1
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Liu YY, Wang RJ, Ru SS, Gao F, Liu W, Zhang X. Comparative analysis of phosphorylated proteomes between plerocercoid and adult Spirometra mansoni reveals phosphoproteomic profiles of the medical tapeworm. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:371. [PMID: 39217359 PMCID: PMC11366163 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06454-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plerocercoid larvae of the tapeworm Spirometra mansoni can infect both humans and animals, leading to severe parasitic zoonosis worldwide. Despite ongoing research efforts, our understanding of the developmental process of S. mansoni remains inadequate. To better characterize posttranslational regulation associated with parasite growth, development, and reproduction, a comparative phosphoproteomic study was conducted on the plerocercoid and adult stages of S. mansoni. METHODS In this study, site-specific phosphoproteomic analysis was conducted via 4D label-free quantitative analysis technology to obtain primary information about the overall phosphorylation status of plerocercoids and adults. RESULTS A total of 778 differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were detected between adults and plerocercoids, of which 704 DAPs were upregulated and only 74 were downregulated. DAPs involved in metabolic activity were upregulated in plerocercoid larvae compared with adults, whereas DAPs associated with binding were upregulated in adults. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes (KEGG) analyses indicated that most DAPs involved in signal transduction and environmental information processing pathways were highly active in adults. DAPs upregulated in the plerocercoid group were enriched mainly in metabolic activities. The kinases PKACA, GSK3B, and smMLCK closely interact, suggesting potential active roles in the growth and development of S. mansoni. CONCLUSIONS The dataset presented in this study offers a valuable resource for forthcoming research on signaling pathways as well as new insights into functional studies on the molecular mechanisms of S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, The People's Hospital of Xixian, Xinyang, 464300, Henan, China
| | - Rui Jie Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Si Si Ru
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128, Hunan, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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2
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Wang R, Hao J, Cao C, Li J, Zhang X. Molecular Characteristics of the Malate Dehydrogenase (MDH) Gene Family in Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8802. [PMID: 39201488 PMCID: PMC11354392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The plerocercoid larva of Spirometra mansoni can cause a parasitic zoonosis-sparganosis. Malate dehydrogenase (MDH) plays a very important role in the life activities of parasites. However, little is known about the MDH family in S. mansoni. We identified eight new MDH members in S. mansoni in this study. Clustering analysis divided SmMDHs into two groups and revealed patterns similar to the conserved motif organization. RT-qPCR suggested that five MDHs were highly expressed in the mature proglottid and that three MDHs were highly expressed in the gravid proglottid. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that SmMDHs contain both conserved family members and members in the process of further diversification. rSmMDH has an NAD binding domain, a dimer interface and a substrate binding domain. Natural SmMDH was immunolocalized in the tissues and follicles around the uterus in the mature or gravid proglottid and eggshells. The maximum forward and reverse reaction activities of rSmMDH were observed at pH 8.5 and 9.0, respectively. The optimum temperature for enzyme activity was 37 °C in the forward reaction and 40 °C in the reverse reaction. These results lay the foundation for studying the molecular functions and mechanisms of MDHs in S. mansoni and related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (R.W.); (J.H.); (C.C.); (J.L.)
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3
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Su XY, Gao F, Wang SY, Li J, Wang ZQ, Zhang X. Annexin gene family in Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) and its phylogenetic pattern among Platyhelminthes of medical interest. Parasite 2024; 31:32. [PMID: 38912916 PMCID: PMC11195529 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2024034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra mansoni are etiological agents of human and animal sparganosis. Annexins are proteins with important roles in parasites. However, our knowledge of annexins in S. mansoni is still inadequate. In this study, 18 new members of the Annexin (ANX) family were characterized in S. mansoni. The clustering analysis demonstrated that all the SmANXs were divided into two main classes, consistent with the patterns of conserved motif organization. The 18 SmANXs were detected at all developmental stages (plerocercoid, adult, and egg) and displayed ubiquitous but highly variable expression patterns in all tissues/organs studied. The representative member rSmANX18 was successfully cloned and expressed. The protein was immunolocalized in the tegument and parenchyma of the plerocercoid and in the tegument, parenchyma, uterus and egg shell of adult worms. The recombinant protein can bind phospholipids with high affinity in a Ca2+-dependent manner, shows high anticoagulant activity and combines with FITC to recognize apoptotic cells. Annexin gene polymorphism and conservative core motif permutation were found in both cestodes and trematodes. SmANXs also revealed high genetic diversity among Platyhelminthes of medical interest. Our findings lay a foundation for further studies on the biological functions of ANXs in S. mansoni as well as other taxa in which ANXs occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450051 PR China
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4
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Ru SS, Cheng C, Jiang P, Zhang X. Identification of a Clinical Spirometra mansoni Plerocercoid Isolate Using Molecular and Morphological Data. Acta Parasitol 2024; 69:1304-1308. [PMID: 38536613 DOI: 10.1007/s11686-024-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Sparganosis has been a neglected parasitic zoonosis for a long time. The accurate identification of Spirometra tapeworms in clinical practice is poorly understood. A case of breast sparganosis was reported in Henan Province of central China. One plerocercoid approximately 3.5 cm in length was collected from the patient. The clinical isolate was identified as Spirometra mansoni based on the barcoding sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1). Finally, the epidemiology of sparganosis in central China was reviewed. Comprehensive public health education should be carried out, and the risky habit of eating live tadpoles must be discouraged in Henan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Si Ru
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chi Cheng
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 450001, Zhengzhou, China.
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5
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Orrego MA, Szczesniak MW, Vasquez CM, Verastegui MR, Bustos JA, Garcia HH, Nash TE. Transcriptomic analysis of subarachnoid cysts of Taenia solium reveals mechanisms for uncontrolled proliferation and adaptations to the microenvironment. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11833. [PMID: 38782926 PMCID: PMC11116493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61973-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid neurocysticercosis (SANCC) is caused by an abnormally transformed form of the metacestode or larval form of the tapeworm Taenia solium. In contrast to vesicular parenchymal and ventricular located cysts that contain a viable scolex and are anlage of the adult tapeworm, the subarachnoid cyst proliferates to form aberrant membranous cystic masses within the subarachnoid spaces that cause mass effects and acute and chronic arachnoiditis. How subarachnoid cyst proliferates and interacts with the human host is poorly understood, but parasite stem cells (germinative cells) likely participate. RNA-seq analysis of the subarachnoid cyst bladder wall compared to the bladder wall and scolex of the vesicular cyst revealed that the subarachnoid form exhibits activation of signaling pathways that promote proliferation and increased lipid metabolism. These adaptions allow growth in a nutrient-limited cerebral spinal fluid. In addition, we identified therapeutic drug targets that would inhibit growth of the parasite, potentially increase effectiveness of treatment, and shorten its duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Orrego
- Laboratory of Immunopathology in Neurocysticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
| | - Michal W Szczesniak
- Institute of Human Biology and Evolution, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Carlos M Vasquez
- Department of Neurosurgery, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
| | - Manuela R Verastegui
- Infectious Diseases Research Laboratory, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Javier A Bustos
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Hector H Garcia
- Laboratory of Immunopathology in Neurocysticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
- Cysticercosis Unit, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Neurológicas, Lima, Peru
- Center for Global Health, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Theodore E Nash
- Laboratory of Immunopathology in Neurocysticercosis, Facultad de Ciencias e Ingenierías, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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6
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Taube K, Noreikiene K, Kahar S, Gross R, Ozerov M, Vasemägi A. Subtle transcriptomic response of Eurasian perch ( Perca fluviatilis) associated with Triaenophorus nodulosus plerocercoid infection. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2023; 22:146-154. [PMID: 37869060 PMCID: PMC10585624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Determining the physiological effects of parasites and characterizing genes involved in host responses to infections are essential to improving our understanding of host-parasite interactions and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. This task, however, is complicated by high diversity and complex life histories of many parasite species. The use of transcriptomics in the context of wild-caught specimens can help ameliorate this by providing both qualitative and quantitative information on gene expression patterns in response to parasites in specific host organs and tissues. Here, we evaluated the physiological impact of the widespread parasite, the pike tapeworm (Triaenophorus nodulosus), on its second intermediate host, the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). We used an RNAseq approach to analyse gene expression in the liver, the target organ of T. nodulosus plerocercoids, and spleen which is one of the main immune organs in teleost fishes. We compared perch collected from multiple lakes consisting of individuals with (n = 8) and without (n = 6) T. nodulosus plerocercoids in the liver. Results revealed a small number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs, adjusted p-value ≤0.05) in both spleen (n = 22) and liver (n = 10). DEGs in spleen consisted of mostly upregulated immune related genes (e.g., JUN, SIK1, THSB1), while those in the liver were often linked to metabolic functions (e.g., FABP1, CADM4, CDAB). However, Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed lack of functional enrichment among DEGs. This study demonstrates that Eurasian perch displays a subtle response at a gene expression level to T. nodulosus plerocercoid infection. Given that plerocercoids are low-metabolic activity transmission stages, our results suggest that moderate T. nodulosus plerocercoid infection most likely does not provoke an extensive host immune response and have relatively low physiological costs for the host. Our findings illustrate that not all conspicuous infections have severe effects on host gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Taube
- Chair of Aquaculture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristina Noreikiene
- Chair of Aquaculture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Biosciences, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Siim Kahar
- Chair of Aquaculture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riho Gross
- Chair of Aquaculture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mikhail Ozerov
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Vesilinnantie 5, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Chair of Aquaculture, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 46a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sötvattenslaboratoriet, Stångholmsvägen 2, 17893 Drottningholm, Sweden
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7
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Liu S, Gao F, Wang R, Li W, Wang S, Zhang X. Molecular Characteristics of the Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein (FABP) Family in Spirometra mansoni-A Neglected Medical Tapeworm. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2855. [PMID: 37760255 PMCID: PMC10525997 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The plerocercoid larva of the tapeworm Spirometra mansoni can parasitize humans and animals, causing serious parasitic zoonosis. The molecular characteristics and adaptive parasitism mechanism of Spirometra tapeworms are still unknown. In this study, 11 new members of the fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) family were characterized in S. mansoni. A clustering analysis showed 11 SmFABPs arranged into two groups, and motif patterns within each group had similar organizations. RT-qPCR showed that SmFABPs were highly expressed in the adult stage, especially in gravid proglottid. A high genetic diversity of SmFABPs and relative conservation of FABPs in medical platyhelminthes were observed in the phylogenetic analysis. Immunolocalization revealed that natural SmFABP is mainly located in the tegument and parenchymal tissue of the plerocercoid and the uterus, genital pores, and cortex of adult worms. rSmFABP can build a more stable holo form when binding with palmitic acid to protect the hydrolytic sites of the protein. A fatty acid starvation induction test suggested that SmFABP might be involved in fatty acid absorption, transport, and metabolism in S. mansoni. The findings in this study will lay the foundation to better explore the underlying mechanisms of FABPs involved in Spirometra tapeworms as well as related taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (S.L.); (F.G.); (R.W.); (W.L.); (S.W.)
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8
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Wang RJ, Li W, Liu SN, Wang SY, Jiang P, Wang ZQ, Zhang X. Integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses of plerocercoid and adult Spirometra mansoni reveal potential important pathways in the development of the medical tapeworm. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:316. [PMID: 37670335 PMCID: PMC10481575 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spirometra mansoni can parasitize animals and humans through food and water, causing parasitic zoonosis. Knowledge of the developmental process of S. mansoni is crucial for effective treatment; thus, it is important to characterize differential and specific proteins and pathways associated with parasite development. METHODS In this study, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of the plerocercoid and adult stages using a tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic approach. Additionally, integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were conducted to obtain the full protein expression profiles of different life cycle stages of the tapeworm. RESULTS Approximately 1166 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in adults versus plerocercoids, of which 641 DEPs were upregulated and 525 were downregulated. Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses indicated that most DEPs related to genetic information processing and metabolism of energy in adults seem to be more activated. In the plerocercoid stage, compared to metabolism, genetic information processing appears more dynamic. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) revealed six key proteins (phosphomannomutase, glutathione transferase, malate dehydrogenase, cytoplasmic, 40S ribosomal protein S15, ribosomal protein L15 and 60S acidic ribosomal protein P2) that may play active roles in the growth and development of S. mansoni. Finally, the combination of transcriptomic and proteomic data suggested that three pathways (ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, phagosome and spliceosome) and five proteins closely related to these pathways might have a significant influence in S. mansoni. CONCLUSIONS These findings contribute to increasing the knowledge on the protein expression profiles of S. mansoni and provide new insights into functional studies on the molecular mechanisms of the neglected medical tapeworm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jie Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Shi Nan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Si Yao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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9
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Xu FF, Chen WQ, Liu W, Liu SS, Wang YX, Chen J, Cui J, Zhang X. Genetic structure of Spirometra mansoni (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) populations in China revealed by a Target SSR-seq method. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:485. [PMID: 36564786 PMCID: PMC9789593 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05568-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In China, the plerocercoid of the cestode Spirometra mansoni is the main causative agent of human and animal sparganosis. However, the population genetic structure of this parasite remains unclear. In this study, we genotyped S. mansoni isolates with the aim to improve current knowledge on the evolution and population diversity of this cestode. METHODS We first screened 34 perfect simple sequence repeats (SSRs) using all available omic data and then constructed target sequencing technology (Target SSR-seq) based on the Illumina NovaSeq platform. Next, a series of STRUCTURE. clustering, principal component, analysis of molecular variance and TreeMix analyses were performed on 362 worm samples isolated from 12 different hosts in 16 geographical populations of China to identify the genetic structure. RESULTS A total of 170 alleles were detected. The whole population could be organized and was found to be derived from the admixture of two ancestral clusters. TreeMix analysis hinted that possible gene flow occurred from Guizhou (GZ) to Sichuan (SC), SC to Jaingxi (JX), SC to Hubei (HB), GZ to Yunnan (YN) and GZ to Jiangsu (JS). Both neighbor-joining clustering and principal coordinate analysis showed that isolates from intermediate hosts tend to cluster together, while parasites from definitive hosts revealed greater genetic differences. Generally, a S. mansoni population was observed to harbor high genetic diversity, moderate genetic differentiation and a little genetic exchange among geographical populations. CONCLUSIONS A Target SSR-seq genotyping method was successfully developed, and an in-depth view of genetic diversity and genetic relationship will have important implications for the prevention and control of sparganosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang Xu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Wen Qing Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Research Center for Parasites and Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Sha Sha Liu
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Yi Xing Wang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Jing Chen
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Jing Cui
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
| | - Xi Zhang
- grid.207374.50000 0001 2189 3846Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
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10
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Chen WQ, Liu SS, Cheng C, Cui J, Wang ZQ, Zhang X. Molecular characteristics of glutathione transferase gene family in a neglect medical Spirometra tapeworm. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1035767. [PMID: 36406076 PMCID: PMC9666886 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1035767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spirometra mansoni is a neglect medical tapeworm, its plerocercoid larvae can parasitize in humans and animals, causing sparganosis. In this study, 17 new members of the glutathione transferase (GST) family were sequenced and characterized in S. mansoni. Clustering analysis displayed the categorization of SmGSTs into two main clades. RT-qPCR illustrated that 7 GST genes were highly expressed in the plerocercoid stage while 8 GSTs were highly expressed in the adult. rSmGST has the typical C- and N-terminal double domains of glutathione transferase. Immunolocalization revealed that natural SmGST is mainly located in the epidermis and parenchyma of plerocercoid, and in the epidermis, parenchyma, uterus and egg shell of adult worm. The optimum activity for rSmGST was found to be pH 6.5 and 25°C. The evolutionary tree showed a high level of diversity of cestodes GSTs. SmGSTs contained both conserved family members and members in the process of further diversification. The findings in this study will lay a foundation to better explore the underlying mechanisms of GSTs involved in Spirometra tapeworms.
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11
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Gong T, Su X, Li F, He J, Chen S, Li W, Xie X, Liu Y, Zhang X, Liu W. Epidemiology and Genetic Diversity of Spirometra Tapeworm Isolates from Snakes in Hunan Province, China. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1216. [PMID: 35565642 PMCID: PMC9101633 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sparganosis, caused by the plerocercoid larvae of Spirometra tapeworms, is a public health hazard worldwide. The prevalence and genetics of sparganum from snakes remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of sparganum infection in wild snakes in Hunan province and compared the prevalence of Spirometra tapeworms in snakes worldwide. Furthermore, the genetic diversity of collected isolates was analyzed using mitochondrial cytb and cox1 genes. The result shows that the sparganum infection rate in wild snakes (89.50%, 402/449) was higher in Hunan than in other regions. Genetic diversity analysis based on concatenated sequences revealed high genetic diversity but no distinct genetic structure among Spirometra populations. Phylogenetic analysis supported the division of European and Chinese Spirometra isolates and a single species in Chinese Spirometra isolates. The prevalence of Spirometra tapeworms in snakes is serious, and the risk of sparganosis should be further publicized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfang Gong
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaoyi Su
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Fen Li
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Junlin He
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuyu Chen
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Wenchao Li
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xinrui Xie
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yisong Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Wei Liu
- Research Center for Parasites & Vectors, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (T.G.); (F.L.); (J.H.); (S.C.); (W.L.); (X.X.); (Y.L.)
- The Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine & Protein Engineering, Changsha 410128, China
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