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Longitudinal Associations between Social Relationships and Alcohol Use from Adolescence into Young Adulthood: The Role of Religiousness. J Youth Adolesc 2022; 51:1798-1814. [PMID: 35596906 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-022-01632-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
As adolescence is a time characterized by rapid changes in social relationships as well as an increase in risk-taking behaviors, this prospective longitudinal study examined whether social involvement and social alienation are associated with changes in alcohol use from adolescence into young adulthood moderated by organizational and personal religiousness. Participants were 167 adolescents (53% male) assessed five times between ages 14 and 18 years old. Latent change score modeling analyses indicated that social alienation was positively associated with greater increases in alcohol use among those with low organizational religiousness and those with low personal religiousness in early adolescence and during the transition into young adulthood. The findings demonstrate the detrimental effects of social relationship risk factors that promote alcohol use during adolescence into young adulthood. The results further highlight the protective roles of organizational and personal religiousness acting as additional sources of social engagement experiences to modulate the effects of social alienation predicting alcohol use progression and provide evidence for the positive impact religiousness has on healthy adolescent development.
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The Effects of Alcohol and Cannabis Co-Use on Neurocognitive Function, Brain Structure, and Brain Function. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2021; 8:134-149. [PMID: 36908333 PMCID: PMC9997650 DOI: 10.1007/s40473-021-00243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of review Given increases in the rates of alcohol and cannabis co-use among adolescents and young adults, this review aims to summarize literature on the effects of alcohol and cannabis co-use on neurocognitive functioning, brain structure, and brain function. Recent findings The limited existing studies examining concurrent, recent, and lifetime alcohol and cannabis co-use suggest effects on the brain are likely multifaceted. The majority of studies report that co-use is associated with negative outcomes such as impaired cognitive function and significant alterations in key structural and functional regions of the brain, while others report null effects of co-use compared to non-substance using control and single-substance use groups. Summary Current studies lack a general consensus on methodology, definitions of concurrent and simultaneous use, and neuroimaging approaches, which makes it challenging to draw strong conclusions about the effects of co-use. More studies are needed to explore the effects of co-use in the context of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use.
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Kim-Spoon J, Herd T, Brieant A, Peviani KM, Lauharatanahirun N, Lee J, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, King-Casas B. Bidirectional links between adolescent brain function and substance use moderated by cognitive control. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:427-436. [PMID: 32640083 PMCID: PMC8124751 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No clear consensus exists as to whether neurodevelopmental abnormalities among substance users reflect predisposing neural risk factors, neurotoxic effects of substances, or both. Using a longitudinal design, we examined developmental patterns of the bidirectional links between neural mechanisms and substance use throughout adolescence. METHOD 167 adolescents (aged 13-14 years at Time 1, 53% male) were assessed annually four times. Risk-related neural processing was assessed by blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses in the insula during a lottery choice task, cognitive control by behavioral performance during the Multi-Source Interference Task, and substance use by adolescents' self-reported cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use. RESULTS Latent change score modeling indicated that greater substance use predicted increased insula activation during risk processing, but the effects of insula activation on changes in substance use were not significant. The coupling effect from substance use to insula activation was particularly strong for adolescents with low cognitive control, which supports the theorized moderating role of cognitive control. CONCLUSIONS Our results elucidate how substance use may alter brain development to be biased toward maladaptive decision-making, particularly among adolescents with poor cognitive control. Furthermore, the current findings underscore that cognitive control may be an important target in the prevention and treatment of adolescent substance use given its moderating role in the neuroadaptive effects of substance use on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungmeen Kim-Spoon
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kristin M. Peviani
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen, MD, USA,Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA,Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Regier PS, Teitelman AM, Jagannathan K, Monge ZA, McCondochie C, Elkind J, Childress AR. Women at Greater Sexual Risk for STIs/HIV Have a Lower Mesolimbic and Affective Bias Response to Sexual Stimuli. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 13:279. [PMID: 31998091 PMCID: PMC6965060 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Young adult women in the United States have high rates of sexually transmitted infections, increasing the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The underlying neurobiology of behaviors that increase the probability of contracting sexually-transmitted diseases (STIs) and HIV is just beginning to be explored. The current study assessed the link between sexual risk and the brain and behavioral response to sexual cues in emerging adult women. Our hypothesis was that women with more activity in reward/motivational circuitry would report higher sexual risk behaviors and would evidence higher positive affective bias to visual sexual stimuli. Women (n = 52; age = 18–24 years) who had protected sex 100% of the time (n = 17) vs. those who did not (n = 35), in the past 3 months, were compared on their brain response to 500 ms evocative (sex, aversive, food) vs. neutral cues in a blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) fast event-related design. Based on existing literature, an a priori anatomical “cue-reactive” mask was used to constrain the analyses. Self-reported sexual activity and the affective bias scores to sexual cues were examined as correlates with the brain response to cues. In contrast to our initial hypothesis, the higher sexual risk (Unprotected) group had significantly less activation in mesolimbic brain regions and lower (less positive) affective bias scores to sexual cues compared to the lower risk (Protected) group. As predicted, the brain response was positively correlated with sexual bias. Follow-up analyses showed an effect of partner “risk” (e.g., more vs. less knowledge of partner’s STIs/HIV status). This evidence suggests that women who have protected sex may view sexual-related stimuli more positively, reflected by a neural response in reward/motivational regions and more positive sexual bias scores. In contrast, young women at increased risk for STIs/HIV may feel more negatively about sexual-related stimuli, evidenced by a lower mesolimbic response and a less positive affective bias to sexual cues. These data may help identify young women who are at greatest risk for acquiring STIs and/or HIV, which carries added importance with the availability of new medications that can prevent HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Regier
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anne M Teitelman
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kanchana Jagannathan
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Zachary A Monge
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Calumina McCondochie
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jaclynn Elkind
- School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Anna Rose Childress
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Feldstein Ewing SW, Hudson KA, Caouette J, Mayer AR, Thayer RE, Ryman SG, Bryan AD. Sexual risk-taking and subcortical brain volume in adolescence. Ann Behav Med 2019; 52:393-405. [PMID: 29659656 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The developmental period of adolescence marks the initiation of new socioemotional and physical behaviors, including sexual intercourse. However, little is known about neurodevelopmental influences on adolescent sexual decision-making. Purpose We sought to determine how subcortical brain volume correlated with condom use, and whether those associations differed by gender and pubertal development. Methods We used FreeSurfer to extract subcortical volume among N = 169 sexually experienced youth (mean age 16.07 years; 31.95% female). We conducted multiple linear regressions to examine the relationship between frequency of condom use and subcortical volume, and whether these associations would be moderated by gender and pubertal development. Results We found that the relationship between brain volume and condom use was better accounted for by pubertal development than by gender, and moderated the association between limbic brain volume and condom use. No significant relationships were observed in reward areas (e.g., nucleus accumbens) or prefrontal cortical control areas. Conclusions These data highlight the potential relevance of subcortical socioemotional processing structures in adolescents' sexual decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR
| | - Karen A Hudson
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR
| | - Justin Caouette
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, M/C DC7P, Portland, OR
| | | | - Rachel E Thayer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | | | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
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Banks DE, Hershberger AR, Pemberton T, Clifton RL, Aalsma MC, Zapolski TCB. Poly-use of cannabis and other substances among juvenile-justice involved youth: variations in psychological and substance-related problems by typology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 45:313-322. [PMID: 30620228 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2018.1558450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent cannabis use is associated with increased risk for psychological problems, with evidence for more severe problems among youth who use cannabis in combination with other substances (i.e., polysubstance use). Juvenile offenders engage in both cannabis use and polysubstance use at higher rates than the general adolescent population. Yet, limited research has examined the relationship between cannabis poly-use (e.g., cannabis and alcohol use) and functional or psychological problems among juvenile offenders. OBJECTIVES The current study addresses this gap by examining the association of polysubstance use of cannabis compared to cannabis only use with cognitive functioning, psychological distress, and substance-related problems among juvenile detainees. METHODS Participants were 238 detained youth ages 12-18 (80.4 % male, 77.3% non-White) who completed assessments of substance use, intellectual functioning, psychological symptoms, and substance-related problems. Youth were also assessed by a clinical psychologist for substance use disorder. RESULTS Four cannabis-use typologies were identified; cannabis and alcohol use was the largest class, followed by cannabis only use, cannabis, alcohol and other drug use, then cannabis and other drug use. Polysubstance use was associated with lower scores on measures of intellectual functioning, more externalizing and internalizing symptomology, and more substance-related problems relative to cannabis only use. However, the relationship between polysubstance use and problems varied by typology. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that justice-involved youth engaged in polysubstance use may be at greater need for concurrent academic, affective, and behavioral support in their rehabilitation and transition back to the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devin E Banks
- a Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | | | - Taylor Pemberton
- a Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Richelle L Clifton
- a Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Matthew C Aalsma
- b Department of Pediatrics , Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis , IN , USA
| | - Tamika C B Zapolski
- a Department of Psychology , Indiana University-Purdue University , Indianapolis , IN , USA
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Gardiner CK, Karoly HC, Thayer RE, Gillman AS, Sabbineni A, Bryan AD. Neural activation during delay discounting is associated with 6-month change in risky sexual behavior in adolescents. Ann Behav Med 2018; 52:356-366. [PMID: 29684133 DOI: 10.1093/abm/kax028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Identifying cognitive and neural mechanisms of decision making in adolescence can enhance understanding of, and interventions to reduce, risky health behaviors in adolescence. Delay discounting, or the propensity to discount the magnitude of temporally distal rewards, has been associated with diverse health risk behaviors, including risky sex. This cognitive process involves recruitment of reward and cognitive control brain regions, which develop on different trajectories in adolescence and are also implicated in real-world risky decision making. However, no extant research has examined how neural activation during delay discounting is associated with adolescents' risky sexual behavior. Purpose To determine whether a relationship exists between adolescents' risky sexual behavior and neural activation during delay discounting. Methods Adolescent participants completed a delay discounting paradigm during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning, and they reported risky sexual behavior at baseline, 3-, 6-, 9-, and 12-month follow-up time points. Latent growth curve models were employed to determine relationships between brain activation during delay discounting and change in risky sexual behavior over time. Results Greater activation in brain regions associated with reward and cognitive control (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, anterior cingulate, insula, orbitofrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) during delay discounting was associated with lower mean levels of risky sexual behavior but greater growth over the period from baseline to 6 months. Conclusions Neural activation during delay discounting is cross-sectionally and prospectively associated with risky sexual behavior in adolescence, highlighting a neural basis of risky decision-making as well as opportunities for early identification and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey K Gardiner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Rachel E Thayer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Arielle S Gillman
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Amithrupa Sabbineni
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, UCB, Boulder, CO
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Hansen NS, Thayer RE, Feldstein Ewing SW, Sabbineni A, Bryan AD. Neural Correlates of Risky Sex and Response Inhibition in High-Risk Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2018; 28:56-69. [PMID: 29460357 PMCID: PMC8900213 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a neurodevelopmental period of heightened sexual risk taking. Neuroimaging can help elucidate crucial neurocognitive mechanisms underlying adolescent sexual risk behavior, yet few empirical studies have investigated this neural link. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the association between neurocognitive function during response inhibition-a known correlate of risk behaviors-and frequency of intercourse without a condom among adolescents. We examined the correlation between condom use and fMRI-based Stroop response in a large ethnically diverse sample of high-risk adolescents (n = 171). Partially replicating previous literature, sexual risk was positively correlated with blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activation in the middle frontal gyrus during response inhibition, highlighting the relevance of this region during risky sexual decision making within this age group.
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Eckstrand KL, Choukas-Bradley S, Mohanty A, Cross M, Allen NB, Silk JS, Jones NP, Forbes EE. Heightened activity in social reward networks is associated with adolescents' risky sexual behaviors. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 27:1-9. [PMID: 28755632 PMCID: PMC5901964 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescent sexual risk behavior can lead to serious health consequences, yet few investigations have addressed its neurodevelopmental mechanisms. Social neurocircuitry is postulated to underlie the development of risky sexual behavior, and response to social reward may be especially relevant. Typically developing adolescents (N=47; 18M, 29F; 16.3±1.4years; 42.5% sexual intercourse experience) completed a social reward fMRI task and reported their sexual risk behaviors (e.g., lifetime sexual partners) on the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS). Neural response and functional connectivity to social reward were compared for adolescents with higher- and lower-risk sexual behavior. Adolescents with higher-risk sexual behaviors demonstrated increased activation in the right precuneus and the right temporoparietal junction during receipt of social reward. Adolescents with higher-risk sexual behaviors also demonstrated greater functional connectivity between the precuneus and the temporoparietal junction bilaterally, dorsal medial prefrontal cortex, and left anterior insula/ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. The greater activation and functional connectivity in self-referential, social reward, and affective processing regions among higher sexual risk adolescents underscores the importance of social influence underlying sexual risk behaviors. Furthermore, results suggest an orientation towards and sensitivity to social rewards among youth engaging in higher-risk sexual behavior, perhaps as a consequence of or vulnerability to such behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Eckstrand
- Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | | | - Arpita Mohanty
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marissa Cross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, United States
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Neil P Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Erika E Forbes
- Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
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Kim-Spoon J, Deater-Deckard K, Lauharatanahirun N, Farley J, Chiu PH, Bickel WK, King-Casas B. Neural Interaction Between Risk Sensitivity and Cognitive Control Predicting Health Risk Behaviors Among Late Adolescents. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2017; 27:674-682. [PMID: 28776832 PMCID: PMC5549676 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The developmental period of adolescence is characterized by increasing incidence of health risk behaviors (HRBs). Based on theoretical models that emphasize the moderating role of cognitive control, this study examined how neural correlates of cognitive control and risk sensitivity interact to predict HRBs among late adolescents (17-20 years). Neuroimaging data indicate that risk-related hemodynamic activity in the anterior insula during anticipation of uncertain outcomes predicts HRBs among late adolescents exhibiting greater dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activity during a cognitive interference task but not among late adolescents requiring less dACC activity. These results present neural evidence for a significant moderating effect of cognitive control on the link between risk sensitivity and HRBs among late adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
| | - Julee Farley
- Virginia Tech Center for Research in SEAD Education
| | - Pearl H. Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA
- Virginia Tech – Wake Forest School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Blacksburg, VA
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Houck JM, Feldstein Ewing SW. Working memory capacity and addiction treatment outcomes in adolescents. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2017; 44:185-192. [PMID: 28726525 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2017.1344680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brief addiction treatments including motivational interviewing (MI) have shown promise with adolescents, but the factors that influence treatment efficacy in this population remain unknown. One candidate is working memory, the ability to hold a fact or thought in mind. This is relevant, as in therapy, a client must maintain and manipulate ideas while working with a clinician. Working memory depends upon brain structures and functions that change markedly during neurodevelopment and that can be negatively impacted by substance use. OBJECTIVES In a secondary analysis of data from a clinical trial for adolescent substance use comparing alcohol/marijuana education and MI, we evaluated the relationship between working memory and three-month treatment-outcomes with the hypothesis that the relationship between intervention conditions and outcome would be moderated by working memory. METHODS With a diverse sample of adolescents currently using alcohol and/or marijuana (N = 153, 64.7% male, 70.6% Hispanic), we examined the relationship between baseline measures of working memory and alcohol and cannabis-related problem scores measured at the three-month follow-up. RESULTS The results showed that lower working memory scores were associated with poorer treatment response only for alcohol use, and only within the education group. No relationship was found between working memory and treatment outcomes in the MI group. CONCLUSION The results suggest that issues with working memory capacity may interfere with adolescents' ability to process and implement didactic alcohol and marijuana content in standard education interventions. These results also suggest that MI can be implemented equally effectively across the range of working memory functioning in youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon M Houck
- a Center on Alcoholism, Substance Abuse, and Addictions , University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , NM , USA
| | - Sarah W Feldstein Ewing
- b Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry , Oregon Health & Science University , Portland , OR , USA
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12
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Suleiman AB, Galván A, Harden KP, Dahl RE. Becoming a sexual being: The 'elephant in the room' of adolescent brain development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:209-220. [PMID: 27720399 PMCID: PMC6987766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of adolescence is a time of profound changes in motivation, cognition, behavior, and social relationships. Existing neurodevelopmental models have integrated our current understanding of adolescent brain development; however, there has been surprisingly little focus on the importance of adolescence as a sensitive period for romantic and sexual development. As young people enter adolescence, one of their primary tasks is to gain knowledge and experience that will allow them to take on the social roles of adults, including engaging in romantic and sexual relationships. By reviewing the relevant human and animal neurodevelopmental literature, this paper highlights how we should move beyond thinking of puberty as simply a set of somatic changes that are critical for physical reproductive maturation. Rather, puberty also involves a set of neurobiological changes that are critical for the social, emotional, and cognitive maturation necessary for reproductive success. The primary goal of this paper is to broaden the research base and dialogue about adolescent romantic and sexual development, in hopes of advancing understanding of sex and romance as important developmental dimensions of health and well-being in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahna Ballonoff Suleiman
- University of California Berkeley-Institute for Human Development, 1121 Tolman Hall #1690, Berkeley, CA 94720-1690, USA.
| | - Adriana Galván
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- University of Austin, Texas, Population Research Center, 305 E. 23rd St., Stop G1800, Austin, TX 78712-1699, USA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- University of California Berkeley-Institute for Human Development, 1121 Tolman Hall #1690, Berkeley, CA 94720-1690, USA
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Kim-Spoon J, Kahn RE, Lauharatanahirun N, Deater-Deckard K, Bickel WK, Chiu PH, King-Casas B. Executive functioning and substance use in adolescence: Neurobiological and behavioral perspectives. Neuropsychologia 2017; 100:79-92. [PMID: 28416327 PMCID: PMC5518609 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The current review is guided by the theoretical perspective that emphasizes the regulating role of executive functioning (Carver et al., 2009) and presents studies that elucidate the ways that executive functioning (inhibition and working memory) explain individual differences in adolescent substance use independently or by regulating the reactive system (reward and punishment sensitivity). Behavioral studies indicate that main effects of executive functioning on adolescent substance use are often nonsignificant or weak in effect sizes. In contrast, emerging evidence suggests consistent and stronger regulating effects of executive functioning over reward and punishment sensitivity. Functional neuroimaging studies reveal significant associations between executive functioning task-related hemodynamic responses and substance use with strong effect sizes. There is also direct evidence from studies testing statistical interactions of the regulating effects of EF-related brain activation, and indirect evidence in studies examining functional connectivity, temporal discounting, and reinforced control. We note key future directions and ways to address limitations in existing work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel E Kahn
- Sand Ridge Secure Treatment Center, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Pearl H Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, Roanoke, VA, United States
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Koyama MS, Parvaz MA, Goldstein RZ. The adolescent brain at risk for substance use disorders: a review of functional MRI research on motor response inhibition. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017; 13:186-195. [PMID: 28868337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Youth with family history (FH+) of substance use disorders (SUDs) are at increased risk for developing SUDs. Similarly, childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is considered to be a risk factor for developing SUDs. Recent research has suggested a close association between SUDs and impaired inhibitory control. As such, it is crucial to examine common and distinct neural alterations associated with inhibitory control in these at-risk groups, particularly prior to the initiation of heavy substance use. This paper reviews the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) literature of inhibitory control in these two at-risk youth populations (FH+ and ADHD), specifically considering studies that used motor response inhibition tasks (Go/No-Go or Stop Signal). Across the selected fMRI studies, we discovered no common alteration in the at-risk groups, but found neural alterations specific to each at-risk group. In FH+ youth and youth who transitioned into heavy substance use, blunted activation in the lateral part of the frontal pole (FP-lat) was most reliably observed. Importantly, longitudinal studies indicate that the blunted FP-lat activation may predict later SUDs, irrespective of the presence of FH+. In regards to ADHD, blunted activation was observed in the right dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and left caudate. Of note, similar blunted dACC activation was also reported by one FH+ study, and thus, we cannot preclude a possibility that the right dACC activity may be a potential common alteration in both at-risk groups, particularly given a limited number of FH+ studies in the current review. Research challenges remain, and large-scale, longitudinal efforts will help determine the neurobiological markers predictive of SUDs among at-risk adolescents, including those with FH+, as well as those with ADHD and other psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki S Koyama
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Muhammad A Parvaz
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, United States
| | - Rita Z Goldstein
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Department of Psychiatry, United States
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Pringle J, Mills KL, McAteer J, Jepson R, Hogg E, Anand N, Blakemore SJ. The physiology of adolescent sexual behaviour: A systematic review. COGENT SOCIAL SCIENCES 2017; 3:1368858. [PMID: 29201945 PMCID: PMC5692360 DOI: 10.1080/23311886.2017.1368858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: To examine physiological influences of adolescent sexual behaviour, including associated psychosocial factors. Methods: Systematic review. Results: Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria relating to adolescents, physiology and sexual behaviour. We excluded studies relating to abnormal development. Findings highlighted hormonal and gender differences. Females appear to be more influenced by psychosocial aspects, including the effects of peers, than males. Males may be more inclined to engage in unprotected sex with a greater number of partners. Early maturing adolescents are more likely to be sexually active at an early age. Conclusions: Hormonal, psychosocial context, and sexual preference need to be acknowledged in intervention development. Stage of readiness to receive information may differ according to gender and physiological maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pringle
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond St, EdinburghEH8 9DX, UK
| | | | - John McAteer
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond St, EdinburghEH8 9DX, UK
| | - Ruth Jepson
- Scottish Collaboration for Public Health Research and Policy, University of Edinburgh, 20 West Richmond St, EdinburghEH8 9DX, UK
| | - Emma Hogg
- Youth Health, NHS Health Scotland, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Engagement in risky sexual behavior (RSB) is a significant public health concern. A growing body of literature is elucidating the role of brain systems and neuropsychological constructs implicated in RSB, which may pave the way for novel insights and prevention efforts. METHODS In this article, we review studies incorporating neuropsychology into the study of RSB across the lifespan. The review of the literature on the neuropsychology of RSB is separated into three different sections by age of participants. Background is presented on research associating RSB with neurocognitive processes and the brain systems involved. Given the overlap between RSBs and substance use, studies addressing these problems in tandem are also discussed. RESULTS Neurocognitive constructs are implicated in RSB, including impulsivity, decision-making, and working memory. DISCUSSION Thus far, evidence suggest that neuropsychological factors are associated with engagement in RSB. More research on the influence of neuropsychological factors on engagement in RSB is necessary and may help inform future prevention efforts. (JINS, 2016, 22, 586-594).
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17
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Conrod PJ, Nikolaou K. Annual Research Review: On the developmental neuropsychology of substance use disorders. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2016; 57:371-94. [PMID: 26889898 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence represents a period of development during which critical biological, as well as social and cognitive, changes occur that are necessary for the transition into adulthood. A number of researchers have suggested that the pattern of normative brain changes that occurs during this period not only predisposes adolescents to engage in risk behaviours, such as experimentation with drugs, but that they additionally make the adolescent brain more vulnerable to the direct pharmacological impact of substances of abuse. The neural circuits that we examine in this review involve cortico-basal-ganglia/limbic networks implicated in the processing of rewards, emotion regulation, and the control of behaviour, emotion and cognition. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS We identify certain neurocognitive and personality/comorbidity-based risk factors for the onset of substance misuse during adolescence, and summarise the evidence suggesting that these risk factors may be further impacted by the direct effect of drugs on the underlying neural circuits implicated in substance misuse vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Conrod
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.,Centre de recherche CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, Canada.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Kyriaki Nikolaou
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.,Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abstract
Human adolescents engage in very high rates of unprotected sex. This behavior has a high potential for unintended, serious, and sustained health consequences including HIV/AIDS. Despite these serious health consequences, we know little about the neural and cognitive factors that influence adolescents' decision-making around sex, and their potential overlap with behaviorally co-occurring risk behaviors, including alcohol use. Thus, in this review, we evaluate the developmental neuroscience of sexual risk and alcohol use for human adolescents with an eye to relevant prevention and intervention implications.
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Thayer RE, Feldstein Ewing SW, Dodd AB, Hansen NS, Mayer AR, Ling JM, Bryan AD. Functional activation during the Stroop is associated with recent alcohol but not marijuana use among high-risk youth. Psychiatry Res 2015; 234:130-6. [PMID: 26395403 PMCID: PMC4651814 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite studies showing the relevance of different decision-making abilities, including response inhibition, to likelihood of using substances during adolescence, few have examined these neural processes among high-risk, substance-using youth. The current study explored associations between alcohol and marijuana use and functional activation differences during Stroop performance among a large sample (N=80) of ethnically-diverse, high-risk youth in an fMRI-based task. In the absence of associations between substance use and task behavioral performance, adolescents with greater alcohol use showed less activation during the more cognitively difficult portion of the task across clusters in bilateral cuneus and precuneus, and right and left superior temporal gyrus. No associations were observed with marijuana use. The current results may suggest neural patterns of deactivation in regions important for cognitive control, such that alcohol use may confer additional risk for future decreased inhibition among these high-risk adolescents. The ability to inhibit prepotent responses has been shown to predict later response to treatment, and early interventions to encourage further development of cognitive control could represent promising options for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Thayer
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | | | | | - Natasha S Hansen
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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