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Pearson JL, Powers MG, Drake C, Yang Y, FitzGerald CA, Green D, Cruz TH, Clements-Nolle K. Increasing lifetime and past 30-day marijuana use among middle school students regardless of recreational marijuana sales. Addict Behav 2024; 153:107999. [PMID: 38452424 PMCID: PMC10981209 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.107999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether adult use marijuana sales were associated with changes in lifetime and past 30-day (P30D) marijuana use among middle school students in Nevada (NV), which had adult-use marijuana sales during the study period, compared to New Mexico (NM), which did not have adult-use marijuana sales during the study period. METHODS Data were drawn from the middle school 2017 and 2019 NV Youth Risk Behavior and NM Youth Risk and Resiliency Surveys. Difference-in-difference analyses compare changes in lifetime and P30D marijuana use in NV (adult-use sales implemented July 2017) vs. NM (no adult-use sales during the study period). RESULTS There was no difference in lifetime (aOR 1.11; 95% CI 0.91,1.36) and P30D (aOR 1.17; 95% CI 0.91,1.51) marijuana use by adult-use sales status. The odds of lifetime and P30D marijuana use increased in both states, particularly among students who were female, older, non-White, or attending a Title 1 school. DISCUSSION Adult-use sales were not associated with an increase in lifetime or P30D marijuana use. State-level prevention efforts should focus on sub-populations with increasing lifetime and P30D use regardless of adult-use sales status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Pearson
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, the United States of America.
| | - Meghan G Powers
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, the United States of America
| | - Cara Drake
- Department of Health Behavior, Policy, and Administration Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, the United States of America
| | - Yueran Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Reno, the United States of America
| | - Courtney A FitzGerald
- Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, University of New Mexico, the United States of America
| | - Dan Green
- Epidemiology and Response Division, New Mexico Department of Health, the United States of America
| | - Theresa H Cruz
- Department of Pediatrics, Prevention Research Center, University of New Mexico, the United States of America
| | - Kristen Clements-Nolle
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Reno, the United States of America
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Assari S. Racial Differences in Biopsychosocial Pathways to Tobacco and Marijuana Use Among Youth. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2024:10.1007/s40615-024-02035-8. [PMID: 38807026 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-024-02035-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of socioeconomic disparities and multidimensional stressors on youth tobacco and marijuana use is recognized; however, the extent of these effects varies among different racial groups. Understanding the racial differences in the factors influencing substance use is crucial for developing tailored interventions aimed at reducing disparities in tobacco and marijuana use among adolescents. AIMS This study aims to explore the differential effects of socioeconomic disparities and multidimensional stressors on tobacco and marijuana use between Black and White adolescents. METHODS Utilizing longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, this research includes a cohort of pre-youth, monitored from the age of 9-10 years for a period of up to 36 months. We examined the impact of various socioeconomic status (SES) indicators and multidimensional stressors, including trauma, financial stress, racial discrimination, and family stress, alongside baseline average cortical thickness and the subsequent initiation of tobacco and marijuana use over the 36-month follow-up. RESULTS Overall, 10,777 participants entered our analysis. This included 8263 White and 2514 Black youth. Our findings indicate significant differences in the pathways from SES indicators through stress types to cortical thickness between Black and White youths. Notably, cortical thickness's impact on the future initiation of tobacco and marijuana use was present in both groups. CONCLUSION The study suggests that compared to White adolescents, Black adolescents' substance use and associated cortical thickness are less influenced by stress and SES indicators. This discrepancy may be attributed to the compounded effects of racism, where psychosocial mechanisms might be more diminished for Black youth than White youth. These findings support the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns rather than the cumulative disadvantage or double jeopardy hypothesis, highlighting the need for interventions that address the unique challenges faced by Black adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, 1731 E. 120th St., Los Angeles, CA, 90059, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Booth JM. Using EMA to explore the role of Black adolescents' experiences in activity spaces in momentary negative emotion and marijuana use. Health Place 2024; 85:103158. [PMID: 38070361 PMCID: PMC10922345 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2023.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Research examining the role of place in Black adolescents' health behaviors typically examines neighborhoods, with little attention paid to micro geographies such as activity spaces. Understanding experiences in activity spaces may be especially important for Black adolescents living in neighborhoods traditionally characterized as disadvantaged. The SPIN project recruited 75 Black adolescents living in a single neighborhood to complete ecological momentary assessments (EMA) about the activity spaces they encountered over a month. Perceptions of violence and social support in activity spaces in a day are related to marijuana use during the day, relationships partially explained by negative momentary emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime M Booth
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Social Work, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA.
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Luo T, Lin Z, Wu Z, Cen P, Nong A, Huang R, Che J, Liang F, Yang Y, Liu J, Huang L, Cai J, Ou Y, Ye L, Bao L, Liang B, Liang H. Trends and associated factors of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among different drug users in the China-Vietnam border area: an 11-year cross-sectional study (2010-2020). BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:575. [PMID: 37667212 PMCID: PMC10478360 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-023-08239-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Data on recent human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis prevalence among drug users in the Southwest China are sparse despite the high burden of drug use. This study aims at assessing the prevalence trends and related factors of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among different drug users in the China-Vietnam border area. METHODS A continuous cross-sectional survey was conducted among drug users from 2010 to 2020 in the China-Vietnam border area. Chi-square trend tests were used to assess the trend of HIV, HCV and syphilis prevalence and the proportion for drug type used by drug users. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify associated factors of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection in different drug users. RESULTS In this study, a total of 28,951 drug users were included, of which 27,893 (96.45%) male, 15,660 (54.09%) aged 13-34 years, 24,543 (84.77%) heroin-only users, 2062 (7.12%) synthetic drug-only (SD-only) users and 2346 (8.10%) poly-drug users. From 2010 to 2020, the proportion of heroin-only users decreased from 87.79% to 75.46%, whereas SD-only users and poly-drug users increased from 5.16% to 16.03%, and from 7.05% to 8.52%, respectively. The prevalence of HIV, HCV, and syphilis during the study period declined from 12.76%, 60.37% and 5.72% to 4.35%, 53.29% and 4.53%, respectively, among heroin-only users and declined from 18.30%, 66.67% and 15.69% to 6.95%, 27.81% and 5.35%, respectively, among poly-drug users; however, the prevalence of HIV and HCV among SD-only users increased from 0.89% and 8.93% to 2.84% and 18.75%, respectively. Having ever injected drugs and needle sharing were common associated factors for both HIV and HCV infection among poly-drug users and heroin-only users. Aged ≥ 35 years old was an associated factor for HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among the SD-only users. Female drug users were at high risk of contracting syphilis among three different drug users. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis among heroin-only users and poly-drug users decreased during the study period. However, the prevalence of HIV and HCV among SD-only users increased. Comprehensive intervention strategies, particularly focusing on the SD-only users are needed in order to bring down the disease burden in this population in the China-Vietnam border areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Luo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhaosen Lin
- Qinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhenxian Wu
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Ping Cen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Aidan Nong
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Rongye Huang
- Qinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianhua Che
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Fengfeng Liang
- Qinzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Huang
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Jie Cai
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanyun Ou
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China
| | - Li Ye
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China
| | - Lijuan Bao
- Chongzuo Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongzuo, 532200, Guangxi, China.
| | - Bingyu Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
| | - Hao Liang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical Bioresource Development and Application Co-constructed by the Province and Ministry, Life Science Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, China.
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Jacobs W, Lu W, McDonald A, Yang JS. Human Capital Development Factors and Black Adolescent Tobacco and Cannabis Use. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1447-1454. [PMID: 37075137 PMCID: PMC10347968 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined the association of four domains of human capital development (cognitive development, social and emotional development, physical health, and mental health) and exclusive and concurrent tobacco and cannabis use (TCU) among black youth. AIMS AND METHODS Nationally representative annual cross-sectional data for black adolescents (12-17 years; N = 9017) in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 2015-2019 were analyzed. Analyses examined the influence of human capital factors (cognitive development, social and emotional development, physical health, and mental health) on exclusive and concurrent TCU. RESULTS In total, 50.4% were males; prevalence of 12-month tobacco use fluctuated insignificantly between 5.6% and 7.6% across survey years. Similarly, prevalence of 12-month cannabis use remained relatively stable around 13%, with no significant linear change. Prevalence of concurrent TCU also fluctuated insignificantly between 3.5% and 5.3%. Investment in cognitive development decreased the odds of tobacco (aOR = 0.58, p < .001), cannabis (aOR = 0.64, p < .001), and concurrent tobacco and cannabis (aOR = 0.58, p < .001) use. Similarly, investment in social and emotional development reduced the odds of tobacco (aOR = 086, p < .001), cannabis (aOR = 0.83, p < .001), and concurrent tobacco and cannabis (aOR = 0.81, p < .001) use. Good physical health reduced the odds of tobacco (aOR = 0.52, p < .1), cannabis (aOR = 0.63, p < .05), and concurrent TCU (aOR = 0.54, p < .05). Major depressive episodes increased the likelihood of cannabis use (aOR = 1.62, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS Investment in cognitive, social, and emotional aspects of human capital development, and physical health among black youth is protective against TCU. Efforts to sustain human capital development among black adolescents may contribute to reducing TCU disparities. IMPLICATIONS This is one of few studies to examine human capital development factors and their associations with TCU among black youth. Efforts to eliminate tobacco/cannabis-related disparities among black youth should also invest in social, emotional, cognitive, and physical health development opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wura Jacobs
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Wenhua Lu
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andrea McDonald
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Prairie View A and M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
| | - Joshua S Yang
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fullerton, CA, USA
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Wu JH, Radha Saseendrakumar B, Moghimi S, Sidhu S, Kamalipour A, Weinreb RN, Baxter SL. Epidemiology and factors associated with cannabis use among patients with glaucoma in the All of Us Research Program. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15811. [PMID: 37215923 PMCID: PMC10192773 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To examine the epidemiology and factors of cannabis use among open-angle glaucoma (OAG) patients. Methods In this cross-sectional study, OAG participants in the All of Us database were included. Cannabis ever-users were defined based on record of cannabis use. Demographic and socioeconomic data were collected and compared between cannabis ever-users and never-users using Chi-Square tests and logistic regression. Odds ratios (OR) of potential factors associated with cannabis use were examined in univariable and multivariable models. Results Among 3723 OAG participants, 1436 (39%) were cannabis ever-users. The mean (SD) age of never-users and ever-users was 72.9 (10.4) and 69.2 (9.6) years, respectively (P < 0.001). Compared to never-users, Black (34%) and male (55%) participants were better represented in ever-users, while Hispanic or Latino participants (6%) were less represented (P < 0.001). Diversity was also observed in socioeconomic characteristics including marital status, housing security, and income/education levels. A higher percentage of ever-users had a degree ≥12 grades (91%), salaried employment (26%), housing insecurity (12%), and history of cigar smoking (48%), alcohol consumption (96%), and other substance use (47%) (P < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, Black race (OR [95% CI] = 1.33 [1.06, 1.68]), higher education (OR = 1.19 [1.07, 1.32]), and history of nicotine product smoking (OR: 2.04-2.83), other substance use (OR = 8.14 [6.63, 10.04]), and alcohol consumption (OR = 6.80 [4.45, 10.79]) were significant factors associated with cannabis use. Increased age (OR = 0.96 [0.95, 0.97]), Asian race (OR = 0.18 [0.09, 0.33]), and Hispanic/Latino ethnicity (OR = 0.43 [0.27, 0.68]) were associated with decreased odds of use (P < 0.02). Conclusions This study elucidated the previously uncharacterized epidemiology and factors associated with cannabis use among OAG patients, which may help to identify patients requiring additional outreach on unsupervised marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Hsuan Wu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Bharanidharan Radha Saseendrakumar
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Health Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sasan Moghimi
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophia Sidhu
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alireza Kamalipour
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert N. Weinreb
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sally L. Baxter
- Viterbi Family Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- UCSD Health Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Cénat JM, Kogan CS, Kebedom P, Ukwu G, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Darius WP, Mulopo Bakombo S, Dalexis RD, Ndengeyingoma A, Noorishad PG, Labelle PR. Prevalence and risk factors associated with psychostimulant use among Black individuals: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107567. [PMID: 36521424 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine) are among the most widely used drugs globally with detrimental short and long-term physical, psychological and social consequences. There is limited data on psychostimulant use for various racial and ethnic groups, including Black people, and the challenges they face living as minorities overcoming historical challenges including increased incarceration associated with drug possession. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were identified in five databases (APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE). Eligible studies were published in French or English, provided empiral data on psychostimulant use in Black individuals living in a minority context. The PRISMA guideline was used for structuring the review. Random-effects meta-analyses were generated to estimate the pooled prevalence of lifetime and periodic psychostimulant use among Black individuals using STATA 16. RESULTS Sixty-three studies published from 1991 to 2022 with a sample size of 139,683 Black individuals were included in the current meta-analysis. Results indicate a pooled prevalence estimate of 11.4% for any form of psychostimulant use among Black individuals. The pooled prevalence estimates were 12.4% (95% CI, 8.4% - 16.4%) for cocaine, 8.3% (95% CI, 0% - 19.1%) for amphetamines, and 11.4% (95% CI, 4.6% - 18.1%) for other stimulants. Prediction intervals for all psychostimulant types were highly heterogenous ranging from 0% to as high as 51.2% for amphetamine suggesting prevalence of use in some studies of Black people could be found to be as low as zero. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine differences between age groups, gender, reference period, and type of assessment. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence rates of psychostimulant use among Black people argues for greater access to evidence-based treatments. However, current psychosocial interventions are suboptimal, warranting further study. Consideration needs to be given to the challenges of the large range of prediction intervals, living in urban areas, racial discrimination experiences, race-based stress, and sociodemographic characteristics, including poverty, education level, age, gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philmona Kebedom
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gloria Ukwu
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wina Paul Darius
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assumpta Ndengeyingoma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Quebec, Canada
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Miller-Roenigk B, Wheeler P, Hargons C, Stevens-Watkins D. Race-Related and Mental Health Factors of Powder Cocaine Use Among Black Incarcerated Men. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-20. [PMID: 36651840 PMCID: PMC10352460 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2167143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Incarceration disproportionately impacts Black men in the United States, which can have compounding effects on mental health and substance use among this population. Cocaine use, in particular, carries higher severity of dependence and overdose risks among Black Americans, though research examining cocaine use correlates among Black incarcerated men is limited. The present study examines race-related and mental health correlates of powder cocaine use among a sample of incarcerated Black men (n = 208) using the General Strain Theory. Specifically, the present study was a secondary analysis examining race-related stress, psychological distress (i.e., anxiety and depression), and stigma about receiving psychological help as correlates of lifetime powder cocaine use. Results indicated that the likelihood of lifetime powder cocaine use was higher among those reporting lifetime psychological distress and greater race-related stress. Stigma about receiving psychological help was not significantly associated with lifetime powder cocaine use among this sample. Results of this study have important implications for substance use treatment interventions. Identifying adaptive coping strategies to manage anxiety and depression symptoms and race-related stress among incarcerated Black men may help reduce rates of cocaine use among this population and increase successful reintegration into the community post-incarceration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Miller-Roenigk
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Paris Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Candice Hargons
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Comparing Substance Use and School-Based Stressors Among Black and Latinx Transgender Youth and Peers With Shared Minoritized Identities. J Adolesc Health 2023; 72:44-50. [PMID: 36224062 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study is to compare substance use and school-based stressors among Black and Latinx transgender youth (trans BLY), White transgender youth (trans WY), and Black and Latinx cisgender youth (cis BLY) and identify associations between substance use and stressors among trans BLY. METHODS We analyzed 2015-2017 Biennial California Healthy Kids Survey data with a weighted sample of the state's secondary school population. The analytic sample included 9th and 11th grade trans BLY, trans WY, and cis BLY. Past 30-day and lifetime substance use (cigarettes, e-cigarettes/vaping, marijuana, and alcohol) and school-based stressors (victimization, race-, gender-, and sexuality-based harassment) were compared between cohorts via logistic regression. For trans BLY, associations between substance use and stressors were assessed via logistic regression. RESULTS The analytic sample (n = 19,780) included 252 trans BLY, 104 trans WY, and 19,424 cis BLY. Among trans BLY, estimated prevalence of 30-day (and lifetime) use of cigarettes, e-cigarette/vaping, marijuana, and alcohol were 13% (23%), 19% (39%), 27% (42%), and 29% (48%), respectively. Trans BLY had similar odds of 30-day and lifetime use of all substances compared to trans WY but higher odds of use compared to cis BLY. For trans BLY, race- and gender-based harassment and higher victimization levels were associated with higher odds of 30-day and lifetime use of all substances. Sexuality-based harassment was associated with higher odds of 30-day and lifetime marijuana and alcohol use. DISCUSSION Trans BLY have high prevalence of substance use, comparable with trans WY but higher than cis BLY. Substance use among trans BLY is associated with school-based stressors.
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Holloway K, Varner F. Forms and frequency of vicarious racial discrimination and African American parents' health. Soc Sci Med 2023; 316:114266. [PMID: 34340866 PMCID: PMC10409599 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND African Americans often witness or learn about others' racial discrimination experiences (i.e., vicarious racial discrimination). Vicarious racial discrimination may contribute to adverse physical and psychological health outcomes for African Americans. We examined relations between four types of vicarious racial discrimination and depressive symptoms and self-rated health among African American parents. METHODS Path analyses were conducted to examine the linkage between each type of vicarious racial discrimination and both depressive symptoms and self-rated health. Chi-square difference tests were conducted to determine if the four forms of vicarious racial discrimination significantly differed in their relations to both depressive symptoms and self-rated health. RESULTS Witnessing or learning about their children's racial discrimination experiences was significantly related to higher parental depressive symptoms. Witnessing or learning about a racial discrimination experience of a stranger through the news or social media was significantly related to lower self-rated health. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the importance of examining the health implications of vicarious racial discrimination. Different types of vicarious racial discrimination experiences matter concerning depressive symptoms and self-rated health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Holloway
- Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Fatima Varner
- Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, 108 E. Dean Keeton St., Stop A2702, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Racial-Based Bullying and Substance Use: a Brazilian National Cross-Sectional Survey Among Students. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2022; 10:1441-1454. [PMID: 35578154 PMCID: PMC9109669 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-022-01330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination has been associated with worse health status and risky health behavior. Understanding the relationship between racial-based bullying (RBB) — an overlap of bullying and interpersonal racial discrimination — and substance use can guide school-based actions to prevent bullying and substance use, but investigations rarely involve Brazilian students. We used data from the National Survey of School Health (PeNSE) 2015, which included 102,072 ninth-grade students from the capital and inland cities in the five regions of Brazil. Students self-reported their race/skin color according to the Brazilian official census. We explored racial and recent RBB differences in recent use of alcohol, tobacco, and other substances [marijuana, cocaine, crack, sniffed glue, loló/lança-perfume (ether and chloroform blend)] by comparing prevalence ratios (estimated with quasi-Poisson, crude, and adjusted models by demographic and socioeconomic characteristics) obtained from analyses of imputed data and complete case. We found that RBB prevalence increased according to racial categories associated with darker skin tones; racial differences in the prevalence of RBB were greater among girls than boys. Girls from all racial groups consistently had a higher prevalence of alcohol use than boys. RBB partially explained the recent use of alcohol and tobacco for the minority racial groups and was not associated with the use of other substances. School-based actions should explicitly incorporate anti-racist goals as strategies for substance use prevention, giving particular attention to gender issues in racial discrimination and alcohol use.
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12
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Ahuja M, Haeny AM, Sartor CE, Bucholz KK. Perceived racial and social class discrimination and cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 232:109304. [PMID: 35124388 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current study examines the association of perceived racial and social class discrimination with cannabis involvement among Black youth and young adults. METHODS This secondary analysis used data from the Missouri Family Study (MOFAM), a high-risk longitudinal family study of alcohol use disorder, oversampled for Black families. Offspring (n = 806) and their mothers were interviewed by telephone. Cox proportional hazards regression analyzes were used to examine associations of racial and social class discrimination (experienced by offspring and their mothers) with offspring cannabis involvement. Two stages of cannabis involvement were analyzed: timing of 1) initiation and 2) transition from initiation to first cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptom. RESULTS The study found that offspring report of experiencing racial (HR: 1.28, CI: 1.01-1.62) and social class discrimination (HR: 1.45, CI: 1.14-1.84) were associated with cannabis initiation in our fully adjusted model. Mothers' report of discrimination predicted a lower hazard of cannabis initiation among offspring (HR: 0.79, CI: 0.64-0.98). Offspring social class discrimination (HR: 2.45, CI: 1.71-3.51) predicted an increased hazard of transition from initiation to first CUD symptom, while offspring racial discrimination (HR: 0.57, CI: 0.39-0.85) was associated with lower hazard of transition in our fully adjusted model. CONCLUSIONS As rates for cannabis use among Black youth are disproportionately rising, there is a critical need to identify pathways to its use among Black youth. These findings suggest racial and social class discrimination may be important targets in efforts to prevent cannabis involvement among Black youth and emerging adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manik Ahuja
- Department of Health Services Management and Policy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States.
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Carolyn E Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
| | - Kathleen K Bucholz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, United States
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13
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Montgomery L, Dixon S, Mantey DS. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder: Implications for Researchers. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:14-22. [PMID: 35251891 PMCID: PMC8896813 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heavy and prolonged use of cannabis is associated with several adverse health, legal and social consequences. Although cannabis use impacts all U.S. racial/ethnic groups, studies have revealed racial/ethnic disparities in the initiation, prevalence, prevention and treatment of cannabis use and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). This review provides an overview of recent studies on cannabis and CUD by race/ethnicity and a discussion of implications for cannabis researchers. FINDINGS The majority of studies focused on cannabis use and CUD among African American/Black individuals, with the smallest number of studies found among Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. The limited number of studies highlight unique risk and protective factors for each racial/ethnic group, such as gender, mental health status, polysubstance use and cultural identity. SUMMARY Future cannabis studies should aim to provide a deeper foundational understanding of factors that promote the initiation, maintenance, prevention and treatment of cannabis use and CUD among racial/ethnic groups. Cannabis studies should be unique to each racial/ethnic group and move beyond racial comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTrice Montgomery
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding Author: LaTrice Montgomery, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Suite 204, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; ; Phone: 513-585-8286
| | - Shapree Dixon
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dale S. Mantey
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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14
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Varner F, Holloway K, Scott L. The Roles of Gender and Parenting in the relations between Racial Discrimination Experiences and Problem Behaviors among African American Adolescents. RESEARCH IN HUMAN DEVELOPMENT 2022; 18:256-273. [PMID: 35340406 PMCID: PMC8953153 DOI: 10.1080/15427609.2021.2020583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to examine whether, in African American families with adolescents, the associations between adolescents' racial discrimination experiences and adolescents' internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors differed based on involved-vigilant parenting and the genders of the parent and child. The sample included 567 African American parents of adolescents who completed an online survey on parenting, race-related stressors, and adolescent outcomes. Path analyses examining main effects and the interaction between adolescents' racial discrimination experiences, as reported by the parent, and involved-vigilant parenting were conducted in MPlus 8.2. Multigroup analyses by the gender pairing of the parent and target child were also conducted. Adolescent racial discrimination experiences were positively related to internalizing and externalizing problem behaviors. Multigroup analyses indicated that high maternal involved-vigilant parenting buffered the association between girls' racial discrimination experiences and problem behaviors whereas high paternal involved-vigilant parenting buffered the association between boys' racial discrimination experiences and problem behaviors. Overall, the results indicated that when adolescents experienced high levels of racial discrimination, involved vigilant parenting was protective for problem behaviors when received from same gender parents. Involved-vigilant parenting was compensatory when received from cross-gender parents.
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15
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Opara I, Hill AV, Calhoun A, Francois M, Alves C, Garcia-Reid P, Reid RJ. Sociopolitical control as a mediator between ethnic identity and social support on 30-day drug use among black girls. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2021:1-20. [PMID: 34533434 PMCID: PMC8926931 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2021.1975007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
While Black girls have lower rates of drug use, they face worse health and wellbeing consequences associated with drug use. Understanding which strengths-based factors serve as buffers to limit adverse outcomes related to drug use among Black girls is essential for prevention. This study investigated the mediating role of sociopolitical control on drug use among Black girls (n = 340). Using path analysis, models were tested to include the variables of interest. Sociopolitical control (e.g. leadership competency and policy control) significantly mediated the relationship between ethnic identity and social support on drug use. Implications from this study may consider bolstering empowerment-based strategies in drug use prevention for Black girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ijeoma Opara
- Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
| | | | - Amanda Calhoun
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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16
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Emotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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17
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Boyd DT, Opara I, Quinn CR, Waller B, Ramos SR, Duncan DT. Associations between Parent-Child Communication on Sexual Health and Drug Use and Use of Drugs during Sex among Urban Black Youth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5170. [PMID: 34068128 PMCID: PMC8152761 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Black youth and their families living in urban settings may experience unique stressors that contribute to underlying issues due to the environmental context. Such factors may exacerbate and promote drug use and engagement in risky sexual behaviors, unknowingly. Little is known about how family factors, peer pressure, condom use, and other related factors are associated with substance use and engaging in sexual behaviors while on drugs among urban African American youth aged 12-22 (N = 638). We used regression models to examine associations between parental bonding, parent-adolescent sexual health communication, condom use, peer pressure on substance use, and having sex while on drugs. Multivariate results indicated that parental bonding was statistically significant and associated with drug use (OR: 1.36, 95%CI: 1.36). Our study highlights that parental bonding plays a critical role in youth using drugs while living in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte T. Boyd
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA) at Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
| | - Ijeoma Opara
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS (CIRA) at Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA;
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Camille R. Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA;
| | - Bernadine Waller
- School of Social Work, Adelphi University, Garden City, NY 11530, USA;
| | - S. Raquel Ramos
- Rory Meyers College of Nursing, New York University, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Dustin T. Duncan
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA;
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18
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Jelsma EB, Goosby BJ, Cheadle JE. Do trait psychological characteristics moderate sympathetic arousal to racial discrimination exposure in a natural setting? Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13763. [PMID: 33462861 PMCID: PMC10624514 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Personality and psychological traits are known to influence how individuals react to and cope with stress, and thus, have downstream health and aging consequences. However, research considering psychological health traits as individual-level difference factors moderating the links been racism-related stress and health for racial and ethnic minorities in the United States is rare. Using intensive daily diaries and a wearable sensor that continuously recorded sympathetic nervous system arousal in a sample of racial and ethnic minority college students (80% African American, first-generation Black, or African; 20% Latinx), we linked arousal to racism-related experiences dynamically throughout the day as participants naturally went about their lives. Findings suggest that multiple traits are associated with increased arousal in real time when interpersonal discrimination is perceived, but that only anger and anxiety also predicted increased arousal during moments of rumination and reflection on race-related inequities. Vicarious discrimination exposure moments were also linked to suppressed arousal in general, but particularly for more anxious individuals. We use a stress appraisal and coping framework to elucidate the ways in which individual psychological differences may inform physiological responses to race-related stress. The biopsychosocial pathways by which cognitive appraisal and interpersonal race-related stress contribute to racial health disparities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Jelsma
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Bridget J Goosby
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jacob E Cheadle
- Population Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Dogan JN, Thrasher S, Thorpe SY, Hargons C, Stevens-Watkins D. Cultural race-related stress and cannabis use among incarcerated African American men. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2021; 35:320-325. [PMID: 33555899 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Research suggests African American men use cannabis to cope with racial discrimination. This conjecture may also be true for incarcerated African American men, who report high rates of cannabis use prior to and after incarceration. However, no studies to date have examined the association between race-related stress and chronic cannabis use among incarcerated African American men. As this population encounters pervasive negative cultural stereotypes and devaluation from larger society, cultural race-related stress may predict cannabis use among this population. Therefore, the purpose of this brief report was to examine the relationship between cultural race-related stress and years of regular cannabis use among a sample of incarcerated African American men. METHOD Study staff completed interviews with N = 177 African American men nearing release from four prisons in Kentucky. The interviews focused on mental health, drug use, and HIV risk behaviors. Participants provided their demographics (e.g., age, years of education, and length of incarceration), self-reported their years of regular cannabis use (3 times or more per week), and completed the Brief Index of Race-Related Stress (IRRS-B; Utsey, Measurement & Evaluation in Counseling & Development, 1999, 32, 149). RESULTS Multivariate regression analyses demonstrated cultural race-related stress was significant and positively associated with the number of years of regular cannabis use (p = .003) among this population. CONCLUSIONS This finding has implications for culturally tailored substance abuse treatment, specifically for cannabis use, with African American men upon their community re-entry from prison. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardin N Dogan
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky
| | | | - Shemeka Y Thorpe
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky
| | - Candice Hargons
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky
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