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Cao Y, Fang W, Chen Y, Zhang H, Ni R, Pan G. Simulating the impact of optimized prevention and control measures on the transmission of monkeypox in the United States: A model-based study. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29419. [PMID: 38293742 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a modified susceptible-exposed-infected-recovered (SEIR) model to evaluate monkeypox epidemics in the United States and explore more optimized prevention and control measures. To further assess the impact of public health measures on the transmission of monkeypox, different intervention scenarios were developed based on the classic SEIR model, considering reducing contact, enhancing vaccination, diagnosis delay, and environmental transmission risk, respectively. We evaluated the impact of different measures by simulating their spread in different scenarios. During the simulation period, 8709 people were infected with monkeypox. The simulation analysis showed that: (1) the most effective measures to control monkeypox transmission during the early stage of the epidemic were reducing contact and enhancing vaccination, with cumulative infections at 51.20% and 41.90% of baseline levels, respectively; (2) shortening diagnosis time would delay the peak time of the epidemic by 96 days; and (3) the risk of environmental transmission of monkeypox virus was relatively low. This study indirectly proved the effectiveness of the prevention and control measures, such as reducing contact, enhancing vaccination, shortening diagnosis time, and low risk of environmental transmission, which also provided an important reference and containment experience for nonepidemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Cao
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wenbin Fang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hengchuan Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ruyu Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Guixia Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Medical Data Processing Center of School of Public Health of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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2
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Cai X, Zhou T, Shi W, Cai Y, Zhou J. Monkeypox Virus Crosstalk with HIV: An Integrated Skin Transcriptome and Machine Learning Study. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:47283-47294. [PMID: 38107964 PMCID: PMC10720282 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c07687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of the monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak presents a formidable challenge to human health. Emerging evidence suggests that individuals with HIV have been disproportionately affected by MPXV, with adverse clinical outcomes and higher mortality rates. However, the shared molecular mechanisms underlying MPXV and HIV remain elusive. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from two public data sets, GSE219036 and GSE184320, and extracted common DEGs between MPXV and HIV. We further performed gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), protein-protein interactions (PPI), candidate drug assessment, and immune correlation of hub genes analysis. We validated the key biomarkers using multiple machine learning (ML) methods including random forest (RF), t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (tSNE), and uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP). A total of 59 common DEGs were identified between MPXV and HIV. Our functional analysis highlighted multiple pathways, including the ERK cascade, NF-κB signaling, and various immune responses, playing a collaborative role in the progression of both diseases. The PPI and gene co-expression networks were constructed, and five key genes with significant immune correlations were identified and validated by multiple ML models, including SPRED1, SPHK1, ATF3, AKT3, and AKT1S1. Our study emphasizes the common pathogenesis of HIV and MPXV and highlights the pivotal genes and shared pathways, providing new opportunities for evidence-based management strategies in HIV patients co-infected with MPXV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyao Cai
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- Department
of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Ninth People’s
Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Wenjun Shi
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai
Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Yuchen Cai
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai
Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School
of Medicine, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jianda Zhou
- Department
of Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital
of Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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3
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Adom-Konadu A, Bonyah E, Sackitey AL, Anokye M, Asamoah JKK. A fractional order Monkeypox model with protected travelers using the fixed point theorem and Newton polynomial interpolation. HEALTHCARE ANALYTICS (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 3:100191. [PMID: 37214737 PMCID: PMC10167817 DOI: 10.1016/j.health.2023.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study formulates a Monkeypox model with protected travelers. The fixed point theorem is used to obtain the existence and uniqueness of the solution with Ulam-Hyers stability for the analysis of the solution to the model. The Newton polynomial interpolation scheme is employed to solve an approximate solution of the fractional Monkeypox model. The numerical simulations and the graphical representations suggest that the fractional order affects the dynamics of the Monkeypox. The fractional order shows other underlining transmission trends of the Monkeypox disease. We conclude that the result obtained for each compartment conforms to reality as the fractional order approaches unity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes Adom-Konadu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Ebenezer Bonyah
- Department of Mathematics Education, Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development, Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science and Technology Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | | | - Martin Anokye
- Department of Mathematics, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Joshua Kiddy K Asamoah
- Department of Mathematics, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
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Molla J, Sekkak I, Mundo Ortiz A, Moyles I, Nasri B. Mathematical modeling of mpox: A scoping review. One Health 2023; 16:100540. [PMID: 37138928 PMCID: PMC10108573 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mpox (monkeypox), a disease historically endemic to Africa, has seen its largest outbreak in 2022 by spreading to many regions of the world and has become a public health threat. Informed policies aimed at controlling and managing the spread of this disease necessitate the use of adequate mathematical modeling strategies. Objective In this scoping review, we sought to identify the mathematical models that have been used to study mpox transmission in the literature in order to determine what are the model classes most frequently used, their assumptions, and the modelling gaps that need to be addressed in the context of the epidemiological characteristics of the ongoing mpox outbreak. Methods This study employed the methodology of the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews to identify the mathematical models available to study mpox transmission dynamics. Three databases (PubMed, Web of Science and MathSciNet) were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. Results A total of 5827 papers were screened from the database queries. After the screening, 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed, and 19 were finally included in the scoping review. Our results show that compartmental, branching process, Monte Carlo (stochastic), agent-based, and network models have been used to study mpox transmission dynamics between humans as well as between humans and animals. Furthermore, compartmental and branching models have been the most commonly used classes. Conclusions There is a need to develop modeling strategies for mpox transmission that take into account the conditions of the current outbreak, which has been largely driven by human-to-human transmission in urban settings. In the current scenario, the assumptions and parameters used by most of the studies included in this review (which are largely based on a limited number of studies carried out in Africa in the early 80s) may not be applicable, and therefore, can complicate any public health policies that are derived from their estimates. The current mpox outbreak is also an example of how more research into neglected zoonoses is needed in an era where new and re-emerging diseases have become global public health threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeta Molla
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Idriss Sekkak
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ariel Mundo Ortiz
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Iain Moyles
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bouchra Nasri
- Département de médecine sociale et préventive, École de Santé Publique de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de Recherches Mathématiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Centre de recherche en santé publique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
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Banuet-Martinez M, Yang Y, Jafari B, Kaur A, Butt ZA, Chen HH, Yanushkevich S, Moyles IR, Heffernan JM, Korosec CS. Monkeypox: a review of epidemiological modelling studies and how modelling has led to mechanistic insight. Epidemiol Infect 2023; 151:e121. [PMID: 37218612 PMCID: PMC10468816 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823000791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human monkeypox (mpox) virus is a viral zoonosis that belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family, which presents with similar symptoms as those seen in human smallpox patients. Mpox is an increasing concern globally, with over 80,000 cases in non-endemic countries as of December 2022. In this review, we provide a brief history and ecology of mpox, its basic virology, and the key differences in mpox viral fitness traits before and after 2022. We summarize and critique current knowledge from epidemiological mathematical models, within-host models, and between-host transmission models using the One Health approach, where we distinguish between models that focus on immunity from vaccination, geography, climatic variables, as well as animal models. We report various epidemiological parameters, such as the reproduction number, R0, in a condensed format to facilitate comparison between studies. We focus on how mathematical modelling studies have led to novel mechanistic insight into mpox transmission and pathogenesis. As mpox is predicted to lead to further infection peaks in many historically non-endemic countries, mathematical modelling studies of mpox can provide rapid actionable insights into viral dynamics to guide public health measures and mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Banuet-Martinez
- Climate Change and Global Health Research Group, School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Behnaz Jafari
- Mathematics and Statistics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Avneet Kaur
- Irving K. Barber School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics and Statistics, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | - Zahid A. Butt
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Helen H. Chen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Svetlana Yanushkevich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Iain R. Moyles
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane M. Heffernan
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Chapin S. Korosec
- Modelling Infection and Immunity Lab, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Disease Modelling, Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Majie A, Saha R, Sarkar B. The outbreak of the monkeypox virus in the shadow of the pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:48686-48702. [PMID: 36854947 PMCID: PMC9974386 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26098-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The human monkeypox virus (MPXV) was first identified in 1959. Since then, the incidence of the disease has been sporadic. The endemic regions were identified in Africa's central and western areas. However, the infection started to spread in 2017 to non-endemic regions such as North and South America, Europe, and Asia. Since May 2022, the non-endemic areas reported 62,635 till 20th September 2022. Although the monkeypox virus has a mortality of ≥ 10%, it showed only 82 mortalities worldwide in 2022. The common symptoms include chills, fever, fatigue, and skin lesions, and the complications include secondary respiratory tract infections, encephalitis, blindness, and severe diarrhea. The factors responsible for spreading the virus include improper handling and consumption of infected bushmeat, unprotected sexual intercourse, contact with an infected person, no smallpox vaccination, improper hygiene, lower diagnostic capacity, and strong travel history from the endemic regions. The therapeutic strategy is symptom-based treatment and supportive care. Antivirals and vaccines such as Tecovirimat, Brincidofovir, Cidofovir, Imvamune, and ACAM2000 have shown promising results. The primary purpose of the review is to perform an epidemiological study and investigate the pathobiology, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and some associated complications of the monkeypox virus in 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Majie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Rajdeep Saha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
| | - Biswatrish Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, 835215 India
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7
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Alzubaidi AM, Othman HA, Ullah S, Ahmad N, Alam MM. Analysis of Monkeypox viral infection with human to animal transmission via a fractional and Fractal-fractional operators with power law kernel. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2023; 20:6666-6690. [PMID: 37161123 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2023287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a global public health concern. This infectious disease affects people all over the world, not just those in West and Central Africa. Various approaches have been used to study epidemiology, the source of infection, and patterns of transmission of MPX. In this article, we analyze the dynamics of MPX using a fractional mathematical model with a power law kernel. The human-to-animal transmission is considered in the model formulation. The fractional model is further reformulated via a generalized fractal-fractional differential operator in the Caputo sense. The basic mathematical including the existence and uniqueness of both fractional and fractal-fractional problems are provided using fixed points theorems. A numerical scheme for the proposed model is obtained using an efficient iterative method. Moreover, detailed simulation results are shown for different fractional orders in the first stage. Finally, a number of graphical results of fractal-fractional MPX transmission models are presented showing the combined effect of fractal and fractional orders on model dynamics. The resulting simulations conclude that the new fractal-fractional operator added more biological insight into the dynamics of illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alia M Alzubaidi
- Department of Mathematics, AL-Qunfudhah University college, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hakeem A Othman
- Department of Mathematics, AL-Qunfudhah University college, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saif Ullah
- Department of Mathematics, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Nisar Ahmad
- Institute of Numerical Sciences Kohat University of Science and Technology (KUST) Kohat, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Ko Y, Mendoza VM, Mendoza R, Seo Y, Lee J, Jung E. Estimation of monkeypox spread in a nonendemic country considering contact tracing and self-reporting: A stochastic modeling study. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28232. [PMID: 36254095 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In May 2022, monkeypox started to spread in nonendemic countries. To investigate contact tracing and self-reporting of the primary case in the local community, a stochastic model is developed. An algorithm based on Gillespie's stochastic chemical kinetics is used to quantify the number of infections, contacts, and duration from the arrival of the primary case to the detection of the index case (or until there are no more local infections). Different scenarios were set considering the delay in contact tracing and behavior of infectors. We found that the self-reporting behavior of a primary case is the most significant factor affecting outbreak size and duration. Scenarios with a self-reporting primary case have an 86% reduction in infections (average: 5-7, in a population of 10 000) and contacts (average: 27-72) compared with scenarios with a non-self-reporting primary case (average number of infections and contacts: 27-72 and 197-537, respectively). Doubling the number of close contacts per day is less impactful compared with the self-reporting behavior of the primary case as it could only increase the number of infections by 45%. Our study emphasizes the importance of the prompt detection of the primary case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Ko
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Victoria May Mendoza
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Renier Mendoza
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Mathematics, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Yubin Seo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jacob Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eunok Jung
- Department of Mathematics, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
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9
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Recent advances on human mpox. New Microbes New Infect 2022; 51:101066. [PMID: 36573212 PMCID: PMC9754762 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2022.101066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mpox has been a concern of public health and travel caution. Using databases of WHO, CDC, google scholar, and PubMed, we searched recent literatures and reviewed the history, genomic mutation/evolution, host cell response pathways, regulation policy, vaccine and therapy development. Recent studies showed that current mpox has many genomic mutations related to regulation by APOBEC3. Current mpox has also been suggested to be associated with sexual transmission. Vaccination should be applied and anti-mpox drug should be urgently developed. More investigations are needed to ensure outbreak prevention.
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10
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Augsburger IB, Galanthay GK, Tarosky JH, Rychtář J, Taylor D. Voluntary vaccination may not stop monkeypox outbreak: A game-theoretic model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010970. [PMID: 36516113 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox (MPX) is a viral zoonotic disease that was endemic to Central and West Africa. However, during the first half of 2022, MPX spread to almost 60 countries all over the world. Smallpox vaccines are about 85% effective in preventing MPX infections. Our objective is to determine whether the vaccines should be mandated or whether voluntary use of the vaccine could be enough to stop the MPX outbreak. We incorporate a standard SVEIR compartmental model of MPX transmission into a game-theoretical framework. We study a vaccination game in which individuals decide whether or not to vaccinate by assessing their benefits and costs. We solve the game for Nash equilibria, i.e., the vaccination rates the individuals would likely adopt without any outside intervention. We show that, without vaccination, MPX can become endemic in previously non-endemic regions, including the United States. We also show that to "not vaccinate" is often an optimal solution from the individual's perspective. Moreover, we demonstrate that, for some parameter values, there are multiple equilibria of the vaccination game, and they exhibit a backward bifurcation. Thus, without centrally mandated minimal vaccination rates, the population could easily revert to no vaccination scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Augsburger
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Grace K Galanthay
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob H Tarosky
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jan Rychtář
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dewey Taylor
- Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
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11
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Karbalaei M, Keikha M. Human monkeypox coinfections; lessons from available cases - Correspondence. Int J Surg 2022; 104:106734. [PMID: 35760344 PMCID: PMC9628635 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Masoud Keikha
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Alakunle E, Moens U, Nchinda G, Okeke MI. Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: Infection Biology, Epidemiology, and Evolution. Viruses 2020; 12:E1257. [PMID: 33167496 PMCID: PMC7694534 DOI: 10.3390/v12111257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPXV), which is a member of orthopoxvirus genus. The reemergence of MPXV in 2017 (at Bayelsa state) after 39 years of no reported case in Nigeria, and the export of travelers' monkeypox (MPX) from Nigeria to other parts of the world, in 2018 and 2019, respectively, have raised concern that MPXV may have emerged to occupy the ecological and immunological niche vacated by smallpox virus. This review X-rays the current state of knowledge pertaining the infection biology, epidemiology, and evolution of MPXV in Nigeria and worldwide, especially with regard to the human, cellular, and viral factors that modulate the virus transmission dynamics, infection, and its maintenance in nature. This paper also elucidates the role of recombination, gene loss and gene gain in MPXV evolution, chronicles the role of signaling in MPXV infection, and reviews the current therapeutic options available for the treatment and prevention of MPX. Additionally, genome-wide phylogenetic analysis was undertaken, and we show that MPXV isolates from recent 2017 outbreak in Nigeria were monophyletic with the isolate exported to Israel from Nigeria but do not share the most recent common ancestor with isolates obtained from earlier outbreaks, in 1971 and 1978, respectively. Finally, the review highlighted gaps in knowledge particularly the non-identification of a definitive reservoir host animal for MPXV and proposed future research endeavors to address the unresolved questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Alakunle
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Institute of Medical Biology, University i Tromsø (UIT)—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Godwin Nchinda
- Laboratory of Vaccinology and Immunology, The Chantal Biya International Reference Center for Research on the Prevention and Management HIV/AIDS (CIRCB), P.O Box 3077 Yaoundé-Messa, Cameroon;
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology & Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, P.O Box 420110 Awka, Nigeria
| | - Malachy Ifeanyi Okeke
- Department of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Biomedical Science Concentration, School of Arts and Sciences, American University of Nigeria, 98 Lamido Zubairu Way, PMB 2250 Yola, Nigeria;
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