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Yamada E, Martin CG, Moreno-Huizar N, Fouquier J, Neff CP, Coleman SL, Schneider JM, Huber J, Nusbacher NM, McCarter M, Campbell TB, Lozupone CA, Palmer BE. Intestinal microbial communities and Holdemanella isolated from HIV+/- men who have sex with men increase frequencies of lamina propria CCR5 + CD4 + T cells. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1997292. [PMID: 34818131 PMCID: PMC8632320 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1997292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Men who have sex with men (MSM), regardless of HIV infection status, have an intestinal microbiome that is compositionally distinct from men who have sex with women (MSW) and women. We recently showed HIV-negative MSM have elevated levels of intestinal CD4+ T cells expressing CCR5, a critical co-receptor for HIV. Whether elevated expression of CCR5 is driven by the altered gut microbiome composition in MSM has not been explored. Here we used in vitro stimulation of gut Lamina Propria Mononuclear Cells (LPMCs) with whole intact microbial cells isolated from stool to demonstrate that fecal bacterial communities (FBCs) from HIV-positive/negative MSM induced higher frequencies of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells compared to FBCs from HIV-negative MSW and women. To identify potential microbial drivers, we related the frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells to the abundance of individual microbial taxa in rectal biopsy of HIV-positive/negative MSM and controls, and Holdemanella biformis was strongly associated with increased frequency of CCR5+ CD4+ T cells. We used in vitro stimulation of gut LPMCs with the type strain of H. biformis, a second strain of H.biformis and an isolate of the closely related Holdemanella porci , cultured from either a HIV-positive or a HIV-negative MSM stool. H. porci elevated the frequency of both CCR5+ CD4+ T cells and the ratio of TNF-α/IL-10 Genomic comparisons of the 3 Holdemanella isolates revealed unique cell wall and capsular components, which may be responsible for their differences in immunogenicity. These findings describe a novel mechanism potentially linking intestinal dysbiosis in MSM to HIV transmission and mucosal pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiko Yamada
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Casey G. Martin
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nancy Moreno-Huizar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jennifer Fouquier
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - C. Preston Neff
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Jennifer M. Schneider
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Jonathan Huber
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nichole M. Nusbacher
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Martin McCarter
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Thomas B. Campbell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Catherine A. Lozupone
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Brent E. Palmer
- Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA,CONTACT Brent E. Palmer Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Xiao J, Jiang J, He X, Zhang S, Wang Z, Wang F, Wang L, Guo D. Evaluation of Immunoprotective Effects of Fusobacterium necrophorum Outer Membrane Proteins 43K OMP, Leukotoxin and Hemolysin Multi-Component Recombinant Subunit Vaccine in Mice. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:780377. [PMID: 34938794 PMCID: PMC8685265 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.780377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of three vaccine formulations containing different combinations of proteins (43K OMP, leukotoxin recombinant protein PL4 and hemolysin recombinant protein H2) and killed whole cell Fusobacterium necrophorum in preventing liver abscess. Four subcutaneous vaccines were formulated: vaccine 1 (43K OMP), vaccine 2 (PL4 and H2), vaccine 3 (43K OMP, PL4 and H2), and vaccine 4 (killed whole bacterial cell). 43K OMP, PL4, and H2 proteins were produced by using recombinant protein expression. To evaluate vaccine efficacy, we randomly allocated 50 BALB/c female mice to one of five different treatment groups: PBS control group, vaccine 1, vaccine 2, vaccine 3, and vaccine 4. Mice were vaccinated three times, with 14 days between each immunization. After immunization, the mice were challenged with F. necrophorum. The three key findings of this study are as follows: (1) Vaccine 3 has enabled mice to produce higher antibody titer following bacterial challenge, (2) in the liver pathology of mice, the vaccine 3 liver showed the least pathology, and (3) all four vaccines produced high levels of antibodies and cytokines in mice, but the level of vaccine 3 was the highest. Based on our results, it has been demonstrated that a mixture of F. necrophorum 43K OMP, PL4, and H2 proteins inoculated with mice can achieve protection against liver abscess in mice. Our research may therefore provide the basis for the development of a vaccine against F. necrophorum bovine infections.
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Chamarande J, Cunat L, Caillet C, Mathieu L, Duval JFL, Lozniewski A, Frippiat JP, Alauzet C, Cailliez-Grimal C. Surface Properties of Parabacteroides distasonis and Impacts of Stress-Induced Molecules on Its Surface Adhesion and Biofilm Formation Capacities. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1602. [PMID: 34442682 PMCID: PMC8400631 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and dynamic ecosystem whose balance and homeostasis are essential to the host's well-being and whose composition can be critically affected by various factors, including host stress. Parabacteroides distasonis causes well-known beneficial roles for its host, but is negatively impacted by stress. However, the mechanisms explaining its maintenance in the gut have not yet been explored, in particular its capacities to adhere onto (bio)surfaces, form biofilms and the way its physicochemical surface properties are affected by stressing conditions. In this paper, we reported adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of 14 unrelated strains of P. distasonis using a steam-based washing procedure, and the electrokinetic features of its surface. Results evidenced an important inter-strain variability for all experiments including the response to stress hormones. In fact, stress-induced molecules significantly impact P. distasonis adhesion and biofilm formation capacities in 35% and 23% of assays, respectively. This study not only provides basic data on the adhesion and biofilm formation capacities of P. distasonis to abiotic substrates but also paves the way for further research on how stress-molecules could be implicated in P. distasonis maintenance within the gut microbiota, which is a prerequisite for designing efficient solutions to optimize its survival within gut environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Chamarande
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Lisiane Cunat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Céline Caillet
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Laurence Mathieu
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l’Environnement (LCPME), Paris Sciences Lettres University (PSL), F-54500 Nancy, France;
| | - Jérôme F. L. Duval
- CNRS, LIEC, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (C.C.); (J.F.L.D.)
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Pol Frippiat
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- SIMPA, Université de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France; (J.C.); (L.C.); (A.L.); (J.-P.F.); (C.A.)
- CHRU de Nancy, Service de Microbiologie, F-54000 Nancy, France
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The Human Gut Microbe Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Suppresses Toxin Release from Clostridium difficile by Inhibiting Autolysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020187. [PMID: 33671889 PMCID: PMC7918992 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the human gut microbiota by antibiotics can lead to Clostridium difficile (CD)-associated diarrhea. CD overgrowth and elevated CD toxins result in gut inflammation. Herein, we report that a gut symbiont, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron (BT), suppressed CD toxin production. The suppressive components are present in BT culture supernatant and are both heat- and proteinase K-resistant. Transposon-based mutagenesis indicated that the polysaccharide metabolism of BT is involved in the inhibitory effect. Among the genes identified, we focus on the methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway gene gcpE, which supplies the isoprenoid backbone to produce the undecaprenyl phosphate lipid carrier that transports oligosaccharides across the membrane. Polysaccharide fractions prepared from the BT culture suppressed CD toxin production in vitro; the inhibitory effect of polysaccharide fractions was reduced in the gcpE mutant (ΔgcpE). The inhibitory effect of BT-derived polysaccharide fraction was abrogated by lysozyme treatment, indicating that cellwall-associated glycans are attributable to the inhibitory effect. BT-derived polysaccharide fraction did not affect CD toxin gene expression or intracellular toxin levels. An autolysis assay showed that CD cell autolysis was suppressed by BT-derived polysaccharide fraction, but the effect was reduced with that of ΔgcpE. These results indicate that cell wall-associated glycans of BT suppress CD toxin release by inhibiting cell autolysis.
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Briggs JA, Grondin JM, Brumer H. Communal living: glycan utilization by the human gut microbiota. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:15-35. [PMID: 33185970 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Our lower gastrointestinal tract plays host to a vast consortium of microbes, known as the human gut microbiota (HGM). The HGM thrives on a complex and diverse range of glycan structures from both dietary and host sources, the breakdown of which requires the concerted action of cohorts of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), carbohydrate-binding proteins, and transporters. The glycan utilization profile of individual taxa, whether 'specialist' or 'generalist', is dictated by the number and functional diversity of these glycan utilization systems. Furthermore, taxa in the HGM may either compete or cooperate in glycan deconstruction, thereby creating a complex ecological web spanning diverse nutrient niches. As a result, our diet plays a central role in shaping the composition of the HGM. This review presents an overview of our current understanding of glycan utilization by the HGM on three levels: (i) molecular mechanisms of individual glycan deconstruction and uptake by key bacteria, (ii) glycan-mediated microbial interactions, and (iii) community-scale effects of dietary changes. Despite significant recent advancements, there remains much to be discovered regarding complex glycan metabolism in the HGM and its potential to affect positive health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon A Briggs
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Julie M Grondin
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Yekani M, Baghi HB, Naghili B, Vahed SZ, Sóki J, Memar MY. To resist and persist: Important factors in the pathogenesis of Bacteroides fragilis. Microb Pathog 2020; 149:104506. [PMID: 32950639 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a most frequent anaerobic pathogen isolated from human infections, particularly found in the abdominal cavity. Different factors contribute to the pathogenesis and persistence of B. fragilis at infection sites. The knowledge of the virulence factors can provide applicable information for finding alternative options for the antibiotic therapy and treatment of B. fragilis caused infections. Herein, a comprehensive review of the important B. fragilis virulence factors was prepared. In addition to B. fragilis toxin (BFT) and its potential role in the diarrhea and cancer development, some other important virulence factors and characteristics of B. fragilis are described including capsular polysaccharides, iron acquisition, resistance to antimicrobial agents, and survival during the prolonged oxidative stress, quorum sensing, and secretion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee,Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behrooz Naghili
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - József Sóki
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary.
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Microbiology Department, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Students' Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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7
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Vaga S, Lee S, Ji B, Andreasson A, Talley NJ, Agréus L, Bidkhori G, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Park J, Lee D, Proctor G, Ehrlich SD, Nielsen J, Engstrand L, Shoaie S. Compositional and functional differences of the mucosal microbiota along the intestine of healthy individuals. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14977. [PMID: 32917913 PMCID: PMC7486370 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71939-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut mucosal microbes evolved closest to the host, developing specialized local communities. There is, however, insufficient knowledge of these communities as most studies have employed sequencing technologies to investigate faecal microbiota only. This work used shotgun metagenomics of mucosal biopsies to explore the microbial communities' compositions of terminal ileum and large intestine in 5 healthy individuals. Functional annotations and genome-scale metabolic modelling of selected species were then employed to identify local functional enrichments. While faecal metagenomics provided a good approximation of the average gut mucosal microbiome composition, mucosal biopsies allowed detecting the subtle variations of local microbial communities. Given their significant enrichment in the mucosal microbiota, we highlight the roles of Bacteroides species and describe the antimicrobial resistance biogeography along the intestine. We also detail which species, at which locations, are involved with the tryptophan/indole pathway, whose malfunctioning has been linked to pathologies including inflammatory bowel disease. Our study thus provides invaluable resources for investigating mechanisms connecting gut microbiota and host pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Vaga
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Boyang Ji
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Andreasson
- Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Agréus
- Division of Family Medicine and Primary Care, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Petia Kovatcheva-Datchary
- Wallenberg Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41345, Gothenburg, Sweden
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Scientific Research Center for Translational Medicine, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Junseok Park
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Doheon Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- BioInnovation Institute, Ole Maaløes Vej 3, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Lars Engstrand
- Centre for Translational Microbiome Research (CTMR), Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, & Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, UK.
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Tomtebodavägen 23A, 17165, Solna, Sweden.
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8
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Li X, Gao H, Sun X, Huang Z, Wang B, Li Y, Wei W, Wang C, Ni Y. A preliminary study on the role of Bacteroides fragilis in stent encrustation. World J Urol 2020; 39:579-588. [PMID: 32307555 DOI: 10.1007/s00345-020-03185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To preliminarily study the characteristics of bacterial flora distribution in the urine of ureteral stent encrustation patients as well as the relation between Bacteroides and stent encrustation. METHODS Patients undergoing ureteral stenting were included in the study and divided into encrustation group and non-encrustation group based on the condition of stent encrustation. The urine of patients was collected to undergo 16s DNA test to compare the bacterial flora distribution characteristics of the two groups. The bacterial genus with highest abundance in the urine of encrustation group was used for animal experiment. A rat model with a foreign body in the bladder was created, in which the rats were injected with the aforesaid bacterial genus. A control group injected with normal saline was also formed. The incidence of foreign body tube encrustation between the two groups was compared. RESULTS The urine collected from the patients in encrustation group contained a variety of bacteria, while dominant bacteria genera included g_Lactobacillus (23.1%), g_Bacteroides (18.8%) and g_norank_Bacteroides (17.1%). While the urine from the non-encrustation group was less diverse in bacteria flora, as the major bacteria genera were g_Escherichia-Shigella (32.2%), g_Enterococcus (24.9%) and g_Pseudomonas (18.2%). Bacteroidetes in the encrustation group were significantly higher, therefore Bacteroides fragilis in this genus was adopted for animal experiment, resulting in a higher incidence of foreign body tube encrustation in the bladder among rats. CONCLUSION The present study enriches our knowledge about ureteral stent encrustation and reveals that the target regulation of urine bacteria is worth further research and clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, No. 12, Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Han Gao
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, No. 12, Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolu Sun
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongxian Huang
- Department of Urology, Jinan Central Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Urology, Jinan Jigang Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, No. 12, Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
| | | | - Yongliang Ni
- Department of Urology, Shandong Provincial Third Hospital, No. 12, Wuyingshan Middle Road, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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He X, Wang L, Li H, Zhang S, Wang Z, Jiang J, Xiao J, Wang F, Jiang K, Zhao P, Zhang A, Bi L, Guo D, Sun D. Screening of BHK-21 cellular proteins that interact with outer membrane protein 43K OMP of Fusobacterium necrophorum. Anaerobe 2020; 63:102184. [PMID: 32247918 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Fusobacterium necrophorum is a Gram negative, spore-free, anaerobic bacterium that can cause pyogenic and necrotic infections in animals and humans. It is a major bovine pathogen and causes hepatic abscesses, foot rot, and necrotic laryngitis. The 43K OMP of F. necrophorum is an outer membrane protein with molecular weight of 43 kDa, exhibiting similarity to pore-forming proteins of other Fusobacterium species that plays an important role in bacterial infections. However, the role of 43K OMP in F. necrophorum adhesion remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated whether the 43K OMP of F. necrophorum mediates adhesion to BHK-21 cells and performed a preliminary screen of the proteins that interact with 43K OMP of F. necrophorum by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. The results showed that the natural 43K OMP and recombinant 43K OMP could bind to BHK-21 cells, and preincubation of F. necrophorum with an antibody against the recombinant 43K OMP of F. necrophorum decreased binding to BHK-21 cells. Seventy differential interacting proteins were successfully screened by immunoprecipitation-mass spectrometry. Among these seventy differential interacting proteins, seven cell membrane proteins and four extracellular matrix proteins shown to be relevant to bacteria adhesion through subcellular localization and single-molecule function analysis. These data increase our understanding of the pathogenesis of F. necrophorum and provide a new theoretical basis for the design of antimicrobial drugs against F. necrophorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjing He
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - He Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Siyao Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Zhihui Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jiancheng Jiang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Jiawei Xiao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Fengfeng Wang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Pengyu Zhao
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Aihui Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Lan Bi
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China
| | - Donghua Guo
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
| | - Dongbo Sun
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, 163319, China.
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10
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Ferreira TG, Trindade CNDR, Bell P, Teixeira-Ferreira A, Perales JE, Vommaro RC, Domingues RMCP, Ferreira EDO. Identification of the alpha-enolase P46 in the extracellular membrane vesicles of Bacteroides fragilis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:178-184. [PMID: 29412357 PMCID: PMC5804310 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760170340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Members of the Bacteroides fragilis group are the most important components of the normal human gut microbiome, but are also major opportunistic pathogens that are responsible for significant mortality, especially in the case of bacteraemia and other severe infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses. Up to now, several virulence factors have been described that might explain the involvement of B. fragilis in these infections. The secretion of extracellular membrane vesicles (EMVs) has been proposed to play a role in pathogenesis and symbiosis in gram-negative bacteria, by releasing soluble proteins and other molecules. In B. fragilis, these vesicles are known to have haemagglutination and sialidosis activities, and also contain a capsular polysaccharide (PSA), although their involvement in virulence is still not clear. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to identify proteins in the EMV of the 638R B. fragilis strain by mass spectrometry, and also to assess for the presence of Bfp60, a surface plasminogen (Plg) activator, previously shown in B. fragilis to be responsible for the conversion of inactive Plg to active plasmin, which can also bind to laminin-1. METHODS B. fragilis was cultured in a minimum defined media and EMVs were obtained by differential centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, and filtration. The purified EMVs were observed by both transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunoelectron microscopy (IM). To identify EMV constituent proteins, EMVs were separated by 1D SDS-PAGE and proteomic analysis of proteins sized 35 kDa to approximately 65 kDa was performed using mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). FINDINGS TEM micrographs proved the presence of spherical vesicles and IM confirmed the presence of Bfp60 protein on their surface. Mass spectrometry identified 23 proteins with high confidence. One of the proteins from the B. fragilis EMVs was identified as an enolase P46 with a possible lyase activity. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Although the Bfp60 protein was not detected by proteomics, α-enolase P46 was found to be present in the EMVs of B. fragilis. The P46 protein has been previously described to be present in the outer membrane of B. fragilis as an iron-regulated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Gonçalves Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Camilla Nunes Dos Reis Trindade
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Petra Bell
- University of Leeds, Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, Leeds, UK
| | - André Teixeira-Ferreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Jonas E Perales
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Toxinologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Rede Proteômica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rossiane C Vommaro
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Regina Maria Cavalcanti Pilotto Domingues
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
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11
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Evolutionary and ecological forces that shape the bacterial communities of the human gut. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:567-579. [PMID: 28145439 PMCID: PMC5700752 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Since microbes were first described in the mid-1600s, we have come to appreciate that they live all around and within us with both beneficial and detrimental effects on nearly every aspect of our lives. The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by a dynamic community of trillions of bacteria that constantly interact with each other and their human host. The acquisition of these bacteria is not stochastic but determined by circumstance (environment), host rules (genetics, immune state, mucus, etc), and dynamic self-selection among microbes to form stable, resilient communities that are in balance with the host. In this review, we will discuss how these factors lead to formation of the gut bacterial community and influence its interactions with the host. We will also address how gut bacteria contribute to disease and how they could potentially be targeted to prevent and treat a variety of human ailments.
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12
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An insider's perspective: Bacteroides as a window into the microbiome. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17026. [PMID: 28440278 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, our appreciation for the contribution of resident gut microorganisms-the gut microbiota-to human health has surged. However, progress is limited by the sheer diversity and complexity of these microbial communities. Compounding the challenge, the majority of our commensal microorganisms are not close relatives of Escherichia coli or other model organisms and have eluded culturing and manipulation in the laboratory. In this Review, we discuss how over a century of study of the readily cultured, genetically tractable human gut Bacteroides has revealed important insights into the biochemistry, genomics and ecology that make a gut bacterium a gut bacterium. While genome and metagenome sequences are being produced at breakneck speed, the Bacteroides provide a significant 'jump-start' on uncovering the guiding principles that govern microbiota-host and inter-bacterial associations in the gut that will probably extend to many other members of this ecosystem.
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13
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Counterselection employing mutated pheS for markerless genetic deletion in Bacteroides species. Anaerobe 2016; 42:81-88. [PMID: 27639596 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Markerless gene deletion is necessary for multiple gene disruptions due to the limited number of antibiotic resistant markers for some bacteria. However, even in transformable strains, obtaining the expected mutation without a marker requires laborious screening of a large number of colonies. Previous studies had success in various bacteria with a counter-selection system where a conditional lethal gene was incorporated into the vector. We examined the efficacy of the mutated pheS gene (pheS*) as a counter-selective marker for gene deletion in Bacteroides. This mutation produces an amino acid substitution (A303G) in the alpha subunit of Bacteroides phenylalanyl tRNA synthetase, which in E. coli alters the specificity of the tRNA synthetase resulting in a conditional lethal mutation due to the incorporation of p-chloro-phenylalanine (p-Cl-Phe) into protein. B. fragilis YCH46 and B. thetaiotaomicron VPI-5482 transformed with a pheS*-harboring shuttle vector were clearly growth-inhibited in the presence of >5 mM p-Cl-Phe in liquid defined minimal media (DMM) and on DMM agar plates. A targeting plasmid was constructed to delete the genetic region for capsular polysaccharide PS2 in B. fragilis or PS1 in B. thetaiotaomicron. After counterselection, p-Cl-Phe-resistant colonies were generated at a frequency of 8.1 × 10-3 for B. fragilis and 1.7 × 10-3 for B. thetaiotaomicron. Of the p-Cl-Phe-resistant colonies, 4.2% and 72% harbored the correct genetic deletion for B. fragilis and B. thetaiotaomicron, respectively. These results indicate that mutated pheS is a useful counter-selective gene to construct markerless genetic deletions in Bacteroides.
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14
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Westermann C, Gleinser M, Corr SC, Riedel CU. A Critical Evaluation of Bifidobacterial Adhesion to the Host Tissue. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1220. [PMID: 27547201 PMCID: PMC4974247 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bifidobacteria are common inhabitants of the human gastrointestinal tract that, despite a long history of research, have not shown any pathogenic potential whatsoever. By contrast, some bifidobacteria are associated with a number of health-related benefits for the host. The reported beneficial effects of bifidobacteria include competitive exclusion of pathogens, alleviation of symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel disease, and modulation of intestinal and systemic immune responses. Based on these effects, bifidobacteria are widely used as probiotics by pharmaceutical and dairy industries. In order to exert a beneficial effect bifidobacteria have to, at least transiently, colonize the host in a sufficient population size. Besides other criteria such as resistance to manufacturing processes and intestinal transit, potential probiotic bacteria are tested for adhesion to the host structures including intestinal epithelial cells, mucus, and extracellular matrix components. In the present review article, we summarize the current knowledge on bifidobacterial structures that mediate adhesion to host tissue and compare these to similar structures of pathogenic bacteria. This reveals that most of the adhesive structures and mechanisms involved in adhesion of bifidobacteria to host tissue are similar or even identical to those employed by pathogens to cause disease. It is thus reasonable to assume that these structures and mechanisms are equally important for commensal or probiotic bacteria and play a similar role in the beneficial effects exerted by bifidobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marita Gleinser
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
| | - Sinéad C Corr
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventative Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian U Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm Ulm, Germany
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15
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Boente RF, Pauer H, Silva DN, Filho JS, Sandim V, Antunes LCM, Ferreira RBR, Zingali RB, Domingues RM, Lobo LA. Differential proteomic analysis of outer membrane enriched extracts of Bacteroides fragilis grown under bile salts stress. Anaerobe 2016; 39:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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16
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Abstract
The capsule from Bacteroides, a common gut symbiont, has long been a model system for studying the molecular mechanisms of host-symbiont interactions. The Bacteroides capsule is thought to consist of an array of phase-variable polysaccharides that give rise to subpopulations with distinct cell surface structures. Here, we report the serendipitous discovery of a previously unknown surface structure in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron: a surface layer composed of a protein of unknown function, BT1927. BT1927, which is expressed in a phase-variable manner by ~1:1,000 cells in a wild-type culture, forms a hexagonally tessellated surface layer. The BT1927-expressing subpopulation is profoundly resistant to complement-mediated killing, due in part to the BT1927-mediated blockade of C3b deposition. Our results show that the Bacteroides surface structure is capable of a far greater degree of structural variation than previously known, and they suggest that structural variation within a Bacteroides species is important for productive gut colonization. Many bacterial species elaborate a capsule, a structure that resides outside the cell wall and mediates microbe-microbe and microbe-host interactions. Species of Bacteroides, the most abundant genus in the human gut, produce a capsule that consists of an array of polysaccharides, some of which are known to mediate interactions with the host immune system. Here, we report the discovery of a previously unknown surface structure in Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. We show that this protein-based structure is expressed by a subset of cells in a population and protects Bacteroides from killing by complement, a component of the innate immune system. This novel surface layer protein is conserved across many species of the genus Bacteroides, suggesting an important role in colonization and host immune modulation.
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17
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Ngo A, Fong KT, Cox DL, Chen X, Fisher AJ. Structures of Bacteroides fragilis uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) acyltransferase (BfLpxA). ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:1068-76. [PMID: 25945572 PMCID: PMC4427197 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715003326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Uridine 5'-diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc) acyltransferase (LpxA) catalyzes a reversible reaction for adding an O-acyl group to the GlcNAc in UDP-GlcNAc in the first step of lipid A biosynthesis. Lipid A constitutes a major component of lipopolysaccharides, also referred to as endotoxins, which form the outer monolayer of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. Ligand-free and UDP-GlcNAc-bound crystal structures of LpxA from Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9343, the most common pathogenic bacteria found in abdominal abscesses, have been determined and are presented here. The enzyme crystallizes in a cubic space group, with the crystallographic threefold axis generating the biological functional homotrimer and with each monomer forming a nine-rung left-handed β-helical (LβH) fold in the N-terminus followed by an α-helical motif in the C-terminus. The structure is highly similar to LpxA from other organisms. Yet, despite sharing a similar LβH structure with LpxAs from Escherichia coli and others, previously unseen calcium ions are observed on the threefold axis in B. fragilis LpxA to help stabilize the trimeric assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Ngo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kai T. Fong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Daniel L. Cox
- Department of Physics, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrew J. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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18
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Wilson MM, Anderson DE, Bernstein HD. Analysis of the outer membrane proteome and secretome of Bacteroides fragilis reveals a multiplicity of secretion mechanisms. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117732. [PMID: 25658944 PMCID: PMC4319957 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a widely distributed member of the human gut microbiome and an opportunistic pathogen. Cell surface molecules produced by this organism likely play important roles in colonization, communication with other microbes, and pathogenicity, but the protein composition of the outer membrane (OM) and the mechanisms used to transport polypeptides into the extracellular space are poorly characterized. Here we used LC-MS/MS to analyze the OM proteome and secretome of B. fragilis NCTC 9343 grown under laboratory conditions. Of the 229 OM proteins that we identified, 108 are predicted to be lipoproteins, and 61 are predicted to be TonB-dependent transporters. Based on their proximity to genes encoding TonB-dependent transporters, many of the lipoprotein genes likely encode proteins involved in nutrient or small molecule uptake. Interestingly, protease accessibility and biotinylation experiments indicated that an unusually large fraction of the lipoproteins are cell-surface exposed. We also identified three proteins that are members of a novel family of autotransporters, multiple potential type I protein secretion systems, and proteins that appear to be components of a type VI secretion apparatus. The secretome consisted of lipoproteins and other proteins that might be substrates of the putative type I or type VI secretion systems. Our proteomic studies show that B. fragilis differs considerably from well-studied Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli in both the spectrum of OM proteins that it produces and the range of secretion strategies that it utilizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlena M. Wilson
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - D. Eric Anderson
- Advanced Mass Spectrometry Facility, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Harris D. Bernstein
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Rashid MU, Dalhoff A, Bäckström T, Björkhem-Bergman L, Panagiotidis G, Weintraub A, Nord CE. Ecological impact of MCB3837 on the normal human microbiota. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 44:125-30. [PMID: 24931053 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
MCB3837 is a novel, water-soluble, injectable prodrug that is rapidly converted to the active substance MCB3681 in vivo following intravenous (i.v.) administration. Both MCB3837 and MCB3681 are oxazolidinone-quinolone hybrid molecules. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of MCB3681 on the human skin, nose, oropharyngeal and intestinal microbiota following administration of MCB3837. Twelve healthy male subjects received i.v. MCB3837 (6 mg/kg body weight) once daily for 5 days. Skin, nose, saliva and faecal samples were collected on Day -1 (pre dose), during administration on Days 2 and 5, and post dose on Days 8, 12 and 19. Micro-organisms were identified to genus level. No measurable concentrations of MCB3681 were found in any saliva samples or in the faecal samples on Day -1. On Day 2, 10 volunteers had faecal MCB3681 concentrations between 16.5 mg/kg faeces and 275.1mg/kg faeces; no MCB3681 in faeces could be detected in two of the volunteers. On Day 5, all volunteers had faecal concentrations of MCB3681 ranging from 98.9 to 226.3 mg/kg. MCB3681 caused no ecological changes in the skin, nasal and oropharyngeal microbiota. The numbers of enterococci, bifidobacteria, lactobacilli and clostridia decreased in the intestinal microbiota during administration of the drug. Numbers of Escherichia coli, other enterobacteria and Candida were not affected during the study. There was no impact on the number of Bacteroides. The faecal microbiota was normalised on Day 19. No new colonising aerobic or anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria with MCB3681 minimum inhibitory concentrations of ≥4 mg/L were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun-Ur Rashid
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Axel Dalhoff
- University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Institute for Infection Medicine, Brunswiker Str. 4, D-24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäckström
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Linda Björkhem-Bergman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georgios Panagiotidis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrej Weintraub
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl Erik Nord
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Galvão BPGV, Weber BW, Rafudeen MS, Ferreira EO, Patrick S, Abratt VR. Identification of a collagen type I adhesin of Bacteroides fragilis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91141. [PMID: 24618940 PMCID: PMC3949742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is an opportunistic pathogen which can cause life threatening infections in humans and animals. The ability to adhere to components of the extracellular matrix, including collagen, is related to bacterial host colonisation. Collagen Far Western analysis of the B. fragilis outer membrane protein (OMP) fraction revealed the presence two collagen adhesin bands of ∼ 31 and ∼ 34 kDa. The collagen adhesins in the OMP fraction were separated and isolated by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and also purified by collagen affinity chromatography. The collagen binding proteins isolated by both these independent methods were subjected to tandem mass spectroscopy for peptide identification and matched to a single hypothetical protein encoded by B. fragilis NCTC 9343 (BF0586), conserved in YCH46 (BF0662) and 638R (BF0633) and which is designated in this study as cbp1 (collagen binding protein). Functionality of the protein was confirmed by targeted insertional mutagenesis of the cbp1 gene in B. fragilis GSH18 which resulted in the specific loss of both the ∼ 31 kDa and the ∼ 34 kDa adhesin bands. Purified his-tagged Cbp1, expressed in a B. fragilis wild-type and a glycosylation deficient mutant, confirmed that the cbp1 gene encoded the observed collagen adhesin, and showed that the 34 kDa band represents a glycosylated version of the ∼ 31 kDa protein. Glycosylation did not appear to be required for binding collagen. This study is the first to report the presence of collagen type I adhesin proteins in B. fragilis and to functionally identify a gene encoding a collagen binding protein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon W. Weber
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Mohamed S. Rafudeen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA
| | - Eliane O. Ferreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, UFRJ, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sheila Patrick
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie R. Abratt
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, RSA
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira EDO, Teixeira FL, Cordeiro F, Araujo Lobo L, Rocha ER, Smith JC, Domingues RMCP. The Bfp60 surface adhesin is an extracellular matrix and plasminogen protein interacting in Bacteroides fragilis. Int J Med Microbiol 2013; 303:492-7. [PMID: 23850366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasminogen (Plg) is a highly abundant protein found in the plasma component of blood and is necessary for the degradation of fibrin, collagen, and other structural components of tissues. This fibrinolytic system is utilized by several pathogenic species of bacteria to manipulate the host plasminogen system and facilitate invasion of tissues during infection by modifying the activation of this process through the binding of Plg at their surface. Bacteroides fragilis is the most commonly isolated Gram-negative obligate anaerobe from human clinical infections, such as intra-abdominal abscesses and anaerobic bacteraemia. The ability of B. fragilis to convert plasminogen (Plg) into plasmin has been associated with an outer membrane protein named Bfp60. In this study, we characterized the function of Bfp60 protein in B. fragilis 638R by constructing the bfp60 defective strain and comparing its with that of the wild type regarding binding to laminin-1 (LMN-1) and activation of Plg into plasmin. Although the results showed in this study indicate that Bfp60 surface protein of B. fragilis is important for the recognition of LMN-1 and Plg activation, a significant slow activation of Plg into plasmin was observed in the mutant strain. For that reason, the possibility of another unidentified mechanism activating Plg is also present in B. fragilis cannot be discarded. The results demonstrate that Bfp60 protein is responsible for the recognition of laminin and Plg-plasmin activation. Although the importance of this protein is still unclear in the pathogenicity of the species, it is accepted that since other pathogenic bacteria use this mechanism to disseminate through the extracellular matrix during the infection, it should also contribute to the virulence of B. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório de Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Estrada de Xerém, 27, Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 25245-390, Brazil.
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Kim TH, Lee KB, Kang MJ, Park JH. Critical role of Toll-like receptor 2 in Bacteroides fragilis-mediated immune responses in murine peritoneal mesothelial cells. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 56:782-8. [PMID: 22938101 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00505.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in immune responses of murine peritoneal mesothelial cells against Bacteroides fragilis was investigated. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure cytokines and chemokines. Activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB-α) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP kinases) was investigated by western blot analysis. B. fragilis induced production of interleukin-6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 1 (CXCL1) and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) in wild type peritoneal mesothelial cells; this was impaired in TLR2-deficient cells. In addition, in response to B. fragilis, phosphorylation of inhibitory NF-κB-α and c-Jun N-terminal kinase mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was induced in wild type mesothelial cells, but not in TLR2-deficient cells,. Inhibitor assay revealed that NF-κB and MAPKs are essential for B. fragilis-induced production of CXCL1 and CCL2 in mesothelial cells. These findings suggest that TLR2 mediates immune responses in peritoneal mesothelial cells in response to B. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hyoun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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Discerning the role of Bacteroides fragilis in celiac disease pathogenesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:6507-15. [PMID: 22773639 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00563-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is associated with intestinal dysbiosis, which can theoretically lead to dysfunctions in host-microbe interactions and contribute to the disease. In the present study, possible differences in Bacteroides spp. and their pathogenic features between CD patients and controls were investigated. Bacteroides clones (n = 274) were isolated, identified, and screened for the presence of the virulence genes (bft and mpII) coding for metalloproteases. The proteolytic activity of selected Bacteroides fragilis strains was evaluated by zymography and, after gastrointestinal digestion of gliadin, by high-pressure liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization/tandem mass spectrometry. The effects of B. fragilis strains on Caco-2 cell culture permeability and inflammatory response to digested gliadin were determined. B. fragilis was more frequently identified in CD patients than in healthy controls, in contrast to Bacteroides ovatus. B. fragilis clones carrying virulence genes coding for metalloproteases were more abundant in CD patients than in controls. B. fragilis strains, representing the isolated clones and carrying metalloprotease genes, showed gelatinase activity and exerted the strongest adverse effects on the integrity of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. All B. fragilis strains also showed gliadin-hydrolyzing activity, and some of them generated immunogenic peptides that preserved or increased inflammatory cytokine production (tumor necrosis factor alpha) and showed increased ability to permeate through Caco-2 cell cultures. These findings suggest that increased abundance of B. fragilis strains with metalloprotease activities could play a role in CD pathogenesis, although further in vivo studies are required to support this hypothesis.
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Mother-to-child transmission of and multiple-strain colonization by Bacteroides fragilis in a cohort of mothers and their children. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8318-24. [PMID: 21965394 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05293-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis represents an early infant colonizer with important host interactions. Our knowledge about the diversity, transmission, and persistence of this bacterium, however, is limited. Here, we addressed these questions using a combination of multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) sequence analyses. We used both culture-dependent and -independent typing. We genotyped B. fragilis in fecal samples from a cohort of 93 mothers and their children, with samples taken from the mothers and from the children at the ages 1 to 10 days, 4 months, 1 year, and 2 years. By MLST we found two main B. fragilis groups, which we denoted clades A and B. Direct typing of stool samples using the icd gene revealed seven sequence types, five within clade A and two within clade B. A single clade A sequence type, however, represented 79% of all the sequences. This sequence type was further subtyped using VNTR. VNTR subtyping revealed 16 different VNTR types. Based on the distribution patterns of these, we show mother-to-child transmission and multiple-strain colonization. We argue that negative host selection promotes the coexistence of multiple strains. The significance of our findings is that we have started unraveling the transmission and persistence patterns of one of the most important human gut colonizers.
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Xu Q, Abdubek P, Astakhova T, Axelrod HL, Bakolitsa C, Cai X, Carlton D, Chen C, Chiu HJ, Chiu M, Clayton T, Das D, Deller MC, Duan L, Ellrott K, Farr CL, Feuerhelm J, Grant JC, Grzechnik A, Han GW, Jaroszewski L, Jin KK, Klock HE, Knuth MW, Kozbial P, Krishna SS, Kumar A, Marciano D, McMullan D, Miller MD, Morse AT, Nigoghossian E, Nopakun A, Okach L, Puckett C, Reyes R, Sefcovic N, Tien HJ, Trame CB, van den Bedem H, Weekes D, Wooten T, Yeh A, Zhou J, Hodgson KO, Wooley J, Elsliger MA, Deacon AM, Godzik A, Lesley SA, Wilson IA. A conserved fold for fimbrial components revealed by the crystal structure of a putative fimbrial assembly protein (BT1062) from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron at 2.2 Å resolution. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2010; 66:1281-6. [PMID: 20944223 PMCID: PMC2954217 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110006548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/19/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BT1062 from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron is a homolog of Mfa2 (PGN0288 or PG0179), which is a component of the minor fimbriae in Porphyromonas gingivalis. The crystal structure of BT1062 revealed a conserved fold that is widely adopted by fimbrial components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Xu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Polat Abdubek
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Tamara Astakhova
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Herbert L. Axelrod
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Constantina Bakolitsa
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Xiaohui Cai
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dennis Carlton
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Connie Chen
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hsiu-Ju Chiu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Chiu
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Clayton
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Debanu Das
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Marc C. Deller
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lian Duan
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kyle Ellrott
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Carol L. Farr
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Julie Feuerhelm
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Joanna C. Grant
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Anna Grzechnik
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Gye Won Han
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Lukasz Jaroszewski
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin K. Jin
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Heath E. Klock
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mark W. Knuth
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Piotr Kozbial
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - S. Sri Krishna
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Abhinav Kumar
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - David Marciano
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel McMullan
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Andrew T. Morse
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Edward Nigoghossian
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Amanda Nopakun
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda Okach
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christina Puckett
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ron Reyes
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Sefcovic
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Henry J. Tien
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Christine B. Trame
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Henry van den Bedem
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Dana Weekes
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tiffany Wooten
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Yeh
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Keith O. Hodgson
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Photon Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - John Wooley
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marc-Andre Elsliger
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashley M. Deacon
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Adam Godzik
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Program on Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Scott A. Lesley
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Protein Sciences Department, Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Joint Center for Structural Genomics, http://www.jcsg.org, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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26
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Lazarovitch T, Freimann S, Shapira G, Blank H. Decrease in anaerobe-related bacteraemias and increase in Bacteroides species isolation rate from 1998 to 2007: A retrospective study. Anaerobe 2010; 16:201-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps characterized from bacteria of human, animal, plant and environmental origins. These pumps are mostly encoded on the chromosome, although they can also be plasmid-encoded. A previous article in this journal provided a comprehensive review regarding efflux-mediated drug resistance in bacteria. In the past 5 years, significant progress has been achieved in further understanding of drug resistance-related efflux transporters and this review focuses on the latest studies in this field since 2003. This has been demonstrated in multiple aspects that include but are not limited to: further molecular and biochemical characterization of the known drug efflux pumps and identification of novel drug efflux pumps; structural elucidation of the transport mechanisms of drug transporters; regulatory mechanisms of drug efflux pumps; determining the role of the drug efflux pumps in other functions such as stress responses, virulence and cell communication; and development of efflux pump inhibitors. Overall, the multifaceted implications of drug efflux transporters warrant novel strategies to combat multidrug resistance in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Zhi Li
- Human Safety Division, Veterinary Drugs Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A OK9, Canada
| | - Hiroshi Nikaido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3202, USA
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28
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Bacteroides fragilis induce necrosis on mice peritoneal macrophages: In vitro and in vivo assays. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 387:627-32. [PMID: 19497302 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2009] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is an anaerobic bacteria component of human intestinal microbiota and agent of infections. In the host B. fragilis interacts with macrophages, which produces toxic radicals like NO. The interaction of activated mice peritoneal macrophages with four strains of B. fragilis was evaluated on this study. Previously was shown that such strains could cause metabolic and morphologic alterations related to macrophage death. In this work propidium iodide staining showed the strains inducing macrophage necrosis in that the labeling was evident. Besides nitroblue tetrazolium test showed that B. fragilis stimulates macrophage to produce oxygen radicals. In vivo assays performed in BalbC mice have results similar to those for in vitro tests as well as scanning electron microscopy, which showed the same surface pore-like structures observed in vitro before. The results revealed that B. fragilis strains studied lead to macrophage death by a process similar to necrosis.
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29
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Ferreira EDO, de Carvalho JB, Peixoto RJM, Lobo LA, Zingalli RB, Smith CJ, Rocha ER, Domingues RMCP. The interaction of Bacteroides fragilis with components of the human fibrinolytic system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:48-55. [PMID: 19260960 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2009.00546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Bacteroides fragilis is a minor component of the intestinal microbiota and the most frequently isolated from intra-abdominal infections and bacteremia. Previously, our group has shown that molecules involved in laminin-1 (LMN-1) recognition were present in outer membrane protein extracts of B. fragilis MC2 strain. One of these proteins was identified and showed 98% similarity to a putative B. fragilis plasminogen-binding protein precursor, deposited in the public database. Thus, the objective of this work was to overexpress and further characterize this novel adhesin. The ability of B. fragilis MC2 strain and purified protein to convert plasminogen into plasmin was tested. Our results showed that B. fragilis strain MC2 strain adhered to both LMN-1 and plasminogen and this adhesion was inhibited by either LMN-1 or plasminogen. Regarding the plasminogen activation activity, both the whole bacterial cell and the purified protein converted plasminogen into plasmin similar to streptokinase used as a positive control. Bacterial receptors that recognize plasminogen bind to it and enhance its activation, transforming a nonproteolytic bacterium into a proteolytic one. We present in vitro evidence for a pathogenic function of the plasminogen receptor in promoting adherence to laminin and also the formation of plasmin by B. fragilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliane de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratório Biologia de Anaeróbios, Departamento de Microbiologia Médica, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, CCS, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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30
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Nakano V, Piazza R, Cianciarullo A, Bueris V, Santos M, Menezes M, Mendes-Ledesma M, Szulczewski V, Elias W, Pumbwe L, Wexler H, Avila-Campos M. Adherence and invasion of Bacteroidales isolated from the human intestinal tract. Clin Microbiol Infect 2008; 14:955-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2008.02069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Magalashvili L, Lazarovich S, Pechatnikov I, Wexler HM, Nitzan Y. Cytokine release and expression induced by OmpA proteins from the Gram-negative anaerobes, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Bacteroides fragilis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 53:252-9. [PMID: 18503547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2008.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OmpA proteins from Gram-negative anaerobes Porphyromonas asaccharolytica and Bacteroides fragilis induced release and expression of IL-1alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, IFN-gamma, IL-6, and IL-10 from murine splenocytes in vitro in a dose-dependent fashion. The release of the cytokines induced by B. fragilis Bf-OmpA was at much lower levels compared with P. asaccharolytica Omp-PA; Bf-OmpA did not induce release of IL-10. Omp-PA and Bf-OmpA were able to upregulate mRNA expression of the tested cytokines. The results obtained with refolded Bf-OmpA were similar to those with native Bf-OmpA. The data presented in this research demonstrate for the first time that Omps from anaerobic bacteria can induce the release of cytokines, suggesting that Omp-PA and Bf-OmpA may play important roles in the pathogenic processes of these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Magalashvili
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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32
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Abstract
SUMMARY Bacteroides species are significant clinical pathogens and are found in most anaerobic infections, with an associated mortality of more than 19%. The bacteria maintain a complex and generally beneficial relationship with the host when retained in the gut, but when they escape this environment they can cause significant pathology, including bacteremia and abscess formation in multiple body sites. Genomic and proteomic analyses have vastly added to our understanding of the manner in which Bacteroides species adapt to, and thrive in, the human gut. A few examples are (i) complex systems to sense and adapt to nutrient availability, (ii) multiple pump systems to expel toxic substances, and (iii) the ability to influence the host immune system so that it controls other (competing) pathogens. B. fragilis, which accounts for only 0.5% of the human colonic flora, is the most commonly isolated anaerobic pathogen due, in part, to its potent virulence factors. Species of the genus Bacteroides have the most antibiotic resistance mechanisms and the highest resistance rates of all anaerobic pathogens. Clinically, Bacteroides species have exhibited increasing resistance to many antibiotics, including cefoxitin, clindamycin, metronidazole, carbapenems, and fluoroquinolones (e.g., gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin).
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Pumbwe L, Skilbeck CA, Wexler HM. Impact of anatomic site on growth, efflux-pump expression, cell structure, and stress responsiveness of Bacteroides fragilis. Curr Microbiol 2007; 55:362-5. [PMID: 17882508 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-0278-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated whether B. fragilis from various human sites acquired stable traits enabling it to express certain efflux pumps (EPs), adopt a particular cell structure, and tolerate certain stressors. Isolates from blood, abscess, and stool (n = 11 each) were investigated. Bacteria from various sites portrayed different ultrastructres and EP expression. Blood isolates were tolerant to nutrient limitation and stool isolates to NaCl and bile salt stress. Stressors significantly increased EP expression. These data demonstrate that (1) B. fragilis acquires stable traits from various in vivo microenvironments; (2) that EPs are involved in stress responsiveness; and (3) that EP expression is tightly controlled and site dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Pumbwe
- Greater Los Angeles Veterans Administration Healthcare Systems, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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