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Safarov A, Kunisov B, Arepbaev I, Sazmand A. First record of nasopharyngeal myiasis caused by Cephalopina titillator (Clark, 1816) in camel (Camelus dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) in Uzbekistan. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 51:101029. [PMID: 38772645 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal myiasis caused by the camel nasal bot, Cephalopina titillator, is very common in old world camelids and is usually found at necropsy or during meat inspection. Herein we report massive infection with C. titillator in a 9 years old female one-humped camel slaughtered on February 18, 2024 in the village of Kizil Uy, Nukus District, Republic of Karakalpakstan, northwestern Uzbekistan. A total of 69 larvae: 20 first stage larva (28.9%), 31 second stage larva (44.9%), and 18 third stage larva (26.0%) were detected in the nasal passages and pharynx of the camel. Morphological and morphometrical characters of all larval stages are illustrated and detailed in this article. To our knowledge this is the first record of camel nasal bot infestation in Uzbekistan. Future epidemiological studies are needed to shed light on the prevalence, seasonal fluctuation, clinical impact and economic burden of nasopharyngeal myiasis in dromedary camels of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisher Safarov
- Committee for Veterinary and Livestock Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Kichik Khalka Youli Str., 21A., 100123, Tashkent, Uzbekistan.
| | - Baurjan Kunisov
- Nukus branch of Samarkand State University of Veterinary Medicine, Livestock and Biotechnology, A. Utepov Str., 31., 230102 Nukus, Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan
| | - Islambek Arepbaev
- Karakalpak State University, Str., Abdirov, home-1, Republic of Karakalpakstan, Nukus 230100, Uzbekistan
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bu-Ali Sina University, 6517658978 Hamedan, Iran.
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Hussen J, AL-Jabr OA, Alkuwayti MA, Alrabiah NA, Falemban B, Alouffi A, Al Salim WS, Kamyingkird K, Desquesnes M. A Flow Cytometry Study of the Binding and Stimulation Potential of Inactivated Trypanosoma evansi toward Dromedary Camel Leukocytes. Pathogens 2023; 13:21. [PMID: 38251329 PMCID: PMC10820945 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra, a wasting disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, is one of the major animal health burdens in camel-rearing countries, imposing significant economic losses due to reduced fertility and high mortality rates. The present study used inactivated T. evansi (from the Card Agglutination Test for Trypanosomes/Trypanosoma evansi; CATT/T. evansi) and flow cytometry to investigate their binding and activation potential toward camel leukocyte subsets. Labeling T. evansi with propidium iodide (PI) enabled their flow cytometric enumeration and identification with forward scatter (FSC; indicative for cell size) and side scatter (SSC; indicative for cell internal complexity) characteristics that are comparable with values reported for Trypanosoma cruzi. The incubation of PI-labeled non-opsonized T. evansi with camel leukocyte populations revealed that camel monocytes have the highest potential to bind T. evansi, followed by granulocytes and lymphocytes. The identification of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on camel immune cells and the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) in T. evansi that are responsible for this different binding capacity requires further studies. Stimulation of camel neutrophils with Trypanosoma evansi induced shape change, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and neutrophil extracellular traps (NET)-formation. To ensure that T. evansi, in the parasite concentration used in this study, is not apoptotic or necrotic to camel leukocytes, we evaluated cell apoptosis and necrosis after stimulation with T. evansi. The results revealed no impact of T. evansi stimulation for 2 h on the cell viability of camel leukocytes. Subsequent work may focus on the diagnostic employment of labeled T. evansi and flow cytometry for the detection of anti-Trypanosoma antibodies in camel serum. In addition, more efforts should be deployed to investigate the host-pathogen interaction mechanisms and the escape mechanisms of T. evansi in camels. To complete these data, further studies using the living or freshly killed parasites could also be implemented in camels and/or horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hussen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
| | - Omar A. AL-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Mayyadah Abdullah Alkuwayti
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Noof Abdulrahman Alrabiah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.A.); (N.A.A.)
| | - Baraa Falemban
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.-J.); (B.F.)
| | - Abdulaziz Alouffi
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh 12354, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed S. Al Salim
- Central Veterinary Laboratory, Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (W.S.A.S.)
- Ministry of Environment, Water and Agriculture, Riyadh 11195, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ketsarin Kamyingkird
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Ladyao, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 31300 Toulouse, France;
- Interactions Hosts-Vectors-Parasites-Environment in the Tropical Neglected Disease due to Trypanosoma-Tids (INTERTRYP), University Montpellier, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Tejedor-Junco MT, Melián Henríquez A, Peláez Puerto P, Ramos MD, González-Martín M, Morales Doreste M, Gimonneau G, Desquesnes M, Martín Martel S, Corbera JA. Surveillance and control of Trypanosoma evansi in the canary Islands: A descriptive analysis. Acta Trop 2023; 246:106990. [PMID: 37479160 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the occurrence of Surra, a disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi, in camels in the Canary Islands. The 1997 detection of T. evansi in camels in the Canary Islands led to the implementation of an initial control program, resulting in a decrease in prevalence. Following an outbreak in 2014, and due to the impossibility of eradicating it using the conventional measures, a lazaret was set up to separate positive and suspicious animals, in addition to the control measures previously implemented. Stomoxys calcitrans was the only vector captured, and no other animals tested were found to be positive for T. evansi. In November 2019, the last camels that tested serologically positive were detected; however, since February 2018, no camels that tested positive for PCR have been found in the farms were the outbreak was detected, suggesting that the sanitary measures implemented are adequate. The duration of the outbreak control and potential eradication for the disease has yet to be established. This study provides evidence to facilitate the control of African Animal Trypanosomosis in endemic areas of the world, which may contribute to revise the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) protocol to implement recommendations of surveillance and control strategies for animal Trypanosomosis in camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Tejedor-Junco
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Adrián Melián Henríquez
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Pedro Peláez Puerto
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Canary Islands Government, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - María Dolores Ramos
- Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Canary Islands Government, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Margarita González-Martín
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Manuel Morales Doreste
- Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Geoffrey Gimonneau
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal; Université de Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Desquesnes
- Université de Montpellier, Cirad, IRD, Intertryp, Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Dakar, Sénégal; CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, 31076 Toulouse, France; National Veterinary School of Toulouse (ENVT), 23 Chemin des Capelles, 31000, Toulouse, France
| | - Sergio Martín Martel
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Juan Alberto Corbera
- Research Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain; Hospital Clínico Veterinario, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas, Spain.
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Bossard G, Desquesnes M. Validation of in vitro-produced and freeze-dried whole cell lysate antigens for ELISA Trypanosoma evansi antibody detection in camels. Vet Parasitol 2023; 320:109980. [PMID: 37437407 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2023.109980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is a blood parasite responsible for surra in mammals, with a high impact in camels and horses. The WOAH-recommended reference method for detecting immunoglobulin G directed against T. evansi is ELISA, using whole cell lysate antigens (WCLAs). WCLAs are prepared with T. evansi produced in laboratory rodents, separated from blood cells using DE-cellulose anion exchange chromatography. As parasite lysates are fragile, antigens are preserved frozen pending use. For these reasons and others, T. evansi WCLAs are not commercially available. They are produced in small quantities, in a limited number of specialized laboratories, and they require a reliable and expensive cold chain for their shipment. In this study, we assessed and validated in vitro production of T. evansi and lyophilization of WCLAs in comparison with the reference method using frozen WCLAs prepared with parasites produced in rodents. Using a set of 400 samples monthly collected from 12 naturally infected camels followed-up for 1384 days, and two batches of referenced serum samples (infected, n = 12; non-infected, n = 15), statistical studies on qualitative and semi-quantitative results of the ELISAs did not show any significant difference when comparing the four combinations of parasites produced in vivo or in vitro, and frozen or freeze-dried WCLSAs. A repeatability study (28 repeats in 9 serum samples) was fully satisfying (p-value = 0.055). With the more convenient in vitro-produced freeze-dried WCLAs it was possible to: (i) avoid the ethical concern of in vivo production, (ii) improve the standardization of antigen production, (iii) secure antigen preservation during shipment and (iv) save a considerable amount of money (DE52-cellulose and dry-ice cold chain being avoided). Additional studies with other Trypanosoma spp are required for further extending ELISA to regional laboratories in enzootic areas, especially in view of the current progress in the "Progressive Control Pathway" (PCP) for trypanosomes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bossard
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - M Desquesnes
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT), 23 Chemin Des Capelles, 31300 Toulouse, France
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Karimi S, Bahari A, Nourian A, Azami S, Namavari M, Basso W, Sazmand A, Hemphill A. Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii infections in one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in central desert of Iran. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:847-852. [PMID: 36653679 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07783-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Neospora caninum infects carnivores as definitive and a wide range of mammals as intermediate hosts. This parasite is regarded as an important cause of abortion in cattle worldwide, causing significant economic losses. Although there is serological evidence of infection in Old World camelids, the significance of N. caninum in these animal species is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to use molecular and histological methods to detect N. caninum in the blood and tissues of 100 slaughtered one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran. For this, genomic DNA was extracted from blood, brain, portal lymph node and liver of the camels, and nested-PCR assay followed by sequencing were performed. Besides, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and studied microscopically. In addition, immunohistochemical staining for N. caninum was attempted on brain samples with positive PCR results. All animals were tested for antibodies against N. caninum and Toxoplasma gondii by whole tachyzoite-agglutination tests. N. caninum DNA was detected in blood, brain, and portal lymph node, but not in the liver of two (2%) camels. Histopathological examination revealed cysts resembling N. caninum in brain samples of one of these camels; however, immunohistochemical staining for N. caninum and T. gondii did not allow a morphological identification. IgG antibodies to N. caninum and T. gondii were detected in 36% and 35% of the camels, respectively. This study provides the first insight into direct detection of N. caninum in C. dromedarius in Iran. Further molecular studies on aborted fetuses, stillborn animals and cases of perinatal mortality are needed to understand the possible involvement of N. caninum in cases of reproductive failure. As the definitive hosts of N. caninum are domestic and wild canids, producers should be advised to monitor and limit exposure of their camelids to these species and their feces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Karimi
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Aliasghar Bahari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran.
| | - Alireza Nourian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Sakineh Azami
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Mehdi Namavari
- Shiraz Branch, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Shiraz, Iran
| | - Walter Basso
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, 6517658978, Iran
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Bezerra-Santos MA, Dantas-Torres F, Benelli G, Otranto D. Emerging parasites and vectors in a rapidly changing world: from ecology to management. Acta Trop 2023; 238:106746. [PMID: 36403676 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Global changes have influenced our societies in several ways with both positive (e.g., technology, transportation, and food security), and negative impacts (e.g., mental health problems, spread of diseases, and pandemics). Overall, these changes have affected the distribution patterns of parasites and arthropod vectors with the introduction and spreading of alien species in new geographical areas, eventually posing new challenges in public health. In this framework, the Acta Tropica Special Issue "Emerging parasites and vectors in a rapidly changing world: from ecology to management" provides a focus on the biology, ecology and management of emerging parasites and vectors of human and veterinary importance. Herein we review and discuss novel studies dealing with interactions of parasites and vectors with animals in changing environmental settings. In our opinion, a special focus on the implementation of management strategies of parasitic diseases to face anthropogenic environmental changes still represent a priority for public health. In the final section, key research challenges in this rapidly changing scenario are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Antonio Bezerra-Santos
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Str. prov. per Casamassima km 3, Valenzano, Bari 70010, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Ogolla KO, Chemuliti JK, Wamwiri FN, Auma JE, Kurgat RK, Wanjala KB, Mugunieri LG, Alusi PM, Mdachi RE, Mukiria PW, Okoth SO. Spatial-Temporal Variations in Parasitological Prevalence and Host-Related Risk Factors of Camel Trypanosomiasis and Its Vectors in North Eastern Kenya: A Repeated Cross-Sectional Study. J Parasitol Res 2023; 2023:7218073. [PMID: 37153519 PMCID: PMC10162873 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7218073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Camel trypanosomiasis (Surra) is endemic in the Horn of Africa. Understanding the spatiotemporal variations in Surra prevalence, vector dynamics, and host-related risk factors is important in developing effective control strategies. A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the Surra parasitological prevalence, livestock reservoirs, vector density/diversity, and host-related risk factors in Kenya. Random samples of 847, 1079, and 824 camels were screened at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and during the rainy season, respectively. Blood samples were examined using the dark ground/phase contrast buffy-coat technique, and Trypanosoma species were identified based on their movement and morphology in wet and stained thin smears. Reservoir status for Trypanosoma evansi was assessed in 406 cattle and 372 goats. A rainy and dry seasons entomological surveys were conducted to determine the Surra vector abundance/diversity and spatiotemporal density changes. Surra prevalence was 7.1%, 3.4%, and 4.1% at the start of the dry season, peak dry season, and rainy season, respectively. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or Trypanosoma brucei brucei) and Trypanosoma vivax were recorded. Spatial variations in Surra prevalence were recorded at the beginning of dry (X (7, N = 846) 2 = 110.9, p ≤ 0.001), peak dry (X (7, N = 1079) 2 = 42.2, p ≤ 0.001), and rainy (X (7, N = 824) 2 = 29.1, p ≤ 0.001) seasons. The screened cattle and goats tested negative for Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei), while two cattle tested positive for Trypanosoma congolense. Biting fly catches were composed of a single species from Tabanus, Atylotus, Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys genera. The total catches for Philoliche, Chrysops, and Stomoxys were higher in the rainy than dry season consistent with the prevalence results. Surra remains an important camel disease in the region with its prevalence varying in space and time. Camel co-infections by Trypanozoon (T. evansi or T. b. brucei) and T. vivax necessitate proper diagnosis of suspected cases and targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kennedy O. Ogolla
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | | | - Joanna E. Auma
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Richard K. Kurgat
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Kennedy B. Wanjala
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | | | - Phylis M. Alusi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Raymond E. Mdachi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Phoebe W. Mukiria
- Biotechnology Research Institute, KALRO, P.O. Box 362-00902 Kikuyu, Kenya
| | - Sylvance O. Okoth
- East African Science and Technology Commission (EASTECO)/East African Community, Kigali, Rwanda
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Selmi R, Belkahia H, Sazmand A, Ben Said M, Messadi L. Epidemiology and genetic characteristics of tick-borne bacteria in dromedary camels of the world. Acta Trop 2022; 234:106599. [PMID: 35810831 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
This review presents updated knowledge on the main tick-borne bacteria infecting one-humped camels (Camelus dromedarius) around the world. Camels are increasingly the subject of several scientific investigations, showing that they are receptive and carriers of several zoonotic bacteria. An appraisal is also given of the relative public health importance of these bacterial infections according to One Health concept. Microscopic, serologic and molecular findings are appropriately generated in order to exploit epidemiological data, and phylogeographic specificities associated to each vector-borne bacterium. Indeed, camels and their ticks harbour similar species and genotypes of pathogenic bacteria commonly identified in other animals, e.g., Anaplasma spp.,Ehrlichia spp., Borrelia spp., Rickettsia spp., Coxiella burnetii, Bartonella spp. and hemotrophic mycoplasmas. This evidence suggests an epidemiological role of camels in the spread of these pathogens in their natural habitats. However, these infections are commonly asymptomatic in camels resulting in underestimation of the impact of these infections. Furthermore, camels have recently been proven to have their own specific unclassified strains, such as Candidatus Anaplasma camelii and Candidatus Bartonella camelii, implying that possible interactions may lead to the emergence of pathogenic and zoonotic bacteria. In camel-rearing areas of the world, spatial and temporal spread of these infections, due to climatic and ecological changes and human activities such as development projects and urbanization, is expected. Hence the data presented herein provides a basis for strategic frameworks for the research and the development of novel diagnosis and control strategies worldwide, which are needed to protect camels, other livestock, and people in contact with dromedaries from threats that arthropod-borne pathogens can pose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachid Selmi
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; Ministry of National Defense, General Directorate of Military Health, Military center of Veterinary Medicine, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Hanène Belkahia
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Alireza Sazmand
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan 6517658978, Iran
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia; Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Lilia Messadi
- Laboratory of Microbiology at the National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba 2010, Tunisia.
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