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Zhu S, Diao S, Liu X, Zhang Z, Liu F, Chen W, Lu X, Luo H, Cheng X, Liao Q, Li Z, Chen J. Biomaterial-based strategies: a new era in spinal cord injury treatment. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:3476-3500. [PMID: 40095657 PMCID: PMC11974648 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-24-00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2025] Open
Abstract
Enhancing neurological recovery and improving the prognosis of spinal cord injury have gained research attention recently. Spinal cord injury is associated with a complex molecular and cellular microenvironment. This complexity has prompted researchers to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and changes and to identify effective treatment strategies. Traditional approaches for spinal cord injury repair include surgery, oral or intravenous medications, and administration of neurotrophic factors; however, the efficacy of these approaches remains inconclusive, and serious adverse reactions continue to be a concern. With advancements in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, emerging strategies for spinal cord injury repair now involve nanoparticle-based nanodelivery systems, scaffolds, and functional recovery techniques that incorporate biomaterials, bioengineering, stem cell, and growth factors as well as three-dimensional bioprinting. Ideal biomaterial scaffolds should not only provide structural support for neuron migration, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation but also mimic the mechanical properties of natural spinal cord tissue. Additionally, these scaffolds should facilitate axon growth and neurogenesis by offering adjustable topography and a range of physical and biochemical cues. The three-dimensionally interconnected porous structure and appropriate physicochemical properties enabled by three-dimensional biomimetic printing technology can maximize the potential of biomaterials used for treating spinal cord injury. Therefore, correct selection and application of scaffolds, coupled with successful clinical translation, represent promising clinical objectives to enhance the treatment efficacy for and prognosis of spinal cord injury. This review elucidates the key mechanisms underlying the occurrence of spinal cord injury and regeneration post-injury, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, axon regeneration, and angiogenesis. This review also briefly discusses the critical role of nanodelivery systems used for repair and regeneration of injured spinal cord, highlighting the influence of nanoparticles and the factors that affect delivery efficiency. Finally, this review highlights tissue engineering strategies and the application of biomaterial scaffolds for the treatment of spinal cord injury. It discusses various types of scaffolds, their integrations with stem cells or growth factors, and approaches for optimization of scaffold design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihong Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Sijun Diao
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiaoyin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhujun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Fujun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiyue Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Huiyang Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qiang Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhongyu Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Lin Y, Guo Q, Liu Q, Wang W, Lv A, Zhang L, Li L, Gao J, Huang F. An injectable responsive exosome-releasing hydrogel based on sodium alginate restores motor and bladder function by alleviating the injury microenvironment and facilitating distal nerve repair. Int J Biol Macromol 2025; 304:140819. [PMID: 39929458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.140819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/13/2025]
Abstract
In the early stage of spinal cord injury (SCI), excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulate at the injury site to establish a microenvironment favoring complex secondary injuries, including cavity formation, and impacting the distal lumbosacral spinal cord. Currently, no definitive clinical treatment is available for SCI. Here, we created an responsive and injectable hydrogel composite (GEL-EXO) by modifying and cross-linking biological macromolecules sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin in the form of embedded exosomes. This GEL-EXO composite integrated the bioactivity of exosomes with the gap-filling function of hydrogels. Our experiments demonstrated that the composite could simultaneously repair spinal cord tissues at the injury site and the distal lumbosacral region, thereby restoring motor function and reinitiating bladder function. This therapeutic strategy may promise a brand-new holistic intervention for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Lin
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qixuan Guo
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; School of Health and Life Sciences, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Weikang Wang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China; School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ang Lv
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Luping Zhang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan Yantai 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Liming Li
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Neurobiology, Binzhou Medical University, 346 Guanhai Road, Laishan Yantai 264003, Shandong, China.
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Hu W, Ma X, Hu J, Ye Y, Yang S, Yu Y, Li N, Zheng D, Zhang T, Lin H, Gao J. An adhesive and self-healing ROS-scavenging hydrogel loading with hMSC-derived exosomes for diabetic wound healing. Int J Pharm 2025; 672:125315. [PMID: 39909156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2025.125315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2025] [Accepted: 02/01/2025] [Indexed: 02/07/2025]
Abstract
Diabetic wounds have garnered significant attention due to excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), persistent inflammation, and vascular and neural impairments that hinder effective healing. ROS-scavenging hydrogels with phenylborate bonds possess inherent anti-ROS and anti-inflammatory properties, while human mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (hMSC-exos) offer additional anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and neurogenic benefits, presenting a promising strategy to address these challenges. This study introduces a novel ROS-scavenging hydrogel loaded with hMSC-exos, which exhibits strong adhesion and self-healing capabilities. Upon application to the wound, it interacts with ROS to produce an anti-inflammatory response, concurrently allowing a sustained release of hMSC-exos. In vitro and in vivo experiments have demonstrated that this hydrogel effectively reduces ROS levels, mitigates inflammation, and promotes angiogenesis and neurogenesis, thus enhancing functional skin restoration and accelerating wound healing. In summary, we propose an innovative therapeutic approach for diabetic wound healing by combining ROS-scavenging hydrogels with hMSC-exos, with the potential to significantly benefit patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunting Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321002, China
| | - Yihua Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weitong Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolu Ma
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingyi Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yuxian Ye
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shengfei Yang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yawei Yu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ni Li
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315041, China
| | - Dawei Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Lihuili Hospital Affiliated to Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315041, China
| | - Tianyuan Zhang
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hangjuan Lin
- Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Ningbo 315010, China.
| | - Jianqing Gao
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321002, China; Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for New-type External and Transdermal Preparations, Changzhou 213149, China; State Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Delivery and Release Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Bong SH, Choi H, Song HH, Kim DK, Mook-Jung I, Lee DY. Metabolic Reprogramming in Primary Microglial Cell and Extracellular Vesicle Triggered by Aβ Exposure. J Neurochem 2025; 169:e70030. [PMID: 40042046 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.70030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/12/2025] [Indexed: 05/12/2025]
Abstract
Microglia, key immune cells in the brain, play a pivotal role in brain homeostasis and immune responses. Emerging evidence suggests their critical involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis and propagation. The propagation of AD pathology is related to the extracellular matrix of microglia, including extracellular vesicles (EV). Recently, microglia-derived EVs are implicated in inflammatory processes and neuronal death. This study aimed to extensively profile and propose the metabolic role of microglial EVs in AD. Accordingly, we determined the significant alterations of the EV metabolome associated with the metabolites in primary microglial cells. Aβ exposure induced significant metabolic alteration of 39, 18, and 28 metabolites in microglial cells, cultured media, and EVs, respectively. Aβ exposure triggered common alteration of key metabolic pathways between microglial cells and EVs, including purine, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolisms. While most of the common metabolites showed the same directional changes among the microglial system, N-acetyl aspartic acid displayed the opposite directional change in EVs. N-acetyl aspartic acid decreased 2.3-fold and twofold in microglial cells and media, respectively, but increased 3.5-fold in EVs under Aβ exposure. Moreover, mediation analysis proposed key EV metabolites that were directly affected by the metabolic dysregulation of Aβ-exposed microglial cells. The up-regulation of cysteic acid in EVs was mediated by up-regulated IMP in microglial cells. The down-regulation of 1-16:0-lysoPE in EVs was mediated by stearoyl-L-carnitine in microglial cells. Our study sheds new light on the role of microglia and EVs in neurodegenerative diseases, offering promising avenues for future therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong-Hun Bong
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hayoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ho Song
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Convergence Dementia Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Do Yup Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute for Agricultural and Life Sciences, Interdisciplinary Programs in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Green Bio Science & Technology, Bio-Food Industrialization, Seoul National University, Seoul, Gangwon-do, South Korea
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5
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Mou C, Xia Z, Wang X, Dai X, Wang J, Zhang C, Xu Y. Stem cell-derived exosome treatment for acute spinal cord injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis based on preclinical evidence. Front Neurol 2025; 16:1447414. [PMID: 39926016 PMCID: PMC11802430 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2025.1447414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2025] [Indexed: 02/11/2025] Open
Abstract
Background The study aims were to systematically review and analyze preclinical research on the efficacy of exosomes derived from various mesenchymal stem cell sources (MSC-exos) for the treatment of spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) in small animal models. Methods We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Embase and Google Scholar databases from their inception through February 29, 2024, to identify eligible English-language studies based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Two independent investigators performed literature screening, data extraction and bias assessment. Results A total of 235 rats were used to assess locomotor recovery at the initial assessment, and exhibited significant improvement in hind limb movement in those treated with exosomes, as indicated by a statistically significant increase in Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores (MD: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.14-1.38, p < 0.01) compared to the controls. This trend persisted in final assessment data across 21 studies, with pooled analysis confirming similar results (MD: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.43-1.68, p < 0.01). Funnel plot analysis indicated asymmetry in the pooled BBB scores at both baseline and endpoint assessments, suggesting potential publication bias. Exosomes were derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue, umbilical cord or human placental MSCs. Meta-analysis results showed no statistically significant differences in therapeutic efficacy among these MSC-exos sources at various treatment time points. Conclusion MSC-exos demonstrated considerable promise in improving motor function in SCI-affected rats, with bone marrow MSC-derived exosomes having particularly notable effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin Mou
- Technology Department, Tianjin Everunion Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ziyao Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing, China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- Technology Department, Tianjin Everunion Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xunan Dai
- Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing, China
| | | | - Chun Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital Eye Center, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Xu
- Technology Department, Tianjin Everunion Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
- Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), Beijing, China
- Chongqing Institute Of Health Resources Innovation, Chongqing, China
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Yadav S, Maity P, Kapat K. The Opportunities and Challenges of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes in Theranostics and Regenerative Medicine. Cells 2024; 13:1956. [PMID: 39682706 PMCID: PMC11640604 DOI: 10.3390/cells13231956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2024] [Revised: 11/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/22/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell-secreted nanovesicles of endosomal origin, called exosomes, are vital for mediating intracellular communication. As local or distal transporters of intracellular cargo, they reflect the unique characteristics of secretory cells and establish cell-specific interactions via characteristic surface proteins and receptors. With the advent of rapid isolation, purification, and identification techniques, exosomes have become an attractive choice for disease diagnosis (exosomal content as biomarkers), cell-free therapy, and tissue regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) display angiogenic, immune-modulatory, and other therapeutic effects crucial for cytoprotection, ischemic wound repair, myocardial regeneration, etc. The primary focus of this review is to highlight the widespread application of MSC-exosomes in therapeutics, theranostics, and tissue regeneration. After a brief introduction of exosome properties, biogenesis, isolation, and functions, recent studies on therapeutic and regenerative applications of MSC-exosomes are described, focusing on bone, cartilage, periodontal, cardiovascular, skin, and nerve regeneration. Finally, the review highlights the theranostic potential of exosomes followed by challenges, summary, and outlook.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachin Yadav
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India;
| | - Pritiprasanna Maity
- School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92525, USA
| | - Kausik Kapat
- Department of Medical Devices, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata, 168, Maniktala Main Road, Kankurgachi, Kolkata 700054, West Bengal, India;
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Zhang Q, Liu J, Wang W, Lin W, Ahmed W, Duan W, Huang S, Zhu Z, Chen L. The role of exosomes derived from stem cells in nerve regeneration: A contribution to neurological repair. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114882. [PMID: 39002923 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
Stem cell-derived exosomes have gained attention in regenerative medicine for their role in encouraging nerve regeneration and potential use in treating neurological diseases. These nanosized extracellular vesicles act as carriers of bioactive molecules, facilitating intercellular communication and enhancing the regenerative process in neural tissues. This comprehensive study explores the methods by which exosomes produced from various stem cells contribute to nerve healing, with a particular emphasis on their role in angiogenesis, inflammation, and cellular signaling pathways. By examining cutting-edge developments and exploring the potential of exosomes in delivering disease-specific miRNAs and proteins, we highlight their versatility in tailoring personalized therapeutic strategies. The findings presented here highlight the potential of stem cell-produced exosomes for use in neurological diseases therapy, establishing the door for future research into exosome-based neurotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiankun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiale Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wentong Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chaozhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chaozhou, China
| | - Waqas Ahmed
- School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenjie Duan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songze Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihan Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lukui Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southern Medical University Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Nouri Z, Barfar A, Perseh S, Motasadizadeh H, Maghsoudian S, Fatahi Y, Nouri K, Yektakasmaei MP, Dinarvand R, Atyabi F. Exosomes as therapeutic and drug delivery vehicle for neurodegenerative diseases. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:463. [PMID: 39095888 PMCID: PMC11297769 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02681-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are complex, progressive, and life-threatening. They cause mortality and disability for millions of people worldwide. Appropriate treatment for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) is still clinically lacking due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Developing an effective transport system that can cross the BBB and enhance the therapeutic effect of neuroprotective agents has been a major challenge for NDs. Exosomes are endogenous nano-sized vesicles that naturally carry biomolecular cargoes. Many studies have indicated that exosome content, particularly microRNAs (miRNAs), possess biological activities by targeting several signaling pathways involved in apoptosis, inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress. Exosome content can influence cellular function in healthy or pathological ways. Furthermore, since exosomes reflect the features of the parental cells, their cargoes offer opportunities for early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of diseases. Exosomes have unique characteristics that make them ideal for delivering drugs directly to the brain. These characteristics include the ability to pass through the BBB, biocompatibility, stability, and innate targeting properties. This review emphasizes the role of exosomes in alleviating NDs and discusses the associated signaling pathways and molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, the unique biological features of exosomes, making them a promising natural transporter for delivering various medications to the brain to combat several NDs, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Nouri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Barfar
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sahra Perseh
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Motasadizadeh
- Dental Research Center, Dentistry Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samane Maghsoudian
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yousef Fatahi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Nouri
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Rassoul Dinarvand
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Leicester School of Pharmacy, De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
| | - Fatemeh Atyabi
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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9
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Wang T, Huang G, Yi Z, Dai S, Zhuang W, Guo S. Advances in extracellular vesicle-based combination therapies for spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:369-374. [PMID: 37488892 PMCID: PMC10503620 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.377413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury is a severe insult to the central nervous system that causes persisting neurological deficits. The currently available treatments involve surgical, medical, and rehabilitative strategies. However, none of these techniques can markedly reverse neurological deficits. Recently, extracellular vesicles from various cell sources have been applied to different models of spinal cord injury, thereby generating new cell-free therapies for the treatment of spinal cord injury. However, the use of extracellular vesicles alone is still associated with some notable shortcomings, such as their uncertainty in targeting damaged spinal cord tissues and inability to provide structural support to damaged axons. Therefore, this paper reviews the latest combined strategies for the use of extracellular vesicle-based technology for spinal cord injury, including the combination of extracellular vesicles with nanoparticles, exogenous drugs and/or biological scaffold materials, which facilitate the targeting ability of extracellular vesicles and the combinatorial effects with extracellular vesicles. We also highlight issues relating to the clinical transformation of these extracellular vesicle-based combination strategies for the treatment of spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Guohao Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhiheng Yi
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Sihan Dai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weiduan Zhuang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shaowei Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
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10
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Yu T, Yang LL, Zhou Y, Wu MF, Jiao JH. Exosome-mediated repair of spinal cord injury: a promising therapeutic strategy. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:6. [PMID: 38167108 PMCID: PMC10763489 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03614-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a catastrophic injury to the central nervous system (CNS) that can lead to sensory and motor dysfunction, which seriously affects patients' quality of life and imposes a major economic burden on society. The pathological process of SCI is divided into primary and secondary injury, and secondary injury is a cascade of amplified responses triggered by the primary injury. Due to the complexity of the pathological mechanisms of SCI, there is no clear and effective treatment strategy in clinical practice. Exosomes, which are extracellular vesicles of endoplasmic origin with a diameter of 30-150 nm, play a critical role in intercellular communication and have become an ideal vehicle for drug delivery. A growing body of evidence suggests that exosomes have great potential for repairing SCI. In this review, we introduce exosome preparation, functions, and administration routes. In addition, we summarize the effect and mechanism by which various exosomes repair SCI and review the efficacy of exosomes in combination with other strategies to repair SCI. Finally, the challenges and prospects of the use of exosomes to repair SCI are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Yu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Li-Li Yang
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Operating Room, The Third Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao, 066000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Min-Fei Wu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China
| | - Jian-Hang Jiao
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Norman Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, Jilin Province, China.
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11
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Qin B, Hu XM, Huang YX, Yang RH, Xiong K. A New Paradigm in Spinal Cord Injury Therapy: from Cell-free Treatment to Engineering Modifications. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2024; 23:656-673. [PMID: 37076458 DOI: 10.2174/1871527322666230418090857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is an intractable and poorly prognostic neurological disease, and current treatments are still unable to cure it completely and avoid sequelae. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), as important carriers of intercellular communication and pharmacological effects, are considered to be the most promising candidates for SCI therapy because of their low toxicity and immunogenicity, their ability to encapsulate endogenous bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids), and their ability to cross the blood-brain/cerebrospinal barriers. However, poor targeting, low retention rate, and limited therapeutic efficacy of natural EVs have bottlenecked EVs-based SCI therapy. A new paradigm for SCI treatment will be provided by engineering modified EVs. Furthermore, our limited understanding of the role of EVs in SCI pathology hinders the rational design of novel EVbased therapeutic approaches. In this study, we review the pathophysiology after SCI, especially the multicellular EVs-mediated crosstalk; briefly describe the shift from cellular to cell-free therapies for SCI treatment; discuss and analyze the issues related to the route and dose of EVs administration; summarize and present the common strategies for EVs drug loading in the treatment of SCI and point out the shortcomings of these drug loading methods; finally, we analyze and highlight the feasibility and advantages of bio-scaffold-encapsulated EVs for SCI treatment, providing scalable insights into cell-free therapy for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Qin
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Kidney Disease Pathogenesis and Intervention, Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine, Huangshi, 435003, China
| | - Xi-Min Hu
- Clinical Medicine Eight-year Program, 02 Class, 17 Grade, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Yan-Xia Huang
- Health Management Center, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
| | - Rong-Hua Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Kun Xiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, 410013, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Changsha, 410008, China
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Trauma, Ministry of Education, College of Emergency and Trauma, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, China
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12
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Nazerian Y, Nazerian A, Mohamadi-Jahani F, Sodeifi P, Jafarian M, Javadi SAH. Hydrogel-encapsulated extracellular vesicles for the regeneration of spinal cord injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1309172. [PMID: 38156267 PMCID: PMC10752990 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1309172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a critical neurological condition that may impair motor, sensory, and autonomous functions. At the cellular level, inflammation, impairment of axonal regeneration, and neuronal death are responsible for SCI-related complications. Regarding the high mortality and morbidity rates associated with SCI, there is a need for effective treatment. Despite advances in SCI repair, an optimal treatment for complete recovery after SCI has not been found so far. Therefore, an effective strategy is needed to promote neuronal regeneration and repair after SCI. In recent years, regenerative treatments have become a potential option for achieving improved functional recovery after SCI by promoting the growth of new neurons, protecting surviving neurons, and preventing additional damage to the spinal cord. Transplantation of cells and cells-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be effective for SCI recovery. However, there are some limitations and challenges related to cell-based strategies. Ethical concerns and limited efficacy due to the low survival rate, immune rejection, and tumor formation are limitations of cell-based therapies. Using EVs is a helpful strategy to overcome these limitations. It should be considered that short half-life, poor accumulation, rapid clearance, and difficulty in targeting specific tissues are limitations of EVs-based therapies. Hydrogel-encapsulated exosomes have overcome these limitations by enhancing the efficacy of exosomes through maintaining their bioactivity, protecting EVs from rapid clearance, and facilitating the sustained release of EVs at the target site. These hydrogel-encapsulated EVs can promote neuroregeneration through improving functional recovery, reducing inflammation, and enhancing neuronal regeneration after SCI. This review aims to provide an overview of the current research status, challenges, and future clinical opportunities of hydrogel-encapsulated EVs in the treatment of SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasaman Nazerian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fereshteh Mohamadi-Jahani
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Sodeifi
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Jafarian
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Amir Hossein Javadi
- Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Yang Z, Liang Z, Rao J, Lin F, Lin Y, Xu X, Wang C, Chen C. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles therapy in traumatic central nervous system diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2406-2412. [PMID: 37282470 PMCID: PMC10360088 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.371376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there are challenges in treating traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have recently proven to be a promising non-cellular therapy. We comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in traumatic central nervous system diseases in this meta-analysis based on preclinical studies. Our meta-analysis was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42022327904, May 24, 2022). To fully retrieve the most relevant articles, the following databases were thoroughly searched: PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, and Ovid-Embase (up to April 1, 2022). The included studies were preclinical studies of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for traumatic central nervous system diseases. The Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation (SYRCLE)'s risk of bias tool was used to examine the risk of publication bias in animal studies. After screening 2347 studies, 60 studies were included in this study. A meta-analysis was conducted for spinal cord injury (n = 52) and traumatic brain injury (n = 8). The results indicated that mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment prominently promoted motor function recovery in spinal cord injury animals, including rat Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores (standardized mean difference [SMD]: 2.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.96-2.76, P < 0.01, I2 = 71%) and mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores (SMD = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.57-3.04, P = 0.01, I2 = 60%) compared with controls. Further, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles treatment significantly promoted neurological recovery in traumatic brain injury animals, including the modified Neurological Severity Score (SMD = -4.48, 95% CI: -6.12 to -2.84, P < 0.01, I2 = 79%) and Foot Fault Test (SMD = -3.26, 95% CI: -4.09 to -2.42, P = 0.28, I2 = 21%) compared with controls. Subgroup analyses showed that characteristics may be related to the therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. For Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan locomotor rating scale scores, the efficacy of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles was higher than that of xenogeneic mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (allogeneic: SMD = 2.54, 95% CI: 2.05-3.02, P = 0.0116, I2 = 65.5%; xenogeneic: SMD: 1.78, 95%CI: 1.1-2.45, P = 0.0116, I2 = 74.6%). Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles separated by ultrafiltration centrifugation combined with density gradient ultracentrifugation (SMD = 3.58, 95% CI: 2.62-4.53, P < 0.0001, I2 = 31%) may be more effective than other EV isolation methods. For mouse Basso Mouse Scale scores, placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles worked better than bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (placenta: SMD = 5.25, 95% CI: 2.45-8.06, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%; bone marrow: SMD = 1.82, 95% CI: 1.23-2.41, P = 0.0421, I2 = 0%). For modified Neurological Severity Score, bone marrow-derived MSC-EVs worked better than adipose-derived MSC-EVs (bone marrow: SMD = -4.86, 95% CI: -6.66 to -3.06, P = 0.0306, I2 = 81%; adipose: SMD = -2.37, 95% CI: -3.73 to -1.01, P = 0.0306, I2 = 0%). Intravenous administration (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P = 0.0002, I2 = 53.3%) and dose of administration equal to 100 μg (SMD = -5.47, 95% CI: -6.98 to -3.97, P < 0.0001, I2 = 53.3%) showed better results than other administration routes and doses. The heterogeneity of studies was small, and sensitivity analysis also indicated stable results. Last, the methodological quality of all trials was mostly satisfactory. In conclusion, in the treatment of traumatic central nervous system diseases, mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles may play a crucial role in promoting motor function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhelun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Jian Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yike Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiongjie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Deng M, Wu S, Huang P, Liu Y, Li C, Zheng J. Engineered exosomes-based theranostic strategy for tumor metastasis and recurrence. Asian J Pharm Sci 2023; 18:100870. [PMID: 38161784 PMCID: PMC10755545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2023.100870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Metastasis-associated processes are the predominant instigator of fatalities linked to cancer, wherein the pivotal role of circulating tumor cells lies in the resurgence of malignant growth. In recent epochs, exosomes, constituents of the extracellular vesicle cohort, have garnered attention within the field of tumor theranostics owing to their inherent attributes encompassing biocompatibility, modifiability, payload capacity, stability, and therapeutic suitability. Nonetheless, the rudimentary functionalities and limited efficacy of unmodified exosomes curtail their prospective utility. In an effort to surmount these shortcomings, intricate methodologies amalgamating nanotechnology with genetic manipulation, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and optical intervention present themselves as enhanced avenues to surveil and intercede in tumor metastasis and relapse. This review delves into the manifold techniques currently employed to engineer exosomes, with a specific focus on elucidating the interplay between exosomes and the metastatic cascade, alongside the implementation of tailored exosomes in abating tumor metastasis and recurrence. This review not only advances comprehension of the evolving landscape within this domain but also steers the trajectory of forthcoming investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Peizheng Huang
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Chong Li
- Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Ji Zheng
- Department of Urology, Urologic Surgery Center, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
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15
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Xu B, Zhou Z, Fang J, Wang J, Tao K, Liu J, Liu S. Exosomes derived from schwann cells alleviate mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis after spinal cord injury via AMPK signaling pathway-mediated mitophagy. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:319-333. [PMID: 37640169 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Although spinal cord injury (SCI) represents a primary etiology of disability, currently, there are exist limited viable therapies modalities. Acquiring comprehension of the diverse pathways that drive mitochondrial aberration may facilitate the identification of noteworthy targets for ameliorating the deleterious consequences precipitated by SCI. Our objective was to determine the efficiency of exosomes produced from Schwann cells (SCDEs) in protecting against mitochondrial dysfunction. This evaluation was conducted using a rat model of compressed SCI and in vitro experiments involving rat pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). The conducted experiments yielded evidence that SCDEs effectively mitigated oxidative stress (OS) and inflammation subsequent to SCI, while concurrently diminishing necroptosis. Subsequent in vitro inquiry assessed the impact of SCDEs on PC12, with a specific emphasis on mitochondrial functionality, necrotic cell prevalence, and mitophagy. The study findings revealed that SCDEs enhanced mitophagy in PC12 cells, leading to a decrease in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines (CK) provoked by OGD-induced injury. This, in turn, mitigated mitochondrial dysfunction and necroptosis. Mechanistically, SCDEs facilitated cellular mitophagy through activation of the AMPK signaling pathway. In conclusion, our data strongly support the notion that SCDEs hold considerable promise as a therapeutic approach for managing SCI. Furthermore, our investigation serves to elucidate the pivotal role of AMPK-mediated mitophagy in reducing cell damage, thereby unveiling novel prospects for enhancing neuro-pathological outcomes following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqi Fang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Tao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junjian Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shuhao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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16
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Li L, Zheng H, Ma X, Bai J, Ma S, Li Z, Qin C. Inhibition of Astrocytic Carbohydrate Sulfotransferase 15 Promotes Nerve Repair After Spinal Cord Injury via Mitigation of CSPG Mediated Axonal Inhibition. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:2925-2937. [PMID: 36913114 PMCID: PMC11410133 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Nerve tissue regeneration is a significant problem. After neural diseases and damage such as spinal cord injury (SCI), the accumulation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPG) comprising axonal inhibitory glycosaminoglycan chains in the microenvironment is a major barrier that obstructs nerve repair. Interfering with the production of glycosaminoglycans, especially the critical inhibitory chains, could be a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI, which is, however, poorly defined. This study identifies Chst15, the chondroitin sulfotransferase controlling the generation of axonal inhibitory chondroitin sulfate-E, as a therapeutic target of SCI. Using a recently reported small molecular Chst15 inhibitor, this study investigates the effects of Chst15 inhibition on astrocyte behaviors and the associated consequences of in vivo disruption of the inhibitory microenvironment. Deposition of CSPGs in the extracellular matrix and migration of astrocytes are both significantly impaired by Chst15 inhibition. Administration of the inhibitor in transected spinal cord tissues of rats effectively promotes motor functional restoration and nerve tissue regeneration by a mechanism related to the attenuation of inhibitory CSPGs, glial scar formation and inflammatory responses. This study highlights the role of Chst15 in the CSPG-mediated inhibition of neural recovery after SCI and proposes an effective neuroregenerative therapeutic strategy that uses Chst15 as a potential target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Rehabilitation Sciences and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Heping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuepei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Shumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Zhuoyue Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Chong Qin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Chinese Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266137, China.
- Center for Targeted Protein Degradation and Drug Discovery, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
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Li Q, Fu X, Kou Y, Han N. Engineering strategies and optimized delivery of exosomes for theranostic application in nerve tissue. Theranostics 2023; 13:4266-4286. [PMID: 37554270 PMCID: PMC10405842 DOI: 10.7150/thno.84971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe injuries or diseases affecting the peripheral and central nervous systems can result in impaired organ function and permanent paralysis. Conventional interventions, such as drug administration and cell-based therapy, exhibit limited effectiveness due to their inability to preserve post-implantation cell survival and impede the deterioration of adjacent tissues. Exosomes have recently emerged as powerful tools for tissue repair owing to their proteins and nucleic acids, as well as their unique phospholipid properties, which facilitate targeted delivery to recipient cells. Engineering exosomes, obtained by manipulating the parental cells or directly functionalizing exosomes, play critical roles in enhancing regenerative repair, reducing inflammation, and maintaining physiological homeostasis. Furthermore, exosomes have been shown to restore neurological function when used in combination with biomaterials. This paper primarily focuses on the engineering strategies and delivery routes of exosomes related to neural research and emphasizes the theranostic application of optimized exosomes in peripheral nerve, traumatic spinal cord, and brain injuries. Finally, the prospects of exosomes development and their combination with other approaches will be discussed to enhance our knowledge on their theranostic effectiveness in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Li
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Fu
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yuhui Kou
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Na Han
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedics, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
- Key Laboratory of Trauma and Neural Regeneration (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100000, China
- National Center for Trauma Medicine, Beijing 100000, China
- Department of Central Laboratory and Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100000, China
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Zhou Y, Deng G, She H, Bai F, Xiang B, Zhou J, Zhang S. Polydopamine-coated biomimetic bone scaffolds loaded with exosomes promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSC and bone regeneration. Regen Ther 2023; 23:25-36. [PMID: 37063095 PMCID: PMC10091039 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The repair of bone defects is ideally accomplished with bone tissue engineering. Recent studies have explored the possibility of functional modification of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering. We prepared an SF-CS-nHA (SCN) biomimetic bone scaffold and functionally modified the scaffold material by adding a polydopamine (PDA) coating loaded with exosomes (Exos) of marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). The effects of the functional composite scaffold (SCN/PDA-Exo) on BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were investigated. Furthermore, the SCN/PDA-Exo scaffolds were implanted into animals to evaluate their effect on bone regeneration. Methods SCN biomimetic scaffolds were prepared by a vacuum freeze-drying/chemical crosslinking method. A PDA-functionalized coating loaded with BMSC-Exos was added by the surface coating method. The physical and chemical properties of the functional composite scaffolds were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy spectrum analysis and contact angle tests. In vitro, BMSCs were inoculated on different scaffolds, and the Exo internalization by BMSCs was detected by confocal microscopy. The BMSC proliferation activity and cell morphology were detected by SEM, CCK-8 assays and phalloidin staining. BMSC osteogenic differentiation was detected by immunofluorescence, alizarin red staining and qRT‒PCR. In vivo, the functional composite scaffold was implanted into a rabbit critical radial defect model. Bone repair was detected by 3D-CT scanning. HE staining, Masson staining, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate bone regeneration. Results Compared with the SCN scaffold, the SCN/PDA-Exo-functionalized composite scaffold had a larger average surface roughness and stronger hydrophilicity. In vitro, the Exos immobilized on the SCN/PDA-Exo scaffolds were internalized by BMSCs. The BMSC morphology, proliferation ability and osteogenic differentiation effect in the SCN/PDA-Exo group were significantly better than those in the other control groups (p < 0.05). The effects of the SCN/PDA-Exo functional composite scaffold on bone defect repair and new bone formation were significantly better than those of the other control groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, we found that the SCN/PDA-Exo-functionalized composite scaffold promoted BMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro and improved bone regeneration efficiency in vivo. Therefore, combining Exos with biomimetic bone scaffolds by functional PDA coatings may be an effective strategy for functionally modifying biological scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jian Yang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jian Yang, 641400, China
| | - Guozhen Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Hongjiang She
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Bingyan Xiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University(The First People's Hospital of Zunyi City), Zunyi, 563000, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jian Yang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jian Yang, 641400, China
| | - Shuiqin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, Yibin, 644000, China
- Corresponding author. Central Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Yibin, North Street No.96, Cuiping District, Yibin, 644000, China.
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Zhang X, Jiang W, Lu Y, Mao T, Gu Y, Ju D, Dong C. Exosomes combined with biomaterials in the treatment of spinal cord injury. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1077825. [PMID: 36994357 PMCID: PMC10040754 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1077825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious and disabling disease with a high mortality rate. It often leads to complete or partial sensory and motor dysfunction and is accompanied by a series of secondary outcomes, such as pressure sores, pulmonary infections, deep vein thrombosis in the lower extremities, urinary tract infections, and autonomic dysfunction. Currently, the main treatments for SCI include surgical decompression, drug therapy, and postoperative rehabilitation. Studies have shown that cell therapy plays a beneficial role in the treatment of SCI. Nonetheless, there is controversy regarding the therapeutic effect of cell transplantation in SCI models. Meanwhile exosomes, as a new therapeutic medium for regenerative medicine, possess the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and the ability to cross the blood-spinal cord barrier. Certain studies have shown that stem cell-derived exosomes have anti-inflammatory effects and can play an irreplaceable role in the treatment of SCI. In this case, it is difficult for a single treatment method to play an effective role in the repair of neural tissue after SCI. The combination of biomaterial scaffolds and exosomes can better transfer and fix exosomes to the injury site and improve their survival rate. This paper first reviews the current research status of stem cell-derived exosomes and biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI respectively, and then describes the application of exosomes combined with biomaterial scaffolds in the treatment of SCI, as well as the challenges and prospects.
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Huang T, Wu J, Mu J, Gao J. Advanced Therapies for Traumatic Central Nervous System Injury: Delivery Strategy Reinforced Efficient Microglial Manipulation. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:41-56. [PMID: 36469398 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injuries, including spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury, are challenging enemies of human health. Microglia, the main component of the innate immune system in CNS, can be activated postinjury and are key participants in the pathological procedure and development of CNS trauma. Activated microglia can be typically classified into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) phenotypes. Reducing M1 polarization while promoting M2 polarization is thought to be promising for CNS injury treatment. However, obstacles such as the low permeability of the blood-brain barrier and short retention time in circulation limit the therapeutic outcomes of administrated drugs, and rational delivery strategies are necessary for efficient microglial regulation. To this end, proper administration methods and delivery systems like nano/microcarriers and scaffolds are investigated to augment the therapeutic effects of drugs, while some of these delivery systems have self-efficacies in microglial manipulation. Besides, systems based on cell and cell-derived exosomes also show impressive effects, and some underlying targeting mechanisms of these delivery systems have been discovered. In this review, we introduce the roles of microglia play in traumatic CNS injuries, discuss the potential targets for the polarization regulation of microglial phenotype, and summarize recent studies and clinical trials about delivery strategies on enhancing the effect of microglial regulation and therapeutic outcome, as well as targeting mechanisms post CNS trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianchen Huang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Key Laboratory of Clinical Cancer, Pharmacology and Toxicology Research of Zhejiang Province, Affiliated, Hangzhou First People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jiafu Mu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.,Jinhua Institute of Zhejiang University, Jinhua 321002, China
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21
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Zan CF, Wei WF, Li JA, Shi MP, Cong L, Gu MY, Chen YH, Wang SY, Li ZH. Circulating exosomal lncRNA contributes to the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury in rats. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:889-894. [DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.353504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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22
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Yang Z, Rao J, Liang Z, Xu X, Lin F, Lin Y, Wang C, Chen C. Efficacy of miRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles in spinal cord injury: A systematic review of the literature and network meta-analysis. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:989295. [PMID: 36278023 PMCID: PMC9581233 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.989295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundAlthough some previous studies have indicated that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from miRNA-modified mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may be more effective as compared with control EVs in the treatment of rats with spinal cord injuries (SCI), the efficacy of this treatment modality remains controversial.ObjectivesThe current study comprehensively evaluated the efficacy of different administered doses of EVs, including miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs, among SCI rats. The efficacy of EVs' treatment was evaluated in different SCI models to provide evidence for preclinical trials.MethodsWe extensively searched the following databases to identify relevant studies: PubMed, Embase, Scopus, The Cochrane Library, and Web of Science (from inception to July 20, 2022). Two trained investigators independently screened literature, extracted the data, and evaluated literature quality.ResultsThirteen studies were included in this network meta-analysis. The results demonstrated that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs (100 and 200 μg of total protein of EVs) significantly improved hind limb motor function in rats at early stages of SCI (i.e., at 3 days after injury) as compared with EVs (100 and 200 μg of total protein of EVs, respectively). However, in the middle and late stages (14 and 28 days), there were no statistically significant differences between EVs with 200 μg dosages and miRNA-loaded EVs with 100 μg dosages. In the late stages (28 days), there were no statistically significant differences between EVs with 100 μg dosages and miRNA-loaded EVs with 200 μg dosages. We found that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs significantly improved motor function among early-stage SCI rats in a compression and contusion model (3 days) as compared with MSCs-derived EVs and miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs likewise significantly improved motor function among SCI rats in a contusion model at middle and late stages (14 and 28 days).ConclusionOur results suggest that miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs (200 μg of total protein of EVs) may be the best choice for the effective treatment of SCI, and miRNA-overexpressing MSCs-derived EVs may likewise be the best choice for treating contusions. However, there are some risks of bias in our included studies, and the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of EVs remain unclear.Systematic review registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=282051, identifier: CRD42021282051.
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23
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Lu Y, Wang L, Zhang M, Chen Z. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Small Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Approach for Kidney Disease Treatment. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:3603-3618. [PMID: 35990308 PMCID: PMC9386173 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s372254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, kidney disease has become a serious health challenge, with approximately 10% of adults suffering with the disease, and increasing incidence and mortality rates every year. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are 30 nm-100 nm sized nanovesicles released by cells into the extracellular matrix (ECM), which serve as mediators of intercellular communication. Depending on the cell origin, sEVs have different roles which depend on internal cargoes including, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs) exert anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and wound healing functions mainly via sEVs in a stable and safe manner. MSC-derived sEVs (MSC-sEVs) exert roles in several kidney diseases by transporting renoprotective cargoes to reduce oxidative stress, inhibit renal cell apoptosis, suppress inflammation, and mediate anti-fibrosis mechanisms. Additionally, because MSC-sEVs efficiently target damaged kidneys, they have the potential to become the next generation cell-free therapies for kidney disease. Herein, we review recent research data on how MSC-sEVs could be used to treat kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukang Lu
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanfeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, People's Republic of China
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24
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Feng Y, Peng Y, Jie J, Yang Y, Yang P. The immune microenvironment and tissue engineering strategies for spinal cord regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:969002. [PMID: 35990891 PMCID: PMC9385973 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.969002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of neural tissue is limited following spinal cord injury (SCI). Successful regeneration of injured nerves requires the intrinsic regenerative capability of the neurons and a suitable microenvironment. However, the local microenvironment is damaged, including insufficient intraneural vascularization, prolonged immune responses, overactive immune responses, dysregulated bioenergetic metabolism and terminated bioelectrical conduction. Among them, the immune microenvironment formed by immune cells and cytokines plays a dual role in inflammation and regeneration. Few studies have focused on the role of the immune microenvironment in spinal cord regeneration. Here, we summarize those findings involving various immune cells (neutrophils, monocytes, microglia and T lymphocytes) after SCI. The pathological changes that occur in the local microenvironment and the function of immune cells are described. We also summarize and discuss the current strategies for treating SCI with tissue-engineered biomaterials from the perspective of the immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jing Jie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Nantong, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Jing Jie,
| | - Yumin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Yumin Yang,
| | - Pengxiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
- Institute of Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Science, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Pengxiang Yang,
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25
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Novel Strategies for Spinal Cord Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094552. [PMID: 35562941 PMCID: PMC9102050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the most devastating lesions, as it can damage the continuity and conductivity of the central nervous system, resulting in complex pathophysiology. Encouraged by the advances in nanotechnology, stem cell biology, and materials science, researchers have proposed various interdisciplinary approaches for spinal cord regeneration. In this respect, the present review aims to explore the most recent developments in SCI treatment and spinal cord repair. Specifically, it briefly describes the characteristics of SCIs, followed by an extensive discussion on newly developed nanocarriers (e.g., metal-based, polymer-based, liposomes) for spinal cord delivery, relevant biomolecules (e.g., growth factors, exosomes) for SCI treatment, innovative cell therapies, and novel natural and synthetic biomaterial scaffolds for spinal cord regeneration.
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26
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Zhu M, Wu J, Gao JQ. Exosomes for diabetes syndrome: ongoing applications and perspective. Biomater Sci 2022; 10:2154-2171. [DOI: 10.1039/d2bm00161f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, ranking the ninth death cause in the world, is a kind of metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Without timely and effective treatment, many ensuing complications involved with heart,...
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