simone Schuerle
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8092, Zurich, Switzerland
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15
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Chen YH, Gupta NK, Huang HJ, Lam CH, Huang CL, Tan KT. Affinity-Switchable Lateral Flow Assay. Anal Chem 2021; 93:5556-5561. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Nitesh K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiao-Jung Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chak Hin Lam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ching-Lan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kui-Thong Tan
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, 101 Section 2, Kuang Fu Road, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan, Republic of China
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16
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Abbade LPF, Barraviera SRCS, Silvares MRC, Lima ABBDCO, Haddad GR, Gatti MAN, Medolago NB, Rigotto Carneiro MT, dos Santos LD, Ferreira RS, Barraviera B. Treatment of Chronic Venous Ulcers With Heterologous Fibrin Sealant: A Phase I/II Clinical Trial. Front Immunol 2021; 12:627541. [PMID: 33708219 PMCID: PMC7940668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.627541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heterologous fibrin sealant (HFS) consists of a fibrinogen-rich cryoprecipitate extracted from Bubalus bubalis buffalo blood and a thrombin-like enzyme purified from Crotalus durissus terrificus snake venom. This study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of HFS, estimated the best dose, and assessed its preliminary efficacy in the treatment of chronic venous ulcers (CVU). Methods A phase I/II non-randomized, single-arm clinical trial was performed on 31 participants, accounting for a total of 69 active CVUs. All ulcers were treated with HFS, essential fatty acid, and Unna boot for 12 weeks. The outcomes assessed were: (1) primary safety, immunogenicity analyses, and confirmation of the lowest safe dose; (2) secondary promising efficacy by analyzing the healing process. Immunogenicity was evaluated using the serum-neutralizing (IgM and IgG) and non-neutralizing (IgA and IgE) antibody techniques against the product. The immuno-detection of IgE class antibodies was assessed using dot-blot assay before and at the end of treatment. Positive samples on dot-blot assays were subsequently analyzed by western blotting to verify the results. Results No severe systemic adverse events related to the use of HFS were observed. Local adverse events potentially related to treatment include ulcer pain (52%), peri-ulcer maceration (16%), peri-ulcer pruritus (12%), critical colonization (8%), peri-ulcer eczema (4%), the opening of new ulcers (4%), and increased ulcerated area 4%). Neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies did not show significant deviations at any of the evaluated time points. Blot assays showed that all patients presented negative immunological reactions, either before or after treatment, with the thrombin-like enzyme component. In addition, two participants showed a positive immunological reaction to the cryoprecipitate component, while another two were positive before and during treatment. Regarding the secondary outcomes of preliminary efficacy, a total healing and significant reduction of the area was observed in 47.5 and 22%, respectively. A qualitative improvement was observed in the wound beds of unhealed ulcers. Conclusions The investigational HFS bioproduct proved to be safe and non-immunogenic with a good preliminary efficacy for the treatment of CVU, according to the protocol and doses proposed. A multicentric phase III clinical trial will be necessary to verify these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana P. F. Abbade
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Nursing, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Catharino Sartori Barraviera
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maria Regina Cavariani Silvares
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz B. de C. O. Lima
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriela R. Haddad
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcia A. N. Gatti
- Nursing School of Sagrado Coração University (UNISAGRADO), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Natália Bronzatto Medolago
- Clinical Research Unit (UPECLIN), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Márcia Tonin Rigotto Carneiro
- Clinical Research Unit (UPECLIN), Botucatu Medical School, São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Lucilene Delazari dos Santos
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Rui Seabra Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Benedito Barraviera
- Department of Infectology, Dermatology, Imaging Diagnosis and Radiotherapy, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Clinical Research, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
- Center for the Study of Venoms and Venomous Animals (CEVAP), São Paulo State University (UNESP – Univ Estadual Paulista), Botucatu, Brazil
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17
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Point-of-care and Near Real-time Testing for Antiretroviral Adherence Monitoring to HIV Treatment and Prevention. Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2021; 17:487-498. [PMID: 32627120 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-020-00512-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this report, we review the need for point-of-care (POC) or near real-time testing for antiretrovirals, progress in the field, evidence for guiding implementation of these tests globally, and future directions in objective antiretroviral therapy (ART) or pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence monitoring. RECENT FINDINGS Two cornerstones to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic are ART, which provides individual clinical benefits and eliminates forward transmission, and PrEP, which prevents HIV acquisition with high effectiveness. Maximizing the individual and public health benefits of these powerful biomedical tools requires high and sustained antiretroviral adherence. Routine monitoring of medication adherence in individuals receiving ART and PrEP may be an important component in interpreting outcomes and supporting optimal adherence. Existing practices and subjective metrics for adherence monitoring are often inaccurate or unreliable and, therefore, are generally ineffective for improving adherence. Laboratory measures of antiretroviral concentrations using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry have been utilized in research settings to assess medication adherence, although these are too costly and resource-intensive for routine use. Newer, less costly technologies such as antibody-based methods can provide objective drug-level measurement and may allow for POC or near-patient adherence monitoring in clinical settings. When coupled with timely and targeted counseling, POC drug-level measures can support adherence clinic-based interventions to ART or PrEP in near real time.
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18
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Luo Y, Jia T, Fang J, Liu D, Saikam V, Sheng X, Iyer SS. Rapid, user-friendly, and inexpensive detection of azidothymidine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1999-2006. [PMID: 33484329 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03168-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strict adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is very important to improve the quality of life for HIV-positive patients to reduce new infections and determine treatment success. Azidothymidine (AZT) is an antiretroviral drug commonly used in HAART treatment. In this research, an "add, mix, and measure" assay was developed to detect AZT within minutes. Three different probes designed to release fluorophores when samples containing AZT are added were synthesized and characterized. The limit of detection to AZT in simulated urine samples was determined to be 4 μM in 5 min for one of the probes. This simple and rapid point-of-care test could potentially be used by clinicians and health care workers to monitor the presence of AZT in low resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Luo
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Tianwei Jia
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Jieqiong Fang
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Dandan Liu
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Varma Saikam
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sheng
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA
| | - Suri S Iyer
- 788 Petit Science Center, Department of Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, 161 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, Atlanta, GA, 30302, USA.
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19
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Cavalera S, Agulló C, Mercader JV, Di Nardo F, Chiarello M, Anfossi L, Baggiani C, D'Avolio A, Abad-Somovilla A, Abad-Fuentes A. Monoclonal antibodies with subnanomolar affinity to tenofovir for monitoring adherence to antiretroviral therapies: from hapten synthesis to prototype development. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:10439-10449. [PMID: 33124633 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01791d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 32 million people have died of HIV infection since the beginning of the outbreak, and 38 million are currently infected. Among strategies adopted by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS to end the AIDS global epidemic, the treatment, diagnosis, and viral suppression of the infected subjects are considered crucial for HIV prevention and transmission. Although several antiretroviral (ARV) drugs are successfully used to manage HIV infection, their efficacy strictly relies on perfect adherence to the therapy, which is seldom achieved. Patient supervision, especially in HIV-endemic, low-resource settings, requires rapid, easy-to-use, and affordable analytical tools, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and especially the lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). In this work, high-affinity monoclonal antibodies were generated to develop ELISA and LFIA prototypes for monitoring tenofovir (TFV), an ARV drug present in several HIV treatments. TFV was functionalized by inserting a carboxylated C5-linker at the phosphonic group of the molecule, and the synthetic derivative was conjugated to proteins for mice immunization. Through a rigorous screening strategy of hybridoma supernatants, a panel of monoclonal antibodies strongly binding to TFV was obtained. Following antibody characterization for affinity and selectivity by competitive ELISA, a LFIA prototype was developed and tentatively applied to determine TFV in simulated urine. The point-of-care test showed ultra-high detectability (the visual limit of detection was 2.5 nM, 1.4 ng mL-1), excellent selectivity, and limited proneness to matrix interference, thus potentially making this rapid method a valuable tool for the on-site assessment of patient adherence to ARV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cavalera
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | - Consuelo Agulló
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Josep V Mercader
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fabio Di Nardo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | | | - Laura Anfossi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Turin, Turin, TO, Italy.
| | | | - Antonio D'Avolio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Infectious Diseases, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Antonio Abad-Fuentes
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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Abstract
In recent years, advances in immunosensor device fabrication have significantly expanded the use of this technology in a broad range of applications including clinical diagnosis, food analysis, quality control, environmental studies and industrial monitoring. The most important aspect in fabrication is to obtain a design that provides a low detection limit. The utilization of nanomaterials as a label, catalyst and biosensing transducer is, perhaps, the most popular approach in ultrasensitive devices. This chapter reviews recent advances in immunosensor fabrication and summarizes the most recent studies. Strategies employed to significantly improve sensitivity and specificity of immunosensor technology and the advantages and limitations thereof are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammet Aydin
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Elif Burcu Aydin
- Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Bioengineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
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21
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Bardon AR, Simoni JM, Layman LM, Stekler JD, Drain PK. Perspectives on the utility and interest in a point-of-care urine tenofovir test for adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy: an exploratory qualitative assessment among U.S. clients and providers. AIDS Res Ther 2020; 17:50. [PMID: 32762713 PMCID: PMC7412814 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-020-00308-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Real-time, objective measures of adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) are needed to better assess adherence levels and to expedite clinical response for those with suboptimal adherence. Point-of-care tenofovir (POC-TFV) testing has been proposed as a solution to facilitate real-time antiretroviral adherence monitoring, but little is known about how health care providers, people living with HIV (PLWH) receiving ART, and people receiving PrEP will perceive POC-TFV testing. Methods We conducted an exploratory qualitative study to assess perspectives on the utility and interest in POC-TFV testing from potential end users. We conducted three focus group discussions (FGDs) among 17 PLWH receiving ART and four individuals receiving PrEP, as well as eight in-depth interviews (IDIs) with health care providers in the Seattle area and presented participants with a hypothetical urine-based POC-TFV test. FGDs and IDIs were audio recorded, transcribed, coded, and analyzed to describe emerging themes. Results Overall, study participants demonstrated divergent opinions about the POC-TFV test. Among study participants, PLWH were most ambivalent about POC-TFV testing, first demonstrating reluctance to TFV-level monitoring and shifting positions during the FGDs. However, all PLWH participants were receptive to POC-TFV testing if requested by their provider. PrEP participants were generally supportive of POC-TFV testing for routine adherence monitoring and emphasized potential value in self-administered testing. Providers’ perceptions were equally divided – half suggested POC-TFV testing would be valuable, particularly for people receiving PrEP, while half indicated the test would have little benefit for most individuals receiving ART or PrEP in the U.S. All providers agreed that POC-TFV test results could be beneficial for assessing discrepancies in viral load results and self-reported adherence among PLWH. The study also revealed that a low-cost, non-urine-based POC-TFV test with a long-term limit of detection would be preferred over the hypothetical urine-based test. Conclusions Our findings indicate POC-TFV testing may be beneficial for routine, clinic-based adherence monitoring, particularly for individuals receiving PrEP or for PLWH with persistent viremia or following recent ART initiation. These findings should also be used to formulate a target product profile for a POC-TFV test and to guide further developments in tools for objective antiretroviral adherence monitoring.
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22
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Sevenler D, Bardon A, Fernandez Suarez M, Marshall L, Toner M, Drain PK, Sandlin RD. Immunoassay for HIV Drug Metabolites Tenofovir and Tenofovir Diphosphate. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1635-1642. [PMID: 32392030 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poor patient adherence to antiretroviral medication represents a major obstacle for managing disease and reducing rates of new HIV infections. The measurement of patient drug levels is the most objective method of determining adherence. Tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate are metabolites of some of the most common HIV medications for treatment and prevention and can be quantified by mass spectrometry. Here, we report the development of a competitive enzyme linked immunoassay as a simplified approach for detecting tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate. Monoclonal antibodies were produced by two tenofovir-hapten conjugates and screened for binding to immobilized tenofovir, and then for competition by tenofovir and tenofovir diphosphate. Antibody specificity was evaluated against adenosine phosphates, which are close structural analogs. We performed numerical simulations of reaction equilibrium to guide assay optimization. When used to evaluate spiked tenofovir in plasma and spiked tenofovir diphosphate in red blood cell lysate, the optimized assay had high sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derin Sevenler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for
Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | | | - Lisa Marshall
- Daktari Diagnostics, Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02140, United States
| | - Mehmet Toner
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for
Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | | | - Rebecca D. Sandlin
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Hospitals for
Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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23
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Brief Report: Urine Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Concentrations Provide Markers of Recent Antiretroviral Drug Exposure Among HIV-Negative Men Who Have Sex With Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2020; 82:252-256. [PMID: 31335590 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Urine provides a minimally invasive specimen that may allow for development of rapid tests to detect antiretroviral drugs and provide opportunities to improve individual adherence. This study sought to determine whether urine could provide a biomarker of adherence for currently approved pre-exposure prophylaxis and HIV treatment regimens. METHODS Urine and blood were collected from 34 HIV-negative men who have sex with men aged 18-49 years, enrolled in a clinical trial comparing 2 antiretroviral regimens. Specimens were collected 4 and 24 hours after a single oral dose of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine (FTC) (n = 10) or tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)/FTC/cobicistat (COBI)/elvitegravir (EVG) (n = 8), or after 4 and 10 days of daily oral TDF/FTC (n = 9) or TAF/FTC/COBI/EVG (n = 7). Tenofovir (TFV), FTC, and EVG were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Median urine FTC concentrations at 4 and 24 hours were similar between men receiving TDF/FTC (4 hours 147 µg/mL; 24 hours 10 µg/mL) and men receiving TAF/FTC/COBI/EVG (4 hours 333 µg/mL, P = 0.173; 24 hours 13 µg/mL, P = 0.681). Median urine TFV concentrations were lower among men receiving TAF/FTC/COBI/EVG (4 hours 1.2 µg/mL; 24 hours 0.8 µg/mL) compared with men receiving TDF/FTC (4 hours 17 µg/mL, P < 0.001; 24 hours 7 µg/mL, P = 0.001). Urine TFV concentrations remained reduced among men receiving TAF/FTC/COBI/EVG compared with men receiving TDF/FTC after daily dosing. EVG was not consistently measurable in urine. CONCLUSIONS High urine FTC and TFV concentrations could provide an indication of adherence to daily oral dosing with TDF or TAF-based regimens used for treatment and prevention.
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Olanrewaju AO, Sullivan BP, Zhang JY, Bender AT, Sevenler D, Lo TJ, Fernandez-Suarez M, Drain PK, Posner JD. Enzymatic Assay for Rapid Measurement of Antiretroviral Drug Levels. ACS Sens 2020; 5:952-959. [PMID: 32248685 PMCID: PMC7183420 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poor adherence to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) can lead to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition and emergence of drug-resistant infections, respectively. Measurement of antiviral drug levels provides objective adherence information that may help prevent adverse health outcomes. Gold-standard drug-level measurement by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry is centralized, heavily instrumented, and expensive and is thus unsuitable and unavailable for routine use in clinical settings. We developed the REverSe TRanscrIptase Chain Termination (RESTRICT) assay as a rapid and accessible measurement of drug levels indicative of long-term adherence to PrEP and ART. The assay uses designer single-stranded DNA templates and intercalating fluorescent dyes to measure complementary DNA (cDNA) formation by reverse transcriptase in the presence of nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor drugs. We optimized the RESTRICT assay using aqueous solutions of tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP), a metabolite that indicates long-term adherence to ART and PrEP, at concentrations over 2 orders of magnitude above and below the clinically relevant range. We used dilution in water as a simple sample preparation strategy to detect TFV-DP spiked into whole blood and accurately distinguished TFV-DP drug levels corresponding to low and high PrEP adherences. The RESTRICT assay is a fast and accessible test that could be useful for patients and clinicians to measure and improve ART and PrEP adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane Y. Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Andrew T. Bender
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Derin Sevenler
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Tiffany J. Lo
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle
| | | | - Paul K. Drain
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Jonathan D. Posner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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Semi-quantification of HIV-1 protease inhibitor concentrations in clinical samples of HIV-infected patients using a gold nanoparticle-based immunochromatographic assay. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1071:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Hristov DR, Rodriguez-Quijada C, Gomez-Marquez J, Hamad-Schifferli K. Designing Paper-Based Immunoassays for Biomedical Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E554. [PMID: 30699964 PMCID: PMC6387326 DOI: 10.3390/s19030554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paper-based sensors and assays have been highly attractive for numerous biological applications, including rapid diagnostics and assays for disease detection, food safety, and clinical care. In particular, the paper immunoassay has helped drive many applications in global health due to its low cost and simplicity of operation. This review is aimed at examining the fundamentals of the technology, as well as different implementations of paper-based assays and discuss novel strategies for improving their sensitivity, performance, or enabling new capabilities. These innovations can be categorized into using unique nanoparticle materials and structures for detection via different techniques, novel biological species for recognizing biomarkers, or innovative device design and/or architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delyan R Hristov
- Department of Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | | | - Jose Gomez-Marquez
- Little Devices Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Gandhi M, Bacchetti P, Rodrigues WC, Spinelli M, Koss CA, Drain PK, Baeten JM, Mugo NR, Ngure K, Benet LZ, Okochi H, Wang G, Vincent M. Development and Validation of an Immunoassay for Tenofovir in Urine as a Real-Time Metric of Antiretroviral Adherence. EClinicalMedicine 2018; 2-3:22-28. [PMID: 30906930 PMCID: PMC6428441 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacologic adherence measures were critical to the interpretation of the tenofovir (TFV)-disoproxil-fumarate/emtricitabine (TDF/FTC) PrEP trials. These measures are being incorporated into PrEP demonstration projects, but currently-available metrics in plasma, cells, hair or urine involve expensive and time-intensive mass-spectrometry (MS)-based methods. No point-of-care method to assess PrEP adherence in real-time has yet been implemented. Antibody-based tests allow for low-cost, easy-to-perform, point-of-care drug detection. In this study, we developed an antibody-based TFV immunoassay and evaluated its test characteristics among individuals taking TDF/FTC. METHODS We synthesized possible immunogens based on TFV's molecular structure, injected rabbits with the conjugated derivatives, and bled them monthly for subsequent ELISA-testing for TFV-specific antibodies. We purified an antibody with specific TFV binding and created dose-response curves for ELISA-quantification. We then quantified TFV in urine from human participants not taking TDF/FTC and from individuals taking daily TDF/FTC 300 mg/200 mg for 7 days with a 7-day washout period using ELISA with this TFV-specific antibody. ELISA results were compared with the gold-standard test for TFV detection/quantification using liquid-chromatography-tandem-MS (LC-MS/MS). FINDINGS None of the urine samples from 115 participants not taking TDF/FTC showed ELISA- reactivity, indicating 100% specificity (95% CI 97-100%) of the immunoassay. Among participants taking TDF/FTC, 67 of 70 samples positive by LC-MS/MS were positive by the ELISA-immunoassay for an estimated diagnostic sensitivity of 96% (95% CI 88-99%). The precision of the assay was high (coefficient of variationb15%). The rank correlation between ELISA and LC-MS/MS values in the 70 quantitative urine TFV levels positive by LC-MS/MS across a wide range of concentrations among participants on TDF/FTC was high (r = 0.96). INTERPRETATION Our antibody-based immunoassay for measuring TFV in urine performed well compared to the gold-standard of LC-MS/MS among individuals taking TDF/FTC. A sensitive and specific immunoassay paves the way for real-time monitoring/feedback on recent adherence to TFV-based regimens, which should optimize interpretation and outcomes during PrEP and ART roll-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, 4th floor, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States of America
- Corresponding author.
| | - Peter Bacchetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), Box 0560, 550 16th Street, 2538, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States of America
| | - Warren C. Rodrigues
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), 829 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA 91767, United States of America
| | - Matthew Spinelli
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, 4th floor, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Koss
- Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases, and Global Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 995 Potrero Avenue, Building 80, 4th floor, San Francisco, CA 94110, United States of America
| | - Paul K. Drain
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359927, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America
| | - Jared M. Baeten
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359927, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America
| | - Nelly R. Mugo
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359927, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America
- Center for Clinical Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Section 9, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Kenneth Ngure
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, 325 Ninth Avenue, Box 359927, Seattle, WA 98104, United States of America
- Department of Community Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Leslie Z. Benet
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States of America
| | - Hideaki Okochi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States of America
| | - Guohong Wang
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), 829 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA 91767, United States of America
| | - Michael Vincent
- Alere Rapid Diagnostics/Abbott Rapid Diagnostics Division (ARDx), 829 Towne Center Drive, Pomona, CA 91767, United States of America
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