Accuracy of preoperative endometrial sampling for the detection of high-grade endometrial tumors

Effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system on recurrence and fertility outcomes during assisted reproduction after complete remission of early endometrioid endometrial cancer and precancerous lesions: A retrospective cohort study

To investigate the efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on recurrence and fertility outcomes during controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) in patients with early stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) and endometrial atypical hyperplasia (EAH) following successful fertility-preserving treatment. We reviewed the patients with Grade 1 presumed Stage IA EEC or EAH who underwent in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer after successful fertility-sparing treatment. A total of 176 women were enrolled in this study, undergoing 318 cycles of COS and 290 cycles of embryo transfer (ET). Twenty-one percent (37/176) patients have an LNG-IUS insertion during the initial ovarian stimulation, and the median follow-up time for this cohort was 61.3 months (interquartile range [IQR], 39.0-76.6 months), while it was 60.5 months for the other cohort (IQR, 44.9-80.3 months). Disease recurrence was experienced by 34.7% (61/176) of the patients. Compared to the non-LNG-IUS group, the LNG-IUS group had a lower recurrence rate 1 year after COS (5.4% (2/37) versus 20.9% (29/139), p = .034). The use of LNG-IUS was associated with a reduced recurrence rate 1 year after COS (hazard ratio = 0.203, 95% confidence interval [0.042-0.984], p = .048). The overall clinical pregnancy rate reached as high as 65.3% (115/176), while the cumulative live birth rates were up to 46.6% (85/176). We found that LNG-IUS during COS did not impact oocyte yield, ET, or pregnancy outcomes. The placement of LNG-IUS during COS in EEC/EAH patients is worth considering, as it is likely to reduce the recurrence of endometrial lesions without affecting fertility outcomes.

Advances and challenges in the use of liquid biopsy in gynaecological oncology

Ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, and cervical cancer are the three primary gynaecological cancers that pose a significant threat to women's health on a global scale. Enhancing global cancer survival rates necessitates advancements in illness detection and monitoring, with the goal of improving early diagnosis and prognostication of disease recurrence. Conventional methods for identifying and tracking malignancies rely primarily on imaging techniques and, when possible, protein biomarkers found in blood, many of which lack specificity. The process of collecting tumour samples necessitates intrusive treatments that are not suitable for specific purposes, such as screening, predicting, or evaluating the effectiveness of treatment, monitoring the presence of remaining illness, and promptly detecting relapse. Advancements in treatment are being made by the detection of genetic abnormalities in tumours, both inherited and acquired. Newly designed therapeutic approaches can specifically address some of these abnormalities. Liquid biopsy is an innovative technique for collecting samples that examine specific cancer components that are discharged into the bloodstream, such as circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA), circulating tumour cells (CTCs), cell-free RNA (cfRNA), tumour-educated platelets (TEPs), and exosomes. Mounting data indicates that liquid biopsy has the potential to improve the clinical management of gynaecological cancers through enhanced early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, recurrence detection, and therapy response monitoring. Understanding the distinct genetic composition of tumours can also inform therapy choices and the identification of suitable targeted treatments. The main benefits of liquid biopsy are its non-invasive characteristics and practicality, enabling the collection of several samples and the continuous monitoring of tumour changes over time. This review aims to provide an overview of the data supporting the therapeutic usefulness of each component of liquid biopsy. Additionally, it will assess the benefits and existing constraints associated with the use of liquid biopsy in the management of gynaecological malignancies. In addition, we emphasise future prospects in light of the existing difficulties and investigate areas where further research is necessary to clarify its rising clinical capabilities.

Utility of Pipet Curet Cytology and Biopsy as a Diagnostic Method for Endometrial Endometrioid Carcinoma

INTRODUCTION

We aimed to determine the utility of Pipet Curet cytology (PCC) and Pipet Curet biopsy (PCB) for diagnosing uterine endometrial endometrioid carcinoma (EEC).

METHODS

We divided 77 patients with EEC into two groups per Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) grades: G1 (n = 44) and G2/3 (n = 33) and compared the diagnostic sensitivity of PCC, PCB, and PCC and PCB combined, retrospectively. Next, we investigated any diagnostic discordance between PCC-based and PCB-based diagnoses per FIGO grade group.

RESULTS

The diagnostic sensitivity of PCC, PCB, and the two modalities combined was significantly higher for G2/3 EECs than for G1 EECs (72.7% vs. 45.5%, p = 0.0209; 84.8% vs. 63.6%, p = 0.0434; and 93.9% vs. 65.9%, p = 0.0046, respectively), likely due to more friable cancer cells in higher grade EEC cases. Among our 77 EEC patients, there were 4 patients (5.19%) with PCC-based concordant but PCB-based discordant results against EEC, in the G2/3 group predominantly. Diagnostic sensitivity of all cases increased from 72.7% (56/77) by PCB alone to 77.9% (60/77) by use of both modalities combined.

CONCLUSION

Cytologic evaluation can reduce the number of false-negative histologic diagnoses. By providing complementary information, the two modalities combined from the Pipet Curet procedure would be valuable as a diagnostic method for EEC.

The efficacy of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus oral megestrol acetate in treating atypical endometrial hyperplasia: a superior randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVE

To compare the efficacy of the levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) versus megestrol acetate (MA) in inducing complete regression among women with atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) who declined hysterectomy.

METHODS

In this single-center, open-label randomized controlled trial, we included 148 women with AEH who declined hysterectomy. We randomized participants to receive either daily oral MA 160 mg (n=74) or apply LNG-IUS (n=74) and scheduled their follow-up by endometrial sampling at 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months. The success rate and duration until complete regression were the primary outcomes.

RESULTS

The mean duration until complete regression was 5.52 months (95% confidence interval [CI]=4.85-6.18) for the LNG-IUS group versus 6.87 months (95% CI=6.09-7.64) for the megestrol group (log-rank test p-value=0.011). The cumulative regression rate after 12 months was 91.9% with the LNG-IUS versus 77% with MA (p=0.026). Weight gain in the MA group vs LNG-IUS group after one year (4.7±4 kg vs. 2.7±2.6 kg, 95% CI=0.89-3.12; p=0.001) and after two years of therapy (7.8±5.1 kg vs. 4.1±2.9 kg, 95% CI=2.29-5.06; p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Compared to MA, the LNG-IUS was more efficacious in treating AEH in women who declined hysterectomy, especially those with moderate/severe obesity, with fewer adverse effects and less weight gain. Extending therapy to 12 months for persistent cases would improve regression rates with reasonable safety. Alternate hysteroscopic and office sampling seemed convenient for follow-up.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04385667.

Comparing Surgical and Oncological Outcomes between Indocyanine Green (ICG) Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping with Routine Lymphadenectomy in the Surgical Staging of Early-Stage Endometrioid Endometrial Cancer

Methods

A retrospective single-centre cohort study of patients with early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer undergoing staging surgery (total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy with/without pelvic lymph node, and/or para-aortic lymph node dissection (PLND)) with either SLN mapping or routine lymphadenectomy between July 2017 and December 2018.

Results

203 cases with clinical and radiological International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage I endometrioid endometrial cancer were included, out of which 109 cases underwent SLN mapping and 94 cases complete lymphadenectomy. Compared to the PLND group, the SLN group had shorter operative time (129 vs. 162 minutes), less blood loss (100 vs. 300 ml), and decreased length of postoperative hospital stay (3 vs. 4 days) (p < 0.001). The lymph node metastases detection rate was 4.6% and 7.4% for the SLN and PLND groups, respectively (p = 0.389). With a median follow-up of 14 months for the SLN and 15 months for the PLND group, the disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were comparable for both at 13 months (p = 0.538 and p = 0.333, respectively).

Conclusion

SLN mapping has been shown to be an acceptable alternative to routine lymphadenectomy in the surgical staging of early-stage endometrial cancer in our centre, with a comparable lymph node metastases detection rate, DFS and OS, and reduction in operative morbidity. Our results with SLN mapping reproduce comparable outcomes to those reported in the literature.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of molecular testing in minimally invasive samples to detect endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding

INTRODUCTION

New approaches are being developed to early detect endometrial cancer using molecular biomarkers. These approaches offer high sensitivities and specificities, representing a promising horizon to develop early detection strategies.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of introducing molecular testing to detect endometrial cancer in women with postmenopausal bleeding compared to the current strategy using the national healthcare service perspective.

METHODS

A Markov model was developed to assess the two early detection strategies. The model predicts the number of hysterectomies, lifetime expectancy, quality-adjusted life-years, endometrial cancer prevalence and incidence, mortality from endometrial cancer and the lifetime cost of screening, diagnosis, and treatment. Strategies were compared using the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio.

RESULTS

The molecular strategy reduces 1.9% of the overall number of hysterectomies and the number of undetected cancer cases by 65%. Assuming a molecular test cost of 310€, the molecular strategy has an incremental cost of -32,952€ per QALY gained, being more effective and less expensive than the current strategy.

CONCLUSIONS

The introduction of molecular testing to diagnose endometrial cancer in women presenting postmenopausal bleeding provides more health benefit at a lower cost, and therefore has the potential to be cost-effective.

Endometrial Cancer. Guideline of the DGGG, DKG and DKH (S3-Level, AWMF Registry Number 032/034-OL, September 2022). Part 1 with Recommendations on the Epidemiology, Screening, Diagnosis and Hereditary Factors of Endometrial Cancer, Geriatric Assessment and Supply Structures

Summary The S3-guideline on endometrial cancer, first published in April 2018, was reviewed in its entirety between April 2020 and January 2022 and updated. The review was carried out at the request of German Cancer Aid as part of the Oncology Guidelines Program and the lead coordinators were the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), the Gynecology Oncology Working Group (AGO) of the German Cancer Society (DKG) and the German Cancer Aid (DKH). The guideline update was based on a systematic search and assessment of the literature published between 2016 and 2020. All statements, recommendations and background texts were reviewed and either confirmed or amended. New statements and recommendations were included where necessary. Aim The use of evidence-based risk-adapted therapies to treat women with endometrial cancer of low risk prevents unnecessarily radical surgery and avoids non-beneficial adjuvant radiation therapy and/or chemotherapy. For women with endometrial cancer and a high risk of recurrence, the guideline defines the optimum level of radical surgery and indicates whether chemotherapy and/or adjuvant radiation therapy is necessary. This should improve the survival rates and quality of life of these patients. The S3-guideline on endometrial cancer and the quality indicators based on the guideline aim to provide the basis for the work of certified gynecological cancer centers. Methods The guideline was first compiled in 2018 in accordance with the requirements for S3-level guidelines and was updated in 2022. The update included an adaptation of the source guidelines identified using the German Instrument for Methodological Guideline Appraisal (DELBI). The update also used evidence reviews which were created based on selected literature obtained from systematic searches in selected literature databases using the PICO process. The Clinical Guidelines Service Group was tasked with carrying out a systematic search and assessment of the literature. Their results were used by interdisciplinary working groups as a basis for developing suggestions for recommendations and statements which were then modified during structured online consensus conferences and/or additionally amended online using the DELPHI process to achieve a consensus. Recommendations Part 1 of this short version of the guideline provides recommendations on epidemiology, screening, diagnosis, and hereditary factors. The epidemiology of endometrial cancer and the risk factors for developing endometrial cancer are presented. The options for screening and the methods used to diagnose endometrial cancer are outlined. Recommendations are given for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of hereditary forms of endometrial cancer. The use of geriatric assessment is considered and existing structures of care are presented.

Endometrial Biopsy: Indications, Techniques and Recommendations. An Evidence-Based Guideline for Clinical Practice

This practice guideline provides updated evidence for the gynecologist who performs endometrial biopsy (EB) in gynecologic clinical practice. An international committee of gynecology experts developed the recommendations according to AGREE Reporting Guideline. An adequate tissue sampling is mandatory when performing an EB. Blind methods should not be first choice in patients with suspected endometrial malignancy. Hysteroscopy is the targeted-biopsy method with highest diagnostic accuracy and cost-effectiveness. Blind suction techniques are not reliable for the diagnosis of endometrial polyps. In low resources settings, and in absence of the capacity to perform office hysteroscopy, blind techniques could be used for EB. Hysteroscopic punch biopsy allows to collect only limited amount of endometrial tissue. grasp biopsy technique should be considered first choice in reproductive aged women, bipolar electrode chip biopsy should be preferred with hypotrophic or atrophic endometrium. EB is required for the final diagnosis of chronic endometritis. There is no consensus regarding which endometrial thickness cut-off should be used for recommending EB in asymptomatic postmenopausal women. EB should be offered to young women with abnormal uterine bleeding and risk factors for endometrial carcinoma. Endometrial pathology should be excluded with EB in nonobese women with unopposed hyperestrogenism. Hysteroscopy with EB is useful in patients with abnormal bleeding even without sonographic evidence of pathology. EB has high sensitivity for detecting intrauterine pathologies. In postmenopausal women with uterine bleeding, EB is recommended. Women with sonographic endometrial thickness > 4mm using tamoxifen should undergo hysteroscopic EB.

Therapeutic Benefit of Systematic Lymphadenectomy in Node-Negative Uterine-Confined Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma: Omission of Adjuvant Therapy

Simple Summary

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological tract malignancy in developed countries. Extrauterine disease, in particular lymph node metastasis, is an important prognostic factor. Nevertheless, pelvic lymphadenectomy is not considered to have a therapeutic benefit, as it did not improve survival in randomized studies. However, lymphadenectomy may have a therapeutic benefit if adjuvant therapy can be omitted without decreasing oncological outcomes, as the long-term quality of life is maintained by avoiding morbidities associated with adjuvant therapy. In intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, adjuvant therapy may be safely omitted without decreasing long-term survival by open surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy when patients are node-negative. Systematic lymphadenectomy may remove undetectable low-volume lymph node metastasis in both pelvic and para-aortic regions, and open surgery may reduce vaginal recurrence even without vaginal brachytherapy. However, lymphadenectomy may not improve survival in elderly patients and patients with p53-mutant tumors.

Abstract

Endometrial cancer is the most common gynecological tract malignancy in developed countries, and its incidence has been increasing globally with rising obesity rates and longer life expectancy. In endometrial cancer, extrauterine disease, in particular lymph node metastasis, is an important prognostic factor. Nevertheless, pelvic lymphadenectomy is not considered to have a therapeutic benefit, as it did not improve survival in randomized studies. However, lymphadenectomy may have a therapeutic benefit if adjuvant therapy can be omitted without decreasing oncological outcomes, as the long-term quality of life is maintained by avoiding morbidities associated with adjuvant therapy. In intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, adjuvant therapy may be safely omitted without decreasing long-term survival by open surgery including systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy when patients are node-negative. Systematic lymphadenectomy may remove undetectable low-volume lymph node metastasis in both pelvic and para-aortic regions, and open surgery may reduce vaginal recurrence even without vaginal brachytherapy. However, lymphadenectomy may not improve survival in elderly patients and patients with p53-mutant tumors. In this review, I discuss the characteristics of lymph node metastasis, the methods of lymph node assessment, and the therapeutic benefits of systematic lymphadenectomy in patients with intermediate- and high-risk endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.

A comparison of malignant histopathological diagnoses on uterine curettings and hysterectomy specimens

Background. Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common gynaecological malignancy in postmenopausal females. Diagnosis is made onendometrial biopsy, where histological subtype and tumour grade are used to predict disease progression and to plan surgical management.Objectives. To determine the accuracy of preoperative biopsies compared with the final diagnosis on hysterectomy specimens.Methods. This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study in which 126 biopsies and corresponding hysterectomy specimens, collected over a 3-year period, were reviewed. Patient demographics and histological features were recorded and statistically analysed.Results. The most prevalent tumours were endometrioid endometrial carcinoma (EEC) (48.5%), serous carcinomas (25.4%) and carcinosarcomas (16.7%). The majority (66.7%) of tumours were high-grade tumours on biopsy and hysterectomy specimens (58.7%). EECs had a poor sensitivity level (65.1%) compared with other subtypes but had a high specificity rate (90%). There was moderateagreement between biopsy and excision specimen diagnoses. High-grade tumours had a high sensitivity level (94.3%).Conclusions. Our study showed moderate agreement between histopathological diagnoses on biopsy and excision specimens. There was a high sensitivity level for biopsies of high-grade tumours, concordant with other studies. Accurate preoperative tumour subtyping and grading are needed to guide surgical management. It is envisaged that use of a combined histological and molecular tumour classificationwill better guide patient treatment and allow for reproducible results.

The Diagnostic value of Serum YKL-40 in Endometrial Cancer: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Serum YKL-40 is a promising noninvasive biomarker for the early diagnosis of endometrial cancer (EC), but its value is disputed.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the serum YKL-40 in the early diagnostic value of EC.

METHODS

Databases were systematically searched again before April 2021 and 14 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, negative likelihood ratio (NLR), positive likelihood ratio (PLR), diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve analyses were assessed. This meta-analysis investigated the source of heterogeneity using sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression.

RESULTS

Databases were systematically searched again before April 2021 and 14 studies were finally included in this meta-analysis. First, the SROC curve presented an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.853 (SE =0.0213) for YKL-40 alone and an AUC of 0.946 (SE =0.0268) for YKL-40 combined with other biomarkers. Second, diagnostic types might be related to the diagnostic accuracy and is a significant source of heterogeneity (P = 0.035).

CONCLUSION

Serum YKL-40 helped diagnose EC, and its combination with other biomarkers was better than itself alone.

Laparoscopic surgery for atypical endometrial hyperplasia with awareness regarding the possibility of endometrial cancer

Objectives

Although atypical endometrial hyperplasia (AEH) is considered a precancerous disease, the frequency with which AEH and endometrial cancer (EC) coexist is not low. Broadly, total laparoscopic hysterectomy (TLH) is performed for treating AEH; however, it is unclear what perioperative precautions need to be taken. This study aimed to clarify the points to be considered when performing TLH for AEH.

Materials and Methods

We retrospectively identified 57 patients who underwent TLH for AEH in our hospitals. We extracted data on clinical characteristics, preoperative examinations (endometrial sampling and diagnostic imaging), surgical procedures, and final pathological diagnoses. Then, we statistically analyzed the difference in clinicopathological features and preoperative examinations between patients postoperatively diagnosed with EC and those diagnosed with AEH.

Results

Twenty patients (35%) who underwent TLH for AEH were diagnosed with EC postoperatively (16 [28%] with stage IA EC and four [7.0%] with stage IB EC). We found no significant differences in clinical characteristics and preoperative evaluations between patients postoperatively diagnosed with EC and those diagnosed with AEH. The group with stage IB EC had a significantly higher median age and a significantly higher proportion of postmenopausal patients and patients with adenomyosis.

Conclusion

It is important to recognize the risk of coexisting EC when performing TLH for AEH. High-precision endometrial sampling and contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging are recommended for diagnosing AEH. In addition, surgical procedures for AEH are required to prevent cancer spillage in consideration of its coexistence, such as tubal sealing before manipulator insertion or avoiding using manipulator.

Clear Cell Carcinoma of the Endometrium: Evaluation of Prognostic Parameters in 27 Cases

OBJECTIVE

Clear cell carcinoma (CCC) of the endometrium is an uncommon yet aggressive tumor. Few cohort studies are reporting the overall survival time of CCC patients. This study aimed to retrospectively analyze the clinicopathologic features, molecular characteristics and survival data of 27 endometrial CCC patients to improve the understanding of CCC.

METHODS

The clinicopathologic features, molecular characteristics and survival data total of 27 CCC patients admitted to the BBMU affiliated hospital (Anhui, China) between January 2005 and December 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the prognosis-related factors.

RESULTS

The median age of the patients was 60 years (range; 39 to 81 years). The average tumor size was 3.8 cm (range; 0.8 to 13.0cm). Myometrial infiltration greater than 50% was reported in 55.6% of the patients, while the Ki-67 index greater than 50% was reported in 70.4% of the patients. The patients' FIGO (2009) surgical stages were as follows: 18 I, 3 II, 4 III, and 2 IV. Besides, 7 (25.6%) patients had lymphovascular invasion, 3 (11.1%) patients with distant metastasis, including 1 patient with bone metastasis, and 2 with liver metastasis. Adjuvant treatment included 7 with chemotherapy alone, 9 with radiotherapy alone, and 9 with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The median overall survival time from the time of CCC diagnosis was 56 months. ER and PR showed negative expression and P16 showed patchy immunostaining. 18 (63%) cases showed Napsin A positive expression. Loss of MSH2, MSH6 and PTEN were seen in 5, 4 and 7 cases respectively. All cases showed HER-2/nue negative expression.

CONCLUSION

CCC is a rare and invasive tumor. Age of diagnosis, FIGO stage, tumor size, myometrial infiltration, lymphovascular invasion, distant metastasis, Ki-67 index and P53 expression are important indicators to evaluate patient's prognosis (P = 0.048, P < 0.001, P = 0.016, P = 0.043, P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.026, and P = 0.007, respectively). CCC has a worse prognosis than endometrioid carcinoma (P = 0.002), and there is no significant difference when compared with uterine papillary serous carcinoma (P = 0.155).

Uterine bioimpedance combined with artificial intelligence as a means of cancer detection

This study hypothesised that benign and tumour-bearing uterine tissue could be differentiated by their unique electrical bioimpedance patterns, with the aid of artificial intelligence. Twenty whole, ex-vivo uterine specimens were obtained at the time of hysterectomy. A total of 11 benign and 9 malignant specimens were studied. A uterine bioimpedance probe was designed to measure the tissue between the endometrial and serosal layers of the uterus. The impedance data was then analysed with multiple instance learning and principal component analysis, forms of artificial intelligence. Final pathology results for the specimens included uterine sarcoma, adenocarcinoma, carcinosarcoma, and high-grade serous carcinoma. The analysis correctly identified 78% (7/9) of the malignant specimens and 82% (9/11) of the benign specimens. The overall accuracy of our analysis was 80%. Our results demonstrate distinction between electrical impedance properties of malignant and benign uterine specimens. Bioimpedance and artificial intelligence may have potential implications in risk assessment of patients and may subsequently guide surgical decision-making regarding route of organ removal.

Concordance between preoperative ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classification and final histology in early-stage endometrial cancer

Objective

To evaluate the concordance between preoperative European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO)-European Society of Gynaecological Oncology (ESGO)-European SocieTy for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) risk classification in early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) assessed by biopsy and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with this classification based on histology of surgical specimen.

Methods

This bicentric retrospective study included women diagnosed with early-stage EC (≤stage II) who had a complete preoperative assessment and underwent a surgical management from January 2011 to December 2018. Patients were preoperatively classified into 3 degrees of risk of lymph node (LN) involvement based on biopsy and MRI. Based on final histological report, patients were re-classified using the preoperative classification. Concordance between the preoperative assessment and definitive histology was calculated with weighted Cohen's kappa coefficient.

Results

A total of 333 women were included and kappa coefficient of preoperative risk classification was 0.49. The risk was underestimated and overestimated in 37% and 10% of cases, respectively. Twenty-nine percent of patients had an incomplete LN staging according to the degree of risk of re-classification. The observed discordance in the risk classification was attributed to MRI in 75% of cases, to biopsy in 18% and in 7% to both (p<0.001). Kappa coefficient for concordance was 0.25 for MRI and 0.73 for biopsy.

Conclusion

Concordance between preoperative ESMO-ESGO-ESTRO risk classification and final histology is weak. Given that the risk was underestimated in the majority of patients wrongly classified, sentinel LN procedure instead of no LN dissection could be an option offered to preoperative low-risk patients to decrease the indication of second surgery for re-staging and/or to avoid toxicity of adjuvant radiotherapy.

Uterine serous carcinoma: Molecular features, clinical management, and new and future therapies

Uterine serous carcinoma (USC) is an aggressive subtype of endometrial cancer. Multimodality treatment with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is commonly used, given its propensity for extrauterine spread, distant recurrences, and poor prognosis. However, the use of molecularly-based therapy is expanding. Here, we review key molecular features of USC, discuss current management, and assess the landscape of novel therapies and combinations.

Evaluating the diagnostic performance of preoperative endometrial biopsies in patients diagnosed with high grade endometrial cancer: A study of the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (GOC) Community of Practice (CoP)

BACKGROUND

High grade cancers account for a disproportionate number of recurrences in patients with endometrial cancer. Accurately identifying these cases on endometrial biopsies allows for better surgical planning. This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy of general pathologists (GP) compared to gynecological pathologists (GYNP) in interpreting preoperative biopsies.

METHODS

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of patients diagnosed with high grade endometrial cancer (HGEC) between 2012 and 2016 at eight Canadian cancer centres. Data was collected from medical records. Pre-operative biopsies were categorized into groups; biopsies read by GP, GYNP and GP reviewed by GYNP. Rates of HGEC on pre-operative biopsy were calculated. Fisher exact test was used to compare differences between the groups. Univariate logistic regression analysis was conducted for HGEC prediction.

RESULTS

Of 1237 patients diagnosed with HGEC, 245 (19.8%) did not have a preoperative diagnosis of high-grade disease. Discordancy was identified in 91/287 (31.71%) of biopsies reported by GP, and in 114/910 (12.53%) of biopsies reported by a GYNP (p < 0.0001). Compared to GP, GYNP were 3.24 (CI 2.36-4.45) times more likely to identify high grade disease on preoperative biopsy. Patients whose biopsy was reported by a GYNP were more likely to have a comprehensive staging procedure (OR 1.77 CI 1.33-2.38) and less likely to receive adjuvant therapy (OR 0.71 CI 0.52-0.96).

CONCLUSION

GYNP are more likely to identify HGEC on pre-operative biopsies. Due to high rates of overall discordancy, it is possible that surgical staging procedures should not be based solely on preoperative biopsy. Further strategies to improve pre-operative biopsies' accuracy are needed.

Novel preoperative predictive score to evaluate lymphovascular space involvement in endometrial cancer: an aid to the sentinel lymph node algorithm

INTRODUCTION

Sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection has been recognized as a valid tool for staging in patients with endometrial cancer. Several factors are predictors of recurrence and survival in endometrial cancer, including positive lymphovascular space invasion. The aim of this study is to formulate a pre-operative score that, in the event of no-SLN identification, may give an estimate of the true probability of lymphovascular space invasion and guide management.

METHODOLOGY

This was a multi-institutional retrospective study conducted from January 2007 to December 2017. We included all patients with any grade endometrial tumor with a complete pathological description of the surgical specimen and with a minimum follow-up of 12 months. All patients underwent a class A hysterectomy according to Querleu and Morrow and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Lymphadenectomy was performed based on patient risk of node metastases. In order to verify the predictive capacity of the parameters associated with lymphovascular space invasion status, grading, abnormal CA125 (>35 units/ml), myometrial invasion, and tumor size, a synthetic score was calculated. The score was introduced in the receiver operating characteristic curve model in which the binary classifier was represented by the lymphovascular space invasion status. The ideal cut-off was calculated with the determination of the Youden index. Sensitivity and negative predictive value of lymphovascular space invasion score was calculated in patients with lymph node metastasis.

RESULTS

Six hundred and fourteen patients were included in the study. The average age and BMI of patients were 64.8 (range 33-88) years and 30.1 (range 17-64) respectively. Of the 284 patients who underwent lymphadenectomy, 231 (81.3%) patients had no lymph node metastases, 33 (11.6%) patients had metastatic pelvic lymph nodes, 12 (4.2%) patients had metastatic aortic lymph nodes, and eight (2.8%) patients had both pelvic and aortic metastatic lymph nodes. Lymphovascular space invasion was associated with deep myometrial infiltration (P<0.001), G3 grading (P<0.001), tumor size ≥25 mm (P=0.012), abnormal CA125 (P<0.001), recurrence (P<0.001), overall survival (P<0.001), and disease-free survival (P<0.01). Of all patients with lymphovascular space invasion, 79% had an lymphovascular space invasion score ≥5. The score ranged from a minimum score of 1 to a maximum of 7. The score shows 78.9% sensitivity (95% CI 0.6971 to 0.8594), 65.3% specificity (95% CI 0.611 to 0.693), 29.4% positive predictive value (95% CI 0.241 to 0.353), and 94.4% negative predictive value (95% CI 0.916 to 0.964).

CONCLUSION

We found that when lymphovascular space invasion score ≤4, there is a very low possibility of finding lymph nodal involvement. The preoperative lymphovascular space invasion score could complement the SLN algorithm to avoid unnecessary lymphadenectomies.

Hysteroscopic resectoscope-directed biopsies and outpatient endometrial sampling for assessment of tumor histology in women with endometrial cancer or atypical hyperplasia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate and compare the diagnostic efficiency of outpatient endometrial sampling (OES) and hysteroscopic resectoscope-directed biopsies (HY_biopsy) to distinguish between endometrial cancer (EC) and atypical hyperplasia (AH) and to assess tumor type and grade (histotype) in women with EC.

DESIGN

Patients with AH or EC (n = 266) among 1013 patients consecutively referred because of postmenopausal bleeding were included. Identification of EC versus AH, and unfavorable tumor types (endometrioid grade 3 or non-endometrioid tumors) using OES and HY_biopsy was compared to final histopathology at hysterectomy. AH or EC were identified by OES in 184 patients and by HY_biopsy in212.

RESULTS

OES had only sufficient tissue samples in 72.7% of intended samples. Even when OES did provide sufficient material, addition of HY_biopsy was a better technique than OES alone to distinguish between EC and AH, with an AUC of 95.9% and 79.8%; sensitivity of 97.4% and 64.6% and a specificity of 94.4% and 95.0%, respectively (p = 0.008). AH was falsely diagnosed with OES in 58 (35.4%) of 164 women with a final diagnose of EC. A final diagnosis of stage 1b or more was seen in 22 of these 58 women, while 5 of 194 patients with EC all stage 1a grade 1 had AH by HY_biopsy. HY_biopsy had higher correlation in assessment of tumor type and grade than OES, but OES and HY_biopsy had comparable AUC of 90.3% and 92.4% for identification of unfavorable tumors when tumor histotype was successfully identified. Regarding identification of unfavorable tumors (n = 57), a successfully assessment of histotype by OES combined with HY_biopsy in women without successfully diagnosed histotype by OES alone had AUC of 91.3%.

CONCLUSION

Addition of HY_biopsy may improve diagnosis when preoperative OES identifies AH or is insufficient for explicit diagnosis of tumor type and grade. However, there is limited benefit of the addition of HY_biopsy in the presence of definite diagnosis of grade 1-2 endometrioid tumors by OES.

DTI histogram parameters correlate with the extent of myoinvasion and tumor type in endometrial carcinoma: a preliminary analysis

Background

Myoinvasion and tumor-type determines surgical planning in endometrial carcinoma.

Purpose

To evaluate whole tumor diffusion tensor imaging histogram texture parameters in evaluating myoinvasion and tumor type in endometrial carcinoma.

Material and Methods

Twenty-seven patients with endometrial carcinoma underwent diffusion tensor imaging on a 1.5-T MRI system using echo-planar imaging sequence with 0 and 700 s/mm2 b values. Whole tumor histogram parameters were obtained from fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity maps. Mann–Whitney U test and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used

Results

The mean fractional anisotropy of tumors with no myoinvasion was significantly higher than tumors which underwent myoinvasion, suggesting higher anisotropy in tumors which did not invade the myometrium. Voxel-wise heterogeneity in distribution of fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity was seen in the form of higher uniformity and lower entropy of tumors with superficial <50% myoinvasion versus >50% myoinvasion. Uniformity, entropy, and energy of voxel-wise fractional anisotropy distribution gave an area under the curve of 0.827, 0.821, and 0.796, respectively, in predicting the presence of deep myometrial invasion while energy, entropy, and uniformity of mean diffusivity distribution in tumor gave an area under the curve of 0.84, 0.815, and 0.809 respectively. Tumor type was predicted with an area under the curve of 0.747, 0.759, and 0.765 for the uniformity, energy, and entropy of voxel-wise fractional anisotropy distribution. A logistic regression combining all the important histogram parameters obtained 94% and 88% sensitivity and 88% and 80% specificity in predicting deep myoinvasion and tumor type, respectively.

Conclusion

Diffusion tensor histogram analysis can better characterize endometrial carcinomas and can be used as a quantitative marker of tumor behavior.

Rate of Significant Endometrial Pathology in Women at Low Risk for Endometrial Hyperplasia or Cancer Presenting with Abnormal Uterine Bleeding

Background and Objectives

To determine the rate of significant endometrial abnormalities in premenopausal women at low risk for endometrial hyperplasia and cancer presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).

Patients and Methods

This descriptive study was conducted from January 1, 2016 to March 31, 2019. The inclusion criteria were premenopausal women, 35-50 years, presenting with AUB, low risk for endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer, and having undergone endometrial sampling or uterine curettage. Nulliparous, obesity, diabetes mellitus, polycystic ovary syndrome, chronic anovulation, infertility, tamoxifen therapy and/or a family history of uterine, ovarian, breast and colon cancer were excluded. Data regarding baseline characteristics were collected, and histopathology reports were reviewed.

Results

During the study period, 644 subjects were recruited, 557 of whom had adequate endometrial tissue for histopathology study. The pathology demonstrated benign in most cases (96%). The rate of significant abnormal endometrial pathology was 4% (23 cases) including 19 cases of endometrial hyperplasia without atypia (3.3%), and 4 cases of endometrial cancer (0.7%).

Conclusion

The rate of significant abnormal endometrial pathology in premenopausal women at low risk for endometrial hyperplasia or endometrial cancer presenting with AUB was very low. This information should be incorporated into the counseling process regarding the risks and benefits of endometrial sampling.

The accuracy of endometrial sampling for the diagnosis of patterns of endometrial pathology in women presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding. More conservative therapeutic approaches

Objectives:

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) is a leading cause of hysterectomies, the cause of which is usually diagnosed with preoperative endometrial sampling. We planned this study to assess the accuracy of diagnosing the histologic patterns of endometrium in the preoperative sample in reference to the final histologic diagnosis in hysterectomy.

Methods:

We retrospectively reviewed medical charts between January 2011 and December 2015 at a tertiary hospital in Saudi Arabia and identified 43 cases of AUB with complete documentation. The histologic diagnoses were classified into normal and benign pathology group (N/B), or carcinoma and hyperplasia category (Ca/H). Measures of validity were used to compare endometrial sampling histological diagnoses to diagnoses following hysterectomy and Cohen’s kappa to assess for agreement between the 2 modalities.

Results:

The median age of all patients was 49 years. Preoperative histologic examination showed 53.8% sensitivity, 90% specificity, 70% positive predictive values and 81.8% negative predictive values, 30.1% false positive rates and 18.2% false negative rates. The agreement between preoperative and postoperative histologic diagnoses was moderate (79.1%, k=0.469).

Conclusion:

The accuracy of preoperative histologic examination was moderate. Our findings recommend cautious clinical decision making and limiting hysterectomy to women who do not respond to other therapeutic measures.

Is outpatient hysteroscopy accurate for the diagnosis of endometrial pathology among perimenopausal and postmenopausal women?

OBJECTIVE

To assess the histological and visual accuracy of outpatient hysteroscopy.

METHODS

This was a retrospective analysis of all women referred to a tertiary center outpatient hysteroscopy clinic between March 2011 and October 2016 for the following indications: postmenopausal bleeding, suspected polyp, and/or thick endometrium. Histological accuracy was evaluated by comparing specimens obtained in hysteroscopy with those obtained by hysterectomy, and visual accuracy was evaluated by comparing visual findings with those obtained by biopsies. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and likelihood ratio were calculated to assess visual accuracy.

RESULTS

The mean age of participants was 54.14 (interquartile range 43.0-64.0). A total of 408 pathological specimens were obtained from outpatient hysteroscopies during the 712 visits recorded in the clinic log. Histological accuracy was evaluated in 15 participants who eventually underwent hysterectomy. Total percent of agreement between hysteroscopy biopsies and final pathology obtained by hysterectomy was 73% (kappa = 0.47). Overall visual accuracy was calculated with a 93.1% sensitivity, 52.1% specificity, 90.4% positive predictive value, and 61.0% negative predictive value. Visual accuracy for benign pathology was generally higher compared with that for pre and malignant lesions. Visual accuracy was satisfactory for the diagnosis of endometrial carcinoma with sensitivity and specificity of 71.4% and 98.9%, respectively, but poor for diagnosing hyperplasia with sensitivity and specificity of 25.0% and 96.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Outpatient hysteroscopy is an adequate and reliable tool for the evaluation of benign pathology in the uterine cavity. Visual findings may not suffice, and directed biopsies may be required to improve diagnostic accuracy.

Diagnostic Value of Cytology in Detecting Endometrial Hyperplasia and Endometrial and Ovarian Cancers in Patients Undergoing Hysterectomy or Salpingo-Oophorectomy

Background:

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common cancers among women in the world. This study aimed to compare the results of endometrial and endocervical cytology with the ultimate outcome of the uterus, ovary, and fallopian tube (derived from hysterectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy) in diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial, and OC.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 30 women with endometrial hyperplasia, 90 cases of endometrial cancer, 30 cases of OC, and 30 normal controls undergoing hysterectomy or salpingo-oophorectomy referring to Al-Zahra and Shahid Beheshti Hospitals in 2015–2017. Their basic and clinical characteristics were recorded, and then, endometrial cytology was performed by a specialist and sent to a pathological center.

Results:

Diagnostic value of cytology showed that out of 90 individuals with endometrial cancer, 78 (86.7%) ones were positive and 12 (13.3%) were negative with sensitivity and specificity of 86.67% and 100%, respectively. Its positive predictive values (PPVs) and negative predictive values (NPVs) were 100% and 71.4% (AUC = 0.933; P < 0.0001). In diagnosing endometrial hyperplasia out of 30 individuals with endometrial hyperplasia, there were 24 (80.0%) positive and 6 (20.0%) negative with sensitivity and specificity of 80.00% and 100%, respectively. Its PPVs and NPVs were 100% and 83.3%, respectively (AUC = 0.9000; P < 0.0001). In diagnosing, OC cytology could not detect any one of the 30 individuals with OC, with sensitivity and specificity of 0% and 100.0%, respectively. Its PPVs and NPVs were 0% and 50%, respectively (AUC = 0.500; P = 1.00).

Conclusion:

Cytology has a good diagnostic value for detecting endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer compared to pathology; however, due to very low sensitivity in detection of OC, it could not be considered as a good diagnostic tool.

Interdisciplinary Diagnosis, Therapy and Follow-up of Patients with Endometrial Cancer. Guideline (S3-Level, AWMF Registry Nummer 032/034-OL, April 2018) - Part 1 with Recommendations on the Epidemiology, Screening, Diagnosis and Hereditary Factors of Endometrial Cancer

Summary The first German interdisciplinary S3-guideline on the diagnosis, therapy and follow-up of patients with endometrial cancer was published in April 2018. Funded by German Cancer Aid as part of an Oncology Guidelines Program, the lead coordinators of the guideline were the German Society of Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG) and the Gynecological Oncology Working Group (AGO) of the German Cancer Society (DKG).

Purpose The use of evidence-based, risk-adapted therapy to treat low-risk women with endometrial cancer avoids unnecessarily radical surgery and non-useful adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. This can significantly reduce therapy-induced morbidity and improve the patientʼs quality of life as well as avoiding unnecessary costs. For women with endometrial cancer and a high risk of recurrence, the guideline defines the optimal surgical radicality together with the appropriate chemotherapy and/or adjuvant radiotherapy where required. The evidence-based optimal use of different therapeutic modalities should improve survival rates and the quality of life of these patients. The S3-guideline on endometrial cancer is intended as a basis for certified gynecological cancer centers. The aim is that the quality indicators established in this guideline will be incorporated in the certification processes of these centers.

Methods The guideline was compiled in accordance with the requirements for S3-level guidelines. This includes, in the first instance, the adaptation of source guidelines selected using the DELBI instrument for appraising guidelines. Other consulted sources include reviews of evidence which were compiled from literature selected during systematic searches of literature databases using the PICO scheme. In addition, an external biostatistics institute was commissioned to carry out a systematic search and assessment of the literature for one area of the guideline. The identified materials were used by the interdisciplinary working groups to develop suggestions for Recommendations and Statements, which were then modified during structured consensus conferences and/or additionally amended online using the DELPHI method with consent being reached online. The guideline report is freely available online.

Recommendations Part 1 of this short version of the guideline presents recommendations on epidemiology, screening, diagnosis and hereditary factors, The epidemiology of endometrial cancer and the risk factors for developing endomentrial cancer are presented. The options for screening and the methods used to diagnose endometrial cancer including the pathology of the cancer are outlined. Recommendations are given for the prevention, diagnosis, and therapy of hereditary forms of endometrial cancer.

Tumor Grade Correlation Between Preoperative Biopsy and Final Surgical Specimen in Endometrial Cancer: The Use of Different Diagnostic Methods and Analysis of Associated Factors

Objective

This study aimed to identify the correlation between histology tumor grade of the preoperative biopsy using dilatation and curettage (D&C), Pipelle, or hysteroscopy and final surgical specimen in women with endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Materials and Methods

Patients on whom a preoperative biopsy was performed between 2009 and 2016 were reviewed and cases with apparent early-stage endometrioid endometrial cancer were included in the study. The accuracy of preoperative biopsy performed before hysterectomy using D&C, Pipelle, or hysteroscopy was compared.

Results

A total of 332 patients were included. The diagnostic method was D&C in 43 cases (13%), Pipelle in 102 (31%), and hysteroscopy in 187 (56%). The preoperative diagnosis included G1 tumors in 177 cases (53.3%), G2 in 103 (31%), and G3 in 52 (15.6%). The surgical specimen confirmed endometrioid endometrial tumor in 309 patients (93%).

The accuracy rates of preoperative biopsy and surgical specimen were 74.69%, 73.19%, and 89.75% for G1, G2, and G3, respectively. Hysteroscopy showed better κ index (κ = 0.551) than did D&C (κ = 0.392) and Pipelle (κ = 0.430). Tumor diameter greater than 30 mm was the only factor independently associated with absence of correlation between preoperative and postoperative tumor grade (odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.959 [1.096–3.504], P = 0.023).

Conclusions

Preoperative biopsy, regardless of the method, has its limitations in predicting the tumor grade compared with final surgical specimen in women with endometrioid endometrial cancer at an apparent early stage. Concordance between the biopsy and hysterectomy specimen is less likely to happen in the case of preoperative G1 or G2 tumors, as well as in big tumors. Although hysteroscopy was associated with the highest tumor grade agreement, no differences in correlation between the 3 methods (D&C, Pipelle, and hysteroscopy) were found.

Liquid Biopsy in Endometrial Cancer: New Opportunities for Personalized Oncology

The identification of new molecular targets and biomarkers associated with high risk of recurrence and response to therapy represents one of the main clinical challenges in the management of advanced disease in endometrial cancer. In this sense, the field of liquid biopsy has emerged as a great revolution in oncology and is considered "the way" to reach personalised medicine. In this review, we discuss the promising but already relatively limited advances of liquid biopsy in endometrial cancer compared to other types of tumours like breast, colorectal or prostate cancer. We present recent data analysing circulating tumour material in minimally-invasive blood samples, but also in alternative forms of liquid biopsy like uterine aspirates. Proteomic and genomic studies focused on liquid-based uterine samples are resulting not only in optimal diagnostic tools but also in reliable approaches to address tumour heterogeneity. Likewise, circulating tumour cells (CTCs) and circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) represent an opportunity for the correct stratification of patients, for the assessment of early recurrent disease or for the real-time monitoring of therapy responses. Appropriately designed studies and implementation in clinical trials will determine the value of liquid biopsy for precision oncology in endometrial cancer.

Endometrial sampling in low-risk patients with abnormal uterine bleeding: a systematic review and meta-synthesis

BACKGROUND

One million women per year seek medical advice for abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) in the United Kingdom. Many low-risk patients who could be managed exclusively in primary care are referred to hospital based gynaecology services. Performing endometrial sampling (ES) in the community may improve care, reduce the rate of referrals and minimise costs. We aimed to search and synthesise the literature on the effectiveness of ES (Pipelle versus other devices) in managing AUB in low-risk patients.

METHODS

We undertook an electronic literature search in MEDLINE via OvidSP, Scopus, and Web of Science for relevant English-language articles from 1984 to 2016 using a combination of MeSH and keywords. Two reviewers independently pre-selected 317 articles and agreed on 60 articles reporting data from over 7300 patients. Five themes were identified: sample adequacy, test performance, pain and discomfort, cost-effectiveness, and barriers and complications of office ES.

RESULTS

Pipelle seems to perform as well as dilation and curettage and, as well or better than other ES devices in terms of sampling adequacy and sensitivity. It also seems to be better regarding pain/discomfort and costs. However, Pipelle can disrupt the sonographic appearance of the endometrium and may be limited by cervical stenosis, pelvic organ prolapse and endometrial atrophy.

CONCLUSIONS

The current evidence supports the use of Pipelle in the management of low-risk women presenting in the outpatient setting with symptomatic AUB when combined with clinical assessment and ultrasound scanning. However, the implications of its widespread use in primary care are uncertain and more research is required.

Abnormal Uterine Bleeding- evaluation by Endometrial Aspiration

Endometrial evaluation is generally indicated in cases presenting with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), especially in women more than 35 years of age. AUB encompasses a variety of presentation, for example, heavy menstrual bleeding, frequent bleeding, irregular vaginal bleeding, postcoital and postmenopausal bleeding to name a few. Many methods are used for the evaluation of such cases, with most common being sonography and endometrial biopsy with very few cases requiring more invasive approach like hysteroscopy. Endometrial aspiration is a simple and safe office procedure used for this purpose.

Targeted Proteomics Identifies Proteomic Signatures in Liquid Biopsies of the Endometrium to Diagnose Endometrial Cancer and Assist in the Prediction of the Optimal Surgical Treatment

Purpose: Endometrial cancer (EC) diagnosis relies on the observation of tumor cells in endometrial biopsies obtained by aspiration (i.e., uterine aspirates), but it is associated with 22% undiagnosed patients and up to 50% of incorrectly assigned EC histotype and grade. We aimed to identify biomarker signatures in the fluid fraction of these biopsies to overcome these limitations.Experimental Design: The levels of 52 proteins were measured in the fluid fraction of uterine aspirates from 116 patients by LC-PRM, the latest generation of targeted mass-spectrometry acquisition. A logistic regression model was used to assess the power of protein panels to differentiate between EC and non-EC patients and between EC histologic subtypes. The robustness of the panels was assessed by the "leave-one-out" cross-validation procedure performed within the same cohort of patients and an independent cohort of 38 patients.Results: The levels of 28 proteins were significantly higher in patients with EC (n = 69) compared with controls (n = 47). The combination of MMP9 and KPYM exhibited 94% sensitivity and 87% specificity for detecting EC cases. This panel perfectly complemented the standard diagnosis, achieving 100% of correct diagnosis in this dataset. Nine proteins were significantly increased in endometrioid EC (n = 49) compared with serous EC (n = 20). The combination of CTNB1, XPO2, and CAPG achieved 95% sensitivity and 96% specificity for the discrimination of these subtypes.Conclusions: We developed two uterine aspirate-based signatures to diagnose EC and classify tumors in the most prevalent histologic subtypes. This will improve diagnosis and assist in the prediction of the optimal surgical treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6458-67. ©2017 AACR.

Accuracy of pre-operative hysteroscopic guided biopsy for predicting final pathology in uterine malignancies

PURPOSE

To evaluate concordance (C) between pre-operative hysteroscopic-directed sampling and final pathology in uterine cancers.

METHODS

A retrospective cross-sectional evaluation of prospectively collected data of women who underwent hysterectomy for uterine malignancies and a previous hysteroscopic-guided biopsy was performed. Diagnostic concordance between pre-operative (hysteroscopic biopsy) and postoperative (uterine specimen) histology was evaluated. In endometrioid-endometrial cancers cases Kappa (k) statistics was applied to evaluate agreement for grading (G) between the preoperative and final pathology.

RESULTS

A total 101 hysterectomies for uterine malignancies were evaluated. There were 23 non-endometrioid cancers: 7 serous (C:5/7, 71.4%); 10 carcinosarcomas (C:7/10, 70%, remaining 3 cases only epithelial component diagnosed); 3 clear cell (C:3/3, 100%); 3 sarcomas (C:3/3, 100%). In 78 cases an endometrioid endometrial cancer was found. In 63 cases there was a histological C (63/78, 80.8%) between hysteroscopic-guided biopsy and final pathology, while in 15 cases (19.2%) only hyperplasia (with/without atypia) was found preoperatively. Overall accuracy to detect endometrial cancer was 80.2%. In 50 out of 63 endometrial cancers (79.4%) grading was concordant. The overall level of agreement between preoperative and postoperative grading was "substantial" according to Kappa (k) statistics (k 0.64; 95% CI: 0.449-0.83; p < 0.001), as well as for G1 (0.679; 95% CI: 0.432-0.926; p < 0.001) and G3 (0.774; 94% CI: 0.534-1; p < 0.001), while for G2 (0.531; 95% CI: 0.286-0.777; p < 0.001) it was moderate.

CONCLUSIONS

In our series we found an 80% C between pre-operative hysteroscopic-guided biopsy and final pathology, in uterine malignancies. Moreover, hysteroscopic biopsy accurately predicted endometrial cancer in 80% of cases and "substantially" predicted histological grading. Hysteroscopic-guided uterine sampling could be a useful tool to tailor treatment in patients with uterine malignancies.

Omental Biopsy for Surgical Staging of Uterine Serous Carcinoma

OBJECTIVES

The aims of this study were to determine the role of omental sampling in staging of uterine serous carcinoma (USC) and to evaluate its impact on patient outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective study of 106 women with USC who underwent primary surgery between 2005 and 2014 was done. Overall survival, disease-free survival, and progression and recurrence patterns were studied in 84 patients with follow-up over 1 year. Diagnostic characteristics were evaluated for preoperative imaging and operative findings. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate risk factors for omental metastasis. Survival curves were used to compare omental sampling status and the presence of omental metastasis.

RESULTS

Of the 106 patients, 66 underwent surgical staging with omental biopsy (54; 82%) or omentectomy (12, 18%). Eight (12%) patients had metastatic disease in the omental samplings. All 6 patients with macrometastasis had visible lesions or palpable nodules and preoperative computed tomography (CT) was suspicious in 3. In 2 (3%) patients, omentum was not suspicious on CT or intraoperatively but had micrometastases. The negative predictive value regarding the staging CT scan was 92% and of the operative findings was 97%. On multivariate analysis, no variable was associated with omental involvement. Disease progressed or recurred in 40 (48%) patients. The most frequent sites of recurrence or progression were the omentum (23; 27%), peritoneum (26; 31%), pelvis (15, 18%), lung (15, 18%), and liver (12, 14%). Comparing the groups with or without omental assessment, no significant difference was found regarding progression and recurrence patterns, overall survival, and disease-free survival.

CONCLUSIONS

Omental involvement in USC upstages patients to stage IV disease and traditional risk factors fail to predict extrauterine disease. Although omental sampling does not influence disease progression or survival, a comprehensive intraoperative evaluation of the omentum is advised as most cases have grossly visible lesions.

Endometrial adenomyoma polyp caused postmenopausal bleeding mimicking uterine malignancy

This case report presents a 66-year-oId postmenopausal woman with a case of endometrial adenomyomatous polyp (EAP) that presented as postmenopausal vaginal bleeding and mimicked endometrial cancer. The ultrasonography revealed a mildly enlarged uterus approximately 7.1 cm × 3.7 cm in size. The endometrium was 1.9 cm in diameter. The findings of magnetic resonance image (MRI) comprised abnormal intrauterine lesions with multiloculated cystic components. Endometrial biopsy by Pipelle was performed, and revealed hematoma. The hysteroscopy was then arranged, and two polypoid tumors were found. Tumor resection was performed, and the histology of the tumor was adenomyoma. EAP is a rare benign tumor of the uterus that is not easy to differentiate from endometrial cancer by ultrasound or MRI. Hysteroscopy is recommended when the results of tissue sampling by Pipelle differ from the image findings.

Are preoperative histology and MRI useful for classification of endometrial cancer risk?

Background

The 2010 guidelines of the French National Cancer Institute (INCa) classify patients with endometrial cancer into three risk groups for lymph node invasion and recurrence on the basis of MRI and histological analysis of an endometrial specimen obtained preoperatively. The classification guides therapeutic choices, which may include pelvic and/or para-aortic lymphadenectomy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of preoperative assessment to help identify intermediate- or high-risk patients requiring lymphadenectomy.

Methods

The study included all patients who underwent surgery for endometrial cancer between January 2010 and December 2013 at either Rennes University Hospital or Vannes Regional Hospital. The criteria for eligibility included a preoperative assessment with MRI and histological examination of an endometrial sample. A histological comparison was made between the preoperative and surgical specimens.

Results

Among the 91 patients who underwent a full preoperative assessment, the diagnosis of intermediate- or high-risk endometrial cancer was established by MRI and histology with a sensitivity of 70 %, specificity of 82 %, positive predictive value (PPV) of 87 %, negative predictive value (NPV) of 61 %, positive likelihood ratio (LR+) of 3.8 and negative likelihood ratio (LR-) of 0.3. The risk group was underestimated in 32 % of patients and overestimated in 7 % of patients. MRI underestimated endometrial cancer stage in 20 % of cases, while endometrial sampling underestimated the histological type in 4 % of cases and the grade in 9 % of cases.

Conclusion

The preoperative assessment overestimated or underestimated the risk of recurrence in nearly 40 % of cases, with errors in lesion type, grade or stage. Erroneous preoperative risk assessment leads to suboptimal initial surgical management of patients with endometrial cancer.

The yield of endometrial aspiration in women with various risk factors and bleeding abnormalities

Background

Even in the face of a substantial increase in the numbers of endometrial cancer cases and in the numbers of women who have risk factors, there is no clear agreement about the indications for assessing the endometria of women with abnormal bleeding or about the tools to use in that assessment. This study sought to determine in a group of high risk women with abnormal uterine bleeding, the probability that an outpatient endometrial aspiration would identify significant pathology.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of the histology from endometrial aspirations performed from 2001 to 2008 for abnormal uterine bleeding at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and its satellite public health clinics. Medical records were reviewed in detail to assess risk factors, descriptions of bleeding abnormalities and histologic results.

Results

The charts of 1601 women who underwent 1636 endometrial biopsies for a wide variety of abnormal uterine bleeding patterns yielded 73 (4.6 %) cases of endometrial carcinoma, 43 cases of atypical endometrial hyperplasia (2.7 %), for an overall yield of significant pathology of 7.2 %. Hyperplasia without atypia was found in another 83 cases (5.2 %). Obesity, diabetes and postmenopausal age are associated with an increased risk of significant pathology. Bleeding patterns were so poorly documented that analysis of yield by this factor should be viewed with caution.

Conclusions

The probability of detecting significant uterine pathology is greatest among obese, diabetic postmenopausal women with diabetes (26.3 %). Conversely, the probability of identifying significant pathology in younger women without risk factors is less than 2 %. For women who perceive their individualized risk estimate to be too small to justify an endometrial biopsy, it may be possible to offer oral higher dose progestin therapy on the condition that persistent abnormal bleeding will require more intensive evaluation. These estimates of absolute risk of being diagnosed with significant pathology on endometrial biopsy may be helpful to patients as they consider giving informed consent for the procedure.

Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis in Endometrial Cancer Using Serum CA125 Combined with Immunohistochemical Markers PR and Ki67, and a Comparison with Other Prediction Models

We aimed to evaluate the value of immunohistochemical markers and serum CA125 in predicting the risk of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in women with endometrial cancer and to identify a low-risk group of LNM. The medical records of 370 patients with endometrial endometrioid adenocarcinoma who underwent surgical staging in the Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University were collected and retrospectively reviewed. Immunohistochemical markers were screened. A model using serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125) level, the immunohistochemical markers progesterone receptor (PR) and Ki67 was created for prediction of LNM. A predicted probability of 4% among these patients was defined as low risk. The developed model was externally validated in 200 patients from Shanghai Cancer Center. The efficiency of the model was compared with three other reported prediction models. Patients with serum CA125 < 30.0 IU/mL, either or both of positive PR staining > 50% and Ki67 < 40% in cancer lesion were defined as low risk for LNM. The model showed good discrimination with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.82. The model classified 61.9% (229/370) of patients as being at low risk for LNM. Among these 229 patients, 6 patients (2.6%) had LNM and the negative predictive value was 97.4% (223/229). The sensitivity and specificity of the model were 84.6% and 67.4% respectively. In the validation cohort, the model classified 59.5% (119/200) of patients as low-risk, 3 out of these 119 patients (2.5%) has LNM. Our model showed a predictive power similar to those of two previously reported prediction models. The prediction model using serum CA125 and the immunohistochemical markers PR and Ki67 is useful to predict patients with a low risk of LNM and has the potential to provide valuable guidance to clinicians in the treatment of patients with endometrioid endometrial cancer.

Diagnostic Impacts of Serum CA-125 Levels, Pap Smear Evaluation, and Endometrial Sampling in Women with Endometrial Clear Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND

Endometrial clear cell carcinoma (ECCC) is a rare variant of endometrial cancer with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study was to determine the relationships, if any, between preoperative serum cancer antigen 125 (CA-125) levels, the last Papanicolaou (Pap) smear, the results of endometrial biopsy and tumor histology, and disease-stage according to permanent histopathology.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The data of 26 women with ECCC were collected from their medical records to compare demographics, preoperative serum CA-125 levels, Pap test results, histological diagnosis of the endometrial biopsy, and tumor histology, as well as the disease stage according to permanent histopathology.

RESULTS

The mean age at diagnosis was 64.0 years. There were 17 (65.3%) women with pure ECCC and 8 (30.7%) women with a mixed histology. Stage III-IV disease was diagnosed in 12 (46.2%) women and occurred more frequently in pure ECCC (n = 11, 91.7%). CA-125 values were significantly higher in advanced stage disease. Cytological evaluation indicated the presence of 71.4% (10/14) cytological abnormalities in pure ECCC. The overall sensitivity of endometrial sampling for the detection of malignancy was 92.3% (24/26), whereas the accurate diagnosis of ECCC was only 34.7% (8/23) with the Pipelle sampler.

CONCLUSION

Pap test abnormalities are frequent in ECCC. Although it is less accurate in the diagnosis of ECCC than in the detection of malignancy, endometrial sampling is still the main procedure for the diagnosis of ECCC. Higher preoperative CA-125 concentrations imply the presence of advanced stage ECCC.