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In support of morphology: Molecular analysis successfully delineates the Afrotropical genus Atylotus (Diptera: Tabanidae) into species. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106725. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Phylogenetic Analysis of Mitochondrial Genome of Tabanidae (Diptera: Tabanidae) Reveals the Present Status of Tabanidae Classification. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13080695. [PMID: 36005320 PMCID: PMC9408937 DOI: 10.3390/insects13080695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. Therefore, six newly completed mitochondrial genomes of four genera of Tabanidae (Haematopota turkestanica, Chrysops vanderwulpi, Chrysops dissectus, Tabanus chrysurus, Tabanus pleskei, and Hybomitra sp. species) were sequenced and analyzed. The results show that the six newly mitochondrial genomes have quite similar structures and features. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 amino acid sequences coded by mitochondrial genes of 22 mitogenomes (all available complete mitochondrial genomes of tabanidae). Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood trees, and maximum parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all groups, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides useful genetic markers for studying the molecular ecology, systematics, and population genetics of Tabanidae. Abstract Tabanidae suck the blood of humans and animals, are important biological vectors for the transmission of diseases, and are of considerable economic and medical significance. However, current knowledge about the mitochondrial genome of this family is limited. More complete mitochondrial genomes of Tabanidae are essential for the identification and phylogeny. Therefore, this study sequenced and analyzed six complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequences of four genera of Tabanidae for the first time. The complete mt genomes of the six new sequences are circular molecules ranging from 15,851 to 16,107 base pairs (bp) in size, with AT content ranging from 75.64 to 77.91%. The six complete mitochondrial genomes all consist of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (RRNA), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), and a control region, making a total of 37 functional subunits. ATT/ATG was the most common start codon, and the stop codon was TAA of all PCGS. All tRNA except tRNA Ser1 had a typical clover structure. Phylogeny was inferred by analyzing the 13 concatenated amino acid sequences of the 22 mt genomes. Bayesian inference, maximum-likelihood trees, and maximum-parsimony inference analyses all showed consistent results. This study supports the concept of monophyly of all genus, ratifies the current taxonomic classification, and provides effective genetic markers for molecular classification, systematics, and genetic studies of Tabanidae.
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Lendzele SS, Abah S, Nguetoum C, Burinyuy KA, Koumba AA, Mavoungou JF. Tabanid-transmitted animal trypanosomiasis in Cameroon: Evidence from a study in the tsetse free pastoral zone of Galim. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2022; 18:e00253. [PMID: 36926001 PMCID: PMC10011870 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2022.e00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of tabanids as potential transmitters of animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) has not yet been established in Cameroon. The objectives of this study were: (i) to trap and determine the species richness and abundance of tabanids, (ii) to identify circulating trypansomes in cattle and tabanids in a tsetse free area. A three year (2015 to 2017) tabanid survey in six regions of Cameroon was conducted. In Galim village, which is in a tsetse free area, both tabanids and cattle blood samples were screened by PCR for the presence of trypanosome DNA. Tabanids were diverse in Littoral (13 species) and in Adamawa (13 species), but were abundant in the Far North region (36.37 to 145.58 tabanids per trap per day (t/t/d)). In Galim, the tabanid trypanosomal DNA presence was 24.4% (95% CI: 11.25-37.53), while the bovine trypanosomal DNA presence was 4.8% (95% CI: 1.68-11.20). In this village, the Trypanosoma spp. identified in tabanids were T. theileri, T. vivax and T. evansi, while those in cattle were T. theileri and T. vivax. The control of tabanids is required to stop the mechanical spread of AAT in tsetse free areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevidzem Silas Lendzele
- Organisation Pour la Production Laitière et d'Embouche Bovine (PLEB), Adamawa, Cameroon.,Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Samuel Abah
- Special Mission for Tse-tse fly Eradication, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon
| | - Cyrille Nguetoum
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Bangangté Multipurpose Station, Cameroon
| | - Kong Anita Burinyuy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Ngaoundere, Cameroon
| | - Armel Aubin Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Jacques François Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.,Université des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon.,Université Internationale de Libreville (UIL), Gabon
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Krčmar S, Kučinić M, Pezzi M, Bruvo Mađarić B. DNA barcoding of the horsefly fauna (Diptera, Tabanidae) of Croatia with notes on the morphology and taxonomy of selected species from Chrysopsinae and Tabaninae. Zookeys 2022; 1087:141-161. [PMID: 35437364 PMCID: PMC8891235 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1087.78707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Croatian fauna, horseflies (Tabanidae) are represented by 78 species belonging to two subfamilies, five tribes, and 10 genera. Identification of these species is based on morphological characteristics. In this study, 43 species of horseflies were analyzed. The highest number of species (19) belongs to the genus Tabanus, followed by the genera Hybomitra with seven species, Haematopota with six species, Chrysops with four species, Atylotus and Philipomyia with two species each, and the genera Silvius, Dasyrhamphis, and Heptatoma with one species each. The standard DNA barcoding region of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase gene, subunit I (COI), was sequenced and compared to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD). Our analyses confirmed our morphological identifications and added 16 new Barcode Index Numbers (BINs) for Tabanidae to BOLD. Potential problems in the systematics and taxonomy of this family are highlighted.
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Williams KA, Smit A, Neves L, Snyman LP. Evaluating the morphological and molecular challenges in identifying the afrotropical Atylotus species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Acta Trop 2022; 226:106262. [PMID: 34871565 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Afrotropical fly genus, Atylotus has previously shown little differentiation into species groups using the barcode gene COI. This study analysed all available Atylotus COI sequences from GenBank and BOLD to determine if COI is suitable for delimiting species of this genus. Morphological assessments of the different Afrotropical species were done to determine if these species have been accurately identified in recent publications. The results show that COI does not separate the species of this genus into species clades and these species are often misidentified in the literature. This is of concern as species of this genus are known vectors of pathogens and misidentifications have serious implications for management practices. Additional genes need to be used in future molecular studies to differentiate species.
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Tan LP, Mohd Rajdi NZI, Mohamad MA, Mohamed M, Hamdan RH, Goriman Khan MAK, Ahmad Syazwan S, Seng Hua L. First Report of Trypanosoma theileri in Equine Host and Tabanus sp. in Malaysia. J Equine Vet Sci 2021; 108:103807. [PMID: 34875427 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2021.103807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri is a non-pathogenic or weakly pathogenic parasite of domestic cattle that is cyclically transmitted by blood-sucking insects, mainly tabanid flies. It has been reported in several countries like Brazil, Venezuela, Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines. Although the ruminant industry is actively expanded in Malaysia, T. theileri and T. theileri-like trypanosomes have never been reported from Malaysia. The low pathogenicity of this species might be the main reason for overlooking T. theileri in this country. This paper describes an unforeseen finding of T. theileri from the outbreak of T. evansi in the state of Kelantan, Malaysia. This is the first time T. theileri reported in Malaysia, and also the first time T. theileri is reported in equid. Clinical signs compatible with infection by blood protozoa were observed; however, it was uncertain whether they were due to T. theileri infection. The detection of T. theileri from the blood sample and Tabanus sp. were confirmed through molecular analysis with PCR and DNA sequencing. In the present study, T. theileri from one horse and one Tabanus sp. were clustered with sequences of the previously described phylogenetic lineages from Japan, Chad and Brazil cattle. Even though this species is claimed to be host-specific with ruminant host restriction, the finding from this study suggested that T. theileri can infect equine whilst other isolates are known to infect ruminant species only. It is suspected there were two genotypes of T. theileri circulating in at least two districts of Kelantan. Thus, further study on multiple DNA regions should be conducted to determine the strains of detected T. theileri in Malaysia. Its impact on the horse and cattle industry should also be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng Tan
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Zul Izzati Mohd Rajdi
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mimi Armiladiana Mohamad
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Maizan Mohamed
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ruhil Hayati Hamdan
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Azam Khan Goriman Khan
- Paraclinical Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Pengkalan Chepa, Kota Bharu, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan
- Mycology and Pathology Laboratory, Forest Health and Conservation Programme, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, Kepong, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Lee Seng Hua
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Landmark Data to Distinguish and Identify Morphologically Close Tabanus spp. (Diptera: Tabanidae). INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12110974. [PMID: 34821775 PMCID: PMC8622361 DOI: 10.3390/insects12110974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tabanus spp., also known as horse flies (Diptera: Tabanidae), are important vectors of several animal pathogens. Adult females of Tabanus megalops and Tabanus striatus, which are members of the T. striatus complex, are morphologically similar and hence difficult to distinguish using morphological characteristics. In addition, molecular identification by DNA barcoding is also unable to distinguish these species. These two species can occur sympatrically with Tabanus rubidus, which is morphologically similar to T. megalops and T. striatus. Wing geometric morphometrics has been widely used in various insects to distinguish morphologically similar species. This study explored the effectiveness of landmark-based geometrics at distinguishing and identifying T. megalops, T. rubidus, and T. striatus in Thailand. Specimens were collected from different geographical regions of Thailand, and only unambiguously identified specimens were used for geometric morphometric analyses. Left wings of females of T. megalops (n = 160), T. rubidus (n = 165), and T. striatus (n = 85) were photographed, and 22 wing landmarks were used for the analysis. Wing shape was able to distinguish among species with high accuracy scores, ranging from 94.38% to 99.39%. We showed that morphologically very close species of Tabanus can be reliably distinguished by the geometry of their wing venation, and we showed how our experimental material could be used as a reference to tentatively identify new field collected specimens.
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Fu YT, Zhang Y, Xun Y, Liu GH, Suleman, Zhao Y. Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genomes of six horseflies (Diptera: Tabanidae). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 95:105054. [PMID: 34461311 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The family Tabanidae (Insecta: Diptera) is one of the economically most important group of haematophagous insects, causing millions of livestock deaths per year. However, current knowledge on the mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from this family is limited. Additional tabanid mitogenomes characterization is of utmost importance for their identification, epidemiologic and phylogenetic studies. We sequenced the mt genomes of six horseflies with an Illumina platform and their phylogenetic relationship was conducted with other infraorder Tabanomorpha members with available mt genome datasets. All six newly sequenced mitogenomes were typical 37-gene circular structures retaining the gene order of Tabanomorpha. The trnQ, trnM and trnA were highly conserved among the six mitogenomes (identity = 100%). The TΨC arm and variable loop regions were relatively more variable compared to the amino acid receptor arm, anticodon arm and DHU arm of the tRNAs. Among 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs) of tabanids mitogenomes, the highest nucleotide diversity was detected in atp8, cox1, cox3, nad6 and cytb (0.1 for each). In addition, atp8 genes exhibited the highest evolutionary rate (ω = 0.24) among 13 PCGs. The interspecies K2P genetic distances among some Tabanus spp. across the mitogenome was greater (0.08) than intergeneric genetic distance between T. amaenus and Atylotus miser (0.07). Phylogenetic analyses revealed non-monophyletic relationships among horseflies of the genus Tabanus. The present study showed mt gene order is highly conserved within Tabanus species. Our mito-phylogenomic analysis supports the paraphyly of the genus Tabanus. The new data provide novel genetic markers for studies of population genetics and systematics of horseflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tian Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Ying Xun
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China
| | - Suleman
- Department of Zoology, University of Swabi, Swabi 23340, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
| | - Yu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan province 410128, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, Henan province 464000, PR China.
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9
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Sevidzem SL, Koumba AA, Yao-Acapovi GL, Mavoungou JF. A nationwide survey of the tabanid fauna of Cameroon. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:392. [PMID: 34372901 PMCID: PMC8351441 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tabanids are a neglected group of haematophagous dipterans despite containing 4434 species, regrouped in > 144 genera. They are mechanical vectors of important pathogens, including viruses, bacteria and protozoa of humans and domesticated and wild animals. As it is > 50 years since the publication of a preliminary nationwide record of the tabanids of Cameroon identified 84 species, updated information is needed. The aim of this study was to provide current data on the species composition, abundance and distribution of tabanids in the five main agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Cameroon. Methods From 2015 to 2017, a systematic entomological study using Nzi, Vavoua, Biconical and Sevi traps (n = 106) was conducted in 604 trapping points over 11,448 trap-days in the five main AEZs of Cameroon. Results A total of 25,280 tabanids belonging to 25 species were collected, including eight species not previously documented in Cameroon, namely Tabanus latipes (1 female), Tabanus ricardae (1 female), Tabanus fasciatus (32 females and 6 males), Haematopota pluvialis (18 females), Haematopota decora (19 females and 3 males), Haematopota nigripennis (18 females), Chrysops distinctipennis (47 females and 5 males) and Ancala fasciata (34 females and 7 males). The distribution maps of the newly identified tabanids differed between AEZs, with most tabanids collected from the Guinean savanna. The highest apparent density of tabanids was recorded in the Sudan Savanna region, and the mean apparent densities of species with sites was statistically significantly different (Student t-test: 2.519, df = 24, P = 0.019). The highest species diversity was found in the rainforest. Conclusions This study increased the list of tabanids recorded in Cameroon from 84 species in the preliminary record to 92 species, with most of the newly identified species occurring in the Guinea Savanna AEZ. The high diversity and abundance of tabanids in the livestock/wildlife interface areas of the rain forests and Sudan Savanna AEZs, respectively, suggest risk of mechanical transmission of pathogens. Investigations of the microbiota of tabanids in the different AEZs to define their role as disease vectors are proposed. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04894-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas L Sevidzem
- Programme Onchocercoses Field Station Laboratory, Ngaoundéré, Cameroon. .,Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon. .,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Aubin A Koumba
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon
| | - Genevieve L Yao-Acapovi
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Santé, UFR Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Jacques F Mavoungou
- Département de Biologie et Ecologie Animale, Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale (IRET/CENAREST), Libreville, Gabon.,Laboratoire d'Ecologie Vectorielle (LEV), Libreville, Gabon.,Université Des Sciences et Techniques (USTM), Franceville, Gabon
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Votypka J, Petrzelkova KJ, Brzonova J, Jirku M, Modry D, Lukes J. How monoxenous trypanosomatids revealed hidden feeding habits of their tsetse fly hosts. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2021; 68. [PMID: 34309583 DOI: 10.14411/fp.2021.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Tsetse flies are well-known vectors of trypanosomes pathogenic for humans and livestock. For these strictly blood-feeding viviparous flies, the host blood should be the only source of nutrients and liquids, as well as any exogenous microorganisms colonising their intestine. Here we describe the unexpected finding of several monoxenous trypanosomatids in their gut. In a total of 564 individually examined Glossina (Austenia) tabaniformis (Westwood) (436 specimens) and Glossina (Nemorhina) fuscipes fuscipes (Newstead) (128 specimens) captured in the Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, 24 (4.3%) individuals were infected with monoxenous trypanosomatids belonging to the genera Crithidia Léger, 1902; Kentomonas Votýpka, Yurchenko, Kostygov et Lukeš, 2014; Novymonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2020; Obscuromonas Votýpka et Lukeš, 2021; and Wallacemonas Kostygov et Yurchenko, 2014. Moreover, additional 20 (3.5%) inspected tsetse flies harboured free-living bodonids affiliated with the genera Dimastigella Sandon, 1928; Neobodo Vickerman, 2004; Parabodo Skuja, 1939; and Rhynchomonas Klebs, 1892. In the context of the recently described feeding behaviour of these dipterans, we propose that they become infected while taking sugar meals and water, providing indirect evidence that blood is not their only source of food and liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Votypka
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Klara J Petrzelkova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Studenec, Czech Republic.,Liberec Zoo, Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Brzonova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Jirku
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Julius Lukes
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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Dario MA, Lisboa CV, Silva MV, Herrera HM, Rocha FL, Furtado MC, Moratelli R, Rodrigues Roque AL, Jansen AM. Crithidia mellificae infection in different mammalian species in Brazil. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2021; 15:58-69. [PMID: 33981571 PMCID: PMC8085711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Crithidia mellificae, a monoxenous trypanosomatid considered restricted to insects, was recently reported to infect a bat. Herein, C. mellificae has been demonstrated to have a wider range of vertebrate hosts and distribution in Brazilian biomes than once thought. Parasites isolated from haemocultures were characterized using V7V8 SSU rDNA and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase genes. Coatis (Nasua nasua) in the Cerrado; marmosets (Callithrix sp.) and bats (Carollia perspicillata, Myotis lavali, M. izecksohni, Artibeus lituratus) in the Atlantic Forest; crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) and ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) in the Pantanal biomes were infected by trypanosomatids that displayed choanomastigote forms in haemoculture in Giemsa-stained slide smears. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic inference confirmed the infection of C. mellificae in these animals. Moreover, slight differences in C. mellificae sequences were observed. Crithidia mellificae growth curves were counted at 27°C, 36°C and 37°C, and the morphotypes were able to grow and survive for up to 16 days. Serological titers for C. mellificae were observed in nonhuman primates, demonstrating that this parasite is able to induce a humoral immune response in an infected mammal. These results showed that host specificity in trypanosomatids is complex and far from understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Augusta Dario
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Varella Lisboa
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marlon Vicente Silva
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor Miraglia Herrera
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais e Sustentabilidade Agropecuária, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lopes Rocha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Monitoramento Ambiental, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, Paraíba, Brazil
- IUCN SSC Species Survival Center. Parque das Aves, Foz do Iguaçú, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Moratelli
- Fiocruz Mata Atlântica, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - André Luiz Rodrigues Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Corresponding author.
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Keita ML, Medkour H, Sambou M, Dahmana H, Mediannikov O. Tabanids as possible pathogen vectors in Senegal (West Africa). Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:500. [PMID: 33004069 PMCID: PMC7528383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04375-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Species of the Tabanidae are potent vectors of human and animal diseases, but they have not been thoroughly investigated to date. In Senegal (West Africa), little information is available on these dipterans. Our objective in this study was to investigate Senegalese tabanids and their diversity by using molecular and proteomics approaches, as well as their associated pathogens. METHODS A total of 171 female tabanids were collected, including 143 from Casamance and 28 from Niokolo-Koba. The samples were identified morphologically by PCR sequencing and by MALDI-TOF MS, and PCR analysis was employed for pathogen detection and blood-meal characterization. RESULTS The morphological identification revealed four species concordantly with the molecular identification: Atylotus fuscipes (79.5%), Tabanus guineensis (16.4%), Chrysops distinctipennis (3.5%) and Tabanus taeniola (0.6%) (not identified by PCR). The molecular investigation of pathogens revealed the presence of Trypanosoma theileri (6.6%), Leishmania donovani (6.6%), Setaria digitata (1.5%), Rickettsia spp. (5.1%) and Anaplasmataceae bacteria (0.7%) in A. fuscipes. Tabanus guineensis was positive for L. donovani (35.7%), S. digitata (3.6%) and Anaplasmataceae (17.8%). Leishmania donovani has been detected in 50% of C. distinctipennis specimens and the only T. taeniola specimen. No Piroplasmida, Mansonella spp. or Coxeilla burnetii DNA was detected. In addition to humans (96.43%), Chlorocebus sabeus, a non-human primate, has been identified as a host of (3.57%) analysed tabanids. MALDI-TOF MS enabled us to correctly identify all tabanid species that had good quality spectra and to create a database for future identification. CONCLUSIONS Tabanids in Senegal could be vectors of several pathogens threatening animal and public health. To fully characterize these dipterans, it is therefore necessary that researchers in entomology and infectiology employ molecular characterization and mass spectrometric techniques such as MALDI-TOF MS to analyse these dipterans in Senegal and West Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Lamine Keita
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Hacène Medkour
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Masse Sambou
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Vecteurs - Infections Tropicales et Méditerranéennes (VITROME), Marseille, France
- Vectors-Tropical and Mediterranean Infections (VITROME), Campus International, UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Handi Dahmana
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- IHU Méditerranée Infection - Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEФI), Marseille, France.
- UMR Aix-Marseille University, IRD, APHM -19-21, Bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France.
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Changbunjong T, Weluwanarak T, Sedwisai P, Ruangsittichai J, Duvallet G, Chareonviriyaphap T. New records and DNA barcoding of deer flies, Chrysops (Diptera: Tabanidae) in Thailand. Acta Trop 2020; 210:105532. [PMID: 32497542 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chrysops spp. or deer flies (Diptera: Tabanidae) are hematophagous flies of medical and veterinary importance and some species are important vectors of Trypanosoma evansi, the causative agent of surra in Thailand. However, data regarding deer fly species and their molecular identification are limited. Accurate species identification will indicate the appropriate control measures. In this study, an entomological survey of deer flies from different sites in Thailand between May 2018 and June 2019 were conducted. In addition, mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) barcoding region was used for species identification. A total of 82 females were collected and 6 species were identified. Of these, three species are new records for Thailand: C. designatus, C. fuscomarginalis and C. vanderwulpi bringing the species total found in Thailand to nine. The COI sequences revealed an intraspecific divergence of 0.0%-2.65% and an interspecific divergence of 7.03%-13.47%. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all deer fly species were clearly separated into distinct clusters according to morphologically identified species. These results indicated that COI barcodes were capable in discriminating between deer fly species on the basis of the barcoding gap and phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, DNA barcoding is a valuable tool for species identification of deer flies in Thailand.
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Garcia HA, Blanco PA, Rodrigues AC, Rodrigues CMF, Takata CSA, Campaner M, Camargo EP, Teixeira MMG. Pan-American Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. in the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann and its deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878: morphological, developmental and phylogeographical characterisation. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:308. [PMID: 32532317 PMCID: PMC7291487 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The subgenus Megatrypanum Hoare, 1964 of Trypanosoma Gruby, 1843 comprises trypanosomes of cervids and bovids from around the world. Here, the white-tailed deer Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann) and its ectoparasite, the deer ked Lipoptena mazamae Rondani, 1878 (hippoboscid fly), were surveyed for trypanosomes in Venezuela. Results Haemoculturing unveiled 20% infected WTD, while 47% (7/15) of blood samples and 38% (11/29) of ked guts tested positive for the Megatrypanum-specific TthCATL-PCR. CATL and SSU rRNA sequences uncovered a single species of trypanosome. Phylogeny based on SSU rRNA and gGAPDH sequences tightly cluster WTD trypanosomes from Venezuela and the USA, which were strongly supported as geographical variants of the herein described Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) trinaperronei n. sp. In our analyses, the new species was closest to Trypanosoma sp. D30 from fallow deer (Germany), both nested into TthII alongside other trypanosomes from cervids (North American elk and European fallow, red and sika deer), and bovids (cattle, antelopes and sheep). Insights into the life-cycle of T. trinaperronei n. sp. were obtained from early haemocultures of deer blood and co-culture with mammalian and insect cells showing flagellates resembling Megatrypanum trypanosomes previously reported in deer blood, and deer ked guts. For the first time, a trypanosome from a cervid was cultured and phylogenetically and morphologically (light and electron microscopy) characterised. Conclusions In the analyses based on SSU rRNA, gGAPDH, CATL and ITS rDNA sequences, neither cervids nor bovids trypanosomes were monophyletic but intertwined within TthI and TthII major phylogenetic lineages. One host species can harbour more than one species/genotype of trypanosome, but each trypanosome species/genotype was found in a single host species or in phylogenetically closely related hosts. Molecular evidence that L. mazamae may transmit T. trinaperronei n. sp. suggests important evolutionary constraints making tight the tripartite T. trinaperronei-WTD-deer ked association. In a plausible evolutionary scenario, T. trinaperronei n. sp. entered South America with North American white-tailed deer at the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary following the closure of the Panama Isthmus.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Herakles A Garcia
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.
| | - Pilar A Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Central University of Venezuela, Maracay, Venezuela.,Fundación Esfera, Harpy Eagle Conservation Program in Venezuela, El Palmar, Bolívar, Venezuela.,Earthmatters, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Adriana C Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Carla M F Rodrigues
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Carmen S A Takata
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marta Campaner
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Erney P Camargo
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Marta M G Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia, INCT-EpiAmo, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.
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