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Aboelsoued D, Toaleb NI, Ibrahim S, Ibrahim S. In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effect of poly(amidoamine) nanoemulsion against Echinococcus granulosus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11957. [PMID: 38796499 PMCID: PMC11127951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydatidosis causes a serious health hazard to humans and animals leading to significant economic and veterinary and public health concern worldwide. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of synthesized poly(amidoamine), PAMAM, nanoemulsion. In this study, PAMAM was characterized through dynamic light scattering technique to investigate the particle size and zeta potential of nanoemulsified polymer. For the in vitro and ex vivo assays, we used eosin dye exclusion test and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to evaluate the effects of the prepared and characterized PAMAM nanoemulsion against protoscoleces from Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato G6 (GenBank: OQ443068.1) isolated from livers of naturally infected camels. Various concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/mL) of PAMAM nanoemulsion at different exposure times (5, 10, 20 and 30 min) were tested against protoscolices. Our findings showed that PAMAM nanoemulsion had considerable concentration- and time-dependent protoscolicidal effect at both in vitro and ex vivo experiments. Regarding in vitro assay, PAMAM nanoemulsion had a potent protoscolicidal effect when compared with the control group with a highest protoscolicidal activity observed at the concentration of 2 mg/mL at all exposure times, such that 100% of protoscolices were killed after 20 min of exposure. Also, the mortality of protoscolices was 100% after 30 min of exposure to 1 and 1.5 mg/mL of PAMAM nanoemulsion, in vitro. Concerning ex vivo assay PAMAM nanoemulsion recorded the highest mortality rates at the concentration of 2 mg/mL (55, 99.4 and 100% at 10, 20, 30 min, respectively). Ultrastructure examination of examined protoscolices after 20 min of exposure to PAMAM nanoemulsion showed a complete loss of rostellar hooks, disruption of suckers with disorganization of hooks with partial or complete loss of them, and damage of protoscolices tegument with loss of their integrity in the form of holes and contraction of the soma region were observed in 1.5 and 2 mg/mL of PAMAM, in vitro and ex vivo, showing more damage in the in vitro conditions. It can be concluded that PAMAM nanoemulsion is a promising protoscolicidal agent offering a high protoscolicidal effect at a short exposure time. Further in vivo studies and preclinical animal trials are required to evaluate its efficacy and clinical applications against hydatid cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Nagwa I Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sally Ibrahim
- Department of Animal Reproduction and AI, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Saber Ibrahim
- Packaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
- Nanomaterials Investigation Lab., Central Laboratory Network, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
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Selles SMA, Belhamiti BT, Kouidri M, Ait Amrane A, Kadari Y, Kaddour Z, Kabrit S. Chemical compounds, antioxidant and scolicidal potencies of Thymus fontanesii essential oil. Exp Parasitol 2024; 257:108699. [PMID: 38199324 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2024.108699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have become a source of new drugs to treat various diseases due to their low cost, few side effects, and wide accessibility. Among these, essential oils are promising natural compounds for use in scolicidal activity. The targets of our current work were to assess the chemical composition, antioxidant and protoscolicidal activities of Thymus fontanesii essential oil. The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation, and chemical compounds were quantified by GC-MS/GC-FID. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging assay and ferric reducing power. Three concentrations of essential oil (4.625, 9.25, and 13.875 mg/ml) were tested for 5, 10, and 15 min against E. granulosus protoscoleces and their viability was assessed by eosin staining essay. The yield of the essential oil was 2.06 ± 0.41 % (w/w). Carvacrol (59.68 %) was the main compound of Thymus fontanesii essential oils. Moreover, Thymus fontanesii essential oil has an antioxidant activity IC50 of 346.08 μg/ml and EC50 of 869.82 μg/ml. Furthermore, 100 % mortality of protoscoleces was observed at the doses of 9.25 mg/ml and 13.875 mg/ml after 5 min of exposure. Our findings show a potency of antioxidant and protoscolicidal activities against protoscoleces of E. granulosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidi Mohammed Ammar Selles
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria.
| | - Belkacem Tahar Belhamiti
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Mokhtaria Kouidri
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Farm Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Amar Ait Amrane
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Research on Local Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Yamina Kadari
- Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria; Laboratory of Farm Animal Products, Veterinary Sciences Institute, University of Tiaret, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria
| | - Zohra Kaddour
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria
| | - Souad Kabrit
- Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria
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Bagherivand A, Jafarirad S, Norouzi R, Karimi A. Scolicidal and apoptotic effects of phyto- and chemically synthesized silver/boehmite nanocomposites on Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2024; 157:213723. [PMID: 38160631 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2023.213723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus). This study aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), silver boehmite nanocomposite (Ag/Bhm NC), and silver boehmite nanocomposite modified with chitosan (Ag/Bhm/Chit NC) using Rosmarinus officinalis (R. officinalis) extract and chemical method, and to evaluate their scolicidal and apoptotic effects on protoscoleces (PSCs) in vitro. The nanomaterials (NMs) were characterized by XRD, FTIR, FESEM, EDS, DLS, PDI, and zeta potential (ZP). The NMs were tested against PSCs at different concentrations (0.2-1.6 mg/mL) and exposure times (10-60 min). The size of Ag NPs, phytosynthesized Ag/Bhm NC, Ag/Bhm/Chit NC, and chemically synthesized Ag/Bhm NC were 25.55, 43, 72.3, and 60.8 nm, respectively. Ag NPs and phytosynthesized Ag/Bhm NC showed the highest scolicidal effect, with 65.34 % and 51.60 % mortality rate at 1.6 mg/mL and 60 min, respectively. Caspase-3 mRNA expression was higher in PSCs treated with Ag NPs and Ag/Bhm NC than in control groups (P < 0.05). Phytosynthesized Ag/Bhm NC had stronger scolicidal and apoptotic effect than chemically synthesized Ag/Bhm NC. Ag/Bhm/Chit NC had a weaker scolicidal effect but higher gene expression than Ag/Bhm NC. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the potential of phytosynthesized Ag NPs and Ag/Bhm NC as effective scolicidal and apoptotic agents against PSCs of hydatid cysts, which may be useful for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azra Bagherivand
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Jafarirad
- Department of Organic and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Karimi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz, Iran; Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hassanzadeh E, Khademvatan S, Jafari B, Jafari A, Yousefi E. In vitro and in silico scolicidal effect of sanguinarine on the hydatid cyst protoscoleces. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290947. [PMID: 37878663 PMCID: PMC10599545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the scolicidal effects of sanguinarine on hydatid cyst protoscoleces (PSCs) in vitro and in silico. Different targets were docked into the active sites of sanguinarine. Molecular docking processes and visualization of interactions were performed using AutoDock Vina and Discovery Studio Visualizer. Binding energy was calculated and compared (kcal/mol). PSCs were aspirated from the hydatid cysts and washed. The sediments of PSCs were then exposed to various concentrations (50, 25, 12, 6, 3, and 1 μg/mL) of sanguinarine. The viability test was finally evaluated by the Trypan blue solution 4%. Levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and catalase were analyzed to assess the level of oxidative stress-treated PSCs. Caspase-3 activity rate was determined to evaluate cell apoptosis in treated PSCs. Among the receptors, acetylcholinesterase was identified as the excellent target, with Vina score of -11.8. Sanguinarine showed high scolicidal effects after 12, 24, and 48 h. Also, in the first hour of exposure to the drug, caspase-3 activity and MDA level significantly increased, but the levels of GSH and GPx had a significant reduction after 12, 24, and 48 h (P < 0.05). The findings of this study revealed that sanguinarine have potent scolicidal effects in vitro and in silico and could be considered an opportunity for the introduction of a novel and safe therapeutic agent for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis. However, supplementary studies will be desired to prove the current findings by examining sanguinarine in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hassanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Shahram Khademvatan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behzad Jafari
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Elham Yousefi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute & Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
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Mahmoodpour H, Spotin A, Hatam GR, PourmahdiGhaemmaghami A, Sadjjadi SM. In vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Eucalyptus microtheca on protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto: A light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. Exp Parasitol 2023:108553. [PMID: 37230322 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most widespread and important global helminth zoonoses. Treatment relies mainly on surgery and, or percutaneous interventions. However, spillage of live protoscoleces (PSCs) leading to recurrence is a problem during surgery. So, the application of protoscolicidal agents before surgery is required. This study aimed to investigate the activity and safety of hydroalcoholic extracts of E. microtheca against PSCs of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) both in vitro and also ex vivo, which is a simulation to Puncture, Aspiration, Injection, and Re-aspiration (PAIR) method. METHODS Considering the effects of heat on the protoscolicidal effecacy of Eucalyptus leaves, hydroalcoholic extraction was performed by both soxhlet extraction at 80 °C and percolation at room temperature. The protoscolicidal action of hydroalcoholic extracts was assessed by in vitro and ex vivo assessments. Infected sheep livers were collected from the slaughterhouse. Then, the genotype of hydatid cysts (HCs) was confirmed by sequencing and, isolates were limited to E. granulosus s.s. In the next step, ultrastructural changes of Eucalyptus-exposed PSCs were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Finally, a cytotoxicity test was conducted by (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay to evaluate the safety of E. microtheca. RESULTS The prepared extracts by soxhlet extraction and percolation were, successfully exerted strong protoscolicidal effects in both in vitro and ex vivo tests. The results of in vitro assessment indicated that hydroalcoholic extract of E. microtheca prepared by percolation at room temperature (EMP) and hydroalcoholic extract of E. microtheca prepared by soxhlet extraction at 80 °C (EMS) killed all PSCs (100%) at concentrations of 10 and 12.5 mg/mL, respectively. Also, EMP showed 99% protoscolicidal action after 20 min in an ex vivo setting compared to EMS. SEM micrographs confirmed potent protoscolicidal and destructive effects of E. microtheca against PSCs. The cytotoxicity of EMP was tested on the Hela cell line using MTT assay. The value of 50% cytotoxic concentration (CC50) was calculated at 46.5 μg/mL after 24h. CONCLUSION Both hydroalcoholic extracts showed potent protoscolicidal activity and, especially EMP produced remarkable protoscolicidal effects compared to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mahmoodpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Gholam Reza Hatam
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Ahmad AA, Maurice MN, Monib MESM, Soliman M, Al-Thagfan SS, Huseein EAM. Eugenol Essential Oil and Nanoemulsion as Antihydatic Agents with Antifibrotic and Immunomodulatory Effects in Cystic Echinococcosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:tropicalmed8050253. [PMID: 37235301 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8050253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional scolicidal agents are still unsatisfactory in combating hydatid disease due to their low efficacy and increased drug side effects. Therefore, novel scolicides are required. This study aimed to evaluate the antihydatic and immunomodulatory effects of eugenol essential oil (Eug) and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) in cystic echinococcosis (CE). Eug and Eug-NE were administered orally to CE-infected rats and compared to albendazole (ABZ). Hydatid cyst development was assessed based on organ weight and hypertrophy indicators of the infected organs, along with a histopathological and histochemical evaluation of collagen content. The immunomodulatory effects of treatment on CE were evaluated by serum cytokine levels measurement of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis of signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4) and GATA-binding protein 3 (GATA3) markers. Eug-NE was the most effective in reducing the cyst weights, organ weights, and hypertrophy indicators and improving histopathological lesions with reduced collagen content. Eug and Eug-NE significantly increased the IFN-γ levels and decreased the IL-4 levels, while IHC analysis demonstrated a significant reduction in STAT4 and GATA3 expression in all treated groups. Eug and Eug-NE demonstrated antihydatic and preventative effects, with a substantial decrease in liver fibrosis compared to that of ABZ. Besides their promising immunomodulatory effects, their good treatment response suggests their use as alternatives or complementary scolicidal agents in hydatid cyst treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Naged Maurice
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Soliman
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sultan S Al-Thagfan
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Al Madinah Al Munawarah 30001, Saudi Arabia
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Teimouri A, Jafarpour Azami S, Hashemi Hafshejani S, Ghanimatdan M, Bahreini MS, Alimi R, Sadjjadi SM. Protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:124. [PMID: 37072845 PMCID: PMC10111725 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03927-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to assess in vitro protoscolicidal effects of curcumin nanoemulsion (CUR-NE) against protoscoleces of cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatid cysts. METHODS The CUR-NE was prepared via spontaneous emulsification of soybean as the oil phase, a mixture of Tween 80 and Tween 85 as the surfactant, ethanol as the co-surfactant and distilled water. Various concentrations of CUR-NE (156, 312, 625 and 1250 µg/ml) were exposed to collected protoscoleces of infected sheep liver hydatid cysts for 10, 20, 30, 60 and 120 min. Viability of the protoscoleces were assessed using eosin exclusion test. Morphological changes of the protoscoleces were observed using differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy. RESULTS The mean particle size and zeta potential of CUR-NE included 60.4 ± 14.8 nm and - 16.1 ± 1.1 mV, respectively. Results showed that the viability of the protoscoleces decreased significantly with increases in CUR-NE concentrations (p < 0.001). The mortality rates of protoscoleces with exposure to concentrations of 1250 and 625 µg/ml of CUR-NE for 60 min were 94 and 73.33%, respectively. Mortality of the protoscoleces was 100% after 120 min of exposure to 1250 and 625 µg/ml concentrations of CUR-NE. Using NIC microscopy, extensively altered tegumental surface protoscoleces was observed after protoscoleces exposure to CUR-NE. CONCLUSION The findings of the present study revealed the in vitro protoscolicidal potential of CUR-NE. Therefore, CUR-NEs are addressed as novel protoscolicidal agents, which can be used as an alternative natural medicine to kill the protoscoleces, owing to their low toxicity and significant inhibition potency. However, further studies are necessary to investigate pharmacologic and pharmacokinetics of CUR-NEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aref Teimouri
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sanaz Jafarpour Azami
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Hashemi Hafshejani
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ghanimatdan
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Saleh Bahreini
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rasoul Alimi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Anti-hydatidosis Potential of Sodium Valproate: Evaluating New Therapeutic Potential for Sodium Valproate. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid-121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background: Larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus is the main cause of the hydatid cyst. Surgery, which is both aggressive and high-risk, is the most common treatment for this type of cyst. Some medicines, such as mebendazole, are also used as a complementary approach to preventing the recurrence of hydatid cysts. Objectives: Considering the approved antiparasitic effects of sodium valproate (VPA) on some parasites, this research intended to examine the potential of VPA against protoscolices and hydatid walls. Methods: Liver hydatid cysts caused by E. granulosus were collected from a slaughterhouse. Protoscolices and hydatid cysts were exposed to RPMI and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) media (control groups) or different concentrations of VPA and mebendazole in vitro. The viability of protoscolices was evaluated via light microscopy. Also, tissue changes and expression of apoptotic caspase-3 were examined in hydatid cyst walls (HCWs) using histological and immunohistochemical methods, respectively. Results: The mortality rates of VPA-treated and mebendazole-treated protoscolices were dose- and time-dependent. There was a significant difference between the intervention and control groups (P < 0.05). Tissue changes and apoptosis were observed in VPA-treated and mebendazole-treated HCWs. Conclusions: Valproate and mebendazole had significant effects on protoscolices and HCWs, although VPA exerted its effects more rapidly. It seems that VPA can be a new promising protoscolicidal agent and anti-hydatid medicine.
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In vitro efficacy of albendazole-loaded β-cyclodextrin against protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto. Exp Parasitol 2022; 243:108428. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Cheraghipour K, Masoori L, Zivdari M, Beiranvand M, Malekara V, Yarahmadi V, Moradpour K, Karkhane M, Alhameedawi AK, Marzban A. A systematic appraisal of the use of carvacrol-rich plants to treat hydatid cysts. J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:916-922. [PMID: 36091288 PMCID: PMC9458781 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydatid cysts occur in the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus worms in vital organs such as the liver, lung, brain, kidney, heart and spleen. As a result, the formation of these cysts in humans and animals is considered one of the most catastrophic common infections in humans and animals. So far, there is no definitive effective treatment strategy for this disease in humans. Cyst eradication through surgery is the only treatment, which might be difficult or impossible in some cases. The most difficult aspect of cyst removal surgery is recurrence and anaphylactic shock. As a result, many scolicidal medications are ineffective at inactivating the content of hydatid cysts in vivo. Herbal medicines are now considered a potential treatment for the treatment of hydatid cysts due to their effective anti-cystic activities, minimal side effects, and ability to improve immunity. In the present review study, the anti-cystic role of carvacrol as one of the main constituents of the Lamiaceae family on hydatid cyst has been discussed. The results demonstrate that carvacrol-containing essential oils may be utilized as a hydatid cyst inhibitor. This study has also shown the synergistic activity of carvacrol, thymol and other active plant metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Cheraghipour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Leila Masoori
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Masoomeh Zivdari
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Marjan Beiranvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Vahid Malekara
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Vali Yarahmadi
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Kobra Moradpour
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Alaa Kami Alhameedawi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdolrazagh Marzban
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Ganji A, Jalali-Mashayekhi F, Hajihossein R, Eslamirad Z, Bayat PD, Sakhaie M. Anti-parasitic effects of resveratrol on protoscolices and hydatid cyst layers. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108360. [PMID: 35995249 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The main goal of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of resveratrol (RESV) on protoscolices and hydatid cysts of Echinococcus granolosus. Echinococcus granolosus protoscolices and hydatid cyst were exposed to RPMI, DMSO, formalin, mebendazole, and different concentrations of RESV in vitro. Then, viability, GGT, and caspase-3 activity of protoscolices were evaluated using light microscopy, colorimetric, and enzymatic assay, respectively. Tissue changes and expression of caspase-3 apoptosis were analyzed on the hydatid cyst wall by histologic and immunohistochemistry methods. The cell toxicity effect of RESV was evaluated on mouse PBMCs by Annexin V-FITC assay. The RESV-treated protoscolices showed loss of viability, increased gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and caspase-3 activity with significant differences compared to all control groups (P < 0.05). Dose and time dependence of mortality, GGT, and caspase-3 enzymatic activity was confirmed in the protoscolices of Echinococcus granulosus treated by RESV. Also, the tissue changes and apoptosis were prominent in RESV-treated hydatid cyst layers; however, tissue changes were only time-dependent, and RESV concentration had no apparent effect on tissue. In cell toxicity evaluation, RESV is safe without any significant apoptosis induction from 31.5 to 250 μg/ml; however, it was significant at 350 and 500 μg/ml in PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ganji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran; Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Farideh Jalali-Mashayekhi
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Reza Hajihossein
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Zahra Eslamirad
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Parvin-Dokht Bayat
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
| | - Mohammadhasan Sakhaie
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran.
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Abouhosseini Tabari M, Jafari AH, Maggi F, Mazzara E, Youssefi MR, Moghaddas E, Yazdani Rostam MM, Rezaei F. Scolicidal activity of some medicinal plant essential oils on Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices. JOURNAL OF ESSENTIAL OIL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2022.2103595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Amir Hossein Jafari
- Young Research Club and Elite, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Filippo Maggi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Youssefi
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
| | - Elham Moghaddas
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Rezaei
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran
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In Vitro Protoscolicidal Activity of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum) Rind and Barberry (Berberis Vulgaris) Alcoholic Extracts against Hydatid Cysts Caused by Echinococcus granulosus. MEDICAL LABORATORY JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/mlj.16.4.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
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14
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Ghasemian Yadegari J, Khudair Khalaf A, Saadatmand M, Mahmoudvand H. Antiparasitic activity of Astragalus brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx extract against hydatid cyst protoscoleces and its effect on induction of apoptosis: an in vitro and ex vivo study. JOURNAL OF HERBMED PHARMACOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.34172/jhp.2022.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aims to evaluate in vitro and ex vivo antiparasitic activity of Astragalus brachycalyx subsp. brachycalyx. root chloroformic extract against hydatid cyst protoscoleces and its effect on induction of apoptosis. Methods: Various concentrations of the A. brachycalyx root chloroformic extract (56.25, 112.5, 225, and 450 mg/mL) were treated with hydatid cyst protoscoleces collected from the liver of infected sheep for 5-60minutes in vitro and ex vivo. Eosin exclusion test was also utilized to measure the mortality of protoscoleces. Moreover, the extract effect was assessed on apoptosis induction in hydatid cyst protoscoleces by caspase-3 activity measurement. Results: The mortality rate of protoscoleces in in vitro was 100% after being exposed to 450 and 225 mg/mL of A. brachycalyx extract for 20 and 30 minutes and in ex vivo for 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. Following 48 h treatment of protoscoleces, A. brachycalyx chloroformic extract at the doses of 56.25, 112.5, 225, and 450 mg/mL, dose-dependently motivated the caspase-3 enzyme ranging from 8.8% to 29.6% Conclusion: A. brachycalyx root chloroformic extract had a significant protoscolicidal effect; however, extra surveys are required to assess its efficacy and safety as a promising protoscolicidal agent in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Ghasemian Yadegari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | | | - Massumeh Saadatmand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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15
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Herbal Medicines against Hydatid Disease: A Systematic Review (2000-2021). Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050676. [PMID: 35629345 PMCID: PMC9145516 DOI: 10.3390/life12050676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a serious public health issue that affects people and livestock all over the world. Many synthetic and natural products have been examined in vitro and in vivo on Echinococcus species but only a few are used clinically, however, they may cause some complications and side effects. To overcome these limitations, new horizons of herbal drugs to cure echinococcosis are opening with every passing day. To summarize the developments during the last 21 years, we conducted this review of the literature to identify medicinal herbs utilized throughout the world that have anti-Echinococcus activity. From 2000 to 2021, data were carefully obtained from four English databases: Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, and OpenGrey. Botanical name, extraction technique, extract quantities, efficacy, duration of treatment, year of publication, and half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were all well noted. Ninety-one published papers, with 78 in vitro and 15 in vivo, fulfilled our selection criteria. Fifty-eight different plant species were thoroughly tested against Echinococcus granulosus. Zataria multiflora, Nigella sativa, Berberis vulgaris, Zingiber officinale (ginger), and Allium sativum were the most often utilized anti-Echinococcus herbs and the leaves of the herbs were extensively used. The pooled value of IC50 was 61 (95% CI 60−61.9) according to the random effect model and a large degree of diversity among studies was observed. The current systematic study described the medicinal plants with anti-Echinococcus activity, which could be investigated in future experimental and clinical studies to identify their in vivo efficacy, lethal effects, and mechanisms of action.
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Wang S, Ma Y, Wang W, Dai Y, Sun H, Li J, Wang S, Li F. Status and prospect of novel treatment options toward alveolar and cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2022; 226:106252. [PMID: 34808118 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) are the two most important global parasitic infectious diseases caused by species of Echinococcus granulosus and E. multilocularis, respectively. Although numerous trials have been performed in search of novel therapeutic options to curb the neglected zoonosis, no other nonsurgical options are currently available to replace the licensed anti echinococcal drugs albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ). A safer and more effective treatment plan for echinococcosis is therefore urgently needed to compensate for this therapeutic shortfall. Here, we present a review of the literature for state-of-the-art valuable anti-parasitic compounds and novel strategies that have proved effective against CE and AE, which includes details about the pharmaceutical type, practical approach, experimental plan, model application and protoscolecidal effects in vivo and in vitro. The content includes the current application of traditional clinical chemicals, the preparation of new compounds with various drug loadings, repurposing findings, combined programs, the prospects for Chinese herbal medicines, non-drug administrations and the exploration of target inhibitors based on open-source information for parasitic genes. Next the conventional experimental projects and pharmacodynamic evaluation methods are systematically summarized and evaluated. The demands to optimize the construction of the echinococcosis model and improve the dynamic monitoring method in vivo are also discussed given the shortcomings of in vivo models and monitoring methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yibo Ma
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weishan Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yi Dai
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Haohao Sun
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832000, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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The combination of carvacrol and albendazole enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy in experimental alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106198. [PMID: 34688631 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is a helminthic zoonosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus multilocularis. When surgical resection of the parasite is not feasible, pharmacological treatment with albendazole is the only option. Due to the difficulties in achieving the success of treatment, it is necessary to find new drugs to improve the treatment of this disease. In the present work, the efficacy of carvacrol alone or combined with albendazole was evaluated against E. multilocularis metacestodes. The association of carvacrol with albendazole produced a greater in vitro effect than the compounds incubated separately. The most effective treatment was the combination of 10 μg/ml of carvacrol and 1 μg/ml of albendazole. In the clinical efficacy study, treatment of infected mice with carvacrol (40 mg/kg) and albendazole (25 mg/kg) reduced the weight of metacestodes by 29 % and 50 %, respectively; while the combination of drugs had an efficacy of 83 %. These results coincided with the tissue damage observed at the ultrastructural level. In conclusion, carvacrol and albendazole combination enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy. This strategy would allow to improve the efficacy of the treatment without increasing the doses of albendazole or lengthen the treatment period, reducing the occurrence of adverse effects.
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18
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Maurice MN, Huseein EAM, Monib MESMM, Alsharif FM, Namazi NI, Ahmad AA. Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259290. [PMID: 34762675 PMCID: PMC8584737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus remains a serious helminthic zoonosis affecting humans and animals in many endemic developing countries. Surgical intervention is the best management choice, although it is associated with high recurrence rates and serious complications. Also, the commonly used chemotherapeutics exhibited serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of eugenol (Eug) essential oil and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) against protoscoleces (PCs) of hydatid cysts in vitro. METHODS Eug-NE was prepared and characterized. Their cytotoxicity on macrophages was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. E. granulosus PCs were treated with various concentrations of Eug and Eug-NE at different exposure times. The viability of protoscoleces was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test, and the changes in the morphology of protoscoleces were assessed. Albendazole (ABZ) was used as a positive control. RESULTS The cellular cytotoxicity of Eug and Eug-NE on macrophage cells, in minimum and maximum concentrations (0.2 and 1 μl/mL), were nearly negligible ranging from 4.7% to 8.3% and 3.7% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed highly significant activity of Eug-NE and Eug against hydatid PCs compared to ABZ (P < 0.05). Eug and Eug-NE have similar protoscolicidal effects at all used concentrations. Their highest scolicidal activity (100% mortality rate) was recorded at 1 μl/ml after 30 min incubation (LC50 = 0.298-LC90 = 0.521 and LC50 = 0.309-LC90 = 0.646, respectively). Both formulations showed time- and dose-dependent effects. CONCLUSIONS This study suggested the potent scolicidal activities of Eug and Eug-NE as promising alternative scolicidal agents. Future studies are recommended to explore the mechanism of action and treatment response in vivo and clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Naged Maurice
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Parasitology, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | | | | | - Fahd M. Alsharif
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Ind. Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Nader Ibrahim Namazi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Saudi Arabia
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Çelik T, Önderci M, Pehlivan M, Yumrutaş Ö, Üçkardeş F. In vitro scolicidal effects of Sideritis perfoliata extract against Echinococcus granulosus. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14498. [PMID: 34160106 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis, caused by helminths within the genus Echinococcus, is mainly localised in the liver and lungs of affected hosts. Surgery has been the best choice for the treatment of hydatidosis and using effective scolicidal agents during hydatid surgery is required to prevent secondary infection. Several plant extracts have been shown to exert scolicidal efficacy. This study was designed to investigate the in vitro scolicidal activity of methanol extract of Sideritis perfoliata against the protoscolices of hydatid cysts. METHODS The protoscolices were collected from a liver of a sheep slaughtered in Adiyaman city slaughter, Turkey. Three concentrations of the aerial part extract of S perfoliata (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL) were assessed at three different exposure periods. All tests were carried in duplicate. The viability of protoscolices was assessed by the eosin exclusion test (0.1% eosin staining). RESULTS Scolicidal effect of S perfoliata extract at exposure periods of 10, 20 and 30 minutes was 29.6%, 32.5% and 43.6% at the concentration of 0.1%, 37.8%, 50% and 58.1% at concentration of 0.2 mg/mL, and 57.9%, 71.8% and 79.1% at the concentration of 0.4 mg/mL, respectively; indicating a longer time is required to display protoscolicidal effects. LC-MS/MS analysis showed that some phenolic acids, such as fumaric acid (260.13 mg/L), syringic acid (27.92 mg/L) and caffeic acid (26.84 mg/L), and a flavonoid, luteolin (11.23 mg/L) were detected in high concentrations in the extract. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that the methanol extract of S perfoliata has high scolicidal activity in vitro. However, research on the in vivo efficacy of S perfoliata extract and its potential side effects is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuncay Çelik
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Muhittin Önderci
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Pehlivan
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Nurdağı Vocational High School, University of Gaziantep, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Önder Yumrutaş
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
| | - Fatih Üçkardeş
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Adiyaman University, Adiyaman, Turkey
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Eroglu F, Dokur M, Ulu Y. The Molecular Epidemiology of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis in Southeast Turkey. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:327-335. [PMID: 34557249 PMCID: PMC8418644 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i2.6284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The migration of humans and climatic and environmental changes cause the emergence of infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the changes in the molecular epidemiology of the echinococcosis in the southeast region of Turkey after migrations. Methods Overall, 159 tissues samples were taken from suspected cases of echinococcosis at the Kilis State Hospital in the southeast region of Turkey. All of the tissues samples were analyzed using histopathology methods, PCR, Real-time PCR methods, DNA sequencing, and phylogenetic analyses in laboratories. Results The positivity values of the histopathology, the polymerase chain reaction, and the Real-time PCR methods were found to be 14.5% (23/159),15.7% (25/159), and 16.9% (27/159), respectively. 32.0 % (8/25) E. multilocularis of Echinococcus isolates and 68% (17/25) E. granulosus of Echinococcus isolates were identified using PCR methods. 58.8% (10/17) of the E. granulosus isolates were found to be Genotype 1% and 41.2% (7/17) E. granulosus isolates were found to be Genotype 3. Conclusion Molecular methods play an important role in the epidemiology, treatment, and diagnosis of diseases. Increasing immigration in a geographical area may create social, economic, and health problems in that area. For this reason, epidemiological studies of infectious diseases should be updated in areas with immigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadime Eroglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey.,FaBiyosit Microbiology-Biotechnology R&D Co., Adana, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Dokur
- Department of Emergency, Biruni University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yüksel Ulu
- Department of Medical Pathology, Kilis State Hospital, Kilis, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pathology, Istanbul Basaksehir Cam and Sakura City Hospital, Istabul, Turkey
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Bouaziz S, Amri M, Taibi N, Zeghir-Bouteldja R, Benkhaled A, Mezioug D, Touil-Boukoffa C. Protoscolicidal activity of Atriplex halimus leaves extract against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces. Exp Parasitol 2021; 229:108155. [PMID: 34480915 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2021.108155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, an endemic zoonosis in Algeria, is caused by the development of the helminth Echinococcus granulosus. Surgery remains the main treatment despite inducing relapse and several adverse reactions. In this context, natural scolicidal agents seem to be promising tools to overcome these reactions. In our study, we evaluated the phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity and scolicidal effect of Atriplex halimus. In this context, the aqueous extract from AH leaves (AHE) was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening by HPLC. The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH test. The cytotoxicity of AHE was evaluated in murine peritoneal macrophages and cell viability was examined by MTT assay. Moreover, different concentrations of AHE (20, 40, 50, 60 and 100 mg/ml) were tested on E. granulosus protoscoleces (PSC) cultures, during different times of incubation (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 min). The viability was evaluated by eosin exclusion test. The morphological and ultrastructural damages were evaluated by SEM. Our results indicate that total phenolic and flavonoids contents were 37.93 μg of Gallic acid equivalent per mg of extract (GAE/mg E) and 18.86 μg of Quercetin equivalent per mg (QE/mg E) respectively. Furthermore, AHE has an antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 0.95 mg/ml. Interestingly, the extracts did not exhibit any cytotoxic effect against murine peritoneal macrophages. Moreover, our study indicated a significant scolicidal activity time- and dose-dependent. At 60 and 100 mg/ml; and after 120 min of incubation; the mortality rate was 99.36 and 100%, respectively. The parasite's tegument is one of the plant's targets as demonstrated by SEM. Our findings show the benefits of Atriplex halimus extract as a new promising scolicidal tool in hydatid cyst treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samia Bouaziz
- Biochemistry and Microbiology Department, University of M'sila, Algeria; Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Manel Amri
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Nadia Taibi
- Center of Scientific and Technical Research in Physic-chemical Analysis (CRAPC), Bou-Ismail, Tipaza, Algeria
| | - Razika Zeghir-Bouteldja
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria; Department of Biological Sciences, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria
| | | | - Dalila Mezioug
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Algiers, Algeria.
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do Carmo Neto JR, Guerra RO, Machado JR, Silva ACA, da Silva MV. Antiprotozoal and anthelmintic activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:2127-2141. [PMID: 34254904 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210709105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials represent a wide alternative for the treatment of several diseases that affect both human and animal health. The use of these materials mainly involves trying to solve the problem of resistance that pathogenic organisms acquire to conventional drugs. A well-studied example that represents a potential component for biomedical applications is the use of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs). Its antimicrobial function is related, especially the ability to generate/induce ROS that affects the homeostasis of the pathogen in question. Protozoa and helminths that harm human health and the economic performance of animals have already been exposed to this type of nanoparticle. Thus, through this review, our goal is to discuss the state-of-the-art effect of ZnO NPs on these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Rodrigues do Carmo Neto
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goias, 74605-450 Goiania, GO, Brazil
| | - Rhanoica Oliveira Guerra
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Department of General Pathology, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anielle Christine Almeida Silva
- Laboratório de Novos Materiais Nanoestruturados e Funcionais (LNMIS), Physics Institute, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcos Vinicius da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences of Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mahmoudvand H, Pakravanan M, Kheirandish F, Jahanbakhsh S, Sepahvand M, Niazi M, Rouientan A, Aflatoonian MR. Efficacy and Safety Curcuma zadoaria L. to Inactivate the Hydatid Cyst Protoscoleces. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 15:64-71. [PMID: 31533603 PMCID: PMC7366002 DOI: 10.2174/1574884714666190918155147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present work aimed to evaluate the chemical composition of Curcuma zadoaria essential oil and to investigate its efficacy and safety against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. METHODS Collected protoscoleces from liver fertile hydatid cysts of infected sheep were exposed to different concentrations of the essential oil (75, 150, 300 μl/mL) for 5-30 min in vitro and ex vivo. Then, by using the eosin exclusion assay, the viability of protoscoleces was studied. In the next step, 24 male NMRI mice were examined to assess the toxicity of C. zadoaria essential oil by measuring the biochemical and hematological parameters. RESULTS Based on the obtained results, the LD50 value of intraperitoneal injection of the C. zadoaria essential oil was 1.76 mL/kg of body weight and the maximum non-fatal dose was 0.96 mL/kg of body weight. C. zadoaria essential oil had a strong proto scolicidal activity in vitro so that at the 300 and 150 μl/ml entirely eliminates the parasite after 5 and 10 minutes; whereas, weak proto scolicidal activity was observed at lower doses. Ex vivo assay, no similar effect with in vitro was observed, therefore, more time is required to show a potent proto scolicidal activity. C. zadoaria essential oil at the concentrations of 300 and 150 μl/mL after an exposure time of 7 and 12 min, killed 100% of protoscoleces within the hydatid cyst, respectively. After intraperitoneal injection of the C. zadoaria essential oil for 2 weeks, no significant difference (p > 0.05) was observed in the clinical chemistry and hematologic parameters at the doses of 0.15, 0.3, 0.6 mL/kg. CONCLUSION The obtained results in vitro and ex vivo exhibited that C. zadoaria essential oil had a favorable proto scolicidal activity on hydatid cyst protoscoleces. However, more supplementary works are required to verify these findings by assessing clinical subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mahbobeh Pakravanan
- Central Research Laboratory, Deputy of Research, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Farnaz Kheirandish
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sareh Jahanbakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepahvand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Massumeh Niazi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Rouientan
- Department of Surgery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad R Aflatoonian
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Scolicidal and Apoptotic Activities of 5-hydroxy-1, 4-naphthoquinone as a Potent Agent against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14070623. [PMID: 34203290 PMCID: PMC8308472 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is a zoonotic disease with different clinical stages caused by the larval stage of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. It is important to highlight as a public health problem in various regions of the world. In the current study, the efficacy and apoptotic activity of the liposomal system containing juglone (5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) were assessed against protoscoleces (PSCs) in vitro. To this aim, firstly, liposomal vesicles were prepared by the thin-film method. Their physico-chemical features were assessed using Zeta-Sizer and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Subsequently, various concentrations (50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 μg/mL) of juglone nanoliposomes at different exposure times (15, 30, 60, and 120 min) were used against PSCs. Results showed that juglone nanoliposomes at all tested concentrations induced scolicidal effect, however, 800 μg/mL and 400 μg/mL of juglone nanoliposomes could reach 100% mortality in 60 and 120 min, respectively. Additionally, we found that caspase-3 mRNA expression was higher in PSCs treated with juglone nanoliposomes compared to control groups (p < 0.001). Therefore, juglone nanoliposomes are suggested to have a more potent apoptotic effect on PSCs. Generally, optimized doses of juglone nanoliposomes could display significant scolicidal effects. Moreover, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of this nanoliposome.
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Evaluation of the Apoptotic and Scolicidal Effects of Crude and Flavonoid Extracts of Allium noeanum on Protoscolices and Hydatid Cyst Wall. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2021. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.96180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hydatidosis is a disease, caused by the larval phase of Echinococcus granulosus. It is considered a serious condition, as cyst rupture can release protoscolices into the host body, leading to the formation of secondary cysts. Surgery is the main approach for the treatment of this disease. Some natural compounds, which are safe options with few side effects, have been assessed for their scolicidal activities. Objectives: Allium noeanum is a native herb of Markazi Province, Iran, which has been used for the traditional treatment of certain diseases. However, its anti-parasitic property has not been investigated so far. The present study aimed to evaluate the anti-parasitic property of this plant by evaluating the scolicidal and apoptotic effects of two types of this herbal extract (crude and flavonoid) on hydatid cysts. Methods: The hydatid cysts were obtained from abattoirs, and protoscolices were drained under sterile conditions. The protoscolices suspension and cyst walls were used for scolicidal and immunohistochemical evaluations. In addition, A. noeanum was collected from Shazand Mountains. The crude and flavonoid extracts of this plant were prepared by maceration and chromatography methods, respectively. Immunohistochemistry was conducted for the detection of caspase-3 activity using a commercial kit. Data were analyzed in Excel and SPSS, and statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. Results: The 100% concentration (0.49 gr/mL) of the crude A. noeanum extract caused the death of 100% of protoscolices. On the other hand, all concentrations of the flavonoid extract led to the death of 100% of parasites. According to the statistical analyses, each type of the extract showed different dose- and time-dependent rates of scolicidal activity (P < 0.001). Immunohistochemistry showed lower caspase-3 activity in cyst walls exposed to flavonoids, compared to those exposed to the crude extract. Conclusions: In the present study, the scolicidal activity of the flavonoid extract of A. noeanum against protoscolices was confirmed. It was also found that the apoptotic effect of the crude extract of this herb was more than its flavonoid extract.
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Alyousif MS, Al-Abodi HR, Almohammed H, Alanazi AD, Mahmoudvand H, Shalamzari MH, Salimikia I. Chemical Composition, Apoptotic Activity, and Antiparasitic Effects of Ferula macrecolea Essential Oil against Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040888. [PMID: 33567639 PMCID: PMC7914769 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Today, the present protoscolicidals used to minimize the serious risks during hydatid cyst surgery are not completely safe and have various adverse side effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and apoptotic activity of Ferula macrecolea essential oil (FMEO) as well as its in vitro and ex vivo protoscolicidal effects against hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Methods: Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis was performed to determine the chemical composition of FMEO. Protoscoleces of hydatid cysts were collected from liver fertile hydatid cysts of infected sheep and were then treated with various concentrations of the essential oil (75, 150, and 300 µL/mL) for 5–60 min in vitro and ex vivo. Then, by using the eosin exclusion test, the viability of the protoscoleces was studied. The caspase-3-like activity of the FMEO-treated protoscoleces was also evaluated through the colorimetric protease assay Sigma Kit based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Results: According to GC/MS, the main constituents of the essential oil were terpinolene (77.72%), n-nonanal (4.47%), and linalool (4.35%), respectively. In vitro, the maximum protoscolicidal activity of FMEO was observed at the concentrations of 150 and 300 µL/mL, such that 100% of the protoscoleces were killed after 30 and 20 min of exposure, respectively. Based on the obtained findings, the results demonstrate that FMEO required a longer time to kill protoscoleces ex vivo; after 12 min of exposure to FMEO, only 13.4% of the protoscoleces remained alive. After 48 h of the treatment of protoscoleces, FMEO, in a dose-dependent manner and at doses of 75, 150, and 300 µL/mL, induced the activation of the caspase enzyme by 24.3, 35.3, and 48.3%, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate the potent protoscolicidal effects of FMEO in vitro and ex vivo; however, further studies are required to assess the safety and the efficiency of FMEO as a promising scolicidal agent in a preclinical model and clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed S. Alyousif
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hiba Riyadh Al-Abodi
- Department of Environment, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58001, Iraq;
| | - Hamdan Almohammed
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Almaarefa University, Riyadh 11597, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdullah D. Alanazi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Shaqra University, Ad-Dawadimi 11911, Saudi Arabia;
- Alghad International Colleges for Applied Medical Science, Tabuk 47913, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein Mahmoudvand
- Hepatitis Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran;
| | | | - Iraj Salimikia
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad 6813833946, Iran
- Correspondence:
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Muhedier M, Li J, Liu H, Ma G, Amahong K, Lin R, Lü G. Tacrolimus, a rapamycin target protein inhibitor, exerts anti-cystic echinococcosis effects both in vitro and in vivo. Acta Trop 2020; 212:105708. [PMID: 32956634 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In view of a growing need for new treatment options for human cystic echinococcosis (CE), we aimed to investigate the efficacy of mTOR pathway inhibitors against CE in vitro and in vivo. Among the seven mTOR inhibitors evaluated, tacrolimus (TAC) showed significant dose- and time-dependent killing of cultured protoscoleces and cysts in vitro. Notably, the oral administration of TAC (4 mg/kg/day) to CE mice model highly effectively reduced both the weight and number of parasitic cysts. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that TAC destroys the ultrastructure of cysts, both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, TAC had no significant effect on blood glucose, body weight, liver, or kidney functions in mice. We further observed that the ATP levels and glucose content of cysts reduced upon TAC treatment, indicating that inhibiting mTORC1 activity possibly affects glucose metabolism in the cysts of mice. Based on our experimental data, TAC emerged as a promising anti-cyst drug that efficiently inhibits the growth of cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzhabaier Muhedier
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; Kashi maternal and child health care hospital, Kashi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Jintian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; College of pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guizhi Ma
- College of pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kuerbannisha Amahong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Renyong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
| | - Guodong Lü
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis, Prevention, and Treatment of Central Asian High Incidence Diseases, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, China; Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis, Clinical Medicine Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China; College of pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China.
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Ali R, Khan S, Khan M, Adnan M, Ali I, Khan TA, Haleem S, Rooman M, Norin S, Khan SN. A systematic review of medicinal plants used against Echinococcus granulosus. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240456. [PMID: 33048959 PMCID: PMC7553295 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic helminthiasis caused by different species of the genus Echinococcus, and is a major economic and public health concern worldwide. Synthetic anthelmintics are most commonly used to control CE, however, prolonged use of these drugs may result in many adverse effects. This study aims to discuss the in vitro/in vivo scolicidal efficacy of different medicinal plants and their components used against Echinococcus granulosus. Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed and Scopus were used to retrieve the published literature from 2000-2020. A total of 62 published articles met the eligibility criteria and were reviewed. A total of 52 plant species belonging to 22 families have been reported to be evaluated as scolicidal agents against E. granulosus worldwide. Most extensively used medicinal plants against E. granulosus belong to the family Lamiaceae (25.0%) followed by Apiaceae (11.3%). Among various plant parts, leaves (36.0%) were most commonly used. Essential oils of Zataria multiflora and Ferula asafetida at a concentration of 0.02, and 0.06 mg/ml showed 100% in vitro scolicidal activity after 10 min post application, respectively. Z. multiflora also depicted high in vivo efficacy by decreasing weight and size while also causing extensive damage to the germinal layer of the cysts. Plant-based compounds like berberine, thymol, and thymoquinone have shown high efficacy against E. granulosus. These plant species and compounds could be potentially used for the development of an effective drug against E. granulosus, if further investigated for in vivo efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of drug action in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehman Ali
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sanaullah Khan
- Department of Zoology, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Marina Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Adnan
- Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Taj Ali Khan
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics Engineering, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Haleem
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rooman
- Department of Zoology, Hazara University, Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sadia Norin
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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In Vitro Scolicidal Activity of the Sesquiterpenes Isofuranodiene, α-Bisabolol and Farnesol on Echinococcus granulosus Protoscoleces. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163593. [PMID: 32784679 PMCID: PMC7464821 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) remains an important challenge both in humans and animals. There is no safe and suitable remedy for CE, so the discovery of new compounds with promising scolicidal effects, particularly from herbal sources, is of great importance for therapeutic uses in the treatment and prevention of CE reappearance. Sesquiterpenes are C15 organic compounds made up of three isoprene units and mostly occurring as fragrant components of essential oils. They are of economic importance for the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, and recently attracted the attention of the scientific community for their remarkable parasiticidal properties. In the present study, we have focused on three known sesquiterpenes, isofuranodiene (IFD), α-bisabolol (BSB), and farnesol (FOH), as important phytoconstituents of the essential oils of wild celery (Smyrnium olusatrum), chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla), and acacia farnese (Vachellia farnesiana), respectively. Protoscoleces were recovered from fertile hydatid cysts and were exposed to different concentrations of the three tested compounds for different exposure times. The viability of protoscoleces was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Results of scolicidal activity evaluations showed that IFD possessed the best effect against Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (LC50 and LC90 values of 8.87 and 25.48 µg/mL, respectively), followed by BSB (LC50 of 103.2 µg/mL) and FOH (LC50 of 113.68 µg/mL). The overall toxicity of IFD differed significantly from those of FOH and BSB, while there was no significant difference in toxicity between the latter compounds (p > 0.05). The present study showed that IFD seems to be a promising scolicidal agent and can be further tested to become a candidate for CE treatment.
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Fabbri J, Maggiore MA, Pensel PE, Denegri GM, Elissondo MC. In vitro efficacy study of Cinnamomum zeylanicum essential oil and cinnamaldehyde against the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Exp Parasitol 2020; 214:107904. [PMID: 32371061 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis is a disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. Chemotherapy can be used alone or in combination with surgery or percutaneous treatment. Benzimidazoles are the only agents used and approved for treatment, but their efficacy is extremely variable. Therefore, it is necessary to find new drugs to improve the treatment of this disease. In the last decades, the biological properties of essential oils and their components began to be investigated as alternatives in the treatment of different ailments. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of the essential oil of Cinnamomum zeylanicum (cinnamon) and cinnamaldehyde against protoscoleces and metacestodes of E. granulosus. The essential oil and cinnamaldehyde, its major component, showed a dose and time dependent effect against protoscoleces. However, cinnamaldehyde showed a greater protoscolicidal effect than the essential oil. The maximum protoscolicidal effect was found with 50 μg/mL of cinnamaldehyde. Viability decreased by 1.7 ± 0.8% after 4 days of incubation and reached 0% at 8 days. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between the activity of cinnamaldehyde at the concentrations of 25 and 10 μg/mL and the efficacy observed with the essential oil at 200 and 50 μg/mL, respectively. Cinnamaldehyde also had a strong in vitro effect against murine cysts, while only the higher concentration of the essential oil caused ultrastructural alterations. Working with components instead of with essential oils has some advantages, particularly in relation to the reproducibility of the formulations and their effectiveness. For this reason, the results obtained in this work are promising in the search for pharmaceutical alternatives for the treatment of cystic echinococcosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fabbri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marina Alejandra Maggiore
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Patricia Eugenia Pensel
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Guillermo María Denegri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - María Celina Elissondo
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Anti-echinococcal activity of menthol and a novel prodrug, menthol-pentanol, against Echinococcus multilocularis. Acta Trop 2020; 205:105411. [PMID: 32101761 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis is one of the most dangerous parasitic zoonoses. This disease, widely distributed in the northern hemisphere, is caused by the metacestode stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. All surgical and non-surgical patients should perform chemotherapy with benzimidazoles, mainly with albendazole. However, the efficacy of albendazole is variable due to its deficient pharmacokinetic properties. Therefore, the need to find new therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis is evident. Menthol is a natural compound of low toxicity, used in industries such as cosmetics and gastronomy and generally recognized as safe by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, menthol has important pharmacological effects and is effective against a wide variety of organisms. The development of prodrugs allows improving the pharmacokinetic properties of the parental drug. To improve lipophilicity and therefore the bioavailability of menthol, a novel prodrug called menthol-pentanol was developed by masking the functional polar group of menthol by linking n-pentanol by a carbonate bond. The aim of the current work was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of menthol and menthol-pentanol against E. multilocularis. Menthol-pentanol had a greater protoscolicidal effect than menthol. In addition, the prodrug demonstrated a similar clinical efficacy to albendazole. The increase in lipophilicity of the prodrug with respect to menthol was reflected in an increase in its antiparasitic activity against E. multilocularis. Thus, menthol-pentanol appears as a promising candidate for further evaluation as a potential alternative for the treatment of alveolar echinococcosis.
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Norouzi R, Ataei A, Hejazy M, Noreddin A, El Zowalaty ME. Scolicidal Effects of Nanoparticles Against Hydatid Cyst Protoscolices in vitro. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:1095-1100. [PMID: 32110009 PMCID: PMC7034968 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s228538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcus granulosus is causative agent of cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has a cosmopolitan distribution. The current methods for the treatment of human CE include surgery. Therefore, the development of new scolicidal agents with low side effects and more efficacies is an urgent need. Purpose The present study aimed to compare the scolicidal efficacies of silver, iron, copper, silica and zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPs) against hydatid cyst protoscolices in vitro. Methods Hydatid cysts of sheep liver and lung were collected. The cyst fluid containing protoscolices was aspirated aseptically. The scolicidal activities of the silver, iron, copper, silica and zinc nanoparticles (Ag-NP, Fe-NP, Cu-NP, Si-NP and Zn-NP) were tested at different concentrations of 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/mL following 10, 30 and 60 min of incubation in triplicate. Viability of protoscolices was confirmed by 0.1% eosin staining. Results Results showed that Ag-NPs at all concentrations tested had the highest scolicidal effect. Ag-NPs at 1 mg/mL concentration after 60 min of exposure time showed 80% mortality rate. Si-NPs had the high scolicidal activity at 1 mg/mL concentration (52.33%), Cu-NPs at 0.5 mg/mL concentration (41%), Fe-NPs at 1mg/mL concentration (28%) and Zn-NPs at concentration of 1mg/mL after 60 mins (15.67%). Conclusion The findings of the present study showed that Ag-NPs, Fe-NPs, Cu-NPs, Si-NPs and Zn-NPs had potent scolicidal effects and that Ag-NPs are recommended as effective scolicidal agents. However, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacy of these nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Ataei
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Hejazy
- Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ayman Noreddin
- Infectious Diseases and Anti-Infective Therapy Research Group, Sharjah Medical Research Institute and College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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Antiparasitic effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil nano-emulsion on larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus. J Parasit Dis 2020; 44:429-435. [PMID: 32508418 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-020-01193-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Various protoscolicidal agents are indicated for the prevention of recurrence of cystic echinococcosis caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus; however, most of these chemicals have adverse side effects. This study evaluated the effects of Zataria multiflora essential oil (ZEO) nano-emulsion and emulsion at the concentrations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 µl/ml on E. granulosus protoscoleces. Albendazole (5 mg/ml), normal saline, and nano-emulsion without ZEO served as control groups. Optimal concentrations of ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion on the microcysts were also investigated. ZEO emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml for the duration of 15 min and nano-emulsion for the duration of 10 min resulted in the death of 100% of the protoscoleces. Additionally, densely packed aggregates were formed inside the microcysts treated with ZEO nano-emulsion and emulsion at a concentration of 20 µl/ml after 40 min, but the complete destruction of laminated layers did not occur. The results indicate that ZEO nano-emulsions have a higher protoscolicidal effect than its emulsion, but these two compounds had similar effects on microcysts.
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Ahmad B, Khan S, Liu Y, Xue M, Nabi G, Kumar S, Alshwmi M, Qarluq AW. Molecular Mechanisms of Anticancer Activities of Puerarin. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:79-90. [PMID: 32021425 PMCID: PMC6956866 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s233567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants are a vital source of natural products (NPs) that can cure cancer through modulation of different pathways, including oxidative stress, extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis, cell cycle, inflammation, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, AMPK (JNK), MEK/ERK (Raf)-MEK-ERK and autophagy. Puerarin (Pue), an important NP belonging to the isoflavone glycoside group, is derived from Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Pueraria thomsonii Benth, and Pueraria tuberosa (Willd.). This NP was approved by the Chinese Ministry of Health for the treatment of different diseases in 1993, but it was also later reported to exhibit anticancer activity. Pue causes cancer cells death through modulation of different mechanisms including oxidative stress, intrinsic and extrinsic, Survivin and XIAP, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, JNK, cell cycle, AMPK, NF-kB, inflammation and autophagy pathways. Therefore, this review compiles for the first time the studies about the anticancer mechanism of Pue and provides comprehensive information about the anticancer effects of Pue. This review may serve as a basis for future research and clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Suliman Khan
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengzhou Xue
- The Department of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.,Henan Medical Key Laboratory of Translational Cerebrovascular Diseases, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, People's Republic of China
| | - Sunjeet Kumar
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Mohammed Alshwmi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Wakeel Qarluq
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116044, People's Republic of China
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Moghaddam SM, Picot S, Ahmadpour E. Interactions between hydatid cyst and regulated cell death may provide new therapeutic opportunities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:70. [PMID: 31782727 PMCID: PMC6884020 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis are chronic zoonotic infections, transmitted throughout the world. Development of the cestode larval stages in the liver and lungs causes damage to intermediate hosts, including humans. Several pathways leading to the suppression of host immune response and the survival of the cysts in various hosts are known. Immune response modulation and regulated cell death (RCD) play a fundamental role in cyst formation, development and pathogenesis. RCD, referring to apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, can be triggered either via intrinsic or extrinsic cell stimuli. In this review, we provide a general overview of current knowledge on the process of RCD during echinococcosis. The study of interactions between RCD and Echinococcus spp. metacestodes may provide in-depth understanding of echinococcosis pathogenesis and open new horizons for human intervention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirous Mehrani Moghaddam
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran - Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Stephane Picot
- Malaria Research Unit, SMITh, ICBMS, UMR 5246 CNRS INSA CPE University Lyon, 69100 Lyon, France - Institute of Parasitology and Medical Mycology, Croix-Rousse Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69004 Lyon, France
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran - Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran
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Ahmadpour E, Godrati-Azar Z, Spotin A, Norouzi R, Hamishehkar H, Nami S, Heydarian P, Rajabi S, Mohammadi M, Perez-Cordon G. Nanostructured lipid carriers of ivermectin as a novel drug delivery system in hydatidosis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:469. [PMID: 31601244 PMCID: PMC6788095 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3719-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatid disease in humans. This zoonotic parasitic infection remains a major health problem in certain areas of the world where is still endemic. In view of the ineffectiveness of some drug treatments, the surgical removal of cysts remains the preferred treatment option together with the administration of albendazole and mebendazole. However, severe side effects of these drugs have been reported which demands developing new scolicidal agents that confer suitable efficacy and fewer side effects during surgery. Methods To that purpose, in the present work we assessed the effectiveness of ivermectin (IVM), a macrocyclic lactone endectocide that has shown to be an effective nematocidal drug against other important parasitic infections. To overcome the limitations observed in some drug formulations and resistance, we used nano lipid carriers (NLCs) as a targeted and sustained drug delivery system for IVM. We evaluated the in vitro cestocidal and apoptotic effects of NLCs-loaded IVM versus IVM by quantifying the expression of caspase-3 mRNA. Results We found that after 60 and 120 min of administration, 800 μg/ml and 400 μg/ml NLCs-loaded IVM induced 100% mortality, respectively. On the other hand, the 800 μg/ml of IVM induced 100% mortality rate 150 min after administration. Additionally, we found that NLCs-loaded IVM induced higher mRNA caspase-3 expression suggesting a more potent apoptotic effect on the parasite. Conclusions These data suggest that NLCs-loaded IVM may be a promising alternative to current treatments although in vivo studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Zahra Godrati-Azar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roghayeh Norouzi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Peyman Heydarian
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Saba Rajabi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Gregorio Perez-Cordon
- National Cryptosporidium Reference Unit, Public Health Wales Microbiology, Singleton Hospital, Swansea, UK.,Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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Bakhtiar NM, Akbarzadeh A, Casulli A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Ahmadpour E, Nami S, Rostami A, Spotin A. Therapeutic efficacy of nanocompounds in the treatment of cystic and alveolar echinococcoses: challenges and future prospects. Parasitol Res 2019; 118:2455-2466. [PMID: 31402401 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-019-06416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato and E. multilocularis are the causative agents of life-threatening cystic and alveolar echinococcoses (CE and AE), respectively, which lead to serious public health concerns across the globe. Benzimidazoles (BMZs) are the drugs of choice for the treatment of human CE and AE. Presently, the chemotherapeutic failures of BMZs against CE and AE are caused by their low aqueous solubility, poor absorption, and consequently their erratic bioavailability. Among the BMZ compounds used for CE/AE treatment, albendazole (ABZ) and mebendazole (MBZ) are the only drugs licensed for human use. Nevertheless, the administration of these BMZs for a long period of time leads to undesirable adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for designing new formulations of BMZs with increased bioavailability. To bridge these therapeutic gaps, nanoparticle enantiomers of ABZ and drug delivery systems based on nanostructured entities currently provide an interesting new formulation of already existing drugs to improve the pharmacokinetic effects of BMZs. This study provides an overview of the tested nanocompounds against E. granulosus and E. multilocularis, including their effective dose, type of nanoparticles (NPs), assay setting, and therapeutic outcomes. This review suggests that BMZ derivatives loaded in NPs can significantly improve the scolicidal and cysticidal activities compared with single BMZ. Moreover, BMZ-loaded polymeric NPs show a tendency to increase mortality rate against protoscoleces and microcysts compared with metallic formulations, nanoemulsions, lipid nanocapsules, solid lipid NPs, liposomes, and nanocrystals. In the future, the use of the newly structured entities, attained by bridging ligands to the modified surface of NPs, as well as the electromagnetically produced nanodrugs could be helpful for developing fine-tuned formulations as an alternative to the already existing drugs against these neglected parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer Mehdizad Bakhtiar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Akbarzadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,European Union Reference Laboratory for Parasites (EURLP), Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Mahmoud Mahami-Oskouei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Nami
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Adel Spotin
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mahmoudvand H, Pakravanan M, Aflatoonian MR, Khalaf AK, Niazi M, Mirbadie SR, Tavakoli Kareshk A, Khatami M. Efficacy and safety of Curcuma longa essential oil to inactivate hydatid cyst protoscoleces. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:187. [PMID: 31349828 PMCID: PMC6660933 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background One of the most important ways to cure hydatid cysts is surgery. Today, available chemical drugs have shown severe complications during hydatid cyst surgery. Here we investigated theefficacy and safety of Curcuma longa (C. longa) essential oil (CLEO) against hydatid cysts protoscoleces. Methods Here, the collected protoscoleces from fertile hydatid cysts were exposed to different concentrations of the CLEO (50–200 μl/mL) for 5–30 min in vitro and ex vivo. In addition, male NIH mice (48 mice) were applied to examine the safety of CLEO. Results All protoscoleces were completely killed in 5th min of treatment to the doses of 200 μl /mL of CLEO. On the other hand, in the 10th min of treatment, CLEO entirely killed 100% of protoscoleces at the dose of 100 μL/mL. Other doses of CLEO, but, revealed a postponed activity. Although CLEO at the doses of 50, and 100 μL/mL exhibited no similar effect in the ex vivo analysis; but, at the dose of 200 μL/mL and an exposure time of 5 min, approximately 100% of protoscoleces were destroyed into the cyst. We found that after intra-peritoneal injection of the CLEO for 14 days, although blood and biochemical parameters were changed; but there was no significant difference in comparison with the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion This research demonstrated that C. longa revealed the promising scolicidal effects against protoscoleces in vitro and in vivo, of course, after additional tests; it might be considered as an herbal scolicidal drug in order to decrease the threat of discharge of protoscoleces through hydatid cyst surgery. Nevertheless, supplementary studies will be desired to prove the current findings by examination the essential oil in a clinical setting.
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Al-Abodi HR, Al-Shadeedi SMJ, K Z K AA, Ghasemian A. Zataria Multiflora bois as an auspicious therapeutic approach against Echinococcus granulosus: Current status and future perspectives. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 66:101335. [PMID: 31437681 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hydatidosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is a major zoonotic diseases. In addition to imposing heavy economic losses, the disease is a public health problem worldwide. The larval stage of the parasite (hydatid cyst) is formed in a wide range of domestic, wild and human beings as intermediate hosts. On the other, its recurrence has been reported anywhere as a reemerging disease. Although the cysts have some evading mechanisms, both human TH1 and TH2 cells subsets are stimulated. Because of increasing resistance and adverse effects of medications such as abnormalities of liver and other organs functions and abdominal pain, seeking alternative therapeutic approaches to be inexpensive, easy available, with low side effects and toxicity seems essential. However, the lack of information on the social and economic welfares of herbal medicines for the industrial scale application is a limitation. Zataria Multiflora bois (ZMB) has exhibited huge advantages and tremendous protoscolicidal effects as demonstrated by numerous studies and its combination therapies with anti-parasitic drugs have exerted desirable outcomes in vitro and in vivo. Noticeably, the compound confers negligible side effects or toxicity even at high concentrations. ZMB has exhibited promising inhibitory effects against hydatid cyst, particularly when combined with chemical drugs and in formulations of nanoemulsions. Its immunomodulatory effects include increase of nitric oxide production (NO) and protection of hepatic cells (Kupffer cells, fat-storing cells, and endothelial cells), enhancement of macrophages and T cells and increase of cytokines production. This study aimed at assessment of ZMB traits for application against hydatid cyst protoscolices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Al-Alo K Z K
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Kufa, Iraq
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Abo-Aziza FAM, Oda SS, Aboelsoued D, Farag TK, Almuzaini AM. Variabilities of hydatidosis in domestic animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs, Egypt. Vet World 2019; 12:998-1007. [PMID: 31528024 PMCID: PMC6702554 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.998-1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in animals slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzymes, and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated. Materials and Methods The effect of some variables on hydatidosis in 397 sheep, 401 cattle, 435 buffaloes, and 341 camels slaughtered at Cairo and Giza abattoirs was investigated, and the influence on serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant activity and histopathological lesions caused by these parasites as a consequence was estimated. Results The results revealed that 39 sheep (9.8%), 74 cattle (18.4%), 95 buffaloes (21.8%), and 79 camels (23.25%) were infected. Concerning age variations, 165 young and 232 adult sheep, 215 young and 186 adult cattle, 194 young and 241 adult buffaloes, and 112 young and 229 adult camels were examined. The prevalence of hydatidosis was higher in adult sheep, cattle, and camel; 32 (13.8%), 49 (26.3%), and 56 (24.5%) than the younger ones 7 (4.2%), 25 (11.6%), and 23 (20.5%), respectively. Two hundred and eighty-eight sheep, 171 cattle were examined during winter. However, 109 sheep, 230 cattle were examined during summer. Hydatidosis infection in sheep and cattle was higher in winter 26 (9.01%) and 47 (27.5%) than in summer 13 (11.9%) and 27 (11.7%), respectively. Out of 133 sheep and 128 camels slaughtered in El-Basatin abattoirs, 36 (15.3) and 38 (29.7%) showed higher prevalence than that from El-Warak and El-Moneib abattoirs. Comparing with the non-infected groups, alkaline phosphatase activity decreased in hydatid-infected animals, while cholesterol and liver enzymes activities increased. Total lipid and triglyceride levels decreased in infected camels. Glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase decreased in hydatid-infected animals. Conclusion The disturbance in the biochemical parameters, liver enzymes, and the antioxidant activities was consistent with the pathological findings that indicated the risk of hydatidosis infection. Finally, this study clarified the variabilities of hydatidosis in Cairo and Giza abattoirs as a starting point for future studies in different regions in Egypt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten A M Abo-Aziza
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Samah S Oda
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Edfina, Egypt
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T K Farag
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Abdulaziz M Almuzaini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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Niazi M, Saki M, Sepahvand M, Jahanbakhsh S, Khatami M, Beyranvand M. In vitro and ex vivo scolicidal effects of Olea europaea L. to inactivate the protoscolecs during hydatid cyst surgery. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2019; 42:7-10. [PMID: 31193397 PMCID: PMC6527941 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, surgery is considered as one of the most important treatments for hydatidosis. Due to laceration, the cyst and spread of the content within it (protoscoleces) during the surgery that can put the patient at the risk of re-infection, anaphylaxis shock and even death, surgeons use some chemical drugs as protoscolicidal agents. The study is aimed to evaluate the scolicidal effects of olive (Olea europaea L.) leaf extract on hydatid cyst protoscoleces in vitro and ex vivo. METHODS After the collection of protoscoleces from sheep livers infected with fertile hydatid cysts, they were treated with various concentrations of olive leave extract (75-300 mg/mL) for 5-30 min in vitro and ex vivo. Finally, the mortality of protoscoleces was assessed by the eosin exclusion test (0.1% eosin staining). RESULTS The mean of the mortality of protoscoleces was 100% after 10 min of incubation with the concentration of 300 mg/ml of O. europaea leaves extract. On the other hand, the mean of the mortality of protoscoleces after 20 min of incubation with the concentration of 150 mg/ml of O. europaea leaves extract was 100%. After injection of O. europaea leaves extract directly into the hydatid cyst (ex vivo), the mean of the mortality of protoscoleces was 100% after 12 and 25 min of incubation with the concentration of 300 and 150 mg/ml of O. europaea leaves extract, respectively; indicating that the extract requiring a further time to display a potent protoscolicidal effects. CONCLUSION Based on the findings of the study, it can be concluded that the extract of olive leaf had a significant scolicidal activity on hydatid cyst protoscoleces. However, further research, especially in human and animal subjects, are required to reach this conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massumeh Niazi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mojgan Saki
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Maryam Sepahvand
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Sareh Jahanbakhsh
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Khatami
- Student Research Committee, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
| | - Mania Beyranvand
- Department of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Fabbri J, Maggiore MA, Pensel PE, Albani CM, Denegri GM, Elissondo MC. Could beta-myrcene be an alternative to albendazole for the treatment of experimental cystic echinococcosis? Acta Trop 2018; 187:5-12. [PMID: 30040945 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus causes hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis in humans and livestock. In humans, this disease can be managed with surgery, percutaneous treatment, chemotherapy and/or observation. The chemotherapeutic agents used and approved for treatment of hydatidosis are benzimidazoles. Because of the difficulties in achieving successful treatment, considerable efforts have been made to find new natural compounds against hydatid disease. Beta-myrcene is a monoterpene presented in the essential oils of different plants. It is the principal component of essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary). The goal of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of beta-myrcene against germinal cells, protoscoleces and murine cyst of E. granulosus, as well also, investigate its chemoprophylactic activity in a murine model of cystic echinococcosis. For the in vitro assays, the parasites were incubated with beta-myrcene at 10, 5 and 1 μg/mL. The treatments were dose and time-dependent, and consistent with the observed morphological alterations. In the chemoprophylactic efficacy study, the effect of beta-myrcene was similar to albendazole, the reference drug for human echinococcosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fabbri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - M A Maggiore
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - P E Pensel
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - C M Albani
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - G M Denegri
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - M C Elissondo
- Laboratorio de Zoonosis Parasitarias, Instituto de Investigaciones en Producción, Sanidad y Ambiente (IIPROSAM), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Funes 3250, 7600, Mar del Plata, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Effect of Bioactive Compounds Extracted from Green Algae Spirogyra sp. in Reducing the Protoscolices Viability In vitro Compared with Albendazole Drug. JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.22207/jpam.12.3.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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The potential role of toll-like receptor 4 Asp299Gly polymorphism and its association with recurrent cystic echinococcosis in postoperative patients. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:1717-1727. [PMID: 29602972 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-5850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The study of pathogenesis mechanisms of larval stages in the Taeniidae has recently focused on host genetic factors, particularly toll-like receptor (TLR) variations. However, the potential role of TLR4 polymorphism in hydatidosis has not yet been sufficiently elucidated in postoperative patients. In this case-control investigation, 80 patients from Iran, including 40 with acute hydatidosis (AH) and 40 with recurrent hydatidosis (RH), and 80 ethnically matched controls were evaluated from February 2015 to February 2017. Hydatidosis patients were confirmed using radiological, immunological, and histopathological examinations. Genotyping of Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of TLR4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism, sequencing, and phylogenetic strategies. The heterozygous mutant-type TLR4 Asp299Gly genotype indicated a tendency to be associated with the occurrence of RH (P = 0.060) and conferred a 3-fold risk for susceptibility. There was no difference in genotype frequency of Asp299Gly between patients with AH and healthy controls (P = 0.42; OR, 1.82; 95% CI, 0.11-30.1%). Interestingly, a frequency of the G allele (12%: Gly) was observed to be a risk factor for susceptibility to RH patients (P = 0.050; OR, 7.08; 95% CI, 0.97-51.5%). A relative genetic variability of TLR4 Asp299Gly was found in RH patients (haplotype diversity: 0.700) compared to AH patients and healthy controls (Hd: 0.000). The Asp299Gly genotype was dominantly identified in patients with hepatic hydatid cysts. The TLR4 Thr399Ile codon was not detected except in a patient with a pulmonary hydatid cyst. The current findings enhance our knowledge regarding the TLR4 Asp299Gly polymorphism potentially leading to the development of RH, by skewing the immune system towards a Th2 response. Identification of the Asp299Gly codon may be a diagnostic hallmark in RH patients who have undergone unsuccessful postoperative intervention. However, further studies with a higher case number are needed on ethnic population from various geographic regions, in order to confirm this hypothesis.
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