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Jimenez-Guri E, Paganos P, La Vecchia C, Annona G, Caccavale F, Molina MD, Ferrández-Roldán A, Donnellan RD, Salatiello F, Johnstone A, Eliso MC, Spagnuolo A, Cañestro C, Albalat R, Martín-Durán JM, Williams EA, D'Aniello E, Arnone MI. Developmental toxicity of pre-production plastic pellets affects a large swathe of invertebrate taxa. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 356:141887. [PMID: 38583530 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics pose risks to marine organisms through ingestion, entanglement, and as carriers of toxic additives and environmental pollutants. Plastic pre-production pellet leachates have been shown to affect the development of sea urchins and, to some extent, mussels. The extent of those developmental effects on other animal phyla remains unknown. Here, we test the toxicity of environmental mixed nurdle samples and new PVC pellets for the embryonic development or asexual reproduction by regeneration of animals from all the major animal superphyla (Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa, Deuterostomia and Cnidaria). Our results show diverse, concentration-dependent impacts in all the species sampled for new pellets, and for molluscs and deuterostomes for environmental samples. Embryo axial formation, cell specification and, specially, morphogenesis seem to be the main processes affected by plastic leachate exposure. Our study serves as a proof of principle for the potentially catastrophic effects that increasing plastic concentrations in the oceans and other ecosystems can have across animal populations from all major animal superphyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Jimenez-Guri
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy; Center for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK.
| | - Periklis Paganos
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia La Vecchia
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Annona
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Caccavale
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Dolores Molina
- Department of Genetica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Catalunya, Spain
| | - Alfonso Ferrández-Roldán
- Department of Genetica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Rory Daniel Donnellan
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Salatiello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Adam Johnstone
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Concetta Eliso
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristian Cañestro
- Department of Genetica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - Ricard Albalat
- Department of Genetica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain; Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Catalunya, Spain
| | - José María Martín-Durán
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth A Williams
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Enrico D'Aniello
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Ina Arnone
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Naples, Italy
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2
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Bayır M, Özdemir E. Genomic organization and transcription of superoxide dismutase genes ( sod1, sod2, and sod3b) and response to diazinon toxicity in platyfish ( Xiphophorus maculatus) by using SOD enzyme activity. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3578-3588. [PMID: 36811494 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2178931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the effects of 50% of 96 h LC50 (5.25 ppm) diazinon on the expression of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme genes (sod1, sod2, and sod3b) and SOD enzyme activity at the end of 24, 48, 72, and 96 h in platyfish liver and gill tissues. To this end, we determined the tissue-specific distribution of sod1, sod2, and sod3b genes and performed in silico analyses in platyfish (Xiphophorus maculatus). It was determined that malondialdehyde (MDA) level and SOD enzyme activity were increased in the liver [(43.90 EU mg protein-1 (control), 62.45 EU mg protein-1 (24 h), 73.17 EU mg protein-1 (48 h), 82.18 EU mg protein-1 (72 h), 92.93 EU mg protein-1 (96 h)] and gill [(16.44 EU mg protein-1 (control), 33.47 EU mg protein-1 (24 h), 50.38 EU mg protein-1 (48 h), 64.62 EU mg protein-1 (72 h), 74.04 EU mg protein-1 (96 h)] tissues of platyfish exposed to diazinon, while the expression of the sod genes was down-regulated. The tissue-specific distribution of the sod genes varied, with the tissues and the sod genes expression were being predominant in the liver (628.32 in sod1, 637.59 in sod2, 888.5 in sod3b). Thus, the liver was considered a suitable tissue for further gene expression studies. Based on the phylogenetic analyses, platyfish sod genes can be reported to be orthologs of sod/SOD genes from other vertebrates. Identity/similarity analyses supported this determination. Conserved gene synteny proved that there are conserved sod genes in platyfish, zebrafish, and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehtap Bayır
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Erdal Özdemir
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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3
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Drago L, Ferro D, Bakiu R, Ballarin L, Santovito G. Typical 2-Cys Peroxiredoxins as a Defense Mechanism against Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress in the Solitary Ascidian Ciona robusta. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:93. [PMID: 35052596 PMCID: PMC8772837 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-Cys Prdxs) are proteins with antioxidant properties belonging to the thioredoxin peroxidase family. With their peroxidase activity, they contribute to the homeostatic control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, therefore, participate in various physiological functions, such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Although Prdxs have been shown to be potential biomarkers for monitoring aquatic environments, minimal scientific attention has been devoted to describing their molecular architecture and function in marine invertebrates. Our study aims to clarify the protective role against stress induced by exposure to metals (Cu, Zn, and Cd) of three Prdxs (Prdx2, Prdx3, and Prdx4) in the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate. Here, we report a detailed pre- and post-translational regulation of the three Prdx isoforms. Data on intestinal mRNA expression, provided by qRT-PCR analyses, show a generalized increase for Prdx2, -3, and -4, which is correlated to metal accumulation. Furthermore, the increase in tissue enzyme activity observed after Zn exposure is slower than that observed with Cu and Cd. The obtained results increase our knowledge of the evolution of anti-stress proteins in invertebrates and emphasize the importance of the synthesis of Prdxs as an efficient way to face adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
| | - Diana Ferro
- Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Hospital and Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tiranë, Albania;
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy;
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Rosner A, Armengaud J, Ballarin L, Barnay-Verdier S, Cima F, Coelho AV, Domart-Coulon I, Drobne D, Genevière AM, Jemec Kokalj A, Kotlarska E, Lyons DM, Mass T, Paz G, Pazdro K, Perić L, Ramšak A, Rakers S, Rinkevich B, Spagnuolo A, Sugni M, Cambier S. Stem cells of aquatic invertebrates as an advanced tool for assessing ecotoxicological impacts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144565. [PMID: 33736145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stressors are assessed through methods that quantify their impacts on a wide range of metrics including species density, growth rates, reproduction, behaviour and physiology, as on host-pathogen interactions and immunocompetence. Environmental stress may induce additional sublethal effects, like mutations and epigenetic signatures affecting offspring via germline mediated transgenerational inheritance, shaping phenotypic plasticity, increasing disease susceptibility, tissue pathologies, changes in social behaviour and biological invasions. The growing diversity of pollutants released into aquatic environments requires the development of a reliable, standardised and 3R (replacement, reduction and refinement of animals in research) compliant in vitro toolbox. The tools have to be in line with REACH regulation 1907/2006/EC, aiming to improve strategies for potential ecotoxicological risks assessment and monitoring of chemicals threatening human health and aquatic environments. Aquatic invertebrates' adult stem cells (ASCs) are numerous and can be pluripotent, as illustrated by high regeneration ability documented in many of these taxa. This is of further importance as in many aquatic invertebrate taxa, ASCs are able to differentiate into germ cells. Here we propose that ASCs from key aquatic invertebrates may be harnessed for applicable and standardised new tests in ecotoxicology. As part of this approach, a battery of modern techniques and endpoints are proposed to be tested for their ability to correctly identify environmental stresses posed by emerging contaminants in aquatic environments. Consequently, we briefly describe the current status of the available toxicity testing and biota-based monitoring strategies in aquatic environmental ecotoxicology and highlight some of the associated open issues such as replicability, consistency and reliability in the outcomes, for understanding and assessing the impacts of various chemicals on organisms and on the entire aquatic environment. Following this, we describe the benefits of aquatic invertebrate ASC-based tools for better addressing ecotoxicological questions, along with the current obstacles and possible overhaul approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Rosner
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Tel Shikmona, Haifa 3108001, Israel.
| | - Jean Armengaud
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), SPI, F-30200 Bagnols-sur-Cèze, France.
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Stéphanie Barnay-Verdier
- Sorbonne Université; CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d'Azur, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging Nice, F-06107 Nice, France.
| | - Francesca Cima
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35121 Padova, Italy.
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Isabelle Domart-Coulon
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Microorganism Communication and Adaptation Molecules MCAM, Paris F-75005, France.
| | - Damjana Drobne
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111,D, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Anne-Marie Genevière
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Organisms, BIOM, F-6650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France.
| | - Anita Jemec Kokalj
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Biology, Večna pot 111,D, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Ewa Kotlarska
- Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland.
| | - Daniel Mark Lyons
- Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, G. Paliaga 5, HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia.
| | - Tali Mass
- Marine Biology Department, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, 199 Aba Khoushy Ave, University of Haifa, 3498838, Israel.
| | - Guy Paz
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Tel Shikmona, Haifa 3108001, Israel.
| | - Ksenia Pazdro
- Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland
| | - Lorena Perić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Laboratory for Aquaculture and Pathology of Aquaculture Organisms, Bijenička cesta 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Andreja Ramšak
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia.
| | | | - Baruch Rinkevich
- Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, National Institute of Oceanography, P.O. Box 8030, Tel Shikmona, Haifa 3108001, Israel.
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Michela Sugni
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sébastien Cambier
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 5, avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, L-4362 Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.
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Laura D, Anna P, Nicola F, Loriano B, Rigers B, Gianfranco S. Stress granules in Ciona robusta: First evidences of TIA-1-related nucleolysin and tristetraprolin gene expression under metal exposure. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 243:108977. [PMID: 33465518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.108977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules are non-membranous cytoplasmic foci, composed of non-translating messenger ribonucleoproteins, translational initiation factors and other additional proteins. They represent a primary mechanism to rapidly modulate gene expression when cells are subjected to adverse environmental conditions. Very few works have been devoted to study the presence of the molecular components of stress granules in invertebrates. In this work, we characterized the transcript sequences for two important protein components of stress granules, TIA-1-related nucleolysin (TIAR) and tristetraprolin (TTP), in the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate, and carried out the first studies on their gene expression under stress conditions induced by metals (Cu, Zn and Cd). Data on mRNA expression levels, provided by qRT-PCR analyses, show a generalized decrease at the second day of metal-exposure for both tiar and ttp, suggesting that metal accumulation induces acute stress and the inhibition of the transcription for the two studied proteins. In-situ hybridization analyses demonstrate that TIAR and TTP antisense riboprobes recognize circulating granular amoebocytes in the hemolymph, in both blood lacunae and tunic. The results obtained in this work increase our knowledge on the evolution of anti-stress proteins in metazoans and emphasize the importance of the transcription of tiar and ttp, which represents an efficient physiological response allowing organisms to survive in the environment under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drago Laura
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Peronato Anna
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Franchi Nicola
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ballarin Loriano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Bakiu Rigers
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - Santovito Gianfranco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
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6
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Kumar S, Moniruzzaman M, Chakraborty A, Sarbajna A, Chakraborty SB. Crosstalk between heat shock proteins, NRF2, NF-κB and different endogenous antioxidants during lead-induced hepatotoxicity in Puntius ticto. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 233:105771. [PMID: 33578303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Present study aims to investigate interaction of molecular chaperons (heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 90) with transcriptional factors (nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) to evaluate their role during metal induced stress in fish hepatocytes. Adult Puntius ticto were exposed to lead nitrate at 0 mg/l (control), 1/50th (0.04 mg/l) and 1/20th (0.12 mg/l) of LC50 for 30 days and sacrificed to collect liver tissues. Activity of selected liver enzymes, antioxidants and metallothionein were analyzed. Levels of heat shock protein 70, heat shock protein 90, nuclear factor kappa B, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 were also measured. Liver enzymes showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in both Pb exposed groups indicating that the liver might be at risk of damage. Increased level of lipid peroxidation due to metal stress was marked by significant increase (p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde level in fish exposed to the higher Pb concentration compared to control (+ 13.7 %). Significant increase (p < 0.05) in gluthathione reductase (+ 35 %, + 39.2 %), glutathione s-transferase (+ 22.4 %, + 50.4 %) activities and decrease in reduced glutathione level (- 6.75 %, - 12.25 %) in fish exposed to both lower and higher Pb concentration compared to control also indicated metal induced oxidative damage in fish liver. Super oxide dismutase and catalase activities increased significantly (p < 0.05) during exposure to lower Pb concentration, while decreased significantly (p < 0.05) during exposure to higher Pb concentration compared to those in control. Significant (P < 0.05) increase (+ 52.63 %, + 89.47 %) in metallothionein in Pb exposed groups confirmed its role in detoxification process of the metal. Heat shock protein 70 and heat shock protein 90 expression levels increased significantly (p < 0.05) during metal exposure indicating their role as modulator of stress-induced antioxidant protein remodelling. A positive correlation between nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 with gluthathione regulatory enzymes (gluthathione reductase and glutathione s-transferase) was noted. Current study effectively illuminates the critical role of different factors (heat shock proteins/nuclear factor kappa B/nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1) to influence the expression and synthesis of antioxidants and other functional enzymes in lead-exposed fish liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheli Kumar
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Mahammed Moniruzzaman
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India
| | - Anindita Chakraborty
- UGC-DAE CSR Kolkata Centre, LB-8, LB Block, Sector III, Bidhannagar, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700098, India
| | - Adity Sarbajna
- Department of Zoology, Surendranath College, Kolkata, 700009, India.
| | - Suman Bhusan Chakraborty
- Fish Endocrinology Research Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata, 700019, India.
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7
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Santovito G, Trentin E, Gobbi I, Bisaccia P, Tallandini L, Irato P. Non-enzymatic antioxidant responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis: Insights into the physiological role against metal-induced oxidative stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2021; 240:108909. [PMID: 33022382 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to metals is known to generate oxidative stress in living organisms, which can result in the induction of protective antioxidant defences, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. This work aims to obtain new data on the existing links among several non-enzymatic components of the antioxidant system, that are physiologically related to both metal sequestration and defense against metal-induced oxidative stress, using the blue mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) as a model organism. Specimens of this marine bivalve were experimentally exposed to cadmium (Cd), used as oxidative stress inducer. Cd, metallothionein (MT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, and glutathione reductase (GR) activity in gills and in digestive glands were assessed at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. The obtained results provide new data about the relationships among the non-enzymatic antioxidant cellular components considered in this study. These constitute the prompt physiological responses to the oxidative stress in blue mussels exposed to Cd in controlled laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ilaria Gobbi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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8
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Wang L, Wu D, Fan Z, Li H, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Wang G, Zhu Z. Effect of Yucca schidigera extract on the growth performance, intestinal antioxidant status, immune response, and tight junctions of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:211-219. [PMID: 32422190 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to evaluate the effect of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) on the growth performance, intestinal antioxidant status, immune response, and tight junctions of mirror carp (Cyprinus carpio). A total of 450 mirror carp (45.21 ± 0.43 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 200, or 400 mg/kg YSE for 8 weeks. Compared with the control (0 mg/kg), the final body weight and weight gain rate were significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and the serum ammonia concentration was significantly lower in both YSE groups (P < 0.05). Additionally, the total antioxidant capacity was significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and the malondialdehyde content was significantly lower in both YSE groups (P < 0.05). Complement 3 and 4 contents were significantly higher in the 400 mg/kg YSE group (P < 0.05), and lysozyme was significantly higher in both YSE groups compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of copper zinc superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase1a, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 as well as transforming growth factor β were significantly higher in both YSE supplemented groups compared to the control (P < 0.05), whereas the relative mRNA level of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 was significantly lower in both YSE supplemented groups (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of interleukin 1β and interleukin 6 were significantly lower in the 400 mg/kg YSE supplemented group compared to the control (P < 0.05). Additionally, both YSE levels decreased the relative mRNA expression of tumour necrosis factor-α (P < 0.05). The relative mRNA levels of ZO-1 and claudin 11 were significantly higher in both YSE supplemented groups (P < 0.05), and the relative mRNA level of occludin was significantly higher in the 200 mg/kg YSE group than the control and 400 mg/kg YSE groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg YSE improved the growth, intestinal antioxidant status, immune response, and tight junctions of mirror carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liansheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China.
| | - Di Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Ze Fan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Hongqin Li
- Animal Feed Science Research Institute, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610101, PR China
| | - Jinnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China
| | - Qiyou Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Immune Technology of Heilongjiang Province, Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin, 150070, PR China; School of Life Science, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, PR China
| | - Guanghua Wang
- Animal Feed Science Research Institute, New Hope Liuhe Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610101, PR China
| | - Zhengpeng Zhu
- Sichuan Tequ Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Technology Group Co., Ltd, Chengdu, 610207, PR China.
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9
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Liberti A, Bertocci I, Pollet A, Musco L, Locascio A, Ristoratore F, Spagnuolo A, Sordino P. An indoor study of the combined effect of industrial pollution and turbulence events on the gut environment in a marine invertebrate. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 158:104950. [PMID: 32217300 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Natural storms are able to determine reworking of seabed up to considerable depths and favour suspension of sediment-associated chemicals. Yet, a direct link between exposure to resuspended contaminants and the biological effects on marine organisms have to be fully established. We exposed adults of a suspension feeder, the ascidian Ciona robusta, to polluted sediment (e.g., containing mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals) from the industrial area of Bagnoli-Coroglio under two temporal patterns ('aggregated' vs. 'spaced') of turbulence events. Then, we assessed the impact of resuspended pollutants on the ascidian gut environment via four broad categories: oxidative stress, innate immunity, host-microbiota interactions, and epithelium. An early oxidative stress response was seen after a week of exposure to static sediment. Instead, water turbulence had no effect on the antioxidant defence. The first episode of turbulent suspension induced a minimal pro-inflammatory response in the 'spaced' pattern. Mucus overproduction and a complete occlusion of the crypt lumen were found following sediment reworking. This study suggests a protective response of the gut environment in marine invertebrates exposed to environmental extremes, leading to increased susceptibility to disease and to concerns on the combined effects of chronic environmental contamination and acute disturbance events possibly associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
| | - Iacopo Bertocci
- Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, CoNISMa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Musco
- Department of Integrated Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Annamaria Locascio
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Ristoratore
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Spagnuolo
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Sordino
- Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy.
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Chatzidimitriou E, Bisaccia P, Corrà F, Bonato M, Irato P, Manuto L, Toppo S, Bakiu R, Santovito G. Copper/Zinc Superoxide Dismutase from the Crocodile Icefish Chionodraco hamatus: Antioxidant Defense at Constant Sub-Zero Temperature. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040325. [PMID: 32316382 PMCID: PMC7222407 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the purification and molecular characterization of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Chionodraco hamatus, an Antarctic teleost widely distributed in many areas of the Ross Sea that plays a pivotal role in the Antarctic food chain. The primary sequence was obtained using biochemical and molecular biology approaches and compared with Cu,Zn SODs from other organisms. Multiple sequence alignment using the amino acid sequence revealed that Cu,Zn SOD showed considerable sequence similarity with its orthologues from various vertebrate species, but also some specific substitutions directly linked to cold adaptation. Phylogenetic analyses presented the monophyletic status of Antartic Teleostei among the Perciformes, confirming the erratic differentiation of these proteins and concurring with the theory of the "unclock-like" behavior of Cu,Zn SOD evolution. Expression of C. hamatus Cu,Zn SOD at both the mRNA and protein levels were analyzed in various tissues, highlighting the regulation of gene expression related to environmental stress conditions and also animal physiology. The data presented are the first on the antioxidant enzymes of a fish belonging to the Channichthyidae family and represent an important starting point in understanding the antioxidant systems of these organisms that are subject to constant risk of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Chatzidimitriou
- Institute of Natural Resource Sciences, ZHAW Zurich University of Applied Sciences, 8820 Wädenswil, Switzerland;
| | - Paola Bisaccia
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Francesca Corrà
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Marco Bonato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Paola Irato
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
| | - Laura Manuto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.T.)
| | - Stefano Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (L.M.); (S.T.)
- CRIBI Biotech Centre, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, 1000 Tiranë, Albania;
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy; (P.B.); (F.C.); (M.B.); (P.I.)
- Correspondence:
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11
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Tolomeo AM, Carraro A, Bakiu R, Toppo S, Garofalo F, Pellegrino D, Gerdol M, Ferro D, Place SP, Santovito G. Molecular characterization of novel mitochondrial peroxiredoxins from the Antarctic emerald rockcod and their gene expression in response to environmental warming. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 225:108580. [PMID: 31374295 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we describe the molecular characterization of the two paralogous mitochondrial peroxiredoxins from Trematomus bernacchii, a teleost that plays a pivotal role in the Antarctic food chain. The two putative amino acid sequences were compared with orthologs from other fish, highlighting a high percentage of identity and similarity with the respective variant, in particular for the residues that are essential for the characteristic peroxidase activity of these enzymes. The temporal expression of Prdx3 and Prdx5 mRNAs in response to short-term thermal stress showed a general upregulation of prdx3, suggesting that this isoform is the most affected by temperature increase. These data, together with the peculiar differences between the molecular structures of the two mitochondrial Prdxs in T. bernacchii as well as in the tropical species Stegastes partitus, suggest an adaptation that allowed these poikilothermic aquatic vertebrates to colonize very different environments, characterized by different temperature ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Tolomeo
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - A Carraro
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - S Toppo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy
| | - F Garofalo
- Departmentof of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - D Pellegrino
- Departmentof of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences (B.E.S.T.), University of Calabria, Arcavacata di Rende, Italy
| | - M Gerdol
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - D Ferro
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - S P Place
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, CA, USA
| | - G Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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Zheng JL, Peng LB, Zhu QL, Zhang XL, Hu W. Waterborne zinc induced lobe-dependent effect on oxidative stress and energy metabolism in hepatopancreas of Larimichthys crocea. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 215:105270. [PMID: 31401473 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to compare differences in oxidative stress and energy metabolism between the left and right lobe of hepatopancreas in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea exposed to 0 (control), 20, and 100 μM Zn for 96 h. Tipical biomarkers were examined including the proportion of white hepatopancreas, lipid content, malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione (GSH) content, activity levels of enzymes (Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, Cu/Zn-SOD; catalase, CAT; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; glutathione reductase, GR; mitochondrial ATP synthase, F-ATPase; malate dehydrogenase, MDH; succinate dehydrogenase, SDH; hepatic lipase, HTGL; lipoprotein lipase, LPL), mRNA levels of genes encoding these enzymes (sod1, cat, gpx1a, gr, atp5b, mdh, sdh, htgl, and lpl), and gene expression of signaling molecules the NF-E2-related nuclear factor 2 (nrf2) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1). A whitish color in the left lobe of hepatopancreas was observed in the control and Zn-exposed fish. Contrarily, the right lobe of hepatopancreas tended towards red with increasing Zn levels. The phenomenon was further confirmed by that lipid content was reduced in the right lobe and was not significantly affected in the left lobe by Zn. The right lobe showed higher energy consumption than the left lobe as reflected by the up-regulation of activity levels of HTGL, LPL, F-ATPase, MDH, and SDH. Lipid peroxidation declined by 20 μM Zn and was unchanged by 100 μM Zn in both lobes, which could be explained by increased activity levels of Cu/Zn-SOD and GPx. However, the magnitude of increase in Cu/Zn-SOD activity was greater in the right lobe than that in the left one. The difference in enzyme activity between two lobes may be involved in changes in mRNA levels of sod1, gr, atp5b, sdh, htgl, lpl, and nrf2, which was further confirmed by positive relationships between enzyme activity and gene expression. Our data also showed positive correlations between nrf2 expression and mRNA levels of its target genes, suggesting that Nrf2 was required for the protracted induction of these genes. Our results demonstrated the potential molecular mechanism of Zn-induced differences between lobes of hepatopancreas, suggesting that the sampling part of hepatopancreas should be considered with caution when assessing metal contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Li-Bin Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Qing-Ling Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Wei Hu
- School of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 424020, PR China
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13
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Xie Y, Chen H, Zheng S, Zhang X, Mu S. Molecular characterization of cu/Zn SOD gene in Asian clam Corbicula fluminea and mRNA expression and enzymatic activity modulation induced by metals. Gene 2018; 663:189-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Zhang E, Dong S, Wang F, Tian X, Gao Q. Effects of l-tryptophan on the growth, intestinal enzyme activities and non-specific immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka) exposed to crowding stress. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 75:158-163. [PMID: 29331348 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In order to reveal the effects of l-tryptophan (Trp) on the physiology and immune response of sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus Selenka) exposed to crowding stress, four density groups of sea cucumbers (i.e. 4, 8, 16 and 32 individuals per 40 L water, represented as L, ML, MH and H) were fed with diets containing 0, 1, 3 and 5% l-tryptophan respectively for 75 days. The results showed that the specific growth rates (SGR) of the sea cucumber fed with diet with 3% Trp (L, 2.1; ML, 1.76; MH, 1.2; H, 0.7) were significantly higher than those fed with basal diet without Trp supplementation (P < .05). Peak amylase activity occurred at H stress density at 3% dietary Trp. Trypsin activity was higher in diet 3% in ML and MH densities than the controls, which increased by 66.4% and 53.8%. However, the lipase activity first increased and then decreased from the stocking density L to H, with highest values of 3% Trp group showed the highest value than other groups. Compared to those fed with the basal diet, sea cucumber fed diets with Trp (3%) had significantly higher phagocytic activities (0.28 OD540/106 cells, H) in coelomic fluid and respiratory burst activities (0.105 OD630/106 cells, MH) (P < .05). The results suggested that Trp cannot improve superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity at L, ML and MH densities. The alkaline phosphatase activity (AKP) significantly decreased at H stress density. Under the experimental conditions, the present results confirmed that a diet supplemented with 3% Trp was able to enhance intestinal enzyme activities, non-specific immune response and higher growth performance of A. japonicus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Endong Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries college, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Department of Environmental Science, Plant Biotechnology Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116081, Liaoning, China
| | - Shuanglin Dong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries college, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries college, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xiangli Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries college, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Qinfeng Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries college, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
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15
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Ferro D, Franchi N, Bakiu R, Ballarin L, Santovito G. Molecular characterization and metal induced gene expression of the novel glutathione peroxidase 7 from the chordate invertebrate Ciona robusta. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 205:1-7. [PMID: 29253620 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the identified and characterized the gene and the transcript of a novel glutathione peroxidase-7 (GPx7) from the solitary ascidian Ciona robusta, an invertebrate chordate widely distributed in temperate shallow seawater. The putative nucleotide and amino acid sequences were compared with those of GPx7 from other metazoans and phylogenetic analysis suggests the presence of a high evolutionary pressure in the contest of neutral evolution. The mRNA of CrGPx7 is located in hemocytes and ovarian follicular cells, as revealed by in situ hybridization. The time course of CrGPx7 mRNA levels in the presence of Cd, Cu and Zn, showed upregulation in the final stages of the experiments, suggesting a role of GPx7 in late protection from oxidative stress. Our in silico analyses of the crgpx7 promoter region revealed putative consensus sequences similar to mammalian metal-responsive elements (MRE) and xenobiotic-responsive elements (XRE), suggesting that the transcription of these genes directly depends on metals. Cell-free extract from C. robusta tissues show the presence of selenium-independent GPx activity that is inhibited by the presence of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - N Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - R Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | - L Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - G Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Arrighetti F, Ambrosio E, Astiz M, Capítulo AR, Lavarías S. Differential response between histological and biochemical biomarkers in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata (Gasteropoda: Amullariidae) exposed to cypermethrin. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:140-151. [PMID: 29179149 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To develop effective programs to monitor water quality is necessary to identify sensitive biomarkers in indicator species. The aim of this study was to evaluate different biomarkers in the apple snail Pomacea canaliculata exposed to the insecticide Cypermethrin (CYP). Adult male and female snails were exposed to sublethal CYP concentrations (10, 25 and 100μgl-1) for 1, 4, 7 and 14days. The recovery of the exposed snails was also studied by a post-exposure assay. The activities of the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein oxidation (PC) in digestive gland and gills were studied as biomarkers of exposure. Histopathological changes in target tissues were also evaluated. In digestive gland, CYP caused a significant increase in SOD, CAT and GST activities compared to control (p<0.05) as well as in LPO and PC levels (p<0.05). However, such biochemical effects were neither concentration nor time dependent. Histopatological changes were observed in the exposed groups, such as an increase in the number of basophilic cells, hemocytic infiltration and epithelia atrophy. Additionally, a positive correlation between the surface occupied by pigmented corpuscles and CYP concentrations was observed at all exposure periods. Gills showed greater sensitivity to oxidative damage than digestive gland. CYP caused an acute toxic effect in LPO levels in this respiratory organ. The gill filament of exposed snails, exhibited a reduction or loss of cilia, vacuolization of the columnar cells and an increase in haemocyte content irrespective of the concentration. High concentrations of CYP caused disruptions in the columnar muscle fibers. In general, snails did not show an improvement in their basal state during post-exposure treatment. Apparently, males and females do not have differential sensitivity to the pesticide. The results of this study suggest that histopathological changes are the most sensitive time- and dose-dependent biomarkers of toxicity induced by CYP in P. canaliculata.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arrighetti
- Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia" CONICET, CABA, Argentina
| | - E Ambrosio
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CCT CONICET La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - M Astiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP) CCT CONICET La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - A Rodrigues Capítulo
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CCT CONICET La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - S Lavarías
- Instituto de Limnología de La Plata "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet" (ILPLA) CCT CONICET La Plata-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina.
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17
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Ferro K, Ferro D, Corrà F, Bakiu R, Santovito G, Kurtz J. Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Genes in Tribolium castaneum: Evolution, Molecular Characterisation, and Gene Expression during Immune Priming. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1811. [PMID: 29375546 PMCID: PMC5763126 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a normal consequence of the aerobic cell metabolism. Despite their high and potentially detrimental reactivity with various biomolecules, the endogenous production of ROS is a vital part of physiological, immunological, and molecular processes that contribute to fitness. The role of ROS in host-parasite interactions is frequently defined by their contribution to innate immunity as effectors, promoting parasite death during infections. In vertebrates, ROS and antioxidant system enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) are also involved in acquired immune memory, where they are responsible for T-cell signalling, activation, proliferation, and viability. Based on recent findings, ROS are now also assumed to play a role in immune priming, i.e., a form of memory in invertebrates. In this study, the potential involvement of Cu,Zn SODs in immunity of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum is described for the first time, applying an approach that combines an in silico gene characterisation with an in vivo immune priming experiment using the Gram-positive entomopathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We identified an unusually high number of three different transcripts for extracellular SOD and found that priming leads to a fine-tuned modulation of SOD expression, highlighting the potential of physiological co-adaptations for immune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Diana Ferro
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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18
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Jiang WD, Tang RJ, Liu Y, Wu P, Kuang SY, Jiang J, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Impairment of gill structural integrity by manganese deficiency or excess related to induction of oxidative damage, apoptosis and dysfunction of the physical barrier as regulated by NF-κB, caspase and Nrf2 signaling in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 70:280-292. [PMID: 28887111 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study is for the first time to explore the possible effects of dietary manganese (Mn) on structural integrity and the related signaling in the gills of fish. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) were fed with six diets containing graded levels of Mn [3.65-27.86 mg Mn/kg diet] for 8 weeks. The results firstly demonstrated that Mn deficiency aggravated inflammation indicated by up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin 8, and interleukin 1β mRNA levels) and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 10, transforming growth factor-β1) mRNA levels, which might be partially related to the up-regulation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB p65) and down-regulation of nuclear inhibitor factor κBα (iκBα) mRNA levels in the gills of fish. Meanwhile, Mn deficiency caused DNA fragmentation, which might be partially associated with the up-regulation of the apoptosis signaling (caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9) in the gills of fish. Furthermore, Mn deficiency-caused apoptosis might be partly related to the increases of oxidative damage that indicated by increases of lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and decreases of antioxidant enzyme activities [included Mn superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, Mn deficiency only down-regulated MnSOD and GST mRNA levels, which might be partially related to the up-regulation of NF-E2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) inhibitor (Keap1), and only down-regulated the gene expression of claudin-b and claudin-15 to disrupt the TJ in the gills of fish. Excessive Mn led to negative effects on partial parameters studied in the gills of fish. The optimal levels of Mn based on protecting against ROS, MDA and PC in the gills of grass carp were 17.04, 16.86 and 21.20 mg/kg diet, respectively. Collectively, Mn deficiency or excess could cause inflammation, apoptosis, antioxidant system disruption and change tight junction protein (claudin-b and claudin-15) transcription abundances, which might be partially related to the NF-κB p65, caspase-(3,8,9) and Nrf2 signaling, in the gills of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ren-Jun Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety in Production Sichuan University Key Laboratory, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Sichuan, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Meng J, Wang WX, Li L, Zhang G. Respiration disruption and detoxification at the protein expression levels in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) under zinc exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:34-41. [PMID: 28780297 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) can accumulate high levels of zinc (Zn) without obvious toxicity, but the related molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In the present study, C. gigas were exposed to excess Zn for 9days and the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were examined using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) method. In total, 2667 proteins containing at least two peptides and detected in both replicates were used for proteomic analysis. Among these DEPs, 332 were up-regulated and 282 were down-regulated. KEGG enrichment analysis of DEPs revealed that Zn exposure mainly distrubed 'tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle', 'electron transport chain (ETC)' and 'glutathione (GSH) metabolism' processes in oysters. Further key protein expressions enriched in these metabolism pathways were analyzed. In TCA cycle, Zn inhibited the Fe-containing protein expressions, which may lead to the accumulation of succinate and induce anaerobiosis. In ETC metabolism process, Zn inhibited ETC complex protein expressions, including complex I-IV, which may affect the electron transport process. Furthermore, Zn induced phytochelatin (PC) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) expression in GSH catabolism. The proteins play important roles in Zn detoxification and ROS elimination process. The transcriptional expressions of genes encoding these proteins were observed using real-time PCR analysis, and there was good consistency between these two datasets. Overall, we provide direct evidence for Zn toxicity and detoxification mechanisms at protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Wang
- Marine Environmental Laboratory, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China.
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Cima F, Peronato A, Ballarin L. The haemocytes of the colonial aplousobranch ascidian Diplosoma listerianum: Structural, cytochemical and functional analyses. Micron 2017; 102:51-64. [PMID: 28889072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diplosoma listerianum is a colonial aplousobranch ascidian of the family Didemnidae that is native to the northeast Atlantic and exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate waters. It lacks a shared colonial circulation crossing the tunic, and the zooids are connected only by the common tunic. In the present study, the haemocytes of this ascidian were analysed via light and electron microscopy. Their phagocytic and enzymatic activities, staining and immunostaining properties, and lectin affinity were examined with various classical methods reconsidered and modified for small marine invertebrates. Eight morphotypes were identified in reference to corresponding cell types described in other ascidians: undifferentiated cells (haemoblasts), storage cells for nitrogenous catabolites (nephrocytes) and immunocytes. The immunocytes are involved in immune responses, acting as (1) phagocytes, rich in hydrolases and involved in the clearance of both foreign particles and effete cells (hyaline amoebocytes and macrophage-like cells); (2) cytotoxic cells, able to degranulate and induce cytotoxicity through the release of the enzyme phenoloxidase after an immune stimulus (granular amoebocytes and morula cells); and (3) basophilic cells with an affinity for ConA and NPA that contain heparin and histamine and that show sensitivity to the compound 48/80, promoting their degranulation (mast cell-like granulocytes). In addition, a particular cell type showing exceptional development of the Golgi apparatus and large vacuoles containing a filamentous material has been recognised (spherule cell), for which a role in tunic repair and fibrogenesis has been hypothesised.
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Nicola F, Loriano B. Morula cells as key hemocytes of the lectin pathway of complement activation in the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 63:157-164. [PMID: 28189764 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is deeply rooted in the evolution of humoral mechanism of innate immunity. In addition to the alternative pathway of complement activation, lectins and associated serine proteases exert important roles in the recognition of non-self and activation of the effectors. In the colonial tunicate Botryllus schlosseri, we identified, characterized and studied the expression of three orthologues of genes involved in the lectin pathway of complement activation of vertebrates, i.e., genes for a mannose-binding lectin (MBL), a ficolin and a mannose-associated serine protease 1 (MASP1). All the genes are transcribed by hemocytes, and specifically by morula cells, the same immunocytes responsible for the transcription of C3 and Bf orthologues. The transcription levels of MASP1 and ficolin orthologues are not affected by zymosan challenge, indicating a constitutive expression of complement system associated serine proteases, whereas the MBL orthologue is up-regulated after 15 min of zymosan exposure. Collectively, our data suggest the presence of a complete lectin activation pathway in Botryllus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franchi Nicola
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy.
| | - Ballarin Loriano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35100, Padova, Italy
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Li CR, Li SL, Yang ZY. Development of a coumarin-furan conjugate as Zn 2+ ratiometric fluorescent probe in ethanol-water system. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 174:214-222. [PMID: 27915158 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel coumarin-derived compound bearing the furan moiety called 7-diethylamino-3-formylcoumarin (2'-furan formyl) hydrazone (1) has been designed, synthesized and evaluated as a Zn2+ ratiometric fluorescent probe in ethanol-water system. This probe 1 showed good selectivity and high sensitivity towards Zn2+ over other metal ions investigated, and a decrease in fluorescence emission intensity at 511nm accompanied by an enhancement in fluorescence emission intensity at 520nm of this probe 1 was observed in the presence of Zn2+ in ethanol-water (V : V=9 : 1) solution, which provided ratiometric fluorescence detection of Zn2+. Additionally, the ratiometric fluorescence response of 1 to Zn2+ was nearly completed within 0.5min, which suggested that this probe 1 could be utilized for sensing and monitoring Zn2+ in environmental and biological systems for real-time detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Rui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Si-Liang Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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Franchi N, Ballin F, Ballarin L. Protection from Oxidative Stress in Immunocytes of the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri: Transcript Characterization and Expression Studies. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2017; 232:45-57. [PMID: 28445096 DOI: 10.1086/691694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Botryllus schlosseri is a cosmopolitan colonial ascidian that undergoes cyclical generation changes, or take-overs, during which adult zooids are resorbed and replaced by their buds. At take-over, adult tissues undergo diffuse apoptosis and effete cells are massively ingested by circulating phagocytes, with a consequent increase in oxygen consumption and in production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The latter are responsible for the death of phagocytes involved in the clearance of apoptotic cells and corpses by phagocytosis-induced apoptosis. However, the majority of phagocytes and hemocytes do not die, even if they experience oxidative stress. This fact suggests the presence of detoxification mechanisms assuring their protection. To test this assumption, we searched for transcripts of genes involved in detoxification in the transcriptome of B. schlosseri. We identified and characterized transcripts for Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD), γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (GCLM), glutathione synthase (GS), and two glutathione peroxidases (i.e., GPx3 and GPx5), all involved in protection from ROS. We also carried out a phylogenetic analysis of the putative amino acid sequences, confirming their similarity to their vertebrate counterparts, and studied the location of their mRNAs by in situ hybridization on hemocyte monolayers. We also analyzed gene transcription during the colonial blastogenetic cycle, which is the interval of time between one take-over and the next, by qRT-PCR. In addition, we investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd), an inducer of oxidative stress, on gene transcription. Our results indicated that i) antioxidant gene expression is modulated in the course of the blastogenetic cycle and upon exposure to Cd, and ii) hemocytes synthesize both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants, in line with the idea that they represent a major detoxification system for ascidians.
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Key Words
- AG, adenine guanine (splicing consensus signal)
- ATG, start signal
- CDS, coding sequences
- Cd, cadmium
- Cu/Zn SOD, Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase
- EST, expressed sequence tag
- FSW, filtered seawater
- GCL, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLC, catalytic subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GCLM, modulatory subunit of γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase
- GPx, glutathione peroxidase
- GS, glutathione synthase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSSG, oxidized glutathione
- GT, guanine timine (splicing consensus signal)
- ISH, in situ hybridization
- MC, mid-cycle
- ME, minimum evolution
- ML, maximum likelihood
- MP, maximum parsimony
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NJ, neighbor-joining
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PO, phenoloxidase
- RACE, rapid amplification of the cDNA ends
- ROS: reactive oxygen species
- SEC, selenocysteine
- SECIS, selenocysteine insertion sequence
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- SODb, type B SOD
- TAG, stop codon
- TGA, thymine, guanine, and adenine nucleotides (stop codon)
- TO, take-over
- UPGMA, unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean
- UTR, untranslated region
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Ricci F, Lauro FM, Grzymski JJ, Read R, Bakiu R, Santovito G, Luporini P, Vallesi A. The Anti-Oxidant Defense System of the Marine Polar Ciliate Euplotes nobilii: Characterization of the MsrB Gene Family. BIOLOGY 2017; 6:biology6010004. [PMID: 28106766 PMCID: PMC5371997 DOI: 10.3390/biology6010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Organisms living in polar waters must cope with an extremely stressful environment dominated by freezing temperatures, high oxygen concentrations and UV radiation. To shed light on the genetic mechanisms on which the polar marine ciliate, Euplotes nobilii, relies to effectively cope with the oxidative stress, attention was focused on methionine sulfoxide reductases which repair proteins with oxidized methionines. A family of four structurally distinct MsrB genes, encoding enzymes specific for the reduction of the methionine-sulfoxide R-forms, were identified from a draft of the E. nobilii transcriptionally active (macronuclear) genome. The En-MsrB genes are constitutively expressed to synthesize proteins markedly different in amino acid sequence, number of CXXC motifs for zinc-ion binding, and presence/absence of a cysteine residue specific for the mechanism of enzyme regeneration. The En-MsrB proteins take different localizations in the nucleus, mitochondria, cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum, ensuring a pervasive protection of all the major subcellular compartments from the oxidative damage. These observations have suggested to regard the En-MsrB gene activity as playing a central role in the genetic mechanism that enables E. nobilii and ciliates in general to live in the polar environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ricci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | - Federico M Lauro
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering (SCELSE), Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, SBS-01N-27, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Joseph J Grzymski
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Robert Read
- Division of Earth and Ecosystem Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV 89512, USA.
| | - Rigers Bakiu
- Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Agricultural University of Tirana, Tirana 1019, Albania.
| | - Gianfranco Santovito
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, via U. Bassi 58/B, Padua 35100, Italy.
| | - Pierangelo Luporini
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
| | - Adriana Vallesi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy.
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Jiang WD, Hu K, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhao J, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Dietary myo-inositol modulates immunity through antioxidant activity and the Nrf2 and E2F4/cyclin signalling factors in the head kidney and spleen following infection of juvenile fish with Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 49:374-386. [PMID: 26702562 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the dietary vitamin myo-inositol (MI), on the immunity and structural integrity of the head kidney and spleen following infection of fish with the major freshwater pathogen bacterial Aeromonas hydrophila. The results demonstrated for the first time that MI deficiency depressed the lysozyme and acid phosphatase (ACP) activities and the complement 3 (C3) and C4 contents in the head kidney and spleen compared with the optimal MI levels, indicating that MI deficiency decreased the immunity of these important fish immune organs. The depression in immunity due to MI deficiency was partially related to oxidative damage [indicated by increases in the malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl (PC) contents] that was in turn partially due to the decreased glutathione (GSH) content and the disturbances in antioxidant enzyme activities [total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), CuZnSOD, MnSOD, catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR)]. MI deficiency inhibited the antioxidant-related gene transcription [CuZnSOD, MnSOD, CAT, GPx1a, GR and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)] in the head kidney and spleen following infection of the fish with A. hydrophila. The oxidative damage due to MI deficiency also resulted in the inhibition of proliferation-associated signalling (cyclin D1, cyclin A, cyclin E and E2F4). Thus, MI deficiency partially inhibited damage repair. Excessive MI exhibited negative effects that were similar to MI deficiency, whereas the optimal MI content reversed those indicators. These observations indicated that an MI deficiency or excess could cause depression of the immune system that might be partially related to oxidative damage, antioxidant disturbances, and the inhibition of the proliferation-associated signalling in the head kidney and spleen following infection of fish with A. hydrophila. Finally, the optimal MI levels were 660.7 (based on ACP) and 736.8 mg kg(-1) diet (based on MDA) in the head kidney and 770.5 (based on ACP) and 766.9 mg kg(-1) diet (based on MDA) in the spleen of juvenile Jian carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Kai Hu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Chengdu Agricultural College, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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26
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Jiang WD, Hu K, Zhang JX, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wu P, Zhao J, Kuang SY, Tang L, Tang WN, Zhang YA, Zhou XQ, Feng L. Soyabean glycinin depresses intestinal growth and function in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var Jian): protective effects of glutamine. Br J Nutr 2015; 114:1569-83. [PMID: 26349522 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114515003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of glycinin on the growth, intestinal oxidative status, tight junction components, cytokines and apoptosis signalling factors of fish. The results showed that an 80 g/kg diet of glycinin exposure for 42 d caused poor growth performance and depressed intestinal growth and function of juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). Meanwhile, dietary glycinin exposure induced increases in lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation; it caused reductions in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities; and it increased MnSOD, CuZnSOD, GPx1b and GPx4a mRNA levels, suggesting an adaptive mechanism against stress in the intestines of fish. However, dietary glycinin exposure decreased both the activity and mRNA levels of nine isoforms of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (α, μ, π, ρ, θ, κ, mGST1, mGST2 and mGST3), indicating toxicity to this enzyme activity and corresponding isoform gene expressions. In addition, glycinin exposure caused partial disruption of intestinal cell-cell tight junction components, disturbances of cytokines and induced apoptosis signalling in the distal intestines>mid intestines>proximal intestines of fish. Glycinin exposure also disturbed the mRNA levels of intestinal-related signalling factors Nrf2, Keap1a, Keap1b, eleven isoforms of protein kinase C and target of rapamycin/4E-BP. Interestingly, glutamine was observed to partially block those negative influences. In conclusion, this study indicates that dietary glycinin exposure causes intestinal oxidative damage and disruption of intestinal physical barriers and functions and reduces fish growth, but glutamine can reverse those negative effects in fish. This study provides some information on the mechanism of glycinin-induced negative effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Hu
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Xiu Zhang
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Jiang
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Wu
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhao
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng-Yao Kuang
- 4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Tang
- 4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Neng Tang
- 4Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Academy of Animal Science,Chengdu 610066,People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-An Zhang
- 5Institute of Hydrobiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Wuhan 430072,People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Feng
- 1Animal Nutrition Institute,Sichuan Agricultural University,Chengdu 611130,People's Republic of China
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Jiang WD, Liu Y, Jiang J, Wu P, Feng L, Zhou XQ. Copper exposure induces toxicity to the antioxidant system via the destruction of Nrf2/ARE signaling and caspase-3-regulated DNA damage in fish muscle: amelioration by myo-inositol. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 159:245-255. [PMID: 25562835 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The muscle is the main portion of fish that is consumed by humans. Copper (Cu) can induce oxidative damage in fish muscle. However, the effects of Cu exposure on the muscle antioxidant system and molecular patterns and preventive measures against these effects remain unclear. In this study, ROS production, enzymatic and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes and NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling-related molecules, antioxidant response element (ARE) binding ability, DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activities were analyzed in fish muscle following Cu exposure or myo-inositol (MI) pre-administration. The results indicated that contamination due to copper exposure caused an approximately three-fold increase in ROS production, induced lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, and resulted in depletion of the glutathione (GSH) content of fish muscle. Moreover, Cu exposure caused decreases in the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), CuZnSOD, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) that were accompanied by decreases in CuZnSOD, GPx1a, GPx1b and signaling factor protein kinase C delta mRNA levels. The decreases in the antioxidant enzyme gene mRNA levels were confirmed to be partly due to the reduced nuclear Nrf2 protein levels, poor ARE binding ability and increased caspase-3 signaling-modulated DNA fragmentation in the fish muscle. Interestingly, MI pre-treatment prevented fish muscle from Cu-induced oxidative damages mainly through increasing the GSH content, and increasing the CuZnSOD and GPx activities and corresponding mRNA levels and ARE binding ability. Taken together, our results show for the first time that Cu exposure caused oxidative damage to the muscle by decreasing the antioxidant enzyme activities via the down-regulation of the expression of genes related to the disruption of the Nrf2/ARE signaling, and this down-regulation was partially caused by caspase-3-regulated DNA fragmentation. Finally, MI protects fish against Cu toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China; Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
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28
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Franchi N, Ballarin L. Preliminary characterization of complement in a colonial tunicate: C3, Bf and inhibition of C3 opsonic activity by compstatin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:430-438. [PMID: 24877658 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The complement system is a fundamental effector mechanism of the innate immunity in both vertebrates and invertebrates. The comprehension of its roots in the evolution is a useful step to understand how the main complement-related proteins had changed in order to adapt to new environmental conditions and life-cycles or, in the case of vertebrates, to interact with the adaptive immunity. Data on organisms evolutionary close to vertebrates, such as tunicates, are of primary importance for a better understanding of the changes in immune responses associated with the invertebrate-vertebrate transition. Here we report on the characterization of C3 and Bf transcripts from the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri (BsC3 and BsBf, respectively), a reliable model organism for immunobiological research, and present a comparative analysis of amino acid sequences of C3s and Bfs suggesting that, in deuterostomes, the structure of these proteins remained largely unchanged. We also present new data on the cells responsible of the expression of BsC3 and BsBf showing that cytotoxic immunocytes are the sole cells where the relative transcripts can be found. Finally, using the C3 specific inhibitor compstatin, we demonstrate the opsonic role of BsC3 in accordance with the idea that promotion of phagocytosis is one of the main function of C3 in metazoans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35100 Padova, Italy.
| | - Loriano Ballarin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Franchi N, Piccinni E, Ferro D, Basso G, Spolaore B, Santovito G, Ballarin L. Characterization and transcription studies of a phytochelatin synthase gene from the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis exposed to cadmium. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 152:47-56. [PMID: 24727215 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The major thiol-containing molecules involved in controlling the level of intracellular ROS in eukaryotes, acting as a nonenzymatic detoxification system, are metallothioneins (MTs), glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatins (PCs). Both MTs and GSH are well-known in the animal kingdom. PC was considered a prerogative of the plant kingdom but, in 2001, a phytochelatin synthase (PCS) gene was described in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans; additional genes encoding this enzyme were later described in the earthworm Eisenia fetida and in the parasitic nematode Schistosoma mansoni but scanty data are available, up to now, for Deuterostomes. Here, we describe the molecular characteristics and transcription pattern, in the presence of Cd, of a PCS gene from the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis, a ubiquitous solitary tunicate and demonstrate the presence of PCs in tissue extracts. We also studied mRNA localization by in situ hybridization. In addition, we analyzed the behavior of hemocytes and tunic cells consequent to Cd exposure as well as the transcription pattern of the Ciona orthologous for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), usually considered a proliferation marker, and observed that cell proliferation occurs after 96h of Cd treatment. This matches the hypothesis of Cd-induced cell proliferation, as already suggested by previous data on the expression of a metallothionein gene in the same animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Biological, Chemical, Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ester Piccinni
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Diana Ferro
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Basso
- Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Barbara Spolaore
- CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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