1
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Papsdorf M, Pankiewicz R. Spectroscopic, Spectrometric and Computational Studies of New Lasalocid Derivatives and Their Complexes with Selected Metal Cations. Molecules 2023; 28:8085. [PMID: 38138575 PMCID: PMC10746057 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of five esters of lasalocid with neopentyl alcohol (LasNeo), geraniol (LasGeran), 2-ethylhexanol (LasEtHex), eicosanol (LasEico) and vanillyl alcohol (LasVanil) were synthesized and studied by NMR, FT-IR and ESI-MS. Then, their complexes with lithium, sodium and potassium cations were obtained and examined using FT-IR. The analysis of the products confirmed the synthesis of new esters with good yields. The newly obtained compounds, as well as their complexes with monovalent cations, were proved to be stabilized by a strong system of intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The PM6 semiempirical calculations provided information on the heat of formation (HOF) and permitted the making of visual representations of the structures of the newly synthesized esters and their complexes with the investigated cations. All the computational outcomes were consistent with the spectroscopic data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radosław Pankiewicz
- Department of Enviromental Physicochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8, 61-614 Poznań, Poland
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2
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Löw K, Möller R, Stegmann C, Becker M, Rehburg L, Obernolte H, Schaudien D, Oestereich L, Braun A, Kunz S, Gerold G. Luminescent reporter cells enable the identification of broad-spectrum antivirals against emerging viruses. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29211. [PMID: 37975336 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The emerging viruses SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses cause severe respiratory and hemorrhagic diseases, respectively. The production of infectious particles of both viruses and virus spread in tissues requires cleavage of surface glycoproteins (GPs) by host proprotein convertases (PCs). SARS-CoV-2 and arenaviruses rely on GP cleavage by PCs furin and subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease (SKI-1/S1P), respectively. We report improved luciferase-based reporter cell lines, named luminescent inducible proprotein convertase reporter cells that we employ to monitor PC activity in its authentic subcellular compartment. Using these sensor lines we screened a small compound library in high-throughput manner. We identified 23 FDA-approved small molecules, among them monensin which displayed broad activity against furin and SKI-1/S1P. Monensin inhibited arenaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a strong reduction in infectious particle release upon monensin treatment with little effect on released genome copies. This was reflected by inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 spike processing suggesting the release of immature particles. In a proof of concept experiment using human precision cut lung slices, monensin potently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection, evidenced by reduced infectious particle release. We propose that our PC sensor pipeline is a suitable tool to identify broad-spectrum antivirals with therapeutic potential to combat current and future emerging viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Löw
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Möller
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cora Stegmann
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miriam Becker
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Rehburg
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Obernolte
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Schaudien
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Department of Virology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infectious Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Hamburg
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer International Consortium for Anti-Infective Research (iCAIR), Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases, (CIMD), Hannover, Germany
- Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH) Research Network, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Kunz
- Institute of Microbiology, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gisa Gerold
- Department of Biochemistry & Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Sweden
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3
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Gurukkalot K, Rajendran V. Repurposing Polyether Ionophores as a New-Class of Anti-SARS-Cov-2 Agents as Adjunct Therapy. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:273. [PMID: 37414909 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03366-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants have posed a significant threat to humankind in tackling the viral spread. Furthermore, currently repurposed drugs and frontline antiviral agents have failed to cure severe ongoing infections effectively. This insufficiency has fuelled research for potent and safe therapeutic agents to treat COVID-19. Nonetheless, various vaccine candidates have displayed a differential efficacy and need for repetitive dosing. The FDA-approved polyether ionophore veterinary antibiotic for treating coccidiosis has been repurposed for treating SARS-CoV-2 infection (as shown by both in vitro and in vivo studies) and other deadly human viruses. Based on selectivity index values, ionophores display therapeutic effects at sub-nanomolar concentrations and exhibit selective killing ability. They act on different viral targets (structural and non-structural proteins), host-cell components leading to SARS-CoV-2 inhibition, and their activity is further enhanced by Zn2+ supplementation. This review summarizes the anti-SARS-CoV-2 potential and molecular viral targets of selective ionophores like monensin, salinomycin, maduramicin, CP-80,219, nanchangmycin, narasin, X-206 and valinomycin. Ionophore combinations with Zn2+ are a new therapeutic strategy that warrants further investigation for possible human benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerthana Gurukkalot
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - Vinoth Rajendran
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University, Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Low Z, Lani R, Tiong V, Poh C, AbuBakar S, Hassandarvish P. COVID-19 Therapeutic Potential of Natural Products. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119589. [PMID: 37298539 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment and management are now considerably regulated, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still one of the leading causes of death in 2022. The availability of COVID-19 vaccines, FDA-approved antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies in low-income countries still poses an issue to be addressed. Natural products, particularly traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and medicinal plant extracts (or their active component), have challenged the dominance of drug repurposing and synthetic compound libraries in COVID-19 therapeutics. Their abundant resources and excellent antiviral performance make natural products a relatively cheap and readily available alternative for COVID-19 therapeutics. Here, we deliberately review the anti-SARS-CoV-2 mechanisms of the natural products, their potency (pharmacological profiles), and application strategies for COVID-19 intervention. In light of their advantages, this review is intended to acknowledge the potential of natural products as COVID-19 therapeutic candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxuan Low
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Rafidah Lani
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Vunjia Tiong
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Chitlaa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sazaly AbuBakar
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Pouya Hassandarvish
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Research & Education Centre (TIDREC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Ionophore Toxicity in Animals: A Review of Clinical and Molecular Aspects. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021696. [PMID: 36675211 PMCID: PMC9863538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For many years, ionophores have been used to control coccidiosis in poultry. However, misuse of ionophores can cause toxicity with significant clinical symptoms. The most critical factors influencing ionophores' toxicity are administration dose, species, and animal age. Although clinical signs of ionophore intoxication are well studied, the toxicity mechanisms of the ionophores at the molecular level still are not fully elucidated. This review summarizes the studies focused on polyether ionophores toxicity mechanisms in animals at the clinical and molecular levels. Studies show that ionophore toxicity mainly affects myocardial and skeletal muscle cells. The molecular mechanism of the toxication could be explained by the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation via dysregulation of ion concentration. Tiamulin-ionophore interaction and the synergetic effect of tiamulin in ionophore biotransformation are discussed. Furthermore, in recent years ionophores were candidates for reprofiling as antibacterial and anti-cancer drugs. Identifying ionophores' toxicity mechanisms at the cellular level will likely help develop novel therapies in veterinary and human medicine.
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Theerawatanasirikul S, Semkum P, Lueangaramkul V, Chankeeree P, Thangthamniyom N, Lekcharoensuk P. Non-Nucleoside Inhibitors Decrease Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Replication by Blocking the Viral 3D pol. Viruses 2022; 15:124. [PMID: 36680163 PMCID: PMC9866314 DOI: 10.3390/v15010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), an economically important pathogen of cloven-hoofed livestock, is a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus classified in the Picornaviridae family. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of RNA viruses is highly conserved. Compounds that bind to the RdRp active site can block viral replication. Herein, we combined double virtual screenings and cell-based antiviral approaches to screen and identify potential inhibitors targeting FMDV RdRp (3Dpol). From 5596 compounds, the blind- followed by focus-docking filtered 21 candidates fitting in the 3Dpol active sites. Using the BHK-21 cell-based assay, we found that four compounds-NSC217697 (quinoline), NSC670283 (spiro compound), NSC292567 (nigericin), and NSC65850-demonstrated dose-dependent antiviral actions in vitro with the EC50 ranging from 0.78 to 3.49 µM. These compounds could significantly block FMDV 3Dpol activity in the cell-based 3Dpol inhibition assay with small IC50 values ranging from 0.8 nM to 0.22 µM without an effect on FMDV's main protease, 3Cpro. The 3Dpol inhibition activities of the compounds were consistent with the decreased viral load and negative-stranded RNA production in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusively, we have identified potential FMDV 3Dpol inhibitors that bound within the enzyme active sites and blocked viral replication. These compounds might be beneficial for FMDV or other picornavirus treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirin Theerawatanasirikul
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Ploypailin Semkum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Varanya Lueangaramkul
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Penpitcha Chankeeree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nattarat Thangthamniyom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Porntippa Lekcharoensuk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food, Kasetsart University Institute for Advanced Studies, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Tanaka Y, Tanabe E, Nonaka Y, Uemura M, Tajima T, Ochiai K. Ionophore Antibiotics Inhibit Type II Feline Coronavirus Proliferation In Vitro. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081734. [PMID: 36016355 PMCID: PMC9415497 DOI: 10.3390/v14081734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) infect cats worldwide and cause severe systemic diseases, such as feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FIP has a high mortality rate, and drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration have been ineffective for the treatment of FIP. Investigating host factors and the functions required for FCoV replication is necessary to develop effective drugs for the treatment of FIP. FCoV utilizes an endosomal trafficking system for cellular entry after binding between the viral spike (S) protein and its receptor. The cellular enzymes that cleave the S protein of FCoV to release the viral genome into the cytosol require an acidic pH optimized in the endosomes by regulating cellular ion concentrations. Ionophore antibiotics are compounds that form complexes with alkali ions to alter the endosomal pH conditions. This study shows that ionophore antibiotics, including valinomycin, salinomycin, and nigericin, inhibit FCoV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that ionophore antibiotics should be investigated further as potential broad-spectrum anti-FCoV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-422-31-4151
| | - Eri Tanabe
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Yuki Nonaka
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Mitsuki Uemura
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Tajima
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ochiai
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene, Veterinary School, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
- Research Center for Animal Life Science, Nippon Veterinary & Life Science University, 1-7-1 Kyounan, Musashino 180-8602, Japan
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Dembitsky VM. Natural Polyether Ionophores and Their Pharmacological Profile. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:292. [PMID: 35621943 PMCID: PMC9144361 DOI: 10.3390/md20050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is devoted to the study of the biological activity of polyether ionophores produced by bacteria, unicellular marine algae, red seaweeds, marine sponges, and coelenterates. Biological activities have been studied experimentally in various laboratories, as well as data obtained using QSAR (Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships) algorithms. According to the data obtained, it was shown that polyether toxins exhibit strong antibacterial, antimicrobial, antifungal, antitumor, and other activities. Along with this, it was found that natural polyether ionophores exhibit such properties as antiparasitic, antiprotozoal, cytostatic, anti-mycoplasmal, and antieczema activities. In addition, polyethers have been found to be potential regulators of lipid metabolism or inhibitors of DNA synthesis. Further study of the mechanisms of action and the search for new polyether ionophores and their derivatives may provide more effective therapeutic natural polyether ionophores for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. For some polyether ionophores, 3D graphs are presented, which demonstrate the predicted and calculated activities. The data presented in this review will be of interest to pharmacologists, chemists, practical medicine, and the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research, Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Lethbridge College, 3000 College Drive South, Lethbridge, AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Gezer E, Üner G, Küçüksolak M, Kurt MÜ, Doğan G, Kırmızıbayrak PB, Bedir E. Undescribed polyether ionophores from Streptomyces cacaoi and their antibacterial and antiproliferative activities. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 195:113038. [PMID: 34902703 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polyether ionophores represent a large group of naturally occurring compounds mainly produced by Streptomyces species. With previously proven varieties of bioactivity including antibacterial, antifungal, antiparasitic, antiviral and anti-tumor effects, the discovery of undescribed polyethers leading to development of efficient therapeutics has become important. As part of our research on polyether-rich Streptomyces cacaoi, we previously performed modification studies on fermentation conditions to induce synthesis of specialized metabolites. Here, we report four undescribed and nine known polyether compounds from S. cacaoi grown in optimized conditions. Antimicrobial activity assays revealed that four compounds, including the undescribed (6), showed strong inhibitory effects over both Bacillus subtilis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) growth. Additionally, K41-A and its C15-demethoxy derivative exhibited significant cytotoxicity. These results signified that selectivity of C15-demethoxy K41-A towards cancer cells was higher than K41-A, which prompted us to conduct mechanistic experiments. These studies showed that this uninvestigated compound acts as a multitarget compound by inhibiting autophagic flux, inducing reactive oxygen species formation, abolishing proteasome activity, and stimulating ER stress. Consequently, the optimized fermentation conditions of S. cacaoi led to the isolation of undescribed and known polyethers displaying promising activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Gezer
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Göklem Üner
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Melis Küçüksolak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Ünver Kurt
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gamze Doğan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Erdal Bedir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, 35430, Urla, Izmir, Turkey.
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The antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects of Ionophores for the treatment of human infection. J Inorg Biochem 2021; 227:111661. [PMID: 34896767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2021.111661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ionophores are a diverse class of synthetic and naturally occurring ion transporter compounds which demonstrate both direct and in-direct antimicrobial properties against a broad panel of bacterial, fungal, viral and parasitic pathogens. In addition, ionophores can regulate the host-immune response during communicable and non-communicable disease states. Although the clinical use of ionophores such as Amphotericin B, Bedaquiline and Ivermectin highlight the utility of ionophores in modern medicine, for many other ionophore compounds issues surrounding toxicity, bioavailability or lack of in vivo efficacy studies have hindered clinical development. The antimicrobial and immunomodulating properties of a range of compounds with characteristics of ionophores remain largely unexplored. As such, ionophores remain a latent therapeutic avenue to address both the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, and the unmet clinical need for new antimicrobial therapies. This review will provide an overview of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties of ionophores, and their potential uses in clinical medicine for combatting infection.
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11
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Rietdijk J, Tampere M, Pettke A, Georgiev P, Lapins M, Warpman-Berglund U, Spjuth O, Puumalainen MR, Carreras-Puigvert J. A phenomics approach for antiviral drug discovery. BMC Biol 2021; 19:156. [PMID: 34334126 PMCID: PMC8325993 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The emergence and continued global spread of the current COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for methods to identify novel or repurposed therapeutic drugs in a fast and effective way. Despite the availability of methods for the discovery of antiviral drugs, the majority tend to focus on the effects of such drugs on a given virus, its constituent proteins, or enzymatic activity, often neglecting the consequences on host cells. This may lead to partial assessment of the efficacy of the tested anti-viral compounds, as potential toxicity impacting the overall physiology of host cells may mask the effects of both viral infection and drug candidates. Here we present a method able to assess the general health of host cells based on morphological profiling, for untargeted phenotypic drug screening against viral infections. RESULTS We combine Cell Painting with antibody-based detection of viral infection in a single assay. We designed an image analysis pipeline for segmentation and classification of virus-infected and non-infected cells, followed by extraction of morphological properties. We show that this methodology can successfully capture virus-induced phenotypic signatures of MRC-5 human lung fibroblasts infected with human coronavirus 229E (CoV-229E). Moreover, we demonstrate that our method can be used in phenotypic drug screening using a panel of nine host- and virus-targeting antivirals. Treatment with effective antiviral compounds reversed the morphological profile of the host cells towards a non-infected state. CONCLUSIONS The phenomics approach presented here, which makes use of a modified Cell Painting protocol by incorporating an anti-virus antibody stain, can be used for the unbiased morphological profiling of virus infection on host cells. The method can identify antiviral reference compounds, as well as novel antivirals, demonstrating its suitability to be implemented as a strategy for antiviral drug repurposing and drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonne Rietdijk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marianna Tampere
- Department of Oncology and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aleksandra Pettke
- Department of Oncology and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Polina Georgiev
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maris Lapins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Warpman-Berglund
- Department of Oncology and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Spjuth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Marjo-Riitta Puumalainen
- Department of Oncology and Pathology and Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jordi Carreras-Puigvert
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences and Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 591, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Shiryaev VA, Klimochkin YN. Main Chemotypes of SARS-CoV-2 Reproduction Inhibitors. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2021. [PMCID: PMC8188765 DOI: 10.1134/s107042802105002x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced scientists all over the world to focus their effort on searching for targeted drugs for coronavirus chemotherapy. The present review is an attempt to systematize low-molecular-weight compounds, including well-known pharmaceuticals and natural substances that have exhibited high anti-coronavirus activity, not in terms of action on their targets, but in terms of their structural type.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. A. Shiryaev
- Samara State Technical University, 443100 Samara, Russia
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Poulsen TB. Total Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Enamine or Enol Ether Derivatives. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1830-1842. [PMID: 33660974 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Enamine and enol ethers are nucleophilic functional groups that are well known to most chemists. When enamine or enol ethers are present in natural products, they are nearly exclusively found as derivatives having a direct connection to electron-withdrawing groups for stabilization, and the resulting larger entities, such as enamides or enol acylates, can be further extended or modified in the framework of natural products. The restricted conformational space that is associated with even simple enamine and enol ether derivatives can be a strong determinant of the overall molecular structure, and the more polarized derivatives can endow some natural products with electrophilic properties and thus facilitate covalent interactions with biological targets.In this Account, I describe our efforts (published since 2016) to prepare natural products from several different classes that all feature enamine or enol ether derivatives as key functionalities. Our choice of targets has been guided by a desire to illuminate unknown biological mechanisms associated with the compounds or, alternatively, to improve upon known biological activities that appear to be promising from a biomedical perspective. In the present text, however, the exclusive focus will be on the syntheses.First, I will discuss the basic properties of the functional groups and briefly present a small collection of illustrative and inspirational examples from the literature for their construction in different complex settings. Next, I will provide an overview of our work on the macrocyclic APD-CLD natural products, rakicidin A and BE-43547A1, involving the development of an efficient macrocyclization strategy and the development of methods to construct the hallmark APD group: a modified enamide. The synthesis of the meroterpenoid strongylophorine-26 is discussed next, where we developed an oxidative quinone methoxylation to build a vinylogous ester group in the final step of the synthesis and employed FeCl3-mediated cascade reactions for the rapid assembly of the overall scaffold to enable a short semisynthesis from isocupressic acid. An efficient core scaffold assembly was also in focus in our synthesis of the alkaloid streptazone A with the signature enaminone system being assembled through a rhodium-catalyzed Pauson-Khand reaction. Sequential, site-selective redox manipulations were developed to arrive at strepatzone A and additional members of the natural product family. Finally, I discuss our work to prepare analogs of complex polyether ionophores featuring functionalized tetronic acids as cation-binding groups. A method for the construction of a suitably protected chloromethylidene-modified tetronate is presented which enabled its installation in the full structure through a C-acylation reaction. This work exemplifies how components of abundant polyether ionophores can be recycled and used to access new structures which may possess enhanced biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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