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Máthé C, Bóka K, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Vasas G, Freytag C, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanotoxin, modulates division of higher plant chloroplasts through protein phosphatase inhibition and affects cyanobacterial division. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142125. [PMID: 38670509 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is a harmful cyanotoxin that inhibits 1 and 2A serine-threonine protein phosphatases. This study examines the influence of MC-LR on chloroplast division and the underlying mechanisms and consequences in Arabidopsis. MC-LR increased the frequency of dividing chloroplasts in hypocotyls in a time range of 1-96 h. At short-term exposures to MC-LR, small-sized chloroplasts (longitudinal diameters ≤6 μm) were more sensitive to these stimulatory effects, while both small and large chloroplasts showed stimulations at long-term exposure. After 48 h, the cyanotoxin increased the frequency of small-sized chloroplasts, indicating the stimulation of division. MC-LR inhibited protein phosphatases in whole hypocotyls and isolated chloroplasts, while it did not induce oxidative stress. We show for the first time that total cellular phosphatases play important roles in chloroplast division and that particular chloroplast phosphatases may be involved in these processes. Interestingly, MC-LR has a protective effect on cyanobacterial division during methyl-viologen (MV) treatments in Synechococcus PCC6301. MC-LR production has harmful effects on ecosystems and it may have an ancient cell division regulatory role in stressed cyanobacterial cells, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts. We propose that cytoplasmic (eukaryotic) factors also contribute to the relevant effects of MC-LR in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Károly Bóka
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Plant and Algal Natural Product Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; Balaton Limnological Research Institute- HUN-REN, Klebelsberg str. 3, H-8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary; One Health Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- Plant Cell and Developmental Biology Research Group, Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
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Martinez I Quer A, Larsson Y, Johansen A, Arias CA, Carvalho PN. Cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters - Nature-based solutions, cyanotoxins and their biotransformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 251:121122. [PMID: 38219688 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are expected to become more frequent and severe in surface water reservoirs due to climate change and ecosystem degradation. It is an emerging challenge that especially countries relying on surface water supplies will face. Nature-based solutions (NBS) like constructed wetlands and biofilters can be used for cyanotoxin remediation. Both technologies are reviewed and critically assessed for different types of water resources. The available information on cyanotoxins (bio)transformation products (TPs) is reviewed to point out the potential research gaps and to disclose the most reliable enzymatic degradation pathways. Knowledge gaps were found, such as information on the performance of the revised NBS in pilot and full scales, the removal processes covering different cyanotoxins (besides the most widely studied microcystin-LR), and the difficulties for real-world implementation of technologies proposed in the literature. Also, most studies focus on bacterial degradation processes while fungi have been completely overlooked. This review also presents an up-to-date overview of the transformation of cyanotoxins, where degradation product data was compiled in a unified library of 22 metabolites for microcystins (MCs), 7 for cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and 10 for nodularin (NOD), most of them reported only in a single study. Major gaps are the lack of environmentally relevant studies with TPs in pilot and full- scale treatment systems, information on TP's toxicity, as well as limited knowledge of environmentally relevant degradation pathways. NBS have the potential to mitigate cyanotoxins in recreational and irrigation waters, enabling the water-energy-food nexus and avoiding the degradability of the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martinez I Quer
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark.
| | - Yrsa Larsson
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark
| | - Anders Johansen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carlos A Arias
- WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Biology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114-116, Aarhus C 8000, Denmark
| | - Pedro N Carvalho
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgsvej 399, Roskilde 4000, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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Ma X, Gu Y, Liang C. Adaptation of protein phosphatases in Oryza sativa and Cucumis sativus to microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7018-7029. [PMID: 36018413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) in irrigation water could inhibit crop growth and yield. Protein phosphatases (PPs) play an important role in regulating physiological mechanisms in plants to adapt abiotic stresses. To clarify the adaptation mechanism in plants to MCs stress, we compared PPs in rice and cucumber leaves by analyzing PPs total activity, protein phosphatase-2A (PP2A) activity and expression, as well as related growth and gas exchange parameters. After 7-day exposure of MCs (5 ~ 100 µg/L) and 7-day recovery without MCs, rice showed higher tolerance to MCs by analyzing dry weight and gas exchange parameters. Both crops may regulate PPs activity to adapt MCs stress by increasing the expression of genes encoding PPs. Among them, PP2A activity in two crops showed more sensitivity to MCs than total PPs activity. In addition, the higher expressions of PP2A catalytic and regulatory subunits and lower decrease PP2A activity were observed in rice leaves compared to cucumber. All results suggest that the expression levels of PP2A subunits could play a role in maintaining the activity of PP2A to regulating plant tolerance to MCs stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Yanfang Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, 215009, China.
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Zhang W, Liu J, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Li Q. The Impact of Cyanobacteria Blooms on the Aquatic Environment and Human Health. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14100658. [PMID: 36287927 PMCID: PMC9611879 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14100658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria blooms are a global aquatic environment problem. In recent years, due to global warming and water eutrophication, the surface cyanobacteria accumulate in a certain area to form cyanobacteria blooms driven by wind. Cyanobacteria blooms change the physical and chemical properties of water and cause pollution. Moreover, cyanobacteria release organic matter, N (nitrogen) and P (phosphorus) into the water during their apoptosis, accelerating the eutrophication of the water, threatening aquatic flora and fauna, and affecting the community structure and abundance of microorganisms in the water. Simultaneously, toxins and carcinogens released from cyanobacteria can be enriched through the food chain/web, endangering human health. This study summarized and analyzed the research of the influence of cyanobacteria blooms on the aquatic environment and human health, which is helpful to understand further the harm of cyanobacteria blooms and provide some reference for a related research of cyanobacteria blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Zhang
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Yunxing Xiao
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Yangjinzhi Yu
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yafeng Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
| | - Qi Li
- School of Ecological Environment, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (Q.L.)
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Hua S, Chen J, Wu L, Yu X, Ye J, Li Y, Zhu Y, Tian F. The monthly variation tendency of microcystin-LR levels in the Huangpu River (China) by applications of ELISA and HPLC. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:56876-56884. [PMID: 35347625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the contents of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) of Microcystis aeruginosa cultures in the laboratory and natural water samples from the Huangpu River in different seasons were detected through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), respectively. Excellent correlation between the two methods was obtained (R2 > 0.99). ELISA was a reliable and simple method with high reproducibility (coefficient of variation < 25%) and satisfactory recovery for the monitoring of low levels of MC-LR. MC-LR concentrations in Huangpu River varied with the seasonal variation, which peaked in August with the temperature over 30 °C and then gradually declined with the decreasing temperature after August. The highest MC-LR concentration in the Huangpu River was below the WHO drinking water quality standard (1 µg/L). These results indicated that warm temperature accelerated the MC-LR synthesis and release, and it is necessary to regularly monitor the MC-LR levels, especially during the high algae period in summer. ELISA can be applied to detect the low levels of MC-LR in the field without complex treatment, avoiding the samples from denaturation and degradation during the transportation. Hence, ELISA is a better alternative of HPLC when HPLC is unavailable, especially when rapid testing is required in routine MC-LR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Hua
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Xinyue Yu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Jing Ye
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China.
| | - Yuanting Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
| | - Fuxiang Tian
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China
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Tamas I, Major E, Horvath D, Keller I, Ungvari A, Haystead TA, MacDonald JA, Lontay B. Mechanisms by which smoothelin-like protein 1 reverses insulin resistance in myotubules and mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 551:111663. [PMID: 35508278 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance (InR) is manifested in skeletal muscle by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose uptake due to impaired insulin signaling and multiple post-receptor intracellular defects. Chronic glucose-induced insulin resistance leads to the activation of Ser/Thr kinases and elevated phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) on Ser residues. Phosphorylation of IRS1 triggers the dissociation of IRS1 and its downstream effector, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. In the present study, we provide evidence for the insulin-sensitizing role of smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1) that is a ligand-dependent co-regulator of steroid receptors, predominantly the progesterone receptor. SMTNL1 was transiently overexpressed in insulin-resistant C2C12 myotubes. A proteome profiler array revealed that mTOR and Ser/Thr kinases were SMTNL1-dependent signaling pathways. In the presence of progesterone, overexpression was coupled to decreased Ser phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307, Ser318, and Ser612 residues. SMTNL1 also induced the expression and activity of the p85 subunit of PI3K. SMTNL1 regulated the expression of PKCε, which phosphorylates IRS1 at Ser318 residue. SMTNL1 also regulated ERK1/2 and JNK, which phosphorylate IRS1 at Ser612 and Ser307, respectively. Real-time metabolic measurements of oxygen consumption rate and extracellular acidification rate revealed that SMTNL1 improved glycolysis and promoted the utilization of alternative carbon fuels. SMTNL1 also rescued the mitochondrial respiration defect induced by chronic insulin exposure. Collectively, SMTNL1 plays a crucial role in maintaining the physiological ratio of Tyr/Ser IRS1 phosphorylation and attenuates the insulin-signaling cascade that contributes to impaired glucose disposal, which makes it a potential therapeutic target for improving InR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istvan Tamas
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Evelin Major
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Daniel Horvath
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilka Keller
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adam Ungvari
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Timothy A Haystead
- Duke University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Justin A MacDonald
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Beata Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Freytag C, Máthé C, Rigó G, Nodzyński T, Kónya Z, Erdődi F, Cséplő Á, Pózer E, Szabados L, Kelemen A, Vasas G, Garda T. Microcystin-LR, a cyanobacterial toxin affects root development by changing levels of PIN proteins and auxin response in Arabidopsis roots. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130183. [PMID: 34088085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) is a heptapeptide toxin produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria. It strongly inhibits protein phosphatases PP2A and PP1. Functioning of the PIN family of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for plant ontogenesis and their functions depend on their reversible phosphorylation. We aimed to reveal the adverse effects of MCY-LR on PIN and auxin distribution in Arabidopsis roots and its consequences for root development. Relatively short-term (24 h) MCY-LR treatments decreased the levels of PIN1, PIN2 and PIN7, but not of PIN3 in tips of primary roots. In contrast, levels of PIN1 and PIN2 increased in emergent lateral roots and their levels depended on the type of PIN in lateral root primordia. DR5:GFP reporter activity showed that the cyanotoxin-induced decrease of auxin levels/responses in tips of main roots in parallel to PIN levels. Those alterations did not affect gravitropic response of roots. However, MCY-LR complemented the altered gravitropic response of crk5-1 mutants, defective in a protein kinase with essential role in the correct membrane localization of PIN2. For MCY-LR treated Col-0 plants, the number of lateral root primordia but not of emergent laterals increased and lateral root primordia showed early development. In conclusion, inhibition of protein phosphatase activities changed PIN and auxin levels, thus altered root development. Previous data on aquatic plants naturally co-occurring with the cyanotoxin showed similar alterations of root development. Thus, our results on the model plant Arabidopsis give a mechanistic explanation of MCY-LR phytotoxicity in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csongor Freytag
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Rigó
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Tomasz Nodzyński
- Mendel Centre for Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology (CEITEC), Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Chemistry, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Cséplő
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erik Pózer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Szabados
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Plant Biology, Temesvári Krt 62, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Kelemen
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem Ter 1., H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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Subcellular Alterations Induced by Cyanotoxins in Vascular Plants-A Review. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10050984. [PMID: 34069255 PMCID: PMC8157112 DOI: 10.3390/plants10050984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Phytotoxicity of cyanobacterial toxins has been confirmed at the subcellular level with consequences on whole plant physiological parameters and thus growth and productivity. Most of the data are available for two groups of these toxins: microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsins (CYNs). Thus, in this review we present a timely survey of subcellular cyanotoxin effects with the main focus on these two cyanotoxins. We provide comparative insights into how peculiar plant cellular structures are affected. We review structural changes and their physiological consequences induced in the plastid system, peculiar plant cytoskeletal organization and chromatin structure, the plant cell wall, the vacuolar system, and in general, endomembrane structures. The cyanotoxins have characteristic dose-and plant genotype-dependent effects on all these structures. Alterations in chloroplast structure will influence the efficiency of photosynthesis and thus plant productivity. Changing of cell wall composition, disruption of the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast) and cytoskeleton, and alterations of chromatin structure (including DNA strand breaks) can ultimately lead to cell death. Finally, we present an integrated view of subcellular alterations. Knowledge on these changes will certainly contribute to a better understanding of cyanotoxin–plant interactions.
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10
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Freytag C, Garda T. The Protein Phosphatase PP2A Plays Multiple Roles in Plant Development by Regulation of Vesicle Traffic-Facts and Questions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:975. [PMID: 33478110 PMCID: PMC7835740 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein phosphatase PP2A is essential for the control of integrated eukaryotic cell functioning. Several cellular and developmental events, e.g., plant growth regulator (PGR) mediated signaling pathways are regulated by reversible phosphorylation of vesicle traffic proteins. Reviewing present knowledge on the relevant role of PP2A is timely. We discuss three aspects: (1) PP2A regulates microtubule-mediated vesicle delivery during cell plate assembly. PP2A dephosphorylates members of the microtubule associated protein family MAP65, promoting their binding to microtubules. Regulation of phosphatase activity leads to changes in microtubule organization, which affects vesicle traffic towards cell plate and vesicle fusion to build the new cell wall between dividing cells. (2) PP2A-mediated inhibition of target of rapamycin complex (TORC) dependent signaling pathways contributes to autophagy and this has possible connections to the brassinosteroid signaling pathway. (3) Transcytosis of vesicles transporting PIN auxin efflux carriers. PP2A regulates vesicle localization and recycling of PINs related to GNOM (a GTP-GDP exchange factor) mediated pathways. The proper intracellular traffic of PINs is essential for auxin distribution in the plant body, thus in whole plant development. Overall, PP2A has essential roles in membrane interactions of plant cell and it is crucial for plant development and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (M.M.-H.); (C.F.); (T.G.)
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Zhang W, Gu P, Zheng X, Wang N, Wu H, He J, Luo X, Zhou L, Zheng Z. Ecological damage of submerged macrophytes by fresh cyanobacteria (FC) and cyanobacterial decomposition solution (CDS). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123372. [PMID: 32645542 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the deleterious ecological effects of cyanobacteria on submerged macrophytes, this study investigated the effects of different concentrations of fresh cyanobacteria (FC) and cyanobacteria decomposition solution (CDS) on an experimental group of submerged macrophytes (Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara and Myriophyllum verticillatum Linn.). The results showed that FC and CDS not only lead to decrease in biomass and significant changes in enzyme activity and chlorophyll content in tissue, but also affected the permeability of cell membranes. The extent of damage was in the order CDS > FC, and the comprehensive stress resistance of Vallisneria natans (2.994) was more than that of Myriophyllum verticillatum (2.895). In addition, semi-permeable membranes can reduce plant damage by FC and CDS, but cannot completely prevent it. FC and CDS mainly affected the relative distribution of microbial genera on the surface of aquatic plants (p < 0.05). Furthermore, CDS caused irreversible damage to plant cells and induced programmed cell death (PCD) of plants to accelerate their decline. Therefore, FC and CDS may be one of the main reasons for the decline in submerged vegetation. This study provides a scientific basis for evaluating the harmful effects of cyanobacteria on submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Peng Gu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xiaowei Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Hanqi Wu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Jian He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xingzhang Luo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Nanjing Perennial Root Flowers Botanical Garden, 210017, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
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12
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Pappas D, Gkelis S, Panteris E. The effects of microcystin-LR in Oryza sativa root cells: F-actin as a new target of cyanobacterial toxicity. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:839-849. [PMID: 32268449 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are toxins produced by cyanobacteria, notorious for negatively affecting a wide range of living organisms, among which several plant species. Although microtubules are a well-established target of microcystin toxicity, its effect on filamentous actin (F-actin) in plant cells has not yet been studied. Τhe effects of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and an extract of a microcystin-producing freshwater cyanobacterial strain (Microcystis flos-aquae TAU-MAC 1510) on the cytoskeleton (F-actin and microtubules) of Oryza sativa (rice) root cells were studied with light, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. Considering the role of F-actin in endomembrane system distribution, the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus in extract-treated cells were also examined. F-actin in both MC-LR- and extract-treated meristematic and differentiating root cells exhibited time-dependent alterations, ranging from disorientation and bundling to the formation of ring-like structures, eventually resulting in a collapse of the F-actin network after longer treatments. Disorganization and eventual depolymerization of microtubules, as well as abnormal chromatin condensation were observed following treatment with the extract, effects which could be attributed to microcystins and other bioactive compounds. Moreover, cell cycle progression was inhibited in extract-treated roots, specifically affecting the mitotic events. As a consequence of F-actin network disorganization, endoplasmic reticulum elements appeared stacked and diminished, while Golgi dictyosomes appeared aggregated. These results support that F-actin is a prominent target of MC-LR, both in pure form and as an extract ingredient. Endomembrane system alterations can also be attributed to the effects of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds (including microcystins) on the F-actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pappas
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - S Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - E Panteris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Riba M, Kiss-Szikszai A, Gonda S, Parizsa P, Deák B, Török P, Valkó O, Felföldi T, Vasas G. Chemotyping of terrestrial Nostoc-like isolates from alkali grassland areas by non-targeted peptide analysis. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2020.101798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Máthé C, Garda T, Freytag C, M-Hamvas M. The Role of Serine-Threonine Protein Phosphatase PP2A in Plant Oxidative Stress Signaling-Facts and Hypotheses. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123028. [PMID: 31234298 PMCID: PMC6628354 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic factors induce oxidative stress involving the production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS). This review is a survey of well-known and possible roles of serine-threonine protein phosphatases in plant oxidative stress signaling, with special emphasis on PP2A. ROS mediated signaling involves three interrelated pathways: (i) perception of extracellular ROS triggers signal transduction pathways, leading to DNA damage and/or the production of antioxidants; (ii) external signals induce intracellular ROS generation that triggers the relevant signaling pathways and (iii) external signals mediate protein phosphorylation dependent signaling pathway(s), leading to the expression of ROS producing enzymes like NADPH oxidases. All pathways involve inactivation of serine-threonine protein phosphatases. The metal dependent phosphatase PP2C has a negative regulatory function during ABA mediated ROS signaling. PP2A is the most abundant protein phosphatase in eukaryotic cells. Inhibitors of PP2A exert a ROS inducing activity as well and we suggest that there is a direct relationship between these two effects of drugs. We present current findings and hypotheses regarding PP2A-ROS signaling connections related to all three ROS signaling pathways and anticipate future research directions for this field. These mechanisms have implications in the understanding of stress tolerance of vascular plants, having applications regarding crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1., H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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Garda T, Kónya Z, Freytag C, Erdődi F, Gonda S, Vasas G, Szücs B, M-Hamvas M, Kiss-Szikszai A, Vámosi G, Máthé C. Allyl-Isothiocyanate and Microcystin-LR Reveal the Protein Phosphatase Mediated Regulation of Metaphase-Anaphase Transition in Vicia faba. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1823. [PMID: 30619398 PMCID: PMC6300510 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Horseradish allyl isothiocyanate (AITC, a volatile oil) and cyanobacterial microcystin-LR (MCY-LR, a cyclic heptapeptide) affect eukaryotic cell cycle. MCY-LR inhibits protein phosphatases PP1 and PP2A. We aimed to reveal the mechanisms of their cellular effects in a model eukaryote, Vicia faba. We have shown for the first time that AITC had minor effects on PP1 and PP2A activities in vitro, but it inhibited significantly PP1 in vivo. The combination of 10 μM AITC with 10 μM MCY-LR induced metaphase arrest after short-term (12 h) treatments. 10 μM AITC, 0.2-10 μM MCY-LR and their combinations induced histone H3 hyperphosphorylation, associated with the regulation of metaphase-anaphase transition. This hyperphosphorylation event occurred at any treatment which led to the inhibition of PP1 activity. 10 μM AITC + 10 μM MCY-LR increased the frequency of metaphase spindle anomalies, associated with metaphase arrest. We provide new insights into the mechanisms of metaphase-anaphase transition. Metaphase arrest is induced at the concomitant hyperphosphorylation of histone H3, alteration of metaphase spindle assembly and strong inhibition of PP1 + PP2A activity. Near-complete blocking of metaphase-anaphase transition by rapid protein phosphatase inhibition is shown here for the first time in plants, confirming a crucial role of serine-threonine phosphatases in this checkpoint of cell cycle regulation. Tissue-dependent differences in PP1 and PP2A activities induced by AITC and MCY-LR suggest that mainly regulatory subunits are affected. AITC is a potential tool for the study of protein phosphatase function and regulation. We raise the possibility that one of the biochemical events occurring during AITC release upon wounding is the modulation of protein phosphatase dependent signal transduction pathways during the plant defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csongor Freytag
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Boglárka Szücs
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vámosi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Coppi A, Lastrucci L, Cappelletti D, Cerri M, Ferranti F, Ferri V, Foggi B, Gigante D, Venanzoni R, Viciani D, Selvaggi R, Reale L. AFLP Approach Reveals Variability in Phragmites australis: Implications for Its Die-Back and Evidence for Genotoxic Effects. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:386. [PMID: 29632544 PMCID: PMC5879127 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phragmites australis is a subcosmopolitan species typical of wetlands being studied in Europe for its disappearance from natural stands, a phenomenon called reed die-back syndrome (RDBS). Although it is conjectured that low genetic variability contributes to RDBS, this aspect remains neglected to this day. Using a molecular fingerprinting approach and a sequence analysis of the trnT-trnL/rbcL-psaI regions of cpDNA, this study aimed to compare the genetic structure of stable vs. RDBS-affected P. australis stands from five wetlands of central Italy. Beforehand, in order to characterize the health condition of reed populations, the occurrence of the main macromorphological descriptors for RDBS was considered on 40 reed stands. Soil samples were also collected to examine the total content of heavy metals. The current study analyzed cpDNA in 19 samples and AFLP profiles in 381 samples to investigate the genetic structure of Phragmites populations. Based on the multinomial-Dirichlet model, an analysis of candidate loci under selective pressure was also performed. The relationships among AFLP data, RDBS descriptors and chemicals were evaluated with the use of Linear Mixed Models. The analysis of the cpDNA shows the occurrence of the haplotypes M (the most widespread), and K here recorded for the first time in Italy. Three new haplotypes were also described. The DNA fingerprinting analysis has produced a total of 322 loci (98% polymorphic) and shows the medium-to-high amount of genetic diversity. The significant genetic differentiation among wetlands (Fst = 0.337) suggests either low gene flow or small effective population size. Moreover, the low amount of outlier loci (only 5; l.5% of the total), seems to indicate the scarce occurrence of selective pressure upon the reed's genome. Genetic diversity increased in relationship to the decrease in diameter and of flowering buds of the reed, two of the trends associated with the die-back. The current study rejects the hypothesis that genetic diversity massively contributed to RDBS. Moreover, significant relationships between genetic diversity and the total concentration of some heavy metals (Cr, Cu, and Zn) were highlighted, indicating possible genotoxic effects on P. australis. The current study represents a fact-finding background useful for the conservation of common reed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Coppi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - David Cappelletti
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Martina Cerri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ferranti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Valentina Ferri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Bruno Foggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniela Gigante
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Venanzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Viciani
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Roberta Selvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lara Reale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Horváth D, Tamás I, Sipos A, Darula Z, Bécsi B, Nagy D, Iván J, Erdődi F, Lontay B. Myosin phosphatase and RhoA-activated kinase modulate neurotransmitter release by regulating SNAP-25 of SNARE complex. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177046. [PMID: 28486561 PMCID: PMC5423623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Reversible phosphorylation of neuronal proteins plays an important role in the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Myosin phosphatase holoenzyme (MP) consists of a protein phosphatase-1 (PP1) catalytic subunit (PP1c) and a regulatory subunit, termed myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT1). The primary function of MP is to regulate the phosphorylation level of contractile proteins; however, recent studies have shown that MP is localized to neurons, and is also involved in the mediation of neuronal processes. Our goal was to investigate the effect of RhoA-activated kinase (ROK) and MP on the phosphorylation of one potential neuronal substrate, the synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25). SNAP-25 is a member of the SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) complex, along with synaptobrevin and syntaxin, and the primary role of SNAP25 is to mediate vesicle fusion. We showed that MYPT1 interacts with SNAP-25, as revealed by immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance based binding studies. Mass spectrometry analysis and in vitro phosphorylation/dephosphorylation assays demonstrated that ROK phosphorylates, while MP dephosphorylates, SNAP-25 at Thr138. Silencing MYPT1 in B50 neuroblastoma cells increased phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Thr138. Inhibition of PP1 with tautomycetin increased, whereas inhibition of ROK by H1152, decreased the phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Thr138 in B50 cells, in cortical synaptosomes, and in brain slices. In response to the transduction of the MP inhibitor, kinase-enhanced PP1 inhibitor (KEPI), into synaptosomes, an increase in phosphorylation of SNAP-25 and a decrease in the extent of neurotransmitter release were detected. The interaction between SNAP-25 and syntaxin increased with decreasing phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Thr138, upon inhibition of ROK. Our data suggest that ROK/MP play a crucial role in vesicle trafficking, fusion, and neurotransmitter release by oppositely regulating the phosphorylation of SNAP-25 at Thr138.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Horváth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Tamás
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Adrienn Sipos
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Proteomics Research Group, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Bálint Bécsi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dénes Nagy
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Judit Iván
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- * E-mail:
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Molecular Insights into the Fungus-Specific Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatase Z1 in Candida albicans. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.00872-16. [PMID: 27578752 PMCID: PMC4999541 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00872-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The opportunistic pathogen Candida is one of the most common causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections. Because candidemia is associated with high mortality rates and because the incidences of multidrug-resistant Candida are increasing, efforts to identify novel targets for the development of potent antifungals are warranted. Here, we describe the structure and function of the first member of a family of protein phosphatases that is specific to fungi, protein phosphatase Z1 (PPZ1) from Candida albicans We show that PPZ1 not only is active but also is as susceptible to inhibition by the cyclic peptide inhibitor microcystin-LR as its most similar human homolog, protein phosphatase 1α (PP1α [GLC7 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae]). Unexpectedly, we also discovered that, despite its 66% sequence identity to PP1α, the catalytic domain of PPZ1 contains novel structural elements that are not present in PP1α. We then used activity and pulldown assays to show that these structural differences block a large subset of PP1/GLC7 regulatory proteins from effectively binding PPZ1, demonstrating that PPZ1 does not compete with GLC7 for its regulatory proteins. Equally important, these unique structural elements provide new pockets suitable for the development of PPZ1-specific inhibitors. Together, these studies not only reveal why PPZ1 does not negatively impact GLC7 activity in vivo but also demonstrate that the family of fungus-specific phosphatases-especially PPZ1 from C. albicans-are highly suitable targets for the development of novel drugs that specifically target C. albicans without cross-reacting with human phosphatases. IMPORTANCE Candida albicans is a medically important human pathogen that is the most common cause of fungal infections in humans. In particular, approximately 46,000 cases of health care-associated candidiasis occur each year in the United States. Because these infections are associated with high mortality rates and because multiple species of Candida are becoming increasingly resistant to antifungals, there are increasing efforts to identify novel targets that are essential for C. albicans virulence. Here we use structural and biochemical approaches to elucidate how a member of a fungus-specific family of enzymes, serine/threonine phosphatase PPZ1, functions in C. albicans We discovered multiple unique features of PPZ1 that explain why it does not cross-react with, and in turn compete for, PP1-specific regulators, a long-standing question in the field. Most importantly, however, these unique features identified PPZ1 as a potential target for the development of novel antifungal therapeutics that will provide new, safe, and potent treatments for candidiasis in humans.
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Garda T, Kónya Z, Tándor I, Beyer D, Vasas G, Erdődi F, Vereb G, Papp G, Riba M, M-Hamvas M, Máthé C. Microcystin-LR induces mitotic spindle assembly disorders in Vicia faba by protein phosphatase inhibition and not reactive oxygen species induction. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 199:1-11. [PMID: 27186862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to reveal the mechanisms of mitotic spindle anomalies induced by microcystin-LR (MCY-LR), a cyanobacterial toxin in Vicia faba, a well-known model in plant cell and molecular biology. MCY-LR inhibits type 1 and 2A phosphoserine/threonine specific protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The cytoskeleton is one of the main targets of the cyanotoxin during cytopathogenesis. Histochemical-immunohistochemical and biochemical methods were used. A significant number of MCY-LR induced spindle alterations are described for the first time. Disrupted, multipolar spindles and missing kinetochore fibers were detected both in metaphase and anaphase cells. Additional polar microtubule (MT) bundles, hyperbundling of spindle MTs, monopolar spindles, C-S- shaped, additional and asymmetric spindles were detected in metaphase, while midplane kinetochore fibers were detected in anaphase cells only. Several spindle anomalies induced mitotic disorders, i.e. they occurred concomitantly with altered sister chromatid separation. Alterations were dependent on the MCY-LR dose and exposure time. Under long-term (2 and mainly 6 days') exposure they were detected in the concentration range of 0.1-20μgmL(-1) MCY-LR that inhibited PP1 and PP2A significantly without significant ROS induction. Elevated peroxidase/catalase activities indicated that MCY-LR treated V. faba plants showed efficient defense against oxidative stress. Thus, although the elevation of ROS is known to induce cytoskeletal aberrations in general, this study shows that long-term protein phosphatase inhibition is the primary cause of MCY-LR induced spindle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Garda
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Tándor
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Beyer
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - György Vereb
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Georgina Papp
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Milán Riba
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary.
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El Khalloufi F, Oufdou K, Bertrand M, Lahrouni M, Oudra B, Ortet P, Barakat M, Heulin T, Achouak W. Microbiote shift in the Medicago sativa rhizosphere in response to cyanotoxins extract exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 539:135-142. [PMID: 26356186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The bloom-containing water bodies may have an impact due to cyanotoxins production on other microorganisms and aquatic plants. Where such water is being used for crops irrigation, the presence of cyanotoxins may also have a toxic impact on terrestrial plants and their rhizosphere microbiota. For that purpose, PCR-based 454 pyrosequencing was applied to phylogenetically characterize the bacterial community of Medicago sativa rhizosphere in response to cyanotoxins extract. This analysis revealed a wide diversity at species level, which decreased from unplanted soil to root tissues indicating that only some populations were able to compete for nutrients and niches in this selective habitat. Gemmatimonas, Actinobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria and Opitutae mainly inhabited the bulk soil, whereas, the root-adhering soil and the root tissues were inhabited by Gammaproteobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria. The proportion of these populations fluctuated in response to cyanotoxins extract exposure. Betaproteobacteria proportion increased in the three studied compartments, whereas Gammaproteobacteria proportion decreased except in the bulk soil. This study revealed the potential toxicity of cyanotoxins extract towards Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonas, Deltaproteobacteria, and Gammaproteobacteria, however Clostridia, Opitutae and bacteria related with Betaproteobacteria, were stimulated denoting their tolerance. Altogether, these data indicate that crop irrigation using cyanotoxins containing water might alter the rhizosphere functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima El Khalloufi
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France; Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco; University Hassan 1st. Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, BP. 145, 25000 Khouribga, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Marie Bertrand
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 2390, Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Philippe Ortet
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Mohamed Barakat
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Thierry Heulin
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France
| | - Wafa Achouak
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Ecol Microb Rhizosphere & Environ Extrem (LEMiRE), 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; CNRS, BVME UMR 7265, ECCOREV FR 3098, 13108, Saint Paul-Lez-Durance, France; Aix Marseille Université, 13284 Marseille Cedex 07, France.
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Freitas M, Campos A, Azevedo J, Barreiro A, Planchon S, Renaut J, Vasconcelos V. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) leaf-proteome profiles after exposure to cylindrospermopsin and a microcystin-LR/cylindrospermopsin mixture: a concentration-dependent response. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 110:91-103. [PMID: 25553582 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agricultural productivity is an important challenge worldwide. However, environmental stressors can provide challenges to this intensification. The progressive occurrence of the cyanotoxins cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and microcystin-LR (MC-LR) as a potential consequence of eutrophication and climate change is of increasing concern in the agricultural sector because it has been reported that these cyanotoxins exert harmful effects in crop plants. A proteomic-based approach has been shown to be a suitable tool for the detection and identification of the primary responses of organisms exposed to cyanotoxins. The aim of this study was to compare the leaf-proteome profiles of lettuce plants exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture. Lettuce plants were exposed to 1, 10, and 100 μg/l CYN and a MC-LR/CYN mixture for five days. The proteins of lettuce leaves were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE), and those that were differentially abundant were then identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight-mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). The biological functions of the proteins that were most represented in both experiments were photosynthesis and carbon metabolism and stress/defense response. Proteins involved in protein synthesis and signal transduction were also highly observed in the MC-LR/CYN experiment. Although distinct protein abundance patterns were observed in both experiments, the effects appear to be concentration-dependent, and the effects of the mixture were clearly stronger than those of CYN alone. The obtained results highlight the putative tolerance of lettuce to CYN at concentrations up to 100 μg/l. Furthermore, the combination of CYN with MC-LR at low concentrations (1 μg/l) stimulated a significant increase in the fresh weight (fr. wt) of lettuce leaves and at the proteomic level resulted in the increase in abundance of a high number of proteins. In contrast, many proteins exhibited a decrease in abundance or were absent in the gels of the simultaneous exposure to 10 and 100 μg/l MC-LR/CYN. In the latter, also a significant decrease in the fr. wt of lettuce leaves was obtained. These findings provide important insights into the molecular mechanisms of the lettuce response to CYN and MC-LR/CYN and may contribute to the identification of potential protein markers of exposure and proteins that may confer tolerance to CYN and MC-LR/CYN. Furthermore, because lettuce is an important crop worldwide, this study may improve our understanding of the potential impact of these cyanotoxins on its quality traits (e.g., presence of allergenic proteins).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Freitas
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde do Porto, CISA/Research Center in Environment and Health, Rua de Valente Perfeito, 322, 4400-330 Gaia, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Azevedo
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aldo Barreiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sébastien Planchon
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, 41, rue du Brill, 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, P 4050-123 Porto, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, Porto University, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Garda T, Riba M, Vasas G, Beyer D, M-Hamvas M, Hajdu G, Tándor I, Máthé C. Cytotoxic effects of cylindrospermopsin in mitotic and non-mitotic Vicia faba cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 120:145-153. [PMID: 25016338 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanobacterial toxin known as a eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor. We aimed to study its effects on growth, stress responses and mitosis of a eukaryotic model, Vicia faba (broad bean). Growth responses depended on exposure time (3 or 6d), cyanotoxin concentration, culture conditions (dark or continuous light) and V. faba cultivar ("Standard" or "ARC Egypt Cross"). At 6d of exposure, CYN had a transient stimulatory effect on root system growth, roots being possibly capable of detoxification. The toxin induced nucleus fragmentation, blebbing and chromosomal breaks indicating double stranded DNA breaks and programmed cell death. Root necrotic tissue was observed at 0.1-20 μg mL(-1) CYN that probably impeded toxin uptake into vascular tissue. Growth and cell death processes observed were general stress responses. In lateral root tip meristems, lower CYN concentrations (0.01-0.1 μg mL(-1)) induced the stimulation of mitosis and distinct mitotic phases, irrespective of culture conditions or the cultivar used. Higher cyanotoxin concentrations inhibited mitosis. Short-term exposure of hydroxylurea-synchronized roots to 5 μg mL(-1) CYN induced delay of mitosis that might have been related to a delay of de novo protein synthesis. CYN induced the formation of double, split and asymmetric preprophase bands (PPBs), in parallel with the alteration of cell division planes, related to the interference of cyanotoxin with protein synthesis, thus it was a plant- and CYN specific alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Garda
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Milán Riba
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Beyer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gréta Hajdu
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Ildikó Tándor
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, Egyetem ter 1, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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23
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Bittencourt-Oliveira MC, Hereman TC, Cordeiro-Araújo MK, Macedo-Silva I, Dias CT, Sasaki FFC, Moura AN. Phytotoxicity associated to microcystins: a review. BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:753-60. [PMID: 25627583 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.06213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MC) are the most studied toxins of cyanobacteria since they are widely distributed and account for several cases of human and animal poisoning, being potent inhibitors of the serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). The phosphatases PP1 and PP2A are also present in plants, which may also suffer adverse effects due to the inhibition of these enzymes. In aquatic plants, biomass reduction is usually observed after absorption of cyanotoxins, which can bioaccumulate in its tissues. In terrestrial plants, the effects caused by microcystins vary from inhibition to stimulation as the individuals develop from seedling to adult, and include reduction of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A, oxidative stress, decreased photosynthetic activity and even cell apoptosis, as well as bioaccumulation in plant tissues. Thus, the irrigation of crop plants by water contaminated with microcystins is not only an economic problem but becomes a public health issue because of the possibility of food contamination, and this route of exposure requires careful monitoring by the responsible authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Bittencourt-Oliveira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - T C Hereman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - M K Cordeiro-Araújo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - I Macedo-Silva
- Graduating Program on Biological Sciences, São Paulo State University - UNESP, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - C T Dias
- Departament of Exact Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - F F C Sasaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo - USP, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - A N Moura
- Graduating Program on Botany, Rural and Federal University of Pernambuco - UFRPE, Recife, PE, Brazil
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Bécsi B, Dedinszki D, Gyémánt G, Máthé C, Vasas G, Lontay B, Erdődi F. Identification of protein phosphatase interacting proteins from normal and UVA-irradiated HaCaT cell lysates by surface plasmon resonance based binding technique using biotin-microcystin-LR as phosphatase capturing molecule. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2014; 138:240-8. [PMID: 24993084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification of the interacting proteins of protein phosphatases is crucial to understand the cellular roles of these enzymes. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP1), -2A (PP2A), PP4, PP5 and PP6, was biotinylated, immobilized to streptavidin-coupled sensorchip surface and used in surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based binding experiments to isolate phosphatase binding proteins. Biotin-MC-LR captured PP1 catalytic subunit (PP1c) stably and the biotin-MC-LR-PP1c complex was able to further interact with the regulatory subunit (MYPT1) of myosin phosphatase. Increased biotin-MC-LR coated sensorchip surface in the Surface Prep unit of Biacore 3000 captured PP1c, PP2Ac and their regulatory proteins including MYPT1, MYPT family TIMAP, inhibitor-2 as well as PP2A-A and -Bα-subunits from normal and UVA-irradiated HaCaT cell lysates as revealed by dot blot analysis of the recovered proteins. Biotin-MC-LR was used for the subcellular localization of protein phosphatases in HaCaT cells by identification of phosphatase-bound biotin-MC-LR with fluorescent streptavidin conjugates. Partial colocalization of the biotin-MC-LR signals with those obtained using anti-PP1c and anti-PP2Ac antibodies was apparent as judged by confocal microscopy. Our results imply that biotin-MC-LR is a suitable capture molecule in SPR for isolation of protein phosphatase interacting proteins from cell lysates in sufficient amounts for immunological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Bécsi
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dóra Dedinszki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Gyémánt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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25
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Gutiérrez-Praena D, Campos A, Azevedo J, Neves J, Freitas M, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cameán AM, Renaut J, Vasconcelos V. Exposure of Lycopersicon esculentum to microcystin-LR: effects in the leaf proteome and toxin translocation from water to leaves and fruits. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1837-54. [PMID: 24921194 PMCID: PMC4073132 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural toxins such as those produced by freshwater cyanobacteria have been regarded as an emergent environmental threat. However, the impact of these water contaminants in agriculture is not yet fully understood. The aim of this work was to investigate microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxicity in Lycopersicon esculentum and the toxin accumulation in this horticultural crop. Adult plants (2 month-old) grown in a greenhouse environment were exposed for 2 weeks to either pure MC-LR (100 μg/L) or Microcystis aeruginosa crude extracts containing 100 μg/L MC-LR. Chlorophyll fluorescence was measured, leaf proteome investigated with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF)/TOF, and toxin bioaccumulation assessed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)/MS. Variations in several protein markers (ATP synthase subunits, Cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur, oxygen-evolving enhancer proteins) highlight the decrease of the capacity of plants to synthesize ATP and to perform photosynthesis, whereas variations in other proteins (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit and ribose-5-phosphate isomerase) suggest an increase of carbon fixation and decrease of carbohydrate metabolism reactions in plants exposed to pure MC-LR and cyanobacterial extracts, respectively. MC-LR was found in roots (1635.21 μg/kg fw), green tomatoes (5.15–5.41 μg/kg fw), mature tomatoes (10.52–10.83 μg/kg fw), and leaves (12,298.18 μg/kg fw). The results raise concerns relative to food safety and point to the necessity of monitoring the bioaccumulation of water toxins in agricultural systems affected by cyanotoxin contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Joana Azevedo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Joana Neves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | - Marisa Freitas
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
| | | | - Ana María Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville 41012, Spain.
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Department of Environment and Agro-biotechnologies (EVA), Centre de Recherche Public-Gabriel Lippmann, Belvaux L-4422, Luxembourg.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), Porto 4050-123, Portugal.
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26
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Bécsi B, Kiss A, Erdődi F. Interaction of protein phosphatase inhibitors with membrane lipids assessed by surface plasmon resonance based binding technique. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:68-76. [PMID: 24887755 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of okadaic acid (OA), tautomycin (TM), microcystin-LR (MC-LR), cantharidin (CA), epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) and cyclosporin A (CsA), inhibitors of protein phosphatases, with liposome covered surfaces prepared from the lipid extracts of bovine brain, heart and liver was investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based binding technique. The SPR sensorgrams indicated reversible association or partial intercalation of the inhibitors with liposomes at 20°C or 37°C, respectively. Distinct lipid composition specificities were reflected in different saturation values of inhibitor binding in a decreasing order of liver>heart>>brain lipids. Assaying the effect of OA, TM, MC-LR, CA and EGCG on the activity of protein phosphatases in neuroblastoma B50, cardiomyoblast H9C2 and hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells implied that the cell type specific association of phosphatase inhibitors with membrane lipids may influence their inhibitory potencies exerted on intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bálint Bécsi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Andrea Kiss
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary; MTA-DE Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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27
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Azevedo CC, Azevedo J, Osório H, Vasconcelos V, Campos A. Early physiological and biochemical responses of rice seedlings to low concentration of microcystin-LR. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:107-121. [PMID: 24323250 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-leucine and arginine (microcystin-LR) is a cyanotoxin produced by cyanobacteria like Microcystis aeruginosa, and it's considered a threat to water quality, agriculture, and human health. Rice (Oryza sativa) is a plant of great importance in human food consumption and economy, with extensive use around the world. It is therefore important to assess the possible effects of using water contaminated with microcystin-LR to irrigate rice crops, in order to ensure a safe, high quality product to consumers. In this study, 12 and 20-day-old plants were exposed during 2 or 7 days to a M. aeruginosa extract containing environmentally relevant microcystin-LR concentrations, 0.26-78 μg/L. Fresh and dry weight of roots and leaves, chlorophyll fluorescence, glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and protein identification by mass spectrometry through two-dimensional gel electrophoresis from root and leaf tissues, were evaluated in order to gauge the plant's physiological condition and biochemical response after toxin exposure. Results obtained from plant biomass, chlorophyll fluorescence, and enzyme activity assays showed no significant differences between control and treatment groups. However, proteomics data indicates that plants respond to M. aeruginosa extract containing environmentally relevant microcystin-LR concentrations by changing their metabolism, responding differently to different toxin concentrations. Biological processes most affected were related to protein folding and stress response, protein biosynthesis, cell signalling and gene expression regulation, and energy and carbohydrate metabolism which may denote a toxic effect induced by M. aeruginosa extract and microcystin-LR. The implications of the metabolic alterations in plant physiology and growth require further elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina C Azevedo
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, CIIMAR/CIMAR, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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28
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Corbel S, Mougin C, Bouaïcha N. Cyanobacterial toxins: modes of actions, fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems, phytotoxicity and bioaccumulation in agricultural crops. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 96:1-15. [PMID: 24012139 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/23/2013] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in surface waters is often accompanied by the production of a variety of cyanotoxins. These toxins are designed to target in humans and animals specific organs on which they act: hepatotoxins (liver), neurotoxins (nervous system), cytotoxic alkaloids, and dermatotoxins (skin), but they often have important side effects too. When introduced into the soil ecosystem by spray irrigation of crops they may affect the same molecular pathways in plants having identical or similar target organs, tissues, cells or biomolecules. There are also several indications that terrestrial plants, including food crop plants, can bioaccumulate cyanotoxins and present, therefore, potential health hazards for human and animals. The number of publications concerned with phytotoxic effects of cyanotoxins on agricultural plants has increased recently. In this review, we first examine different cyanotoxins and their modes of actions in humans and mammals and occurrence of target biomolecules in vegetable organisms. Then we present environmental concentrations of cyanotoxins in freshwaters and their fate in aquatic and soil ecosystems. Finally, we highlight bioaccumulation of cyanotoxins in plants used for feed and food and its consequences on animals and human health. Overall, our review shows that the information on the effects of cyanotoxins on non-target organisms in the terrestrial environment is particularly scarce, and that there are still serious gaps in the knowledge about the fate in the soil ecosystems and phytotoxicity of these toxins.
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29
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Rojo C, Segura M, Cortés F, Rodrigo MA. Allelopathic effects of microcystin-LR on the germination, growth and metabolism of five charophyte species and a submerged angiosperm. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 144-145:1-10. [PMID: 24121158 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are produced by cyanobacteria in aquatic environments and adversely affect macrophytes at very high concentrations. However, the effects of MC on macrophytes at concentrations of environmental relevance are largely unknown. The main objective of this study was to analyze the allelopathic effects of MC-LR at natural concentrations (1, 8 and 16 μg MC-LR/L) on five charophyte species (Chara aspera, C. baltica, C. hispida, C. vulgaris and Nitella hyalina) and the angiosperm Myriophyllum spicatum. Macrophyte specimens were obtained from a restored area located in Albufera de València Natural Park, a protected coastal Mediterranean wetland. Two different experiments were conducted involving (i) the addition of MC-LR to natural sediment to evaluate its effects on seed germination and (ii) the addition of MC-LR to water cultures of macrophytes to evaluate its effects on growth and metabolic functions. In water, the MC-LR concentration decreased by 84% in two weeks; the loss was not significant in sediment. The first seedlings (all C. hispida) emerged from the wetland sediment following a delay of a few days in the presence of MC-LR. The germination rates in 8 and 16 μg MC-LR/L treatments were 44% and 11% of that occurring in the absence of MC, but these differences disappeared over time. The final density was 6-7 germlings/dm(3). Final germling length was unaffected by MC-LR. Rotifers (Lecane spp.) emerging from the natural sediment during the experiment were favored by MC-LR; the opposite pattern was observed in the cladoceran Daphnia magna. The growth rates of C. vulgaris, C. baltica and N. hyalina were unaffected by MC exposure, whereas those of C. hispida and C. aspera were reduced in the MC treatments relative to the control treatment. The concentration of chlorophyll-a and the in vivo net photosynthetic rate were lower in the presence of MC-LR, even at the lowest concentration, for all of the characeans tested. M. spicatum was sensitive to the presence of MC-LR in the culture medium; the growth and chlorophyll-a concentrations were reduced. Therefore, environmentally relevant concentrations of MC might induce important changes in macrophyte meadows and the structure of the associated plankton community. Synchrony or delay in the processes evaluated here in response to environmentally relevant concentrations of cyanobacteria MC exudates can enhance understanding of the turning point to alternative states and the point of no return in eutrophicated shallow lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Rojo
- Institute Cavanilles for Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Máthé C, M-Hamvas M, Vasas G. Microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin induced alterations in chromatin organization of plant cells. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3689-717. [PMID: 24084787 PMCID: PMC3826130 DOI: 10.3390/md11103689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria produce metabolites with diverse bioactivities, structures and pharmacological properties. The effects of microcystins (MCYs), a family of peptide type protein-phosphatase inhibitors and cylindrospermopsin (CYN), an alkaloid type of protein synthesis blocker will be discussed in this review. We are focusing mainly on cyanotoxin-induced changes of chromatin organization and their possible cellular mechanisms. The particularities of plant cells explain the importance of such studies. Preprophase bands (PPBs) are premitotic cytoskeletal structures important in the determination of plant cell division plane. Phragmoplasts are cytoskeletal structures involved in plant cytokinesis. Both cyanotoxins induce the formation of multipolar spindles and disrupted phragmoplasts, leading to abnormal sister chromatid segregation during mitosis. Thus, MCY and CYN are probably inducing alterations of chromosome number. MCY induces programmed cell death: chromatin condensation, nucleus fragmentation, necrosis, alterations of nuclease and protease enzyme activities and patterns. The above effects may be related to elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or disfunctioning of microtubule associated proteins. Specific effects: MCY-LR induces histone H3 hyperphosphorylation leading to incomplete chromatid segregation and the formation of micronuclei. CYN induces the formation of split or double PPB directly related to protein synthesis inhibition. Cyanotoxins are powerful tools in the study of plant cell organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Máthé
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Egyetem tér 1, Hungary.
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31
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Chen J, Zhang HQ, Hu LB, Shi ZQ. Microcystin-LR-induced phytotoxicity in rice crown root is associated with the cross-talk between auxin and nitric oxide. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:283-293. [PMID: 23726011 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation with cyanobacterial-blooming water containing microcystin-LR (MC-LR) poses threat to the growth of agricultural plants. Large amounts of rice (Oryza sativa) field in the middle part of China has been irrigating with cyanobacterial-blooming water. Nevertheless, the mechanism of MC-LR-induced phytotoxicity in the root of monocot rice remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate that MC-LR stress significantly inhibits the growth of rice root by impacting the morphogenesis rice crown root. MC-LR treatment results in the decrease in IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) concentration as well as the expression of CRL1 and WOX11 in rice roots. The application of NAA (1-naphthylacetic acid), an IAA homologue, is able to attenuate the inhibitory effect of MC-LR on rice root development. MC-LR treatment significantly inhibits OsNia1-dependent NO generation in rice roots. The application of NO donor SNP (sodium nitroprusside) is able to partially reverse the inhibitory effects of MC-LR on the growth of rice root and the expression of CRL1 and WOX11 by enhancing endogenous NO level in rice roots. The application of NO scavenger cPTIO [2-(4-carboxy-2-phenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylinidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide] eliminates the effects of SNP. Treatment with NAA stimulates the generation of endogenous NO in MC-LR-treated rice roots. Treatment with NO scavenger cPTIO abolishes the ameliorated effect of NAA on MC-LR-induced growth inhibition of rice root. Treatment with SNP enhanced IAA concentration in MC-LR-treated rice roots. Altogether, our data suggest that NO acts both downstream and upstream of auxin in regulating rice root morphogenesis under MC-LR stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- Institute of Food Quality and Safety, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Máthé C, Vasas G, Borbély G, Erdődi F, Beyer D, Kiss A, Surányi G, Gonda S, Jámbrik K, M-Hamvas M. Histological, cytological and biochemical alterations induced by microcystin-LR and cylindrospermopsin in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2013; 64:71-85. [PMID: 23567832 DOI: 10.1556/abiol.64.2013.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study compares the histological, cytological and biochemical effects of the cyanobacterial toxins microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) in white mustard (Sinapis alba L.) seedlings, with special regard to the developing root system. Cyanotoxins induced different alterations, indicating their different specific biochemical activities. MCY-LR stimulated mitosis of root tip meristematic cells at lower concentrations (1 μg ml-1) and inhibited it at higher concentrations, while CYN had only inhibitory effects. Low CYN concentrations (0.01 μg ml-1) stimulated lateral root formation, whereas low MCY-LR concentrations increased only the number of lateral root primordia. Both inhibited lateral root development at higher concentrations. They induced lignifications, abnormal cell swelling and inhibited xylem differentiation in roots and shoots. MCY-LR and CYN induced the disruption of metaphase and anaphase spindles, causing altered cell divisions. Similar alterations could be related to decreased protein phosphatase (PP1 and PP2A) activities in shoots and roots. However, in vitro phosphatase assay with purified PP1 catalytic subunit proved that CYN in contrast to MCY-LR, decreased phosphatase activities of mustard in a non-specific way. This study intends to contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of toxic effects of a protein phosphatase (MCY-LR) and a protein synthesis (CYN) inhibitory cyanotoxin in vascular plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Máthé
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Chen L, Zhang X, Zhou W, Qiao Q, Liang H, Li G, Wang J, Cai F. The interactive effects of cytoskeleton disruption and mitochondria dysfunction lead to reproductive toxicity induced by microcystin-LR. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53949. [PMID: 23342045 PMCID: PMC3547071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms evokes profound concerns. The presence of microcystins (MCs) in waters and aquatic food increases the risk to human health. Some recent studies have suggested that the gonad is the second most important target organ of MCs, however, the potential toxicity mechanisms are still unclear. For a better understanding of reproductive toxicity of MCs on animals, we conducted the present experimental investigation. Male rats were intraperitoneally injected with MC-LR for 50 d with the doses of 1 and 10 µg/kg body weight per day. After prolonged exposure to MC-LR, the testes index significantly decreased in 10 µg/kg group. Light microscope observation indicated that the space between the seminiferous tubules was increased. Ultrastructural observation showed some histopathological characteristics, including cytoplasmic shrinkage, cell membrane blebbing, swollen mitochondria and deformed nucleus. Using Q-PCR methods, the transcriptional levels of some cytoskeletal and mitochondrial genes were determined. MC-LR exposure affected the homeostasis of the expression of cytoskeletal genes, causing possible dysfunction of cytoskeleton assembly. In MC-LR treatments, all the 8 mitochondrial genes related with oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) significantly increased. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level significantly increased in 10 µg/kg group. The mitochondria swelling and DNA damage were also determined in 10 µg/kg group. Hormone levels of testis significantly changed. The present study verified that both cytoskeleton disruption possibly due to cytoskeletal reorganization or depolymerization and mitochondria dysfunction interact with each other through inducing of reactive oxygen species and oxidative phosphorylation, and jointly result in testis impairment after exposure to MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenshan Zhou
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Qiao
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualei Liang
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- Fisheries College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Cai
- Department of pharmacology, Medical College, Xianning University, Xianning, China
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Beyer D, Tándor I, Kónya Z, Bátori R, Roszik J, Vereb G, Erdődi F, Vasas G, M-Hamvas M, Jambrovics K, Máthé C. Microcystin-LR, a protein phosphatase inhibitor, induces alterations in mitotic chromatin and microtubule organization leading to the formation of micronuclei in Vicia faba. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 110:797-808. [PMID: 22819947 PMCID: PMC3423812 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR) is a cyanobacterial toxin, a specific inhibitor of type 1 and 2A protein phosphatases (PP1 and PP2A) with significant impact on aquatic ecosystems. It has the potential to alter regulation of the plant cell cycle. The aim of this study was improved understanding of the mitotic alterations induced by cyanotoxin in Vicia faba, a model organism for plant cell biology studies. METHODS Vicia faba seedlings were treated over the long and short term with MCY-LR purified in our laboratory. Short-term treatments were performed on root meristems synchronized with hydroxylurea. Sections of lateral root tips were labelled for chromatin, phosphorylated histone H3 and β-tubulin via histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. Mitotic activity and the occurrence of mitotic alterations were detected and analysed by fluorescence microscopy. The phosphorylation state of histone H3 was studied by Western blotting. KEY RESULTS Long-term MCY-LR exposure of lateral root tip meristems increased the percentage of either early or late mitosis in a concentration-dependent manner. We observed hypercondensed chromosomes and altered sister chromatid segregation (lagging chromosomes) leading to the formation of micronuclei, accompanied by the formation of disrupted, multipolar and monopolar spindles, disrupted phragmoplasts and the hyperphosphorylation of histone H3 at Ser10. Short-term MCY-LR treatment of synchronized cells showed that PP1 and PP2A inhibition delayed the onset of anaphase at 1 µg mL(-1) MCY-LR, accelerated cell cycle at 10 µg mL(-1) MCY-LR and induced the formation of lagging chromosomes. In this case mitotic microtubule alterations were not detected, but histone H3 was hyperphosphorylated. CONCLUSIONS MCY-LR delayed metaphase-anaphase transition. Consequently, it induced aberrant chromatid segregation and micronucleus formation that could be associated with both H3 hyperphosphorylation and altered microtubule organization. However, these two phenomena seemed to be independent. The toxin may be a useful tool in the study of plant cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Beyer
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ildikó Tándor
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Medical Chemistry, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Róbert Bátori
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Medical Chemistry, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Janos Roszik
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - György Vereb
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, H-4032, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Erdődi
- University of Debrecen, Medical and Health Science Centre, Department of Medical Chemistry, H-4012 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Gábor Vasas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Márta M-Hamvas
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Károly Jambrovics
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Csaba Máthé
- University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Botany, PO Box 14, H-4010, Debrecen, Hungary
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Chen JZ, Ye JY, Zhang HY, Jiang XJ, Zhang YX, Liu ZL. Freshwater toxic cyanobacteria induced DNA damage in apple (Malus pumila), rape (Brassica napus) and rice (Oryza sativa). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2011; 190:240-244. [PMID: 21497440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria in freshwater ecosystems can present a harmful effect on growth and development of plants through irrigation with contaminated water. In this study, the effects of microcystins (MCs)-containing cyanobacteria extract (CE) on DNA damage of apple, rape and rice were investigated to explore the phytotoxic mechanism of MCs through DNA fragmentation and RAPD analysis. Determination of DNA fragmentation by fluorescent dye DAPI showed that significant DNA damage was observed in rice seedlings after exposure to CE while DNA fragmentation in rape seedlings and apple cultures did not differ significantly between treatment and control groups. Qualitative characterization of genomic DNA fragmentation by agarose gel electrophoresis supported the quantitative determination using DAPI. The main changes in RAPD profiles of rape seedlings following exposure of lower doses of CE were variation in band intensity for the primers F03 and S01, while higher doses of CE caused loss of normal bands and appearance of new bands except band intensity changes. The data presented here demonstrate that DNA damage in plants occurs following exposure of microcystins, and the polymorphic RAPDs may be used as an investigation tool for environmental toxicology and as a useful biomarker for the detection of genotoxic effects of microcystins on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Z Chen
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, PR China.
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Jámbrik K, Máthé C, Vasas G, Beyer D, Molnár E, Borbély G, M-Hamvas M. Microcystin-LR induces chromatin alterations and modulates neutral single-strand-preferring nuclease activity in Phragmites australis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 168:678-686. [PMID: 21145617 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2010.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MCY-LR), a toxin produced mainly by freshwater cyanobacteria, is a potent inhibitor of type 1 and 2A protein phosphatases. As such, it induces biochemical, cellular and tissue alterations in vascular plants, including cell death. The aim of this study was the analysis of MCY-LR induced changes in the activity of single-strand preferring nuclease (SSP nuclease) isoenzymes that are possibly involved in programmed cell death (PCD) of Phragmites australis (common reed, an aquatic macrophyte) cells. We analyzed both single-stranded DNA (ssDNase) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNase) cleaving activities. Activity gels revealed a number of seven isoenzymes named bands A-G in control reed shoots and roots. Their activity was organ- and age-dependent. We stained nuclei of root tip meristematic cells and found total and marginal chromatin condensations at relatively short-term (2-10 days) cyanotoxin exposure. At 10-20 days of cyanotoxin treatment, the number of cells with condensed chromatin decreased, which coincided with the occurrence of necrotic cell death. In parallel, overall ssDNase activity increased in the short term (five days) and gradually decreased at 10-20 days of MCY-LR treatment. In this context, the most important changes occurred for isoenzyme G of 28-32kDa in roots and isoenzyme F of 35-38kDa in shoots. dsDNase activity of isoenzyme E was decreased by MCY-LR in shoots, but increased in roots at 10 days of exposure. We conclude that the early induction of chromatin condensation and increase of SSP nuclease activities is related to PCD that will lead to necrosis with the cease of all cellular activities, including a decrease in nuclease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Jámbrik
- Department of Botany, University of Debrecen, Faculty of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 14, H-4010 Debrecen, Hungary
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Chen J, Dai J, Zhang H, Wang C, Zhou G, Han Z, Liu Z. Bioaccumulation of microcystin and its oxidative stress in the apple (Malus pumila). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2010; 19:796-803. [PMID: 20052542 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-009-0456-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation and harmful effects of microcystins (MCs) and the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were examined in the apple (Malus pumila) exposed in vitro with the crude extract of toxic cyanobacterial blooms from Dianchi Lake in southwestern China. The results showed that the growth and proliferation of M. pumila shoots in vitro decreased markedly after exposure to microcystins above 0.3 microg/ml. Recovered microcystins determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in M. pumila shoot cultures increased with exposure time and concentration. After 14 days exposure to the concentration of 3 microg/ml microcystins, M. pumila shoot cultures accumulated microcystins up to a concentration of 510.23 +/- 141.10 ng MC-LR equiv/g FW (fresh weight), equivalent to an accumulation rate of 36.45 ng/g day. POD activity was significantly increased after 7 days exposure to 3 microg/ml microcystins. After 14 days of exposure, microcystins caused POD to increase significantly at the concentration of 0.3 and 3 microg/ml. The activity of SOD was not affected by microcystins at concentrations up to 3 microg/ml on 7 days. After 14 days exposure to microcystins, SOD activity increased significantly at the concentration of 0.3 and 3 microg/ml in M. pumila shoot cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Chen
- School of Life Science, Huzhou University, 313000, Huzhou, People's Republic of China.
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Beyer D, Surányi G, Vasas G, Roszik J, Erdodi F, M-Hamvas M, Bácsi I, Bátori R, Serfozo Z, Szigeti ZM, Vereb G, Demeter Z, Gonda S, Máthé C. Cylindrospermopsin induces alterations of root histology and microtubule organization in common reed (Phragmites australis) plantlets cultured in vitro. Toxicon 2009; 54:440-9. [PMID: 19464311 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to study the histological and cytological alterations induced by cylindrospermopsin (CYN), a protein synthesis inhibitory cyanotoxin in roots of common reed (Phragmites australis). Reed is an ecologically important emergent aquatic macrophyte, a model for studying cyanotoxin effects. We analyzed the histology and cytology of reed roots originated from tissue cultures and treated with 0.5-40 microg ml(-1) (1.2-96.4 microM) CYN. The cyanotoxin decreased root elongation at significantly lower concentrations than the elongation of shoots. As general stress responses of plants to phytotoxins, CYN increased root number and induced the formation of a callus-like tissue and necrosis in root cortex. Callus-like root cortex consisted of radially swollen cells that correlated with the reorientation of microtubules (MTs) and the decrease of MT density in the elongation zone. Concomitantly, the cyanotoxin did not decrease, rather it increased the amount of beta-tubulin in reed plantlets. CYN caused the formation of double preprophase bands; the disruption of mitotic spindles led to incomplete sister chromatid separation and disrupted phragmoplasts in root tip meristems. This work shows that CYN alters reed growth and anatomy through the alteration of MT organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Beyer
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
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