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Orton F, Roberts-Rhodes B, Whatley C, Tyler CR. A review of non-destructive biomonitoring techniques to assess the impacts of pollution on reproductive health in frogs and toads. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115163. [PMID: 37354567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
In anuran amphibians (frogs and toads), evidence linking pollution to population declines is limited, in particular through impaired reproduction. Here we review the evidence for pollutant-induced alterations on reproductive endpoints in wild anurans with a particular focus on the application of non-destructive endpoints including on sex ratios, male reproductive phenotypes (data are too scarce for females) and reproductive outputs (reflective of mating success). Data evidencing alterations in sex ratio in wild anurans are scarce, however, both feminisation and masculinisation in response to pollution have been reported (seven studies). Male nuptial pad morphology and calling behaviour display high sensitivity to pollutant-exposure and are important features determining male breeding success, however there is considerable variation in these endpoints and inconsistencies in the responses of them to pollution are reported in wild anurans. Data for clutch size are insufficient to assess sensitivity to pollutants (five studies only). However, hatch success and offspring fitness (tadpole survival/development) are sensitive to pollution, with clear linkages to population stability. In conclusion, there are a wide range of non destructive measures with good potential for application to assess/monitor reproductive health in wild anurans, however, a greater understanding of pollutant effects on these endpoints is needed. There measures deserve wider application as they are relatively simple and inexpensive to implement, and as they can be applied non-destructively are widely applicable to our declining anuran populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Orton
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB, UK; Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS UK.
| | - Bethany Roberts-Rhodes
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Catherine Whatley
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Charles R Tyler
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK
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2
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Kawashima Y, Onishi Y, Tatarazako N, Yamamoto H, Koshio M, Oka T, Horie Y, Watanabe H, Nakamoto T, Yamamoto J, Ishikawa H, Sato T, Yamazaki K, Iguchi T. Summary of 17 chemicals evaluated by OECD TG229 using Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes in EXTEND 2016. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:750-777. [PMID: 34725835 PMCID: PMC9297976 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In June 2016, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan announced a program "EXTEND2016" on the implementation of testing and assessment for endocrine active chemicals, consisting of a two-tiered strategy. The aim of the Tier 1 screening and the Tier 2 testing is to identify the impacts on the endocrine system and to characterize the adverse effects to aquatic animals by endocrine disrupting chemicals detected in the aquatic environment in Japan. For the consistent assessment of the effects on reproduction associated with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, and/or anti-androgenic activities of chemicals throughout Tier 1 screening to Tier 2 testing, a unified test species, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), has been used. For Tier 1 screening, the in vivo Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay (OECD test guideline No. 229) was conducted for 17 chemicals that were nominated based on the results of environmental monitoring, existing knowledge obtained from a literature survey, and positive results in reporter gene assays using the estrogen receptor of Japanese medaka. In the 17 assays using Japanese medaka, adverse effects on reproduction (i.e., reduction in fecundity and/or fertility) were suggested for 10 chemicals, and a significant increase of hepatic vitellogenin in males, indicating estrogenic (estrogen receptor agonistic) potency, was found for eight chemicals at the concentrations in which no overt toxicity was observed. Based on these results, and the frequency and the concentrations detected in the Japanese environment, estrone, 4-nonylphenol (branched isomers), 4-tert-octylphenol, triphenyl phosphate, and bisphenol A were considered as high priority candidate substances for the Tier 2 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kawashima
- Environmental Consulting Department, Japan NUS Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Onishi
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Koshio
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Oka
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.,Resources Recycling Center, Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Horie
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.,Research Center for Inland Sea (KURCIS), Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamoto
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ishikawa
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Nanobioscience Department, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yamazaki
- Environmental Health Department, Ministry of the Environment of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Nanobioscience Department, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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3
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Dixon BC, Culbreth MJ, Kumsher DM, Carbaugh CM, Fetterer DP, Reiter CP. Mid-Tibiofibular Amputation as a Method of Terminal Blood Collection in Xenopus Laevis. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021; 60:582-586. [PMID: 34266520 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, is a widely used model for biomedical research. X. laevis could be more useful as a model with a better method for collection and analysis of its blood and serum. However, blood collection in X. laevis can be challenging due to their small size, lack of peripheral vascular access, and species-specific hematology variables. The goal of this study was to compare cardiocentesis, the current gold standard terminal blood collection method, with a leg amputation technique. Blood samples were collected from 24 laboratory-reared X. laevis, randomized to either the cardiocentesis or leg amputation method, with 6 males and 6 females in each group. Hematology and serum biochemistry were also conducted to identify any lymph contamination in the samples. The leg amputation method produced significantly higher blood volumes in shorter times and showed no significant differences in clinical pathology parameters as compared with cardiocentesis. These results indicate that blood collection by leg amputation may be a valuable approach for increasing the utility of an already valuable biomedical research model.
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4
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Tavalieri YE, Alarcón R, Tschopp MV, Canesini G, Luque EH, Muñoz-de-Toro M, Galoppo GH. Exposure to xenoestrogens alters the expression of key morphoregulatory proteins of oviduct adenogenesis in the broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105817. [PMID: 33853019 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) are contaminants ubiquitously found in the environment, which pose a potential threat to aquatic and wetland ecosystems. Caiman latirostris, a crocodilian species that inhabits South American wetlands, is highly sensitive to EDC exposure. Previously, we reported that early postnatal exposure to EDCs such as Bisphenol A (BPA) and 17β-Estradiol (E2) alters C. latirostris oviduct differentiation. The aim of this work was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms behind this alteration. To accomplish this, we established the ontogenic changes in histological features and the expression of Wnt-7a, Wnt-5a, β-catenin, FoxA2, desmin, and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in the oviduct of C. latirostris. Then, we evaluated the effects of BPA and E2 exposure on these histological features and protein expressions. Our results showed that during the postnatal differentiation of the oviduct the presence of histological features related to adenogenesis is associated with the levels of expression of FoxA2, β-catenin, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a. Early postnatal exposure to BPA and E2 decreased the presence of histological features related to adenogenesis and altered the levels of expression of FoxA2, β-catenin, Wnt-5a and Wnt-7a, as well as the desmin/α-SMA ratio. These findings suggest that altered levels of Wnt-7a, Wnt-5a, β-catenin and FoxA2 could play a role in the BPA and E2-induced alteration in oviduct differentiation in C. latirostris. Thus, impaired adenogenesis and, probably, impaired reproduction in wildlife naturally exposed to BPA and other estrogenic agonists cannot be completely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Tavalieri
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - R Alarcón
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M V Tschopp
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G Canesini
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E H Luque
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Fisiología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Muñoz-de-Toro
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G H Galoppo
- Instituto de Salud y Ambiente del Litoral (ISAL), Universidad Nacional del Litoral - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Cátedra de Patología Humana, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 4to piso, CP3000 Santa Fe, Argentina.
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5
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Xu Y, Jang JH, Gye MC. 4-Octylphenol induces developmental abnormalities and interferes the differentiation of neural crest cells in Xenopus laevis embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 274:116560. [PMID: 33524650 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity of 4-octylphenol (OP), an estrogenic endocrine disruptor was verified using frog embryo teratogenesis assay Xenopus. LC50, EC50Malformtion and EC50Melanocyte-dysgenesis of OP were 9.9, 10.5, and 2.4 μM, respectively. In tadpoles, despite the low teratogenic index, 2 μM OP significantly inhibited head cartilage development and tail malformation. The total length of tadpole was significantly increased at 5 μM and decreased at 10 μM OP. In OP-treated tadpoles, head cartilages were frequently missed and col2a1 mRNA was decreased at 2 μM, indicating a chondrogenic defect in developing head. In the head skin of 1 μM OP-treated tadpoles, number of melanocytes and melanogenic pathway genes expression were significantly decreased. In the head-neck junction of stage 22 embryos, OP increased foxd3 and sox10 mRNA and SOX10(+) neural crest cells (NCCs) in somite mesoderm and endoderm, indicating the inhibition of chondrogenic differentiation, ectopic migration to endoderm, and undifferentiation of NCCs by OP. Together, OP-induced head dysplasia and inhibition of melanogenesis may be attributable to deregulation of neural crest cells in embryos. In tadpoles, OP at 1 μM significantly increased lipid hydroperoxide and induced spliced xbp1 mRNA, an IRE1 pathway endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) marker and p-eIF2α protein, a PERK pathway ERS marker. OP at 10 μM induced CHOP mRNA, pro-apoptotic genes expression, DNA fragmentation, and cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that OP differentially induced ERS and apoptosis according to the concentration in embryos. In 5-10 μM OP-treated stage 22 embryos and stage 45 tadpole heads, Ki67 was significantly increased, suggesting the apoptosis-induced proliferation of embryonic cells in the OP-treated embryos. Together, OP should be managed as a developmental toxicant altering the behavior of NCCs in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xu
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Jang
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Olaniyan LWB, Okoh OO, Mkwetshana NT, Okoh AI. Environmental Water Pollution, Endocrine Interference and Ecotoxicity of 4-tert-Octylphenol: A Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 248:81-109. [PMID: 30460491 DOI: 10.1007/398_2018_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
4-tert-Octylphenol is a degradation product of non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol polyethoxylates as well as raw material for a number of industrial applications. It is a multimedia compound having been detected in all environmental compartments such as indoor air and surface waters. The pollutant is biodegradable, but certain degradation products are more toxic than the parent compound. Newer removal techniques from environmental waters have been presented, but they still require development for large-scale applications. Wastewater treatment by plant enzymes such as peroxidases offers promise in total removal of 4-tert-octylphenol leaving less toxic degradation products. The pollutant's endocrine interference has been well reported but more in oestrogens than in any other signalling pathways through which it is believed to exert toxicity on human and wildlife. In this paper we carried out a review of the activities of this pollutant in environmental waters, endocrine interference and relevance to its toxicities and concluded that inadequate knowledge of its endocrine activities impedes understanding of its toxicity which may frustrate current efforts at ridding the compound from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamidi W B Olaniyan
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa.
| | - Omobola O Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Noxolo T Mkwetshana
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
| | - Anthony I Okoh
- South Africa Medical Research Council, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
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7
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Catalytic oxidation of various aromatic compounds in supercritical water: Experimental and DFT study. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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8
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Yang B, Cheng Z, Gao X, Yuan T, Shen Z. Decomposition of 15 aromatic compounds in supercritical water oxidation. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:384-390. [PMID: 30476770 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) of 15 aromatic compounds, including bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP), was investigated under temperature and reaction time ranged of 350-550 °C and 0.5-6 min, respectively, with 300% excess oxygen, resulted in the degradation rate constants of total organic carbon (kTOC) were 0.130-0.392 min-1. To further explore the relationship between TOC removal and molecular characteristics, density functional theory (DFT) method had been used to calculate the quantum descriptors of the 15 aromatic compounds. The result of correlation analysis showed that the most positive partial charge on the H atom, namely q(H)x, played a significant role in TOC removal, which implied the more q(H)x value was, the easier H atom could lose, resulted in higher kTOC constant. Different substituent groups in the phenyl ring could lead to different TOC removal efficiencies. It presented that the more F(0) value was, the more easily to be attacked by radicals, as a result, the kTOC followed the order that benzenesulfonic acid (BSA) > phenol > methylbenzene (MB) > 3-phenylpropionic acid (3-PPA), as well as BPA < OP < NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhiwen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xiaoping Gao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tao Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhemin Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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9
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Haselman JT, Kosian PA, Korte JJ, Olmstead AW, Degitz SJ. Effects of multiple life stage exposure to the fungicide prochloraz in Xenopus laevis: Manifestations of antiandrogenic and other modes of toxicity. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 199:240-251. [PMID: 29674245 PMCID: PMC6299828 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Larval Amphibian Growth and Development Assay (LAGDA) is an internationally harmonized testing guideline for evaluating effects of chronic chemical exposure in amphibians. In order to evaluate the effects of chronic exposure to an antiandrogenic chemical in an amphibian model, prochloraz was tested using a variation of the LAGDA design. Exposure was initiated with <1d post-fertilization embryos at nominal concentrations of 0, 6.7, 20, 60 and 180 μg/L (0, 18, 53, 159, 478 nM) and continued in flow-through conditions until two months following the median time that controls completed metamorphosis. Growth, developmental rate, circulating thyroid hormone and thyroid gland histopathology were evaluated in a subsample at completion of metamorphosis. There were no effects on growth or development at this stage, but circulating thyroid hormone was elevated in the 20, 60 and 180 μg/L treatments and minimal to mild thyroid follicular cell hypertrophy was observed histologically in the 180 μg/L treatment. Growth, overt toxicity, and reproductive development were evaluated at test termination. There were no effects on growth in either gender, but livers and kidneys exhibited treatment-related pathologies consistent with organ toxicity related to metabolism and presumably impaired excretion of prochloraz metabolites. Histological assessments of female ovaries resulted in minimal pathologies only in the 180 μg/L treatment while male testes exhibited numerous treatment-related pathologies that are consistent with previously reported antiandrogenic effects of prochloraz in other species. The most severe testis pathologies occurred in the 180 μg/L treatment; however, incidences of treatment-related pathologies occurred in all prochloraz treatments. Müllerian duct regression in males was inhibited by prochloraz exposure while Müllerian duct maturation in females was accelerated, characteristic of a feminizing effect. Gene expression levels of potential biomarkers of testis function were also measured. Relative abundance of cyp17a1 transcripts was generally unaffected by prochloraz exposure whereas the Insl3 orthologue, rflcii, was elevated by 3 and >5-fold in the 60 and 180 μg/L treatments, respectively, indicating impaired Leydig cell maturation and testosterone signaling. Overall, prochloraz exposure caused effects characteristic of an antiandrogenic mode of action, which is consistent with previously reported results in other species and supports the utility of the LAGDA design for chemical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T Haselman
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Patricia A Kosian
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Joseph J Korte
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Allen W Olmstead
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
| | - Sigmund J Degitz
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division, 6201 Congdon Blvd, Duluth, MN, 55804, USA.
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10
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Brunelli E. Histological and ultrastructural alterations of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus) skin after exposure to ecologically relevant concentrations of nonylphenol ethoxylates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:17-27. [PMID: 29653385 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are well known endocrine disruptors. Widespread environmental contamination from NPEs is an issue of great concern. Despite amphibians are often exposed to such contaminants, very little attention has been dedicated to this vertebrate group. No information is available on the effects of NPEs onto the amphibian skin and only few reports have been conducted on fish. Here, histological and ultrastructural modifications of the skin have been evaluated in the Italian newt Lissotriton italicus. After a short-term exposure to two ecologically relevant concentrations of NP, severe pathological alterations, both dose and time-dependent, have been observed. The main effects were an increased mucous secretion, the dilation of the endomembrane, the wrinkling of the epidermal surface, the appearance of tubercles, the increased cellular turnover, continuous shedding processes. Some of the described skin alterations can easily interfere with physiological functions, such as osmoregulation and body protection, with detrimental consequences for the amphibian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Brunelli
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Science (DiBEST), University of Calabria, Via P. Bucci 4/B, Rende, Cosenza, 87036, Italy.
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11
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Ockleford C, Adriaanse P, Berny P, Brock T, Duquesne S, Grilli S, Hernandez-Jerez AF, Bennekou SH, Klein M, Kuhl T, Laskowski R, Machera K, Pelkonen O, Pieper S, Stemmer M, Sundh I, Teodorovic I, Tiktak A, Topping CJ, Wolterink G, Aldrich A, Berg C, Ortiz-Santaliestra M, Weir S, Streissl F, Smith RH. Scientific Opinion on the state of the science on pesticide risk assessment for amphibians and reptiles. EFSA J 2018; 16:e05125. [PMID: 32625798 PMCID: PMC7009658 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Following a request from EFSA, the Panel on Plant Protection Products and their Residues developed an opinion on the science to support the potential development of a risk assessment scheme of plant protection products for amphibians and reptiles. The coverage of the risk to amphibians and reptiles by current risk assessments for other vertebrate groups was investigated. Available test methods and exposure models were reviewed with regard to their applicability to amphibians and reptiles. Proposals were made for specific protection goals aiming to protect important ecosystem services and taking into consideration the regulatory framework and existing protection goals for other vertebrates. Uncertainties, knowledge gaps and research needs were highlighted.
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12
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Bai Y, Li XY, Liu ZJ, Zhang YH. Effects of octylphenol on the expression of StAR, CYP17 and CYP19 in testis of Rana chensinensis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2017; 51:9-15. [PMID: 28259069 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that a decline in sperm quality is associated with exposure to environmental chemicals with estrogenic activity. Seeking possible explanations for this effect, this study investigated the effects of octylphenol (OP) on the synthesis of steroid hormones in amphibian. Rana chensinensis were exposed to 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6mol/L OP after 10, 20, 30 and 40 days. The cDNA fragments of StAR (274bp), CYP17 (303bp) and CYP19 (322bp) were cloned. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry revealed that positive signals of StAR, CYP17, CYP19 mRNA and proteins mainly in the Leydig cells of testes. Real-time PCR showed that up-regulation of StAR and CYP19, and down-regulation of CYP17 after exposure to 10-8, 10-7 and 10-6mol/L OP. The results suggest that OP can alter transcriptions of StAR, CYP17 and CYP19, thus disturb the expressions of StAR, P450c17 and P450arom, thereby adversely affect steroid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Bai
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an 710062, China; China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, 7 Pan Jia Yuan Nan Li, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Xin-Yi Li
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an 710062, China
| | - Zhi-Jun Liu
- Second Division of Beijing Armed Police Corps, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Yu-Hui Zhang
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, 199 South Chang'an Road, Xi'an 710062, China.
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13
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Li X, Liu J, Zhang Y. Octylphenol induced gene expression in testes of Frog, Rana chensinensis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:75-82. [PMID: 26896894 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Octylphenol (OP) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC), which can disrupt the reproductive system. To understand the effect of OP, a subtractive cDNA library was constructed using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) to identify alterations of gene transcription in the testes of the frog Rana chensinensis after OP exposure. Two hundred positive clones were selected and 134 sequences of gene fragments were produced from the subtractive library randomly. These genes were identified to be involved in metabolic process, cellular process, biological regulation, stimulus, immune system and female pregnancy process. In order to verify the efficiency of the subtractive cDNA library, PSG9 and PAPP-A were analyzed further as two representatives of differentially expressed transcription genes using semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Our result was the first successful construction of the subtractive cDNA library in frog testes after OP treatment. Based on this cDNA library, OP was shown to affect multiple physiological processes including inducing immune response, disrupting the steroid hormone synthesis and influencing spermatogenesis in the testis by up-regulation of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions'Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions'Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China
| | - Yuhui Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Qinba Regions'Sustainable Development, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, China.
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14
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Haselman JT, Kosian PA, Korte JJ, Olmstead AW, Iguchi T, Johnson RD, Degitz SJ. Development of the Larval Amphibian Growth and Development Assay: effects of chronic 4-tert-octylphenol or 17β-trenbolone exposure inXenopus laevisfrom embryo to juvenile. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1639-1650. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia A. Kosian
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division; 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA
| | - Joseph J. Korte
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division; 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA
| | - Allen W. Olmstead
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division; 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience, National Institute for Basic Biology; National Institutes of Natural Sciences; 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji Okazaki Aichi 444-8787 Japan
| | - Rodney D. Johnson
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division; 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA
| | - Sigmund J. Degitz
- US EPA Mid-Continent Ecology Division; 6201 Congdon Blvd Duluth MN 55804 USA
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15
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Säfholm M, Jansson E, Fick J, Berg C. Molecular and histological endpoints for developmental reproductive toxicity in Xenopus tropicalis: Levonorgestrel perturbs anti-Müllerian hormone and progesterone receptor expression. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 181-182:9-18. [PMID: 26689642 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing concern regarding the risks associated with developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and the consequences for reproductive capability. The present study aimed to refine the Xenopus (Silurana) tropicalis test system for developmental reproductive toxicity by characterising molecular and histological features of sexual development, and to explore effects of exposure to the progestagen levonorgestrel (LNG). Larvae were exposed to LNG (0, 3, 30, 300 ng/L) over the first three weeks of development, encompassing the beginning of gonadal differentiation. mRNA levels of amh (anti-Müllerian hormone), amhr2 (amh receptor 2), ipgr (intracellular progesterone receptor), mpgr beta (membrane progesterone receptor beta), and cyp19a1 (cytochrome p450 19a1) were quantified in larvae and juveniles (4 weeks post-metamorphosis). Relative cyp19a1 and amh expression was used as a molecular marker for phenotypic sex of larvae. Gonadal and Müllerian duct development were characterised histologically in juveniles. Compared to controls, LNG exposure increased the expression of amh and ipgr in male larvae. In juveniles, mpgr beta expression was increased in both sexes and amhr2 expression was decreased in males, implying persistent effects of developmental progestagen exposure on amh and pgr expression signalling. No effects of LNG on the gonadal or Müllerian duct development were found, implying that the exposure window was not critical with regard to these endpoints. In juveniles, folliculogenesis had initiated and the Müllerian ducts were larger in females than in males. This new knowledge on sexual development in X. tropicalis is useful in the development of early life-stage endpoints for developmental reproductive toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moa Säfholm
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Erika Jansson
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Umeå University, Department of Chemistry, KBC 6A, Linnaeus väg 6, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Cecilia Berg
- Uppsala University, Department of Organismal Biology, Norbyvägen 18A, 752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Hu L, Wu L, Xue Y, Zhu J, Shi H. An assay to determine the sensitive window of embryos to chemical exposure usingXenopus tropicalis. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:685-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Lijiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Yingang Xue
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center; Jiangsu 213001 China
| | - Jingmin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Costal Research; East China Normal University; Shanghai 200062 China
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17
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Liver histology and ultrastructure of the Italian newt (Lissotriton italicus): Normal structure and modifications after acute exposure to nonylphenol ethoxylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:455-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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18
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Park CJ, Gye MC. Sensitization of vitellogenin gene expression by low doses of octylphenol is mediated by estrogen receptor autoregulation in the Bombina orientalis (Boulenger) male liver. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 156:191-200. [PMID: 25248154 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms by which alkylphenols disrupt endocrine function in wild amphibians in Korea. To this end, the effects of 4-tert-octylphenol (OP), 17β-estradiol (E2), and estrogen receptor (ER) agonists on the expression profiles of vitellogenin (VTG) and ERs were examined in livers obtained from male Bombina orientalis toads. A single injection of E2 (10μg/kg; 0.03μmol/kg) induced transcription of VTG mRNA at 2 days post injection; however, injection of either the ERα-selective agonist propyl-(1H)-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl-trisphenol (PPT, 50μg/kg; 0.12μmol/kg) or the ERβ-selective agonist 2,3-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile (DPN, 50μg/kg; 0.20μmol/kg) did not affect the expression of VTG. This finding suggests that both ERα and ERβ are required to induce transcription of VTG in the male B. orientalis liver. Interestingly, E2, PPT, and DPN induced transcription of ERα, which was also reflected on the protein level; however, these alkylphenols did not affect ERβ transcription. Similarly, VTG transcription was induced by a single injection of 1-100mg/kg (0.04-484.66μmol/kg) OP, while 0.1mg/kg (0.48μmol/kg) OP had no effect on VTG transcription. This result suggests that the lowest observable effect concentration (LOEC) of OP for induction of VTG transcription in the male liver is 1mg/kg (4.84μmol/kg). Furthermore, treatment with E2 (10μg/kg; 0.03μmol/kg) or OP (1mg/kg; 4.84μmol/kg) significantly upregulated ERα transcription, and a 10mg/kg (48.46μmol/kg) dose of OP significantly upregulated ERβ transcription. The ER antagonist ICI 182,780 decreased the basal levels of ERα and ERβ mRNA, and also prevented E2-mediated and OP-mediated induction of VTG, ERα, and ERβ transcription. A second injection of 0.1mg/kg (0.48μmol/kg) OP after a two-day interval significantly upregulated the transcription of VTG and ERα, but not of ERβ. These results suggest that sensitization of VTG transcription by repeated exposure to OP is mediated by the induction of ERα. Different combinations of alkylphenols that are ubiquitous in the freshwater system in Korea could potentially exert a synergistic effect on endocrine disruption. Thus, chronic exposure to alkylphenols, even at their NOECs, could still disrupt endocrine function in B. orientalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Jin Park
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea
| | - Myung Chan Gye
- Department of Life Science and Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, South Korea.
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Cao S, Xu W, Lou QQ, Zhang YF, Zhao YX, Wei WJ, Qin ZF. Environmental (anti-)androgenic chemicals affect germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) of Xenopus laevis oocytes in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:426-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Lou QQ, Zhang YF, Zhou Z, Shi YL, Ge YN, Ren DK, Xu HM, Zhao YX, Wei WJ, Qin ZF. Effects of perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorobutanesulfonate on the growth and sexual development of Xenopus laevis. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2013; 22:1133-1144. [PMID: 23907449 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-013-1100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), as a substitute for perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), is widespread in the environment and biotic samples as well as PFOS. To investigate effects of PFOS and PFBS on the growth and sexual development of amphibians, we exposed Xenopus laevis tadpoles at a series of concentrations of PFOS and PFBS (0.1; 1; 100; 1,000 μg/l) as well as 17-beta-estradiol (E2, 100 ng/l) and 5 alpha-androstan-17-beta-ol-3-one (DHT, 100 ng/l) from stage 46/47 to 2 months postmetamorphosis. We found that neither PFOS nor PFBS had a significant effect on the survival and growth. However, they caused hepatohistological impairment at higher concentrations (100; 1,000 μg/l). Unlike E2, PFOS at all concentrations did not alter the sex ratio and induce intersex, but caused degeneration of spermatogonia in testes except for the lowest concentration. PFBS had no effect on the sex ratio and gonadal histology. PFOS and PFBS promoted expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR), but not affected aromatase expression in the brain. The increase in expression of ER and AR suggests an increase in the responsiveness to the corresponding sex hormone and potential effects on sexual development. Our results show that PFBS as well as PFOS have adverse effects on hepato-histology and sexual development on X. laevis. Also, PFOS- and PFBS-induced increase in ER and AR expression highlights the need to further study effects of PFOS and PFBS on subsequently gonadal development, sexual dimorphism, and secondary sex characteristics in X. laevis. It is debatable that PFBS is widely used as a substitute of PFOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin-Qin Lou
- College of Environment, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing, 210009, China
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21
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The genomic structure and the expression profile of the Xenopus laevis transthyretin gene. Gene 2012; 510:126-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Shi H, Zhang X, Yu L, Yuan J, Sun Z. Interaction of triphenyltin and an agonist of retinoid X receptor (LGD1069) in embryos of Xenopus tropicalis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2012; 34:714-720. [PMID: 23117067 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Xenopus tropicalis embryos were exposed for 48 h to mixtures of triphenyltin and LGD1069 (an agonist of the retinoid X receptor). The index of fin deficiency (IFD) of the embryos increased in the triphenyltin-treated groups, and the index of axis deficiency (IAD) increased in LGD1069-treated groups in a concentration-dependent manner. When embryos were exposed to mixtures of 5μgSn/L triphenyltin and 1-30 μg/L LGD1069, IFD decreased from 2.9 to 0.6 and IAD increased from 0.1 to 2.4 with increasing LGD1069 concentrations. Conversely, when embryos were exposed to mixtures of 15 μg/L LGD1069 and 1-10 μg Sn/L triphenyltin, IFD increased from 0.1 to 3.0 with increasing triphenyltin concentrations. Co-exposure induced some new phenotypes, such as posteriorized anus. These results suggest that LGD1069 suppressed the teratogenicity of triphenyltin and that the retinoid X receptor was involved in triphenyltin-induced teratogenicity. Histological observations indicate that co-exposure inhibited the invagination of the yolk plug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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Yan Z, Lu G, Liu J, Jin S. An integrated assessment of estrogenic contamination and feminization risk in fish in Taihu Lake, China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:334-340. [PMID: 22906715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated approach, combining biological and chemical methods, was used to assess potential exposure to exogenous estrogens and their possible interference with the endocrine system of male goldfish (Carassius auratus) in Taihu Lake. A suite of biomarkers in caged fish after in situ exposure for 28 days, coupled with six selected exogenous estrogens in water, were determined at eight biomonitoring stations. The compounds estrone, 17β-estradiol (E2), estriol, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), bisphenol-A and diethylstilbestrol were detected in most of the samples and the concentrations of total estradiol equivalent (EEQ) ranged between 5.69 and 17.8 ng/L. E2 and EE2 were thought to be the major causal agents responsible for the estrogenic activities. Elevated serum vitellogenin and E2, gonadal DNA damage and reduced gonadosomatic index were observed in fish collected from most stations. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) index showed good agreement with the observed total EEQ levels in water, and feminization risk in fish may be present in northern Taihu Lake, especially in Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
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Lee W, Kang CW, Su CK, Okubo K, Nagahama Y. Screening estrogenic activity of environmental contaminants and water samples using a transgenic medaka embryo bioassay. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 88:945-952. [PMID: 22497783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Many natural or synthetic chemicals may act as exogenous estrogens and affect the reproductive health of humans and wildlife. Since these xenoestrogens are ubiquitous, it is essential to monitor their presence in the environment. Hence, we developed a bioassay using the transgenic medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryo, in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) was placed under the control of the gnrh3 promoter, one of the three paralogous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) genes that regulate reproductive function and behavior. As medaka embryos are transparent, the fluorescent expression of GFP can be easily observed in vivo during development. We exposed newly fertilized medaka embryos to varying solutions of bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), 17β-estradiol (E2), or a river water sample, and monitored their development. During embryonic development, the mRNA levels of GnRHs, GnRH receptors, and estrogen receptors (ERs) were measured with quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR. Our results showed that the chemicals and the river water significantly decreased the fluorescent intensity of the GnRH3 neurons, postponed the eye development, and retarded the growth of the embryos. The three xenoestrogens also lowered the heart rate, lengthened the time to hatch, suppressed the expression of the three GnRH genes, and up-regulated the ERα mRNA level. In addition, the GnRH3 mRNA level was significantly correlated with the fluorescence intensity of the GnRH neurons. We concluded that the transgenic medaka embryo is a rapid and sensitive bioassay for screening environmental water samples. We also found that xenoestrogens had significant effects on GnRH gene expression and embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjau Lee
- Department of Bioscience Technology, Chang Jung Christian University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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