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Stone RA, Haycraft E, Blissett J, Farrow C. Utilising online paradigms to explore the effect of boredom and sadness on children's snack choice: The role of parental feeding practices and child temperament. Appetite 2024; 198:107366. [PMID: 38648954 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Emotional eating (EE) is defined as eating in response to negative emotions (e.g., sadness and boredom). Child temperament and parental feeding practices are predictive of child EE and may interact to shape child EE. Previous research has demonstrated that children eat more when they are experiencing sadness, however, boredom-EE (despite how common boredom is in children) has yet to be explored experimentally using remote methodologies. The current study explores whether feeding practices and child temperament interact with mood to predict children's snack selection in an online hypothetical food choice task. Using online experimental methods, children aged 6-9-years (N = 347) were randomised to watch a mood-inducing video clip (control, sadness, or boredom). Children completed a hypothetical food choice task from images of four snacks in varying portion sizes. The kilocalories in children's online snack choices were measured. Parents reported their feeding practices and child's temperament. Results indicated that the online paradigm successfully induced feelings of boredom and sadness, but these induced feelings of boredom and sadness did not significantly shape children's online food selection. Parental reports of use of restriction for health reasons (F = 8.64, p = .004, n2 = 0.25) and children's negative emotionality (F = 6.81, p = .009, n2 = 0.020) were significantly related to greater total kilocalorie selection by children. Three-way ANCOVAs found no evidence of any three-way interactions between temperament, feeding practices, and mood in predicting children's online snack food selection. These findings suggest that children's hypothetical snack food selection may be shaped by non-responsive feeding practices and child temperament. This study's findings also highlight different methods that can be successfully used to stimulate emotional experiences in children by using novel online paradigms, and also discusses the challenges around using online methods to measure children's intended food choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Stone
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, College of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B47 ET, UK.
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2
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Pink AE, Teo R, Chua B, Kong F, Nadarajan R, Pei JY, Tan CHY, Toh JY, Chong YS, Tan KH, Yap F, Meaney MJ, Broekman BFP, Cheon BK. The effects of acute social ostracism on subsequent snacking behavior and future body mass index in children. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024; 48:867-875. [PMID: 38413700 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-024-01489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Ostracism may lead to increased food intake, yet it is unclear whether greater reactivity to ostracism contributes to higher body mass index (BMI). We investigated whether children who exhibited greater stress to social exclusion subsequently consume more energy and whether this predicts BMI 6- and 18-months later. SUBJECTS/METHODS Children (8.5 years-old) (N = 262, males = 50.4%; Chinese = 58.4%) completed a laboratory-based manipulation of social exclusion (the Cyberball task) prior to an ad-libitum snack. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured during the inclusion and exclusion conditions and proportionate changes were calculated as a physiological measure of exclusion-related stress. Social anxiety and social-emotional assets were also measured as moderators. RESULTS Greater stress (as measured physiologically or by self-report) did not directly, or indirectly via energy intake, predict later BMI (at 9- and 10-years). However, among children reporting higher social anxiety, greater stress as measured by proportionate changes in HRV was associated with increased energy intake (B = 532.88, SE = 226.49, t(255) = 2.35, [CI95 = 86.85,978.92]). A significant moderated mediation was also observed (index: (b = 0.01, bootSE = 0.01, [CI95 = 0.001, 0.036]), such that among children reporting higher social anxiety, greater stress from social exclusion predicted increased energy intake from a subsequent snack, which in turn predicted higher BMI 1.5 years later. CONCLUSION This prospective study suggests that a pattern of greater snack intake in response to heightened vulnerability to the effects of ostracism may contribute to increases in child BMI scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E Pink
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore.
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore.
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Reena Teo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Bob Chua
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Fabian Kong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ranjani Nadarajan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jia Ying Pei
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Charmaine H Y Tan
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore, 138632, Republic of Singapore
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Obsteterics & Gynaecology, Yoo Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology, KK's Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael J Meaney
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Brain-Body Strategic Research Program, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 30 Medical Drive, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, 117609, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, OLVG, Amsterdam Public Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit van, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bobby K Cheon
- Division of Intramural Population Health Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20847, USA.
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Edwards KL, Thomas JM, Higgs S, Blissett J. Repeated exposure to models' positive facial expressions whilst eating a raw vegetable increases children's consumption of the modelled vegetable. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101872. [PMID: 38537417 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Exposing children to adults eating a raw vegetable with positive facial expressions ('positive modelling') increases children's consumption of the modelled vegetable. However, whether repeated versus a single exposure to positive modelling enhances this effect, and whether it generalises to a non-modelled vegetable, remains to be examined. Hence, this study examined the effect of a single exposure, versus repeated, exposure to positive modelling on children's acceptance and intake of a modelled and non-modelled vegetable. Children aged 5-6 years (N = 153; 81 males, 72 females) were randomised to one of three conditions in which they had i) a single or ii) repeated exposure to a video of adults eating raw broccoli with positive facial expressions or iii) were exposed to a no-food control video. Children's acceptance (measured as willingness to try and number of tastes), intake and liking of a modelled (raw broccoli) and non-modelled vegetable (raw mangetout) were measured. Children had greater raw broccoli consumption and liking if they had received repeated exposure to positive modelling, compared to children who had received a single exposure, but not compared to children in the control condition. Children's mangetout intake was greater in the single (versus repeated) positive condition, but this effect was not dependent on time. There was no effect on children's vegetable acceptance. Repeatedly exposing children to adults enjoying a vegetable encourages children's intake of the modelled vegetable in comparison to a single exposure. Thus, repeated exposure to others' food enjoyment may be a practical and useful strategy to encourage children's vegetable consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Edwards
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Jason M Thomas
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Jacqueline Blissett
- School of Psychology and Institute of Health and Neurodevelopment, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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van der Heijden Z, de Gooijer F, Camps G, Lucassen D, Feskens E, Lasschuijt M, Brouwer-Brolsma E. User Requirements in Developing a Novel Dietary Assessment Tool for Children: Mixed Methods Study. JMIR Form Res 2024; 8:e47850. [PMID: 38300689 PMCID: PMC10870213 DOI: 10.2196/47850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of childhood obesity and comorbidities is rising alarmingly, and diet is an important modifiable determinant. Numerous dietary interventions in children have been developed to reduce childhood obesity and overweight rates, but their long-term effects are unsatisfactory. Stakeholders call for more personalized approaches, which require detailed dietary intake data. In the case of primary school children, caregivers are key to providing such dietary information. However, as school-aged children are not under the full supervision of one specific caregiver anymore, data are likely to be biased. Recent technological advancements provide opportunities for the role of children themselves, which would serve the overall quality of the obtained dietary data. OBJECTIVE This study aims to conduct a child-centered exploratory sequential mixed methods study to identify user requirements for a dietary assessment tool for children aged 5 to 6 years. METHODS Formative, nonsystematic narrative literature research was undertaken to delineate initial user requirements and inform prototype ideation in an expert panel workshop (n=11). This yielded 3 prototype dietary assessment tools: FoodBear (tangible piggy bank), myBear (smartphone or tablet app), and FoodCam (physical camera). All 3 prototypes were tested for usability by means of a usability task (video analyses) and user experience (This or That method) among 14 Dutch children aged 5 to 6 years (n=8, 57% boys and n=6, 43% girls). RESULTS Most children were able to complete FoodBear's (11/14, 79%), myBear's (10/14, 71%), and FoodCam's (9/14, 64%) usability tasks, but all children required assistance (14/14, 100%) and most of the children encountered usability problems (13/14, 93%). Usability issues were related to food group categorization and recognition, frustrations owing to unsatisfactory functioning of (parts) of the prototypes, recall of food products, and the distinction between eating moments. No short-term differences in product preference between the 3 prototypes were observed, but autonomy, challenge, gaming elements, being tablet based, appearance, social elements, and time frame were identified as determinants of liking the product. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that children can play a complementary role in dietary data collection to enhance the data collected by their parents. Incorporation of a training program, auditory or visual prompts, reminders and feedback, a user-friendly and intuitive interaction design, child-friendly food groups or icons, and room for children's autonomy were identified as requirements for the future development of a novel and usable dietary assessment tool for children aged 5 to 6 years. Our findings can serve as valuable guidance for ongoing innovations in the field of children's dietary assessment and the provision of personalized dietary support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoë van der Heijden
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Femke de Gooijer
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Guido Camps
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Desiree Lucassen
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Edith Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Marlou Lasschuijt
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Elske Brouwer-Brolsma
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Vranken S, Matthes J, Fitzgerald K, Beullens K. I spy with my little eye: An eye-tracking study examining adolescents' attention to alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages in Instagram stories. Appetite 2023; 189:107000. [PMID: 37573972 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.107000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Social media users are frequently exposed to alcohol images on Instagram, which in turn influences their own alcohol behaviors. Yet, it is unclear what factors drive attention to alcohol cues. In an eye-tracking study (N = 108; Mage = 16.54), we examined adolescents' attention to Instagram Stories depending on: (a) the type of beverage depicted (beer vs water), (b) the character-product interaction portrayed (CPI: peers in images shown consuming [high CPI] vs holding beverages [low CPI]) and, (c) participant's own susceptibility (high vs low-risk alcohol drinker). Our results illustrated that adolescents allocated an equal amount of attention to beer and water depicted in Instagram images. Furthermore, they devoted more attention to Instagram images wherein peers were shown consuming water and beer (high CPI) compared to those wherein peers were holding these beverages (low CPI). Surprisingly, high-risk alcohol drinkers were more responsive to both beer and water cues than low-risk drinkers. This was particularly the case for Instagram images with high CPI. These findings have implications for how health cues on Instagram are attended to and processed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Vranken
- School for Mass Communication Research - University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 (Box 3603), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium; Research Foundations Flanders (FWO), Egmontstraat 5, 1000, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Jörg Matthes
- Advertising and Media Effects Research Group - University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 29, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kaitlin Fitzgerald
- College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Martha Van Rensselaer HallIthaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kathleen Beullens
- School for Mass Communication Research - University of Leuven, Parkstraat 45 (Box 3603), B-3000, Leuven, Belgium
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Stevenson RJ, Bartlett J, Wright M, Hughes A, Hill BJ, Saluja S, Francis HM. The development of interoceptive hunger signals. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22374. [PMID: 36811369 PMCID: PMC10107831 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Hunger is often reported when people experience certain internal sensations (e.g., fatigue) or when they anticipate that a food will be good to eat. The latter results from associative learning, while the former was thought to signal an energy deficit. However, energy-deficit models of hunger are not well supported, so if interoceptive hungers are not "fuel gauges," what are they? We examined an alternate perspective, where internal states signaling hunger, which are quite diverse, are learned during childhood. A basic prediction from this idea is offspring-caregiver similarity, which should be evident if caregivers teach their child the meaning of internal hunger cues. We tested 111 university student offspring-primary caregiver pairs, by having them complete a survey about their internal hunger states, alongside other information that may moderate this relationship (i.e., gender, body mass index, eating attitudes, and beliefs about hunger). We observed substantial similarity between offspring-caregiver pairs (Cohen's ds from 0.33 to 1.55), with the main moderator being beliefs about an energy-needs model of hunger, which tended to increase similarity. We discuss whether these findings may also reflect heritable influences, the form that any learning might take, and the implications for child feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Johanna Bartlett
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Madeline Wright
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alannah Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Brayson J Hill
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Supreet Saluja
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heather M Francis
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Coulthard H, Van den Tol AJM, Jeffers S, Ryan S. Music as an alternative self-regulation strategy to snack foods following a negative mood induction in 5-7-year-old children: Interactions with parental use of food as a reward. Appetite 2023; 186:106517. [PMID: 36863533 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2023.106517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to extend studies that have looked at snack food consumption following a negative mood induction, and examine whether listening to a happy song would counteract food consumption in children. A second aim was to examine whether parental feeding practices (use of food as a reward and the use of food to regulate emotions) and child Body Mass Index (BMI) would moderate any differences. Eighty 5-7-year-old children took part in a negative mood induction and were then assigned to either a happy music condition or a silent control condition. The weight (g) consumed of four snack foods was measured (fruit hearts, crisps, chocolate biscuits, and breadsticks). Parents filled in baseline measures of feeding practices. There were no significant differences in food consumption between conditions. There was, however, a significant interaction between the high use of food as a reward and the condition on the amount of food eaten. In particular, following a negative -mood induction, those children whose parents reported using food as a reward and who were in the silent condition ate significantly more snack foods. There were no significant interactions with child BMI or with parental use of food to regulate emotions. This research suggests that the use of certain parental strategies may influence how children respond to novel emotion regulation techniques. Further research is needed to evaluate the best types of music to regulate emotions in children, and whether parents can be encouraged to replace maladaptive feeding practices with more adaptive non-food practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Coulthard
- Division of Psychology, The Gateway, De Montfort University, Leicester, LE1 9BH, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Shavez Jeffers
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, George Davies Centre, University Rd, Leicester, LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Sean Ryan
- School of Psychology, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB, United Kingdom
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Suntharesan J, Atapattu N, Jasinghe E, Ekanayake S, de Silva DAGH, Dunseath G, Luzio S, Premawardhana L. Acute postprandial gut hormone, leptin, glucose and insulin responses to resistant starch in obese children: a single blind crossover study. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:47-52. [PMID: 36347569 PMCID: PMC9763173 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Resistant starch (RS) has beneficial effects on postprandial glucose metabolism in both animals and adults. Hitherto, there have been no studies in children of the acute metabolic and hormonal effects of RS-containing meals. OBJECTIVES We aimed to compare serial plasma glucose, insulin, gut hormone, leptin profiles and satiety scores in obese children after meals containing variable amounts of RS. METHODS This was a single blind, non-randomised, crossover study of 20 obese children aged 10-14 years old without comorbidities. Three test meals containing rice (M1), rice cooked with coconut oil (M2), rice cooked in coconut oil with lentils (M3) were given in sequence after a 12-hour fast . Blood samples were analysed for glucose (PG), insulin, leptin, glucagon-like polypeptide (GLP) 1, ghrelin and peptide YY (PYY) at appropriate times between 0 and 180 min. RESULTS Meal M2 resulted in significantly lower postprandial glucose values compared with meal M1 (maximal incremental glucose, ∆Cmax, p<0.05; area under the curve, ∆AUC0-3, p<0.01) and meal M3 (maximal concentration, Cmax, p<0.01; ∆Cmax, p<0.001, and ∆AUC0-3p<0.01). M2 also produced lower insulin values compared with M1 (p<0.05). Postprandial ghrelin was significantly higher after M1 compared with M3 (p<0.05). PYY, GLP1 and median satiety scores were not significantly different between the three meals. CONCLUSION This study shows that M2, the meal containing RS alone, induced beneficial effects on acute postprandial glucose, insulin and ghrelin concentrations in obese children without diabetes. Acute postprandial satiety scores were not significantly affected by the three meals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER SLCTR/2020/007.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Navoda Atapattu
- Endocrinology, Lady Ridgeway Hospital for Children, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Sagarika Ekanayake
- Biochemistry, University of Sri Jayawardenepura Department of Medical Education and Health Sciences, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Gareth Dunseath
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Steohan Luzio
- Diabetes Research Group, Swansea University School of Medicine, Swansea, UK
| | - Lakdasa Premawardhana
- Thyroid Research Group, Cardiff University College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff, UK
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Youssef J, Mora M, Maiz E, Spence C. Sensory exploration of vegetables combined with a cookery class increases willingness to choose/eat plant-based food and drink. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Predictive Validity of Image-Based Motivation-to-Eat Visual Analogue Scales in Normal Weight Children and Adolescents Aged 9-14 Years. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030636. [PMID: 35276995 PMCID: PMC8840208 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper-based motivation-to-eat visual analogue scales (VASs) developed for adults are widely used in the pediatric age range. The VAS is comprised of four domains: hunger, fullness, desire to eat, and prospective food consumption. The purpose of the present study was to determine agreement between the traditional paper-based VAS and a novel digital VAS (with and without images), as well as the novel digital VAS's predictive validity for subsequent food intake (FI) in 9-14-year-old children and adolescents. Following an overnight fast and 3 h after consuming a standardized breakfast at home, children and adolescents (n = 17) completed three different VAS instruments (VASpaper, VASimages, VASno-images) in a randomized order at five time-points: 0 min (baseline), 5 min (immediately after consuming a 147 kcal yogurt treatment), 20 min, 35 min (immediately before an ad libitum lunch), and 65 min (immediately post ad libitum lunch). All three instruments were comparable, as shown by low bias and limits of agreement on Bland-Altman plots, moderate to excellent intraclass correlation coefficients for all domains at all time-points (ICC = 0.72-0.98), and no differences between the incremental area under the curve for any of the domains. All three instruments also showed good predictive validity for subsequent FI, with the strongest relationship observed immediately before the ad libitum lunch (p = 0.56-0.63). There was no significant association between subjective thirst and water intake, except with VASno-images at baseline (r = 0.49, p = 0.046). In conclusion, the present study suggests that a novel image-based digital VAS evaluating motivation-to-eat is interchangeable with the traditional paper-based VAS, and provides good predictive validity for next-meal FI in 9-14-year-old normal weight children and adolescents.
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Measuring short-term eating behaviour and desire to eat: Validation of the child eating behaviour questionnaire and a computerized 'desire to eat' computerized questionnaire. Appetite 2021; 167:105661. [PMID: 34437924 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Child Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (CEBQ) is designed to measure 'usual' eating behaviour, with no time period attached, thus may not be suitable for assessing the effectiveness of short-term experimental studies. The aim of this study was to validate i) the CEBQ adapted to measure 'past week' rather than 'usual' eating behaviour, and ii) a computerized questionnaire assessing desire to eat core and non-core foods, against an objective measure of eating behaviour and food intake (eating in the absence of hunger (EAH) experiment). Children (n = 103) aged 8-12 years completed the desire to eat questionnaire followed by the EAH experiment while primary caregivers completed the adapted CEBQ. Results from the CEBQ showed that children with greater 'satiety responsiveness' (1-point higher) consumed less energy (-342 kJ; 95% CI -574, -110) whereas those with greater 'enjoyment of food' scale consumed more energy (380 kJ; 95% CI 124, 636) during the ad-libitum phase of the EAH experiment. Higher scores for slowness in eating (-705 kJ; 95% CI -1157, -254), emotional undereating (-590 kJ; 95% CI -1074, -106) and food fussiness (-629 kJ; 95% CI -1103, -155) were associated with lower total energy intake. Children who expressed greater desire to eat non-core foods consumed more energy in total (275 kJ; 95% CI 87, 463). Overall, this adapted CEBQ appears valid for measuring several short-term eating behaviours in children. The desire to eat questionnaire may be useful for identifying short-term susceptibility to overeating, however further investigation into how ratings of desire relate to the intake of highly palatable, energy dense foods is warranted.
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12
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Edwards KL, Thomas JM, Higgs S, Blissett J. Exposure to models' positive facial expressions whilst eating a raw vegetable increases children's acceptance and consumption of the modelled vegetable. Appetite 2021; 168:105779. [PMID: 34756937 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that seeing positive facial expressions (FEs) towards food increased children's desire to eat foods rated as disliked. However, the effect of adults' positive FEs whilst eating a raw vegetable on children's acceptance and intake of nutritious foods that are less preferred (e.g., vegetables) remains to be established. This study aimed to examine the effect of models' FEs eating raw broccoli on children's acceptance and intake of raw broccoli. 111 children aged 4-6 years (64 male, 47 female) were randomised to watch a video of unfamiliar adult models eating raw broccoli with a positive or neutral facial expression (FE), or a non-food control video. Children's acceptance and intake of raw broccoli was assessed. Data about parent and child characteristics was provided by parents. There was a main effect of FE type on children's frequency of tastes (p = .03) and intake of broccoli (p = .02). Children who were exposed to models eating broccoli with positive FEs had greater frequency of tastes (p = .04) and intake of broccoli (p = .03), than children in the control condition, but not compared to children in the neutral FE condition (p > .05). There was no effect of positive FEs on children's willingness to try broccoli (p > .05). These findings suggest that observing others enjoy a commonly disliked vegetable can encourage children's tastes and intake of the vegetable. Thus, exposing children to others enjoying vegetables could be a useful strategy for encouraging healthier eating in children. Further work is needed to determine whether a single exposure is sufficient and whether these effects are sustained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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13
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Morrison S, Galland BC, Haszard JJ, Jackson R, McIntosh DR, Beebe DW, Elder DE, Ward AL, Meredith-Jones K, Taylor RW. Eating in the absence of hunger in children with mild sleep loss: a randomized crossover trial with learning effects. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 114:1428-1437. [PMID: 34192297 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While insufficient sleep duration has emerged as a strong, independent risk factor for obesity, the mechanisms remain unclear. One possibility is greater "eating in the absence of hunger" (EAH) or energy intake beyond the point of satiety, when tired. OBJECTIVE The aim was to determine whether mild sleep loss increases EAH in children. METHODS A crossover study was undertaken in 105 healthy children (8-12 y) with normal sleep (∼8-11 h/night). After randomization, children went to bed 1 h earlier (sleep extension) or 1 h later (sleep restriction) than their usual bedtime, over 2 intervention weeks separated by a 1-wk washout. At the end of each intervention week, children underwent an EAH feeding experiment involving a preloading meal until satiation, followed by an ad libitum buffet (of highly palatable snacks) to measure EAH, with each food item weighed before and after consumption. RESULTS Ninety-three children completed the EAH experiment. There was no evidence of a difference in energy intake from EAH between sleep restriction and extension conditions when analyzed as a crossover design. However, a learning effect was found, with children eating significantly less (-239 kJ; 95% CI: -437, -41 kJ; P = 0.018) during the preload phase and significantly more (181 kJ; 95% CI: 38, 322 kJ; P = 0.013) in the ad libitum phase in the second week. No significant differences were seen using an underpowered parallel analysis for energy intake during the ad libitum phase when sleep deprived (106 kJ; 95% CI: -217, 431 kJ; P = 0.514). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that measuring a difference in eating behavior in relation to sleep proved unsuitable using the EAH experiment in a crossover design in children, due to a learning effect. This trial was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (http://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=367587&isReview=true) as ACTRN12618001671257 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Morrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barbara C Galland
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Rosie Jackson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Dean W Beebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Dawn E Elder
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Aimee L Ward
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Department of Geography, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | | | - Rachael W Taylor
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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14
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Porter L, Gillison FB, Wright KA, Verbruggen F, Lawrence NS. Exploring Strategies to Optimise the Impact of Food-Specific Inhibition Training on Children's Food Choices. Front Psychol 2021; 12:653610. [PMID: 34054657 PMCID: PMC8161504 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.653610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food-specific inhibition training (FSIT) is a computerised task requiring response inhibition to energy-dense foods within a reaction-time game. Previous work indicates that FSIT can increase the number of healthy foods (relative to energy-dense foods) children choose, and decrease calories consumed from sweets and chocolate. Across two studies, we explored the impact of FSIT variations (e.g., different response signals, different delivery modes) on children's food choices within a time-limited hypothetical food-choice task. In Study 1, we varied the FSIT Go/No-Go signals to be emotive (happy vs. sad faces) or neutral (green vs. red signs). One-hundred-and-fifty-seven children were randomly allocated to emotive-FSIT, neutral-FSIT, or a non-food control task. Children participated in groups of 4-15. No significant FSIT effects were observed on food choices (all values of p > 0.160). Healthy-food choices decreased over time regardless of condition (p < 0.050). The non-significant effects could be explained by lower accuracy on energy-dense No-Go trials than in previous studies, possibly due to distraction in the group-testing environment. In Study 2, we compared computer-based FSIT (using emotive signals) and app-based FSIT (using neutral signals) against a non-food control with a different sample of 206 children, but this time children worked one-on-one with the experimenter. Children's accuracy on energy-dense No-Go trials was higher in this study. Children in the FSIT-computer group chose significantly more healthy foods at post-training (M = 2.78, SE = 0.16) compared to the control group (M = 2.02, SE = 0.16, p = 0.001). The FSIT-app group did not differ from either of the other two groups (M = 2.42, SE = 0.16, both comparisons p > 0.050). Healthy choices decreased over time in the control group (p = 0.001) but did not change in the two FSIT groups (both p > 0.300) supporting previous evidence that FSIT may have a beneficial effect on children's food choices. Ensuring that children perform FSIT with high accuracy (e.g., by using FSIT in quiet environments and avoiding group-testing) may be important for impacts on food choices though. Future research should continue to explore methods of optimising FSIT as a healthy-eating intervention for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Porter
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kim A Wright
- School of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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15
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Efraim M, Kirwan CB, Muncy NM, Tucker LA, Kwon S, Bailey BW. Acute after-school screen time in children decreases impulse control and activation toward high-calorie food stimuli in brain regions related to reward and attention. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:177-189. [PMID: 32128716 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-019-00244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of after-school sedentary screen time on children's brain activation in reward and cognitive control regions in response to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. Thirty-two children participated in a randomized crossover study with counterbalanced treatment conditions. Conditions took place on separate days after school and included three hours of active or sedentary play. After each condition, neural activation was assessed using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while participants completed a go/no-go task involving pictures of high- and low-calorie foods. General response inhibition was also measured using the Stroop task. Hunger was measured upon arrival to the testing facility and just prior to fMRI scans. Mixed effects models were used to evaluate main effects and interactions. Significant stimulus by condition interactions were found in the right superior parietal cortex, and left anterior cingulate cortex (Ps ≤ 0.05). High-calorie pictures elicited significantly more activation bilaterally in the orbitofrontal cortex compared to low-calorie pictures (Ps ≤ 0.05). Stroop task performance diminished significantly following the sedentary condition compared to the active (P ≤ 0.05). Subjective feelings of hunger were not different between conditions at any point. Sedentary screen time was associated with significantly decreased response inhibition and a reversed brain activation pattern to pictures of high- and low-calorie foods compared to active play, in areas of the brain important to the modulation of food intake. Decreased attention, and impulse control following sedentary screen time may contribute to disinhibited eating that can lead to overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Efraim
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - C Brock Kirwan
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Nathan M Muncy
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Center, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Larry A Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Sunku Kwon
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA
| | - Bruce W Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences, Brigham Young University, 267 Smith Fieldhouse, Provo, UT, 84602, USA.
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16
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Triador L, Colin-Ramirez E, Mackenzie ML, Tomaszewski E, Shah K, Gulayets H, Field CJ, Mager DR, Haqq AM. A two-component pictured-based appetite assessment tool is capable of detecting appetite sensations in younger children: A pilot study. Nutr Res 2021; 89:45-55. [PMID: 33894660 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual analogue scales (VAS) have commonly been used to assess appetite in children 8 years and older; however, these tools have been considered unreliable for children 7 years old and under. The objective of this pilot study was to develop a picture-based appetite assessment (PBAA) tool for children aged 4-10 years and pilot test it compared to a VAS-based appetite assessment. The study hypothesis was that the PBAA scores would decrease following the consumption of an ad libitum snack compared to the scores in the fasted state in children 4 to 10 years old; furthermore, there would be a good level of agreement (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.75) between the appetite scores by the PBAA and VAS tools in children aged 8 years or older. At Visit 1, in a fasted state, all children (n = 15) completed the PBAA. Children who were 8-10 years old (n = 8) also completed the VAS-based appetite assessment. Then, an ad libitum snack was provided, and appetite assessments were repeated at 5-, 30- and 60-minutes post-snack. The same assessments were completed at visit 2 pre (fasting)- and post-consumption of a snack containing 25% of the amount consumed at visit 1 (limited snack). PBAA scores were different across time (P < .001) and between types of meal (ad libitum vs limited snack) (P = .015) in all children. A good agreement between the PBAA and VAS scores at 30 and 60 minutes after both types of meal was found (intraclass correlation coefficients >0.75). The PBAA tool was able to detect expected changes in appetite sensations and was in good agreement with the VAS instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucila Triador
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eloisa Colin-Ramirez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michelle L Mackenzie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Emily Tomaszewski
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Krishna Shah
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hayley Gulayets
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Diana R Mager
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea M Haqq
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada; Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2E1, Alberta, Canada.
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17
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Cox JS, Hinton EC, Sauchelli S, Hamilton-Shield JP, Lawrence NS, Brunstrom JM. When do children learn how to select a portion size? Appetite 2021; 164:105247. [PMID: 33819526 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reduction of portion sizes supports weight-loss. This study looks at whether children have a conceptual understanding of portion size, by studying their ability to manually serve a portion size that corresponds to what they eat. In a clinical setting, discussion around portion size is subjective thus a computerised portion size tool is also trialled, with the portion sizes chosen on the screen being compared to amounts served manually. Children (n = 76) age 5-6, 7-8 and 10-11 were asked to rate their hunger (VAS scale), liking (VAS scale) and 'ideal portion size for lunch' of eight interactive meal images using a computerised portion size tool. Children then manually self-served and consumed a portion of pasta. Plates were weighed to allow for the calculation of calories served and eaten. A positive correlation was found between manually served food portions and the amount eaten (r = 0.53, 95%CI [0.34, 0.82, P < .001), indicating that many children were able to anticipate their likely food intake prior to meal onset. A regression model demonstrates that age contributes to 9.4% of the variance in portion size accuracy (t(68) = -2.3, p = .02). There was no relationship between portion size and either hunger or liking. The portion sizes chosen on the computer at lunchtime correlated to the amount manually served overall (r = .34, 95%CI [0.07, 0.55], p < .01), but not in 5-6-year-old children. Manual portion-size selection can be observed in five-year olds and from age seven, children's 'virtual' responses correlate with their manual portion selections. The application of the computerised portion-size tool requires further development but offers considerable potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Cox
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Nutrition Theme, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Elanor C Hinton
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Nutrition Theme, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK.
| | - Sarah Sauchelli
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Nutrition Theme, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Julian P Hamilton-Shield
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre Nutrition Theme, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TU, UK
| | - Natalia S Lawrence
- Department of Psychology, Washington Singer Laboratories, Perry Road, University of Exeter, Exeter, Devon, EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Jeffrey M Brunstrom
- Nutrition and Behaviour Unit, School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, 12a Priory Road, Bristol BS8 1TU, UK
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18
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Luo S, Angelo B, Chow T, Monterosso JR, Xiang AH, Thompson PM, Page KA. The role of maternal BMI on brain food cue reactivity in children: a preliminary study. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 15:2746-2755. [PMID: 33738669 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Children of overweight and obese parents have an increased risk of obesity. Little is known the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship, specifically the brain systems implicated in self-regulation of food intake. The primary goal here is to examine relationships between maternal body mass index (BMI) and brain responses to food cues in children. Seventy-six children (8.62 ± 1.02 years; 28 M,48F) were included in this study. Height and weight were assessed for children and their biological parents. Maternal height and weight before pregnancy were extracted from the Electronic Medical Records (EMR). BMI (kg/m2) or BMIz (age- and sex-specific BMI) were calculated. Children underwent a magnetic resonance imaging session where they viewed food and non-food images before and after glucose ingestion. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) food cue reactivity was the measurement of interest for region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. Whole-brain exploratory analysis was performed as well. Non-parametric methods were used for data analysis. ROI and whole brain analyses showed that maternal current BMI was inversely associated with child's ACC and dlPFC food cue reactivity after glucose ingestion, adjusting for age and sex. No significant relationships were found between paternal BMI and child's food cue reactivity. Child BMIz was negatively associated with the ACC food cue reactivity after glucose ingestion. Our results supported the role of maternal adiposity on child's responses to appetitive food cues in brain self-regulation circuitry, which may influence eating behavior and obesity risk in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
| | - Brendan Angelo
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Ting Chow
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - John R Monterosso
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anny H Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, 91101, USA
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Kathleen A Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Diabetes and Obesity Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
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19
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How cartoon characters and claims influence children’s attitude towards a snack vegetable – An explorative cross-cultural comparison between Indonesia and Denmark. Food Qual Prefer 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2020.104031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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20
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Bennett C, Copello A, Jones C, Blissett J. Children overcoming picky eating (COPE) - A cluster randomised controlled trial. Appetite 2020; 154:104791. [PMID: 32659247 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2020.104791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Food neophobia limits dietary variety in children and adults. Interventions to alleviate the impact of neophobia on children's dietary variety have had varying success. The potential effectiveness of mindfulness, a process of bringing awareness to the present moment, has received little attention. This trial aimed to explore the effectiveness of two mindfulness exercises on novel food acceptance for children. METHODS A cluster-randomised controlled trial with three trial arms compared the impact of two mindfulness exercises (mindful breathing and mindful raisin-eating) and a non-mindful control task on anticipated liking and intake of a novel fruit. Seventy-one children aged 10-12 years engaged in one of the three tasks at school over five days and were offered a novel fruit at the end of the intervention. Children self-reported mindfulness, food neophobia and anxiety at baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Two mixed-effects models showed that, controlling for school effects and covariates (including mindfulness, food neophobia and anxiety), children in the mindful raisin-eating arm reported greater anticipated liking of a novel fruit and children in both mindfulness arms consumed greater amounts of a novel fruit than children in the control arm. Mixed-design ANOVAs indicated that mindfulness, food neophobia and anxiety did not change over time in each trial arm. CONCLUSIONS The results provide promising evidence for the potential effectiveness of mindfulness interventions in encouraging children to try new foods. The mechanisms underlying effectiveness remain unclear and further research, exploring long-term effects and the possibility to generalise these findings to other food groups such as vegetables, is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Bennett
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK.
| | - Alex Copello
- Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Jackie Blissett
- Department of Psychology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, UK
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21
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Mindful eating: effects of a brief induction in the choice and intake of food in children. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00764-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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22
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Interactive effects of impulsivity and dietary restraint over snack intake in children. Appetite 2020; 146:104496. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Huppert E, Shaw A, Decety J. The effect of hunger on children's sharing behavior and fairness preferences. J Exp Child Psychol 2020; 192:104786. [PMID: 31932023 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2019.104786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
How does feeling hungry affect children's sharing and evaluations of others' moral decision making? To examine this question, we gave 4- to 9-year-old children the opportunity to share resources with an anonymous other child and to evaluate third-party resource allocation decisions between hungry and full recipients. We also measured children's subjective reports of their own hunger, predicting that hungry children would be less generous in their own sharing and more likely to prefer distributions that favor the hungry recipient. Children's sharing increased with age, as did positive evaluations of equitable third-party distributions. Hungrier children were less likely to share overall, but particularly when sharing food-relevant resources. Hunger did not influence third-party resource allocation evaluations, and children still expected fairness from others even when behaving differently themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huppert
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Alex Shaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jean Decety
- Department of Psychology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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24
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Angka S, Hémar-Nicolas V, Hapsari HP, Olsen A. How packaging colours and claims influence children’s vegetable attitude and intake – An exploratory cross-cultural comparison between Indonesia and Denmark. Food Qual Prefer 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.103795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Ward AL, Galland BC, Haszard JJ, Meredith-Jones K, Morrison S, McIntosh DR, Jackson R, Beebe DW, Fangupo L, Richards R, Te Morenga L, Smith C, Elder DE, Taylor RW. The effect of mild sleep deprivation on diet and eating behaviour in children: protocol for the Daily Rest, Eating, and Activity Monitoring (DREAM) randomized cross-over trial. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:1347. [PMID: 31640636 PMCID: PMC6805447 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-7628-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although insufficient sleep has emerged as a strong, independent risk factor for obesity in children, the mechanisms by which insufficient sleep leads to weight gain are uncertain. Observational research suggests that being tired influences what children eat more than how active they are, but only experimental research can determine causality. Few experimental studies have been undertaken to determine how reductions in sleep duration might affect indices of energy balance in children including food choice, appetite regulation, and sedentary time. The primary aim of this study is to objectively determine whether mild sleep deprivation increases energy intake in the absence of hunger. METHODS The Daily, Rest, Eating, and Activity Monitoring (DREAM) study is a randomized controlled trial investigating how mild sleep deprivation influences eating behaviour and activity patterns in children using a counterbalanced, cross-over design. One hundred and ten children aged 8-12 years, with normal reported sleep duration of 8-11 h per night will undergo 2 weeks of sleep manipulation; seven nights of sleep restriction by going to bed 1 hr later than usual, and seven nights of sleep extension going to bed 1 hr earlier than usual, separated by a washout week. During each experimental week, 24-h movement behaviours (sleep, physical activity, sedentary behaviour) will be measured via actigraphy; dietary intake and context of eating by multiple 24-h recalls and wearable camera images; and eating behaviours via objective and subjective methods. At the end of each experimental week a feeding experiment will determine energy intake from eating in the absence of hunger. Differences between sleep conditions will be determined to estimate the effects of reducing sleep duration by 1-2 h per night. DISCUSSION Determining how insufficient sleep predisposes children to weight gain should provide much-needed information for improving interventions for the effective prevention of obesity, thereby decreasing long-term morbidity and healthcare burden. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618001671257 . Registered 10 October 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee L. Ward
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barbara C. Galland
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | | | - Silke Morrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Rosie Jackson
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dean W. Beebe
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Ohio, USA
| | - Louise Fangupo
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Lisa Te Morenga
- School of Health, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Claire Smith
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Dawn E. Elder
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Maiz E, Urkia I, Bereciartu A, Urdaneta E, Allirot X. Introducing novel fruits and vegetables: Effects of involving children in artistic plating of food. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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van der Horst K, Mathias KC, Prieto Patron A, Allirot X. Art on a Plate: A Pilot Evaluation of an International Initiative Designed to Promote Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables by Children. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2019; 51:919-925.e1. [PMID: 31047810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the 2016 International Chefs Day cooking workshops Art on a Plate. DESIGN Nonexperimental pretest-posttest design SETTING: Art on a Plate workshops with children from 14 countries in Asia, America, and Europe. PARTICIPANTS A total of 433 workshop participants aged 4-14 years (mean age, 8.6 years). INTERVENTION Instructed by a chef, children in the workshops created a self-chosen design on their plate with a spinach-fruit salad. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Before and after the workshop, a questionnaire assessing liking and willingness to eat or taste; hunger was assessed using the Teddy the Bear method and emotions were assessed using the Self-assessment Manikin. The event coordinator evaluated salad intake. ANALYSIS Linear and generalized linear (logit) mixed models were used to test statistical differences before and after the workshop. RESULTS The workshop resulted in a small increase in liking (n = 409; P = .02) and person control (n = 375; P < .001) and a decrease in hunger (n = 379; P < .001). A total of 30% of children increased their liking scores, 18% decreased them, and 52% did not change them. Significant associations of liking and change in liking with salad intake were in the expected direction. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This study showed the positive effect of a cooking workshop on children's salad liking across a selection of countries worldwide. Further research and novel methods are needed to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of cooking activities in real-life settings across countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klazine van der Horst
- Nestec Ltd, Nestlé Research Center, Institute of Nutritional Science, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kevin C Mathias
- Nestec Ltd, Nestlé Research Center, Institute of Nutritional Science, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Prieto Patron
- Nestec Ltd, Nestlé Research Center, Institute of Nutritional Science, Vers-Chez-Les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Farrow C, Belcher E, Coulthard H, Thomas JM, Lumsden J, Hakobyan L, Haycraft E. Using repeated visual exposure, rewards and modelling in a mobile application to increase vegetable acceptance in children. Appetite 2019; 141:104327. [PMID: 31228505 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Children are not consuming the recommended amounts of fruit and vegetables. Repeated visual exposure, modelling, and rewards have been shown to be effective at increasing vegetable acceptance in young children. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of an evidence-based mobile application (Vegetable Maths Masters) which builds on these principles to increase children's liking and acceptance of vegetables. Seventy-four children (37 male, 37 female) aged 3-6 years old were randomised to play with either the vegetable app or a similar control app that did not include any foods. Children played their allocated game for 10 min. Liking and acceptance of the vegetables used in Vegetable Maths Masters (carrot and sweetcorn) and other vegetables which were not used in the game (yellow pepper and tomato) were measured pre- and post-play in both groups. Parents provided data about their child's food fussiness and previous exposure to the foods being used. Children who played with the Vegetable Maths Masters app consumed significantly more vegetables after playing with the app and reported significant increases in their liking of vegetables, relative to the control group. The effect of the Vegetable Maths Masters app on the change in consumption of vegetables was mediated by the change in liking of vegetables. These findings suggest that evidence-based mobile apps can provide an effective tool for increasing children's liking and consumption of vegetables in the short-term. Further work is now required to establish whether these effects are maintained over time.
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Bennett C, Blissett J. Multiple measures of impulsivity, eating behaviours and adiposity in 7-11-year-olds. Appetite 2019; 133:217-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Luo S, Alves J, Hardy K, Wang X, Monterosso J, Xiang AH, Page KA. Neural processing of food cues in pre-pubertal children. Pediatr Obes 2019; 14:e12435. [PMID: 30019454 PMCID: PMC6336530 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Neuroimaging investigations of brain pathways involved in reward and motivation have primarily focused on adults. This study sought to identify brain responses to visual food cues and explore its relationships with adiposity and sex in pre-pubertal children. METHODS Brain responses to palatable food vs. non-food cues were measured in 53 children (age: 8.18 ± .66 years; sex: 22 boys, 31 girls) after an overnight fast. Whole-brain analysis (cluster-correction Z > 2.3, P < .05) was performed to examine brain food cue reactivity and its relationships with adiposity and sex. RESULTS Greater brain activity in response to food vs. non-food cues was observed in regions implicated in reward (orbital frontal cortex, striatum), taste (insula, postcentral gyrus), appetite (hypothalamus), emotion (amygdala), memory (hippocampus), visual processing (occipital cortex) and attention (parietal cortex). A negative association was found between percent body fat and food cue reactivity in the medial prefrontal cortex and lateral orbital frontal cortex adjusting for age and sex. Boys compared with girls had increased food cue reactivity in right hippocampus and visual cortex. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that body fat and sex are important moderators of brain food cue reactivity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Luo
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Jasmin Alves
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Kristen Hardy
- Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Xinhui Wang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 91101
| | - John Monterosso
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089,Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, 90089
| | - Anny H. Xiang
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, 91101
| | - Kathleen A. Page
- Division of Endocrinology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 90089,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, 90089,Corresponding Author: Kathleen A. Page, Associate Professor of Medicine USC Keck School of Medicine Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, 2250 Alcazar Street; CSC 209, Los Angeles, CA 90089, T: (323) 442-2804, F: (323) 442-2809,
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Lange C, Chabanet C, Nicklaus S, Visalli M, Schwartz C. A dynamic method to measure the evolution of liking during food consumption in 8- to 10-year-old children. Food Qual Prefer 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Deavin N, McMahon AT, Walton K, Charlton K. ‘Breaking Barriers, Breaking Bread’: Pilot study to evaluate acceptability of a school breakfast program utilising donated food. Nutr Diet 2018; 75:500-508. [DOI: 10.1111/1747-0080.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natika Deavin
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Anne-Therese McMahon
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Karen Walton
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
| | - Karen Charlton
- School of Medicine; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
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Richard A, Meule A, Blechert J. When and how do explicit measures of food craving predict implicit food evaluation? A moderated mediation model. Food Qual Prefer 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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A treat for the eyes. An eye-tracking study on children's attention to unhealthy and healthy food cues in media content. Appetite 2018; 125:63-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Porter L, Bailey-Jones C, Priudokaite G, Allen S, Wood K, Stiles K, Parvin O, Javaid M, Verbruggen F, Lawrence N. From cookies to carrots; the effect of inhibitory control training on children's snack selections. Appetite 2018; 124:111-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Norman J, Kelly B, McMahon AT, Boyland E, Baur LA, Chapman K, King L, Hughes C, Bauman A. Sustained impact of energy-dense TV and online food advertising on children's dietary intake: a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counter-balanced trial. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:37. [PMID: 29650023 PMCID: PMC5897936 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Policies restricting children’s exposure to unhealthy food marketing have been impeded by the lack of evidence showing a direct link between food advertising exposure and children’s energy intake and body weight. Food advertising exposure increases children’s immediate food consumption, but whether this increased intake is compensated for at later eating occasions is not known; consequently the sustained effect on diets remains unclear. Methods We conducted a within-subject, randomised, crossover, counterbalanced study across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017. Children (7–12 years, n = 160) were recruited via local schools, email networks and social media. Two gender- and age-balanced groups were formed for each camp (n = 20), randomised to either a multiple- or single- media condition and exposed to food and non-food advertising in an online game and/or a television cartoon. Children’s food consumption (kilojoules) was measured at a snack immediately after exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Linear mixed models were conducted to examine relationships between food advertising exposure and dietary intake, taking into account gender, age and weight status. Results All children in the multiple-media condition ate more at a snack after exposure to food advertising compared with non-food advertising; this was not compensated for at lunch, leading to additional daily food intake of 194 kJ (95% CI 80–308, p = 0.001, d = 0.2). Exposure to multiple-media food advertising compared with a single-media source increased the effect on snack intake by a difference of 182 kJ (95% CI 46–317, p = 0.009, d = 0.4). Food advertising had an increased effect among children with heavier weight status in both media groups. Conclusion Online (‘advergame’) advertising combined with TV advertising exerted a stronger influence on children’s food consumption than TV advertising alone. The lack of compensation at lunch for children’s increased snack intake after food advertising exposure suggests that unhealthy food advertising exposure contributes to a positive energy-gap, which could cumulatively lead to the development of overweight. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, number ACTRN12617001230347 (Retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Norman
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-T McMahon
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Boyland
- Appetite & Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Louise A Baur
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia
| | - Lesley King
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Clare Hughes
- Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW, 2011, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Norman J, Kelly B, McMahon AT, Boyland E, Baur LA, Chapman K, King L, Hughes C, Bauman A. Children's self-regulation of eating provides no defense against television and online food marketing. Appetite 2018; 125:438-444. [PMID: 29496602 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to unhealthy food marketing stimulates children's food consumption. A child's responsiveness is influenced by individual factors, resulting in an increased vulnerability to advertising effects among some children. Whether these differential responses may be altered by different parental feeding behaviours is unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between parental feeding practices and children's food intake responses to food advertising exposure. A randomised, crossover, counterbalanced, within subject trial was conducted across four, six-day holiday camps in New South Wales, Australia between April 2016 and January 2017 with 160 children (7-12 years, n = 40/camp). Children were randomised to either a multiple media (TV and Internet) or single media (TV) condition and exposed to food (3 days) and non-food (3 days) advertising in an online game and/or a cartoon. Children's food consumption (kilojoules (kJ)) was measured at a snack immediately after advertising exposure and then at lunch later in the day. Parents completed the Child Feeding Questionnaire, and 'restriction' and 'pressure to eat' subscale scores were calculated. While food advertising affected all children in the multiple media condition, there was an increased effect on snack intake among children whose parents reported pressuring them to eat, with children consuming an additional 356 kJ after food advertising compared with non-food advertising. This was 209 kJ more than children whose parents did not pressure them to eat. In the single media condition, only children whose parents reported restrictive feeding practices ate more at lunch on food advertising days than non-food advertising days (240 kJ). These data highlight an increased susceptibility to food advertising among children whose parents report controlling feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Norman
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
| | - Bridget Kelly
- Early Start, School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Anne-T McMahon
- School of Health and Society, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Emma Boyland
- Appetite & Obesity Research Group, Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Louise A Baur
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Kathy Chapman
- Cancer Programs Division (at time of writing), Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
| | - Lesley King
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Clare Hughes
- Cancer Council NSW, 153, Dowling Street, Woolloomooloo, NSW 2011, Australia
| | - Adrian Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, School of Public Health, University of Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
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Shopping for food with children: A strategy for directing their choices toward novel foods containing vegetables. Appetite 2018; 120:287-296. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Raghoebar S, van Kleef E, de Vet E. Self-crafting vegetable snacks: testing the IKEA-effect in children. BRITISH FOOD JOURNAL (CROYDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 119:1301-1312. [PMID: 29720742 PMCID: PMC5868546 DOI: 10.1108/bfj-09-2016-0443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to test whether the IKEA-effect (Norton et al., 2012) - better liking for self-crafted products than for identical products crafted by others - can be exploited to increase liking and consumption of vegetable snacks in children. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A between-subjects experiment was conducted at an after school care facility. In total, 86 children aged four to six either crafted a peacock with vegetables or with non-food objects following an example. After the task, children ate snack vegetables ad libitum, and rated their liking for the vegetables and pride in crafting the peacock. FINDINGS No significant main effect of the vegetable snack creation on consumption and liking was observed. Also, perceived pride did not mediate the effect of self-crafting vegetable snacks on consumption of and liking for vegetables. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS Vegetable consumption did not differ between children who were either simply exposed to vegetable snacks while crafting or those who were crafting the vegetable snacks themselves. The equal consumption might suggest that this is caused by simple exposure, but more research is needed comparing self-crafting and exposure to a condition where there is no initial exposure to vegetables. ORIGINALITY/VALUE Although the IKEA-effect has been demonstrated in adults, this is one of the first studies evaluating the IKEA-effect in children and as a means to increase liking for a generally disliked product in this target group, i.e. vegetables. The IKEA-effect could not be replicated under these more stringent conditions, where the experimental set-up enabled disentangling exposure and crafting effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Raghoebar
- Strategic Communication Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Kleef
- Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emely de Vet
- Strategic Communication Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Kranz S, Brauchla M, Campbell WW, Mattes RD, Schwichtenberg AJ. High-Protein and High-Dietary Fiber Breakfasts Result in Equal Feelings of Fullness and Better Diet Quality in Low-Income Preschoolers Compared with Their Usual Breakfast. J Nutr 2017; 147:445-452. [PMID: 28077732 PMCID: PMC5320397 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.234153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In the United States, 17% of children are currently obese. Increasing feelings of fullness may prevent excessive energy intake, lead to better diet quality, and promote long-term maintenance of healthy weight.Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop a fullness-rating tool (aim 1) and to determine whether a high-protein (HP), high-fiber (HF), and combined HP and HF (HPHF) breakfast increases preschoolers' feelings of fullness before (pre) and after (post) breakfast and pre-lunch, as well as their diet quality, as measured by using a composite diet quality assessment tool, the Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (aim 2).Methods: Children aged 4 and 5 y (n = 41; 22 girls and 19 boys) from local Head Start centers participated in this randomized intervention trial. Sixteen percent of boys and 32% of girls were overweight or obese. After the baseline week, children rotated through four 1-wk periods of consuming ad libitum HP (19-20 g protein), HF (10-11 g fiber), HPHF (19-21 g protein, 10-12 g fiber), or usual (control) breakfasts. Food intake at breakfast was estimated daily, and for breakfast, lunch, and snack on day 3 of each study week Student's t tests and ANOVA were used to determine statistical differences.Results: Children's post-breakfast and pre-lunch fullness ratings were ≥1 point higher than those of pre-breakfast (aim 1). Although children consumed, on average, 65 kcal less energy during the intervention breakfasts (P < 0.007) than during the control breakfast, fullness ratings did not differ (P = 0.76). Relative to the control breakfast, improved diet quality (12%) was calculated for the HP and HF breakfasts (P < 0.027) but not for the HPHF breakfast (aim 2).Conclusions: Post-breakfast fullness ratings were not affected by the intervention breakfasts relative to the control breakfast. HP and HF breakfasts resulted in higher diet quality. Serving HP or HF breakfasts may be valuable in improving diet quality without lowering feelings of satiation or satiety. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02122224.
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Sharps M, Robinson E. Perceived eating norms and children's eating behaviour: An informational social influence account. Appetite 2017; 113:41-50. [PMID: 28192218 PMCID: PMC5388191 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 01/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
There is initial evidence that beliefs about the eating behaviour of others (perceived eating norms) can influence children's vegetable consumption, but little research has examined the mechanisms explaining this effect. In two studies we aimed to replicate the effect that perceived eating norms have on children's vegetable consumption, and to explore mechanisms which may underlie the influence of perceived eating norms on children's vegetable consumption. Study 1 investigated whether children follow perceived eating norms due to a desire to maintain personal feelings of social acceptance. Study 2 investigated whether perceived eating norms influence eating behaviour because eating norms provide information which can remove uncertainty about how to behave. Across both studies children were exposed to vegetable consumption information of other children and their vegetable consumption was examined. In both studies children were influenced by perceived eating norms, eating more when led to believe others had eaten a large amount compared to when led to believe others had eaten no vegetables. In Study 1, children were influenced by a perceived eating norm regardless of whether they felt sure or unsure that other children accepted them. In Study 2, children were most influenced by a perceived eating norm if they were eating in a novel context in which it may have been uncertain how to behave, as opposed to an eating context that children had already encountered. Perceived eating norms may influence children's eating behaviour by removing uncertainty about how to behave, otherwise known as informational social influence. Mechanisms underlying the influence of perceived eating norms were examined. Perceived eating norms influenced children's vegetable consumption. Perceived eating norms may act as a form of informational social influence on consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxine Sharps
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Robinson
- University of Liverpool, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Eleanor Rathbone Building, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom
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Allirot X, da Quinta N, Chokupermal K, Urdaneta E. Involving children in cooking activities: A potential strategy for directing food choices toward novel foods containing vegetables. Appetite 2016; 103:275-285. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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