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Zhong B, Seah JJ, Liu F, Ba L, Du J, Wang DY. The role of hypoxia in the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis. Allergy 2022; 77:3217-3232. [PMID: 35603933 DOI: 10.1111/all.15384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal cavity characterized by excessive nasal mucus secretion and nasal congestion. The development of CRS is related to pathological mechanisms induced by hypoxia. Under hypoxic conditions, the stable expression of both Hypoxia inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) α and HIF-2α are involved in the immune response and inflammatory pathways of CRS. The imbalance in the composition of nasal microbiota may affect the hypoxic state of CRS and perpetuate existing inflammation. Hypoxia affects the differentiation of nasal epithelial cells such as ciliated cells and goblet cells, induces fibroblast proliferation, and leads to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and tissue remodeling. Hypoxia also affects the proliferation and differentiation of macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells in sinonasal mucosa, and thus influences the inflammatory state of CRS by regulating T cells and B cells. Given the multifactorial nature in which HIF is linked to CRS, this study aims to elucidate the effect of hypoxia on the pathogenic mechanisms of CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Zhong
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun Jie Seah
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Liu
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Luo Ba
- Department of Otolaryngology, People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region, Lhasa, China
| | - Jintao Du
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, Lee Layland S, Acreman S, Schenke-Layland K, Johnson PR. Basement membrane proteins improve human islet survival in hypoxia: Implications for islet inflammation. Acta Biomater 2022; 137:92-102. [PMID: 34653695 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic digestion of the pancreas during islet isolation is associated with disintegration of the islet basement membrane (IBM) that can cause reduction of functional and morphological islet integrity. Attempts to re-establish IBM by coating the surface of culture vessels with various IBM proteins (IBMP) have resulted in loss of islet phenotype and function. This study investigated the capability of Collagen-IV, Laminin-521 and Nidogen-1, utilised as single or combined media supplements, to protect human islets cultured in hypoxia. When individually supplemented to media, all IBMP significantly improved islet survival and in-vitro function, finally resulting in as much as a two-fold increase of islet overall survival. In contrast, combining IBMP enhanced the production of chemokines and reactive oxygen species diminishing all positive effects of individually added IBMP. This impact was concentration-dependent and concerned nearly all parameters of islet integrity. Predictive extrapolation of these findings to data from 116 processed human pancreases suggests that more than 90% of suboptimal pancreases could be rescued for clinical islet transplantation increasing the number of transplantable preparations from actual 25 to 40 when adding Nidogen-1 to pretransplant culture. This study suggests that media supplementation with essential IBMP protects human islets from hypoxia. Amongst those, certain IBMP may be incompatible when combined or applied at higher concentrations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Pancreatic islet transplantation is a minimally-invasive treatment that can reverse type 1 diabetes in certain patients. It involves infusing of insulin-producing cell-clusters (islets) from donor pancreases. Unfortunately, islet extraction is associated with damage of the islet basement membrane (IBM) causing reduced islet function and cell death. Attempts to re-establish the IBM by coating the surface of culture vessels with IBM proteins (IBMP) have been unsuccessful. Instead, we dissolved the most relevant IBM components Collagen-IV, Laminin-521 and Nidogen-1 in media routinely used for clinical islet culture and transplantation. We found human islet survival and function was substantially improved by IBMP, particularly Nidogen-1, when exposed to a hypoxic environment as found in vivo. We also investigated IBMP combinations. Our present findings have important clinical implications.
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Shimizu S, Tojima I, Nakamura K, Arai H, Kouzaki H, Shimizu T. Nasal polyp fibroblasts (NPFs)-derived exosomes are important for the release of vascular endothelial growth factor from cocultured eosinophils and NPFs. Auris Nasus Larynx 2021; 49:407-414. [PMID: 34736807 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Significant eosinophil infiltration and tissue remodeling are common characteristics of conditions associated with chronic airway inflammation, such as chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp and bronchial asthma. This study was designed to elucidate the role of eosinophil-fibroblast interactions in tissue remodeling during chronic airway inflammation. METHODS Peripheral blood eosinophils or EoL-1 eosinophilic leukemia cells were cocultured with nasal polyp fibroblasts (NPFs). Coculture-induced release of exosomes, major components of extracellular vesicles (EVs), and a profibrotic cytokine, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Eosinophil-NPF interactions stimulated the release of exosomes and VEGF into culture supernatants. Coculture-induced release of exosomes was stimulated earlier than VEGF release, at 3 h of incubation. The average size of the EVs released by NPFs was 133 ± 3.6 nm. NPF-derived EVs (exosome concentration: 25 pg/mL) significantly stimulated VEGF release from EoL-1 cells. Pretreatment of NPFs with exosome inhibitor, GW4869 or DMA attenuated the release of exosomes and VEGF from cocultured EoL-1 cells and NPFs. CONCLUSION The results of this study indicate that eosinophil-fibroblast interactions are important in the pathophysiology of tissue remodeling in eosinophil-predominant airway inflammation and that NPF-derived exosomes play a crucial role in the release of VEGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan.
| | - Ichiro Tojima
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Keigo Nakamura
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Arai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Hideaki Kouzaki
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192, Japan
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Brandhorst D, Brandhorst H, Acreman S, Abraham A, Johnson PRV. High Concentrations of Etanercept Reduce Human Islet Function and Integrity. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:599-610. [PMID: 33679137 PMCID: PMC7926188 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s294663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most islet transplant groups worldwide routinely use the TNFα inhibitor Etanercept in their peri-transplant protocols. Surprisingly, there have been no published dose-response studies on the effects of Etanercept on human islets. Our study aimed to address this by treating cultured human islets with increasing concentrations of Etanercept. Materials and Methods Isolated human islets were cultured for 3–4 days in normoxic (21% oxygen) or in hypoxic (2% oxygen) atmosphere using Etanercept dissolved in a range of 2.5–40 µg/mL prior to islet characterisation. Results In normoxic atmosphere, it was found that 5 µg/mL is the most efficient dose to preserve islet morphological and functional integrity during culture. Increasing the dose to 10 µg/mL or more resulted in detrimental effects with respect to viability and glucose-stimulated insulin release. When human islets were cultured for 3 to 4 days in clinically relevant hypoxia and treated with 5 µg/mL Etanercept, post-culture islet survival (P < 0.001) and in vitro function (P < 0.01) were significantly improved. This correlated with a substantially reduced cytokine production (P < 0.05), improved mitochondrial function (P < 0.01), and reduced production of reactive oxygen species (P < 0.001) in hypoxia-exposed islets. Conclusion These findings suggest that the therapeutic window of Etanercept is very narrow and that this should be considered when optimising the dosage and route of Etanercept administration in islet-transplant recipients or when designing novel drug-delivering islet scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Brandhorst
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Consortium for Islet Transplantation, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Heide Brandhorst
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Consortium for Islet Transplantation, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Samuel Acreman
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Consortium for Islet Transplantation, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Anju Abraham
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Consortium for Islet Transplantation, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Paul R V Johnson
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Oxford Consortium for Islet Transplantation, Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism (OCDEM), Churchill Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
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Ye M, Li X. Effect of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors in adult otitis media with effusion. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 276:1889-1895. [PMID: 30919059 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-019-05400-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some studies have demonstrated that vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of otitis media with effusion (OME) in animal models. However, the levels of VEGF and its receptors in adult OME have not been clarified. Our study was designed to detect the levels of VEGF and its receptors in adult OME and explore their relationship with effusion types, duration and prognosis of OME. METHODS 61 patients with secretory otitis media were enrolled including 21 males and 40 females, with an average age of 54.7 ± 17.5 years. The middle-ear effusions were collected by tympanocentesis or myringotomy. The protein concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and messenger RNA by real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS VEGF level was higher in AOME group, but not correlated with the recurrence of OME. VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 levels were lower in recurrent group compared with non-recurrent group. VEGFR2 level was higher in serous effusions than mucoid effusions. VEGF messenger RNA was positively correlated both with HIF-1α and MUC5B. CONCLUSIONS VEGF and its receptors function to induce the production of middle-ear effusions (MEEs) at acute stage of OME rather than chronic or recurrent stage, which is mainly mediated by HIF-1α pathway. The formation of mucoid effusions is associated with MUC5B and VEGFR2, but not with duration and recurrence of OME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxiao Ye
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiping Li
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, No. 2 Anzhen Road, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China.
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Wakayama N, Matsune S, Takahara E, Sekine K, Yoshioka Y, Ishida M, Yamaguchi S, Okubo K, Sunazuka T, Ōmura S. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of EM900 on Cultured Human Nasal Epithelial Cells. J NIPPON MED SCH 2019; 85:265-270. [PMID: 30464143 DOI: 10.1272/jnms.jnms.2018_85-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Macrolide therapy is an important conservative therapy for chronic rhinosinusitis, especially in Japan. The mechanism underlying this therapy involves anti-inflammatory and not antimicrobial activity. However, the administration of long-term low-dose macrolides (LTLMs) causes an increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. EM900 is a derivative of erythromycin (EM), with anti-inflammatory but not antibacterial effects. It does not induce macrolide-resistant bacteria as shown by LTLM. In the present study, we analyzed the inhibitory effects of EM900 in comparison with those of clarithromycin (CAM) on inflammatory cytokine production in human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpCs). METHODS After HNEpCs were cultured for 4 days, CAM or EM900 was added into the culture, followed by stimulation with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. Interleukin (IL)-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Both the ELISA and RT-PCR showed that EM900 and CAM significantly inhibited IL-8 production in HNEpCs. In contrast, EM900 and CAM did not suppress the increased VEGF production when HNEpCs were stimulated with TNF-α. CONCLUSION EM900 showed an anti-inflammatory effect, such as that of CAM, due to the inhibitory effect on IL-8 production in HNEpCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Wakayama
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Eriko Takahara
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Kuwon Sekine
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Yuma Yoshioka
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Mariko Ishida
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Satoshi Yamaguchi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School Musashi Kosugi Hospital
| | - Kimihiro Okubo
- Department of Otolaryngology, Nippon Medical School, Graduate School of Medicine, Head and Neck Surgery
| | | | - Satoshi Ōmura
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University
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7
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Cho HJ, Kim CH. Oxygen matters: hypoxia as a pathogenic mechanism in rhinosinusitis. BMB Rep 2018; 51:59-64. [PMID: 29366441 PMCID: PMC5836558 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2018.51.2.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The airway epithelium is the first place, where a defense mechanism is initiated against environmental stimuli. Mucociliary transport (MCT), which is the defense mechanism of the airway and the role of airway epithelium as mechanical barriers are essential in innate immunity. To maintain normal physiologic function, normal oxygenation is critical for the production of energy for optimal cellular functions. Several pathologic conditions are associated with a decrease in oxygen tension in airway epithelium and chronic sinusitis is one of the airway diseases, which is associated with the hypoxic condition, a potent inflammatory stimulant. We have observed the overexpression of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), an essential factor for oxygen homeostasis, in the epithelium of sinus mucosa in sinusitis patients. In a series of previous reports, we have found hypoxia-induced mucus hyperproduction, especially by MUC5AC hyperproduction, disruption of epithelial barrier function by the production of VEGF, and down-regulation of junctional proteins such as ZO-1 and E-cadherin. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced inflammation by HMGB1 translocation into the cytoplasm results in the release of IL-8 through a ROS-dependent mechanism in upper airway epithelium. In this mini-review, we briefly introduce and summarize current progress in the pathogenesis of sinusitis related to hypoxia. The investigation of hypoxia-related pathophysiology in airway epithelium will suggest new insights on airway inflammatory diseases, such as rhinosinusitis for clinical application and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Ju Cho
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, and The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, and The Airway Mucus Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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8
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Song HA, Kim YS, Cho HJ, Kim SI, Kang MJ, Kim JH, Min HJ, Kang JW, Yoon JH, Kim CH. Hypoxia Modulates Epithelial Permeability via Regulation of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Airway Epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:527-535. [PMID: 28598679 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0080oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia resulting from occlusion of the sinus ostium is known to be one of the major pathogenic mechanisms of sinusitis. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 is a widely known transcription factor that induces the cellular response to hypoxic conditions and activates the transcription of several genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). We hypothesized that induced permeability caused by hypoxia is a major pathophysiologic mechanism of upper airway diseases, such as sinusitis. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of hypoxia-induced hyperpermeability, which mediates increased paracellular permeability and enhanced microbial invasiveness in the airway epithelium. We show that expression of VEGF mRNA and protein and HIF-1α protein increased as a function of time under hypoxia in normal human nasal epithelial cells. Our results also indicate that VEGF expression was induced by transfection with a mammalian expression vector encoding HIF-1 but down-regulated by transfection with small interfering RNA specific for HIF-1α under hypoxic conditions. Results of a transepithelial permeability assay measuring transepithelial electrical resistance indicated that permeability was increased as a function of time under hypoxia and was rescued by anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (bevacizumab) and small interfering RNA specific for HIF-1α. We detected up-regulated HIF-1α and VEGF expression in mucosal epithelium samples from patients with sinusitis compared with normal mucosal epithelium using Western blotting and immunohistochemical staining. In conclusion, we suggest that the hypoxia-HIF-1α-VEGF axis plays an important role in hyperpermeability of airway epithelial cells, implying a role in the pathophysiology of upper respiratory tract diseases, such as sinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Ah Song
- 1 Research Center for Human Natural Defense System
| | | | - Hyung-Ju Cho
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,3 The Airway Mucus Institute, and
| | - Soo In Kim
- 1 Research Center for Human Natural Defense System
| | | | - Ji Hyun Kim
- 1 Research Center for Human Natural Defense System
| | | | | | - Joo-Heon Yoon
- 1 Research Center for Human Natural Defense System.,2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,3 The Airway Mucus Institute, and.,4 BK 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Hoon Kim
- 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology.,3 The Airway Mucus Institute, and
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Cho SH, Kim DW, Gevaert P. Chronic Rhinosinusitis without Nasal Polyps. THE JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY-IN PRACTICE 2017; 4:575-82. [PMID: 27393771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaip.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) is more prevalent than chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Certain diseases predispose to whereas others are associated with CRSsNP. Predisposing diseases include allergic and nonallergic upper and lower airway diseases, epithelial cell disorders, immunodeficiencies, autoimmune diseases, and some infectious diseases. In addition, environmental and host factors, examples of which include smoking, a higher incidence of abnormal biofilms, and innate immune defects, play a role in the pathogenesis of this disease. CRSsNP is characterized by histologic abnormalities, including basement membrane thickening (fibrosis) and goblet cell hyperplasia. Neutrophils and several chemokines, TGF-β and C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL)-8, play a role in CRSsNP remodeling. However, there are conflicting data about CRSsNP endotypes, for example, whether it is characterized by neutrophilia or eosinophilia or both. In spite of advancements and the understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease, additional study is necessary to better comprehend its underlying mechanisms, endotypes, and evidence-based treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Ho Cho
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla.
| | - Dae Woo Kim
- Division of Allergy-Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, Fla; Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Boramae Medical Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Philippe Gevaert
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
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Ball SL, Mann DA, Wilson JA, Fisher AJ. The Role of the Fibroblast in Inflammatory Upper Airway Conditions. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 186:225-33. [PMID: 26687989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Upper airway inflammation is one of the most frequent health care presentations. This is perhaps not surprising with our exposure to a myriad of environmental microbes, pollutants, and allergens. The precise pathophysiological mechanisms that cause persistent, exaggerated, upper airway inflammation rather than acute resolving illness remain unclear. Analysis of upper airway specimens identifies specific inflammatory cells, cytokine signatures, and fibrotic airway remodeling. Recent research has highlighted the role of stromal cells in the generation and persistence of chronic inflammation. Rather than simply being scaffolding or extracellular matrix-secreting cells on which organ systems are built, stromal cells including fibroblasts and osteocytes have their own independent immunologic functions. Here, we review the emerging inflammatory roles of upper airway fibroblasts, the majority of which appear to influence immune cell chemotaxis and amplify the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen L Ball
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | - Derek A Mann
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Janet A Wilson
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Fibrosis Research Group, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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11
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Yu H, Liu Y, Pan W, Shen S, Das UN. Polyunsaturated fatty acids augment tumoricidal action of 5-fluorouracil on gastric cancer cells by their action on vascular endothelial growth factor, tumor necrosis factor-α and lipid metabolism related factors. Arch Med Sci 2015; 11:282-91. [PMID: 25995742 PMCID: PMC4424247 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2015.50962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gastric cancer is the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is a commonly used anti-cancer drug. Various polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are known to have tumoricidal action both in vitro and in vivo. Though PUFAs are known to augment the cytotoxic action of anti-cancer drugs, the exact mechanism is not clear. MATERIAL AND METHODS The human gastric cancer cell line MGC (undifferentiated) and human gastric cancer cell line SGC (semi-differentiated) were either 5-FU alone or a combination of 5-FU + PUFAs and their proliferation, and ability to secrete tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and lipid metabolism-related factors lipoprotein lipase (LPL), peroxisome proliferator-activated-γ (PPAR-γ), and CCAAT enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) were investigated and analyzed. RESULTS It was noted that combined treatment of 5-FU + PUFAs on gastric carcinoma (MGC and SGC) cells produced a significant growth inhibitory action compared with either agent alone by inhibiting the production of TNF-α and VEGF and a simultaneous increase in the expression of LPL, PPAR-γ, and C/EBP. CONCLUSIONS Based on the results of the present study, it is concluded that PUFAs enhance the tumoricidal action of the anti-cancer drug 5-FU by acting on anti-angiogenic factors and enzymes involved in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Yu
- College of Pharmacological Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liu
- College of Pharmacological Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wensheng Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengrong Shen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Grgić MV, Ćupić H, Kalogjera L, Baudoin T. Surgical treatment for nasal polyposis: predictors of outcome. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2015; 272:3735-43. [PMID: 25634061 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-015-3519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasal polyps recur in approximately one-third of patients after surgical treatment. It would be beneficial to be able to predict the patients in whom we might expect recurrence and to predict the clinical outcome after surgery. The study included 30 patients operated for nasal polyps. Removed polyps were analyzed by immunohistochemical analysis for IL-5, IgE, vascular endothelial growth factor and eosinophilic infiltration. These parameters together with preoperative CT score were used as independent variables, and subjective score improvement after 2 years was used as a dependent variable in multiple linear regression analysis. Furthermore, the patients were divided into two groups: low and high polyp tissue immunoreactivity. The Chi-squared test was used to determine whether polyp immunoreactivity influences polyp recurrence and subjective score. Preoperative CT score had a slightly positive correlation with subjective score after 2 years. High eosinophil infiltration significantly predicted a higher risk for polyp recurrence. High IL-5 positivity was related to greater risk for polyp recurrence than low IL-5 reactivity but not significantly. IgE and VEGF reactivity in polyp specimens did not have any effect on polyp recurrence. High eosinophilic infiltration in polyps can predict worse outcome after surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis. IgE and VEGF do not have prognostic significance to polyp recurrence after surgery. The preoperative extent of disease measured by CT score had a slightly positive correlation with worse outcome after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Velimir Grgić
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, 'Sisters of Mercy' University Medical Center, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Vinogradska 29, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Hrvoje Ćupić
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital 'Sisters of Mercy' University Medical Center, Zagreb University School of Dentistry, Vinogradska 29, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Livije Kalogjera
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, 'Sisters of Mercy' University Medical Center, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Vinogradska 29, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Baudoin
- Department of ENT and Head and Neck Surgery, 'Sisters of Mercy' University Medical Center, Zagreb University School of Medicine, Vinogradska 29, Zagreb, Croatia
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McIntyre BAS, Kushwah R, Mechael R, Shapovalova Z, Alev C, Bhatia M. Innate immune response of human pluripotent stem cell-derived airway epithelium. Innate Immun 2014; 21:504-11. [PMID: 25261966 DOI: 10.1177/1753425914551074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of innate immune response is requisite to having bona fide differentiation of airway epithelium. Procedures developed to differentiate lung airway from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) have demonstrated anecdotal evidence for innate immune response, but an in-depth exploration of response levels is lacking. Herein, using an established method of airway epithelial generation from hPSCs, we show that hPSC-derived epithelial cells are able to up-regulate expression of TNFα, IL8 and IL1β in response to challenge with bacterial endotoxin LPS, but lack response from genes associated with innate immune response in other cell types. Further, stimulation of cells with TNF-α resulted in auto-induction of TNFα transcript, as well as cytokine responses of IL8 and IL1β. The demonstration of innate immune induction in hPSC-derived airway epithelia gives further strength to the functionality of in vitro protocols aimed at generating differentiated airway cells that can potentially be used in a translational setting. Finally, we propose that innate immune challenge of airway epithelium from human pluripotent stem cell sources be used as a robust validation of functional in vitro differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan A S McIntyre
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rahul Kushwah
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Rami Mechael
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Zoya Shapovalova
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Cantas Alev
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB), Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mickie Bhatia
- McMaster Stem Cell and Cancer Research Institute, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Zhang J, Xu M, Zheng Q, Zhang Y, Ma W, Zhang Z. Blocking macrophage migration inhibitory factor activity alleviates mouse acute otitis media in vivo. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:101-8. [PMID: 25108100 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in mouse acute otitis media (AOM), we hypothesize that blocking MIF activity will relieve mouse AOM. A mouse AOM model was constructed by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the middle ear of C57BL/6 mice through the tympanic membrane (TM). MIF levels were measured by real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and ELISA after LPS application. Normal or AOM mice were given PBS or ISO-1 (MIF antagonist) every day for 10 days and the hearing levels were determined by measuring auditory brainstem response (ABR) threshold. After the ABR test finished, H&E staining was conducted and the inflammation was also measured by detecting interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels with RT-PCR and ELISA. TLR-4 expression was determined by western blotting and NF-κB activation was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. Compared with the normal control, MIF levels in the middle ear of LPS-induced AOM mice were significant increased. The ABR results showed that mean ABR thresholds in ISO-1 treated AOM mice were significantly reduced compared with PBS treated AOM mice since day 7, indicating that ISO-1 treatment potentially improved the hearing levels of AOM mice. H&E staining showed that ISO-1 treatment could reduce the mucosal thickness of AOM mice. In ISO-1 treated mice, TLR-4 expression and levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and VEGF were significantly lower compared with PBS treated AOM mice. ISO-1 treatment also significantly inhibited NF-κB activation in AOM mice compared with PBS treated AOM mice. These results suggested that blocking the activity of MIF by ISO-1 could reduce the inflammation in AOM mice in which process TLR-4 and NF-κB were involved. The reduction in MIF activity is conducive to alleviate mouse AOM, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Qingyin Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Weijun Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-HNS, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology-HNS, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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15
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Shen JH, Ma Q, Shen SR, Shen SG, Xu GT, Das UN. Effect of α-linolenic acid on streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy indices in vivo. Arch Med Res 2013; 44:514-20. [PMID: 24120388 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Both oxidative stress and inflammation play a significant role in the pathobiology of diabetic retinopathy. Increased consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may prevent or postpone the occurrence of diabetic retinopathy. Hence, the effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA), an essential fatty acid, on oxidative stress, inflammatory indices and production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy indices in vivo was studied. METHODS Serum and retina concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma and retina concentrations of lipid peroxides and antioxidant enzymes were estimated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animals. RESULTS STZ-induced diabetic rats had significantly higher levels of VEGF in the serum and retina and IL-6 in the serum, whereas BDNF was lower in the serum, all of which reverted to near normal in ALA-treated diabetic animals. STZ treatment decreased serum glutathione peroxidase levels, which was restored to normal by both pre- and post-ALA treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS STZ-induced changes in serum glutathione peroxidase, BDNF, VEGF and IL-6 that reverted to near control by ALA treatment, especially in ALA + STZ group, lending support to the concept that both oxidative stress and inflammation participate in DR and ALA treatment is of benefit in its prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-hui Shen
- Laboratory of Clinical Visual Science, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Biosystems Engineering & Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Abstract
Cytokines are a group of diverse molecules that influence the function of every organ system. They are most well studied in their effects on the immune system and their integral role in mediating inflammation. The common cold and otitis media are two such disease states, and much has been learned about the various effects of cytokines in each disease. Most often the viruses isolated include rhinovirus (RV), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenovirus, coronavirus, and picornavirus. Otitis media, sinusitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and asthma exacerbation are commonly accepted as complications of viral upper respiratory tract infections. Furthermore, otitis media and upper respiratory infections are inextricably linked in that the majority (>70 %) of cases of acute otitis media occur as complications of the common cold. Cytokine polymorphisms have been associated with the severity of colds as well as the frequency of otitis media. This article attempts to update the reader on various studies that have recently been published regarding the role of cytokines in these two disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Wine
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Liu JG, Zhao HJ, Liu YJ, Liu YW, Wang XL. Effect of two selenium sources on hepatocarcinogenesis and several angiogenic cytokines in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2012; 26:255-61. [PMID: 22425635 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This experiment was designed to compare the effect of two selenium sources at the dosage of therapeutic level on hepatocarcinogenesis and angiogenic cytokines in DEN-induced hepatocarcinoma rats to further approach their possible anticancer's mechanism. One hundred and seventy-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (average weight being 100-120g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (I-V). Animals in group I, group II and group III served as the negative control, sodium selenite control (SS) and positive controls respectively, and received 0.1, 3.0, and 0.1mg/kg selenium from sodium selenite supplemented diets during the whole experimental time. Rats in group IV and group V were fed with selenium from selenium-enriched malt (SEM) and sodium selenite (SS) supplemented diets (3mg/kg respectively). To balance the nutritional content among each group, normal malt which was not treated with selenium was added into the diets of the challenge groups. The nutrition contents, except the selenium of the diet in each group, were similar and in accordance with NRC standards. Rats in groups III-V were treated by aqueous diethylnitrosamine solution (100mg/L) at the dosage of 10mg/kg body weight every day for 16 weeks to induce hepatocarcinoma, and drank sterilized water for an additional two weeks. Rats in group I and group II drank sterilized water throughout the experiment. At 4th, 8th, 12th, 16th week, five rats in each group were then sacrificed by cervical decapitation. At the termination of the study, at 18th week, the surplus rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Feed was withheld from the rats for 12h before sampling. The number of hepatoma nodules in liver and mortality of rats were calculated. The values of the following items, including α-fetoprotein (AFP), gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), insulin-like growth factors-II (IGF-II), nitric oxide (NO) and total nitric oxide synthase (T-NOS) in plasma were determined. At the same time, the positive numbers of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and protein kinase C-α (PKCα) staining cells in tumor tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the Envision two step methods with a kit. The results indicated that SEM could significantly decrease the mortality of rats and the number of hepatoma nodules, values of GGT and AFP, and the levels of IGF-II, NO and NOS and lessen the positive numbers of VEGF and PKCα staining cells in tumor tissue. Moreover, SEM could increase the levels of TNF-α in the initiated time of hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas, decrease the levels of TNF-α in the progressive time of hepatocarcinogenesis. SS could only significantly inhibit the positive numbers of PKCα staining cells in tumor tissue, decrease the levels of GGT, AFP and TNF-α at minority sampling times, and increase the levels of NO. In conclusion, SEM could reduce the mortality. It might be related to deaden significantly the lesion of liver, delay the cause of hepatocarcinogenesis, and inhibit the progress of angiogenesis to increase the livability of DEN-induced hepatocarcinoma rats. SS at the same therapeutic dosage had less effect on the hepatocarcinogenesis by inhibiting angiogenesis and relative cytokines to some extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Guo Liu
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorder in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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18
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Shun CT, Lin SK, Hong CY, Huang HM, Liu CM. Hypoxia induces cysteine-rich 61, vascular endothelial growth factor, and interleukin-8 expressions in human nasal polyp fibroblasts: An implication of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2011; 25:15-8. [PMID: 21711965 DOI: 10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this article was to elucidate the roles of neutrophils and angiogenesis factors in the pathogenesis of nasal polyposis. The effect of hypoxia on the expressions of angiogenesis factors as cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and neutrophil chemoattractant as interleukin (IL)-8 in nasal polyp fibroblasts (NPFs), and the role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) in this reaction were investigated. The action of Cyr61 on the synthesis of VEGF and IL-8 in NPFs was also examined. METHODS Primary cultures of NPFs were established from nasal polyps (NPs). Productions of Cyr61, VEGF, and IL-8 by NPFs under hypoxia were detected by Western blot (Cyr61 and VEGF) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; IL-8). Immunohistochemical staining was used to examine the relation between fibroblastic expression of Cyr61 and neovascularization/neutrophil infiltration in NPs. RESULTS Western blot showed that the hypoxia inducer CoCl(2) stimulated Cyr61 synthesis in NPFs in a time-dependent manner, reaching a peak at 24 hours. Bay-117082 (a specific NF-kappaB inhibitor) attenuated the levels of Cyr61 stimulated by hypoxia. Cyr61 induced IL-8 secretion and VEGF synthesis by NPFs, as evidenced by Western blot and ELISA analysis. Bay-117082 abolished hypoxia-stimulated IL-8 and VEGF synthesis, whereas Cyr61 restored the stimulative effect of hypoxia readily. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of Cyr61 and IL-8 in NPFs. Neutrophils and capillaries aggregating around these NPFs were frequently found. CONCLUSION Under hypoxia, NPFs contribute to NP propagation by expressing Cyr61, which subsequently stimulates VEGF and IL-8 production, leading to angiogenesis and activating neutrophil infiltration in NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Tung Shun
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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19
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Beule AG. Physiology and pathophysiology of respiratory mucosa of the nose and the paranasal sinuses. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2011; 9:Doc07. [PMID: 22073111 PMCID: PMC3199822 DOI: 10.3205/cto000071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this review, anatomy and physiology of the respiratory mucosa of nose and paranasal sinuses are summarized under the aspect of its clinical significance. Basics of endonasal cleaning including mucociliary clearance and nasal reflexes, as well as defence mechanisms are explained. Physiological wound healing, aspects of endonasal topical medical therapy and typical diagnostic procedures to evaluate the respiratory functions are presented. Finally, the pathophysiologies of different subtypes of non-allergic rhinitis are outlined together with treatment recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim G Beule
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Greifswald, Germany
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20
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The role of vascular endothelial growth factor in pediatric otitis media with effusion. Auris Nasus Larynx 2011; 38:319-24. [PMID: 21227609 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2010.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent and critical inducer of angiogenesis and vascular permeability, and has been shown to play an important role in inflammatory events, together with hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines. VEGF messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is expressed in the middle ear in an experimental animal model of otitis media with effusion (OME) and in patients with OME. However, the protein levels of VEGF in middle ear effusions (MEEs) are unknown and the role of VEGF in the pathogenesis of OME is unclear. The goals of this study were to determine the VEGF levels in MEEs and to investigate the role of VEGF in production of MEEs by comparing these levels with those of interleukin-8 (IL-8), endotoxin, and albumin. METHODS Forty-six MEEs obtained from 33 children (24 boys, 9 girls) were used in the study. The mean age of the subjects was 6.3 years old (range, 1-12 years old). The patients underwent myringotomy and/or insertion of a ventilation tube for treatment of OME. After myringotomy, MEEs were collected with a Juhn Tym-Tap. The samples were divided into serous and mucoid types based on observation by the naked eye. After measuring the weight of the MEE, the sample was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline and frozen until use. The concentrations of VEGF and IL-8 in the MEEs were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, endotoxin concentrations were measured by the Limulus Amebocyte Lysate test, and albumin levels were determined using an immunoturbidimetric assay. RESULTS VEGF, endotoxin, IL-8, and albumin were detected in 100%, 89%, 98%, and 100% of the 46 MEEs, respectively. The concentrations of VEGF, endotoxin, and IL-8 were significantly higher in mucoid MEEs than in serous MEEs (p<0.01), whereas there was no significant difference in the albumin concentration between mucoid and serous MEEs. The VEGF levels were positively correlated with those of endotoxin (R(2)=0.17, p<0.05) and albumin (R(2)=0.65, p<0.01) in mucoid MEEs, but not in serous MEEs. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that VEGF is produced in response to bacterial components such as endotoxin in the middle ear cavity and is associated with production of mucoid MEEs by increasing serum exudation and mucosal secretion.
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Liu JG, Zhao HJ, Liu YJ, Wang XL. Effect of selenium-enriched malt on VEGF and several relevant angiogenic cytokines in diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinoma rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2010; 24:52-7. [PMID: 20122581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2007] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One hundred and ninety-three Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (average body weight 100-120g) were randomly divided into five groups (I-V). Groups I and II rats served as the negative and positive controls respectively and both received 0.1mg/kg Se from sodium selenite supplemented diets for the 18-week experimental period. Groups III-V rats were fed Se from SEM supplemented diets (0.3, 1 and 3mg/kg respectively). To induce hepatocarcinoma, groups II-V rats received diethylnitrosamine solution (100mg/L) at the dosage of 10mg/kg body weight in drinking water daily for 16 weeks, followed by sterilized water for a further 2 weeks. Group I rats received sterilized water throughout. At weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16 five rats in each group were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. At the termination of the study, at week 18, the surplus rats were sacrificed by cervical decapitation. Feed was withheld from the rats for 12 h before sampling. The following items including TNF-alpha, IGF-II, NO and T-NOS levels in plasma were tested using kit techniques. At the same time the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in tumor tissue was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using the envision two-step methods with a kit. The results indicated that SEM could increase the levels of TNF-alpha in the early stages of hepatocarcinoma formation, however there was a decrease in the later stage of hepatocarcinogenesis. SEM could also significantly decrease the levels of IGF-II and NO, and inhibit the expression of VEGF in tumor tissue. SEM delayed the development of hepatocarcinoma in rats and that could be partially attributed to inhibition of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Guo Liu
- Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorder in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210095, China
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Matsune S, Ohori J, Sun D, Yoshifuku K, Fukuiwa T, Kurono Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor produced in nasal glands of perennial allergic rhinitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:365-70. [PMID: 18702899 DOI: 10.2500/ajr.2008.22.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a pleiotropic polypeptide that mediates endothelial cell-specific responses such as induction of angiogenesis and vascular leakage, is hyperproduced in a variety of inflammatory disorders. In asthma, VEGF hyperproduction promotes mucosal edema by enhancing vascular leakage. However, in allergic rhinitis, details of the pathophysiological importance remain unclear. This study was designed to investigate and discuss the pathophysiological significance of VEGF in nasal secretions from perennial allergic rhinitis sufferers. METHODS Seven allergic rhinitis patients sensitized with house-dust mites and 12 chronic rhinosinusitis patients were enrolled. Nasal secretion VEGF was quantified and compared between groups. In allergic rhinitis cases, nasal lavage VEGF was estimated before and after the antigen provocation. Nasal gland VEGF was immunohistochemically investigated. VEGF messenger RNA (mRNA) levels in serous and mucous acini were analyzed by laser microdissection and light cycler-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS VEGF levels in nasal secretions and nasal lavage from allergic rhinitis were higher than in nonallergic rhinosinusitis, after rather than before antigen provocation. VEGF mRNA expression was higher in serous versus mucous acini. These results are consistent with the immunohistochemistry results. CONCLUSION In allergic rhinitis, there was significant VEGF production in serous acini, which was hypersecreted after antigen provocation. VEGF may play an important role in pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Field of Sensory Organology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hypoxia is a potent stimulus for inflammation and remodeling. Hypoxia develops in chronic sinusitis as shown via tissue oxygen concentrations and colonization with obligate anaerobes. This hypoxia reflects occlusion of the sinus ostia and thereby failure of transepithelial oxygenation, nonvascularized exudates, and the tendency of inflammatory hyperplasia to exceed neovascularization. RECENT FINDINGS Hypoxia-induced transcription factors are responsible for transcription of numerous inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor, CXCL8, CCL11, transforming growth factor-beta, inducible nitric oxide synthase, as well as matrix remodeling proteins such as procollagen and matrix metalloproteinases. SUMMARY Many diseases, such as asthma, share the tendency to afflict respiratory epithelium of the lower (bronchi) and upper (sinus) airway. Although the histopathology and inflammation of asthma and its associated sinusitis share many features, aggressive fibrosis, polyp formation and intense hyperplasia are not features of asthma, a disease seldom associated with significant chronic hypoxia. In contrast, fibrosis is a cardinal feature of hypoxic diseases of the lungs such as interstitial lung diseases and primary pulmonary hypertension. Arguably, chronic sinusitis can be viewed as reflecting both 'asthma' and 'primary pulmonary hypertension' of the upper airway.
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Early SB, Hise K, Han JK, Borish L, Steinke JW. Hypoxia stimulates inflammatory and fibrotic responses from nasal-polyp derived fibroblasts. Laryngoscope 2007; 117:511-5. [PMID: 17334314 DOI: 10.1097/mlg.0b013e31802e927b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Chronic sinusitis is primarily an inflammatory disorder characterized by hyperplasia of immune cells and sinus tissue. Nasal mucosal swelling or polyps can occlude the sinus ostia, decreasing the level of oxygen available to the sinus tissue. Hypoxia in many diseases results in increased recruitment of inflammatory cells and release of cytokines. The role of hypoxia in chronic sinusitis is unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxia induces production of mediators that recruit cells into the sinus tissue and are involved in remodeling of the nasal mucosa. METHODS We compared data from unstimulated nasal-polyp derived fibroblasts with those cultured in hypoxic (10% O2) and anoxic (0% O2) environments. Changes in mRNA expression and protein levels of cytokines and chemokines were measured along with changes in cellular proliferation. RESULTS Hypoxic conditions did not change the proliferative capacity of fibroblasts, whereas anoxia led to a 40% reduction in cellular proliferation (P < .05). Hypoxia led to increases in secretion of many cytokines including vascular endothelial growth factor and CCL11. As a marker of remodeling, procollagen and fibronectin production were significantly increased under hypoxic conditions. CONCLUSIONS Hypoxic conditions present in the sinus tissue could increase production of proinflammatory and remodeling cytokines that contribute to the inflammation observed in sinusitis. Surgical intervention may help decrease inflammation by allowing reoxygenation of the sinus cavity and decrease the hypoxic induction of cytokines and remodeling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Brandon Early
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Watelet JB, Van Zele T, Gjomarkaj M, Canonica GW, Dahlen SE, Fokkens W, Lund VJ, Scadding GK, Mullol J, Papadopoulos N, Bonini S, Kowalski ML, Van Cauwenberge P, Bousquet J. Tissue remodelling in upper airways: where is the link with lower airway remodelling? Allergy 2006; 61:1249-58. [PMID: 17002699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Tissue remodelling reported in upper airways include epithelial hyperplasia, increased matrix deposition in the nasal or paranasal lining, matrix degradation and accumulation of plasma proteins. Genetic influences, foetal exposures and early life events may contribute to structural changes such as subepithelial fibrosis from an early age. Other structural alterations are related to duration of the disease and long-term uncontrolled inflammation. Structural changes may increase alteration of the protective functions of the upper airways namely by affecting mucociliary clearance and conditioning of inspired air. The sequences of tissue changes during wound repair of upper airway mucosa after surgery are illustrative of the complexicity of tissue modelling and remodelling and could be considered as an important source of information for a better understanding of the complex relationship between inflammatory reaction, of the subsequent tissue damages and fibroblast metabolism of upper airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-B Watelet
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Matsune S, Sun D, Ohori J, Nishimoto K, Fukuiwa T, Ushikai M, Kurono Y. Inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor by macrolides in cultured fibroblasts from nasal polyps. Laryngoscope 2006; 115:1953-6. [PMID: 16319604 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000177031.06112.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In order to study a new mechanism of efficacy of 14-membered ring macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis, inhibitory effects of macrolides on vascular endothelial growth factor production were examined in vitro. METHODS Vascular endothelisal growth factor production in cultured fibloblasts from human nasal polyps obtained from surgery for chronic paranasal sinusitis stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was assessed under the administration of Clarithromycin or Roxisthromycin by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain-reaction. RESULTS Dose-dependent inhibitory effects on vascular endothelisal growth factor production stimulated by hypoxia or tumor necrosis factor-alpha were noted in the groups treated with Clarithromycin and Roxisthromycin, including inhibition of vascular endothelisal growth factor mRNA levels. CONCLUSION While, to date, several evidences have indicated that the mechanisms by which 14-membered ring macrolides reduce inflammation are not simply bactericidal, these results suggest another new mechanism of efficacy of macrolides in treating chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Matsune
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Field of Sensory Organology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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