1
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Leshuk TC, Young ZW, Wilson B, Chen ZQ, Smith DA, Lazaris G, Gopanchuk M, McLay S, Seelemann CA, Paradis T, Bekele A, Guest R, Massara H, White T, Zubot W, Letinski DJ, Redman AD, Allen DG, Gu F. A Light Touch: Solar Photocatalysis Detoxifies Oil Sands Process-Affected Waters Prior to Significant Treatment of Naphthenic Acids. ACS ES&T WATER 2024; 4:1483-1497. [PMID: 38633367 PMCID: PMC11019557 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Environmental reclamation of Canada's oil sands tailings ponds is among the single largest water treatment challenges globally. The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been associated with its dissolved organics, a complex mixture of naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs). Here, we evaluated solar treatment with buoyant photocatalysts (BPCs) as a passive advanced oxidation process (P-AOP) for OSPW remediation. Photocatalysis fully degraded naphthenic acids (NAs) and acid extractable organics (AEO) in 3 different OSPW samples. However, classical NAs and AEO, traditionally considered among the principal toxicants in OSPW, were not correlated with OSPW toxicity herein. Instead, nontarget petroleomic analysis revealed that low-polarity organosulfur compounds, composing <10% of the total AEO, apparently accounted for the majority of waters' toxicity to fish, as described by a model of tissue partitioning. These findings have implications for OSPW release, for which a less extensive but more selective treatment may be required than previously expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy
M. C. Leshuk
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Zachary W. Young
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Brad Wilson
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Stantec, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 0A4
| | - Zi Qi Chen
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Danielle A. Smith
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- P&P
Optica, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2 V 2C3
| | - Greg Lazaris
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Department
of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill
University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 0C5
| | - Mary Gopanchuk
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Sean McLay
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Corin A. Seelemann
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Composite Biomaterials Systems Lab, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Theo Paradis
- Canadian
Natural Resources Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 4J8
| | - Asfaw Bekele
- Imperial
Oil Ltd., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2C 5N1
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Rodney Guest
- Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3E3
| | - Hafez Massara
- Suncor Energy Inc., Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3E3
- Trans-Northern Pipelines Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada L4B 3P6
| | - Todd White
- Teck Resources Ltd., Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6C 0B3
| | - Warren Zubot
- Syncrude Canada Ltd., Fort McMurray, Alberta, Canada T9H 0B6
| | - Daniel J. Letinski
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - Aaron D. Redman
- ExxonMobil
Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, New Jersey 08801, United States
| | - D. Grant Allen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
| | - Frank Gu
- H2nanO
Inc., Kitchener, Ontario, Canada N2R 1E8
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3E5
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
- Waterloo
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada N2L 3G1
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2
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Asiedu E, Zhao K, Anwar MN, Ross M, Balaberda AL, Ulrich AC. Biodegradation in oil sands process-affected water: A comprehensive laboratory analysis of the in situ biodegradation of dissolved organic acids. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:141018. [PMID: 38141671 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.141018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a by-product of the extraction of bitumen, and volumes of OSPW have accumulated across the Alberta oil sands region due to the governments zero-discharge policy. Some dissolved organics in OSPW, including toxic naphthenic acids (NAs), can be biodegraded in oxic conditions, thereby reducing the toxicity of OSPW. While there has been much focus on degradation of NAs, the biodegradation of other dissolved organic chemicals by endogenous organisms remains understudied. Here, using the HPLC-ultrahigh resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, we examined the microbial biodegradation of dissolved organic acids in OSPW. Non-targeted analysis enabled the estimation of biodegradation rates for unique heteroatomic chemical classes detected in negative ion mode. The microcosm experiments were conducted with and without nutrient supplementation, and the changes in the microbial community over time were investigated. Without added nutrients, internal standard-adjusted intensities of all organics, including NAs, were largely unchanged. The addition of nutrients increased the biodegradation rate of O2- and SO2- chemical classes. While anoxic biodegradation can occur in tailings ponds and end pit lakes, microbial community analyses confirmed that the presence of oxygen stimulated biodegradation of the OSPW samples studied. We detected several aerobic hydrocarbon-degrading microbes (e.g., Pseudomonas and Brevundimonas), and microbes capable of degrading sulfur-containing hydrocarbons (e.g., Microbacterium). Microbial community diversity decreased over time with nutrient addition. Overall, the results from this study indicate that toxic dissolved organics beyond NAs can be biodegraded by endogenous organisms in OSPW, but reaffirms that biological treatment strategies require careful consideration of how nutrients and dissolved oxygen may impact efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Asiedu
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Kankan Zhao
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mian Nabeel Anwar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Matthew Ross
- Department of Physical Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, Alberta, T5J 2P2, Canada
| | - Amy-Lynne Balaberda
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Ania C Ulrich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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3
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Aikins DM, Mehler WT, Veilleux HD, Zhang Y, Goss GG. The Acute and Chronic Effects of a Sediment-Bound Synthetic Musk, Galaxolide, on Hyalella azteca, Chironomus dilutus, and Lumbriculus variegatus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 84:227-236. [PMID: 36653626 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-023-00978-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Galaxolide is one of the most frequently used synthetic polycyclic musks on the market and is commonly detected in aquatic waterways. Previous studies have mainly evaluated the toxicity of this emerging contaminant using water-only exposures; however, its high Log Kow (5.9) suggests that this compound is likely to partition to sediments. Three benthic invertebrates, Chironomus dilutus, Hyalella azteca, and Lumbriculus variegatus, were exposed to sediment-bound Galaxolide using both acute (10 d; survival) and chronic (28 d; survival and growth) bioassays. The acute and chronic LC50s for Galaxolide ranged from 238 to 736 mg/kg sediment (2400-7430 µg/g organic carbon [OC]) for all three species, which were above concentrations commonly detected in the environment (< 2.5 mg/kg). Growth effects (i.e., weight and/or length) were noted in two of the three organisms (with C. dilutus being the exception); however, these effects were also noted at concentrations above those that are environmentally relevant. Molecular level evaluations were conducted with surviving L. variegatus and C. dilutus collected from treatments near the LC50 value. Markers of oxidative stress (glutathione-s-transferase) and endocrine disruption (estrogen-related receptor) in C. dilutus were significantly decreased in the treatment group compared to controls by 0.7-fold and 1.9-fold, respectively. Although acute and chronic effects were largely absent at environmentally relevant concentrations, changes in endocrine response suggest that more sensitive endocrine-based endpoints, such as emergence (for C. dilutus) and molting (for H. azteca), are needed to ensure that the risk of this emerging contaminant is low at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Aikins
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - W Tyler Mehler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Heather D Veilleux
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Greg G Goss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
- National Research Council of Canada - University of Alberta Nanotechnology Initiative, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2M9, Canada
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4
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Indiketi N, Grenon MC, Groleau PÉ, Veilleux É, Triffault-Bouchet G, Couture P. The effects of dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons on benthic organisms: Chironomids and amphipods. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113554. [PMID: 35487174 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The oil sands industry in Canada, produces heavy unconventional oils, diluted for transport and called diluted bitumen. However, despite advances in our knowledge of the ecotoxicological risk that these products represent, their effects on benthic organisms following a spill are still largely unknown. In order to fill these gaps, this study aims to determine the lethal and sublethal effects of two diluted bitumens (Bluesky and Cold Lake) and one conventional oil (Lloydminster) for two freshwater benthic invertebrates: Chironomus riparius and Hyalella azteca. The objective of this study is to assess the toxicity of dissolved hydrocarbons, resulting from the physical dispersion of oil, immediately after a spill on the benthic invertebrates. To this end, organisms were exposed for 7 days for chironomids and 14 days for amphipods to a fraction containing soluble hydrocarbons (WAF: water accommodated fraction; 10 g/L, 18 h of agitation, followed by 6 h of sedimentation) with natural or artificial sediment. After exposure, the effects of hydrocarbons were determined using size, mortality, and antioxidant capacities. Dissolved hydrocarbons induced mortality for both species, but these hydrocarbons disappeared very quickly from the water column, regardless of the oil type. The amphipods were sensitive to both types of oil while the chironomids were only sensitive to diluted bitumens. The presence of a natural sediment seems to provide a protective role against dissolved hydrocarbons. The antioxidant enzymes measured (CAT, SOD and GPx) do not appear to be relevant biomarkers for the exposure of these organisms to diluted bitumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishodi Indiketi
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada; Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC), Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Marie-Claire Grenon
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC), Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Paule Émilie Groleau
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC), Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Éloïse Veilleux
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC), Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Gaëlle Triffault-Bouchet
- Centre d'expertise en analyse environnementale du Québec, Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques (MELCC), Québec City, QC G1P 3W8, Canada
| | - Patrice Couture
- Institut national de la recherche scientifique (INRS), 490 rue de la Couronne, Québec City, QC G1K 9A9, Canada.
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5
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Wei F, Wang D, Li H, You J. Joint toxicity of imidacloprid and azoxystrobin to Chironomus dilutus at organism, cell, and gene levels. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 233:105783. [PMID: 33662881 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides occur in the environment as mixtures, yet the joint toxicity of pesticide mixtures remains largely under-explored and is usually overlooked in ecological risk assessment. In the current study, joint toxicity of a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid, IMI) and a strobilurin fungicide (azoxystrobin, AZO) was investigated with Chironomus dilutus over a wide range of concentrations and at different effect levels (organism, cell, and gene levels). The two pesticides, both individually and in combination, were found to induce oxidative stress and cause lethality in C. dilutus. Median lethal concentrations for IMI and AZO were 3.98 ± 1.17 and 52.9 ± 1.1 μg/L, respectively. Mixtures of the two pesticides presented synergetic effects at environmentally relevant concentrations whilst antagonistic effects at high concentrations, showing concentration-dependent joint toxicity. Investigation on the expressions of 12 genes (cyt b, coi, cox1, cyp4, cyp12m1, cyp9au1, cyp6fv1, cyp315, gst, Zn/Cu-sod, Mn-sod, and cat) revealed that the two pesticides impaired mitochondrial respiration, detoxification, and antioxidant system of C. dilutus, and the joint effects of the two pesticides were likely due to an interplay between their respective influences on these physiological processes. Collectively, the synergistic effects of the two pesticides at environmentally relevant concentrations highlight the importance to incorporate combined toxicity studies into ecological risk assessment of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenghua Wei
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China; School of Chemistry and Environment, Jiaying University, Meizhou, 514015, China
| | - Dali Wang
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Huizhen Li
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
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6
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Potential Influence of Sewage Phosphorus and Wet and Dry Deposition Detected in Fish Collected in the Athabasca River North of Fort McMurray. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8020014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The health of fish is a primary indicator of ecosystem response in the Oil Sands Region of northeastern Alberta. However, industrial activity is accompanied by other stressors, such as the discharge of sewage, municipal activity, forest fires, and natural weathering and erosion of bitumen. To combat the spatial confounding influences, we examined white sucker (Catostomus commersonii) captured in the Athabasca River at sites over time (2011–2019) and included covariates to account for the possible sources of influence. The analyses suggest spatially heterogeneous influences of natural factors on fish, such as discharge and air temperature, but also the influence of sewage phosphorus and precipitation. Among the stressors examined here, precipitation may be the most complex and may include a mixture of sources including inputs from tributaries, urban activity, industrial development, and forest fires. Although suggestive, the attribution of variance and detection of changes are affected by sample sizes in some years; these analyses may have missed effects or misspecified important relationships, especially in males. Despite these limitations, the analyses suggest potential differences may be associated with precipitation and highlight the need to integrate robust information on known and suspected stressors in future monitoring of aquatic ecosystems in the oil sands region and beyond.
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7
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Park K, Kwak IS. Multi-Level Gene Expression in Response to Environmental Stress in Aquatic Invertebrate Chironomids: Potential Applications in Water Quality Monitoring. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 259:77-122. [PMID: 34661753 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater ecosystems, aquatic invertebrates are influenced continuously by both physical stress and xenobiotics. Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae), or non-biting midges, are the most diverse and abundant invertebrates in freshwater habitats. They are a fundamental link in food chains of aquatic ecosystems. Chironomid larvae tolerate stress factors in their environments via various physiological processes. At the molecular level, environmental pollutants induce multi-level gene responses in Chironomus that regulate cellular protection through the activation of defense processes. This paper reviews literature on the transcriptional responses of biomarker genes to environmental stress in chironomids at the molecular level, in studies conducted from 1991 to 2020 (120 selected literatures of 374 results with the keywords "Chironomus and gene expression" by PubMed search tool). According to these studies, transcriptional responses in chironomids vary depending on the type of stress factor and defensive responses associated with antioxidant activity, the endocrine system, detoxification, homeostasis and stress response, energy metabolism, ribosomal machinery, apoptosis, DNA repair, and epigenetics. These data could provide a comprehensive overview of how Chironomus species respond to pollutants in aquatic environments. Furthermore, the transcriptomic data could facilitate the development of genetic tools for water quality and environmental monitoring based on resident chironomid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Department of Ocean Integrated Science and Fisheries Science Institute, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea.
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8
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Developments in Molecular Level Characterization of Naphthenic Acid Fraction Compounds Degradation in a Constructed Wetland Treatment System. ENVIRONMENTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/environments7100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reclamation of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a matter of environmental importance because of the aquatic toxicity to biota. This study describes refinements in advanced analytical methods to assess the performance of biological treatment systems for OSPW, such as constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTSs). Assessment of treatment efficiency by measurement of the degradation of naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs) in OSPW is challenging in CWTS due to potentially interfering constituents such as humic acids, organic acids, salts, and hydrocarbons. Here we have applied a previous weak anion exchange (WAX) solid-phase extraction (SPE) method and high-resolution Orbitrap-mass spectrometry (MS) to remove major interferences from the NAFC analysis. The refinements in data processing employing principal component analysis (PCA) indicates that the relative abundance of NAFCs decreased with time in the treated OSPW relative to the untreated OSPW. The most saturated NAFCs with higher carbon numbers were relatively more degraded as compared to unsaturated NAFCs. The use of Kendrick plots and van Krevelen plots for assessment of the performance of the CWTS is shown to be well-suited to detailed monitoring of the complex composition of NAFCs as a function of degradation. The developments and application of analytical methods such as the WAX SPE method and high-resolution Orbitrap-MS are demonstrated as tools enabling the advancement of CWTS design and optimization, enabling passive or semi-passive water treatment systems to be a viable opportunity for OSPW treatment.
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9
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Morandi G, Wiseman S, Sun C, Martin JW, Giesy JP. Effects of chemical fractions from an oil sands end-pit lake on reproduction of fathead minnows. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126073. [PMID: 32088464 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a byproduct of bitumen extraction in the surface-mining oil sands industry in Alberta, Canada. Organic compounds in OSPW can be acutely or chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, so part of a long-term strategy for remediation of OSPW is ageing of water in artificial lakes, termed end-pit lakes. BaseMine Lake (BML) is the first oil sands end-pit lake, commissioned in 2012. At the time of its establishment, an effects-directed analysis of BML-OSPW showed that naphthenic acids and polar organic chemical species containing sulfur or nitrogen contributed to its acute lethality. However, the chronic toxicity of these same chemical fractions has not yet been investigated. In this work, the short-term fathead minnow reproductive bioassay was used to assess endocrine-system effects of two fractions of BML-OSPW collected in 2015. One of the fractions (F1) contained predominantly naphthenic acids, while the other (F2) contained non-acidic polar organic chemical species. Exposure of minnows to F1 or F2 at concentrations equivalent to 25% (v/v) of the 2015 BML-OSPW sample (5-15% of the 2012 BML-OSPW sample) did not alter reproductive performance, fertilization success, or concentrations of sex steroids in female or male minnows. Additionally, there were no significant differences in fertility, hatching success, or incidence of morphological indices of embryos collected on day 7 or 14 from exposed breeding trios. However, exposure of male fathead minnow to 25% (v/v) intact 2015 BML-OSPW resulted in a significantly greater hepatosomatic index. Exposure of fathead minnow to refined fractions of dissolved organic chemicals in 2015 BML-OSPW, or a 25% (v/v) of the intact mixture did not affect fertility or fecundity as measured by use of the 21-day reproductive bioassay. These data will be useful in setting future threshold criteria for OSPW reclamation and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Chenxing Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Edmonton, AB, T5J 5C6, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Analytical and Environmental Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada; SciLifeLab, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA.
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10
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White KB, Liber K. Chronic Toxicity of Surface Water from a Canadian Oil Sands End Pit Lake to the Freshwater Invertebrates Chironomus dilutus and Ceriodaphnia dubia. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:439-450. [PMID: 32077988 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00720-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Permanent reclamation of tailings generated by surface mining in the Canadian oil sands may be achieved through the creation of end pit lakes (EPLs) in which tailings are stored in mined-out pits and capped with water. However, these tailings contain high concentrations of dissolved organics, metals, and salts, and thus surface water quality of EPLs is a significant concern. This is the first study to investigate the chronic toxicity of surface water from Base Mine Lake (BML), the Canadian oil sands first large-scale EPL, to aquatic invertebrates that play a vital role in the early development of aquatic ecosystems (Chironomus dilutus and Ceriodaphnia dubia). After exposure of C. dilutus larvae for 23 days and C. dubia neonates for 8 days, no mortality was observed in any treatment with whole BML surface water. However, the emergence of C. dilutus adults was delayed by nearly 1 week, and their survival was significantly reduced (36%) compared with the controls. Reproduction (fecundity) of C. dubia was reduced by 20% after exposure to 2014 BML surface water; however, the effect was not observed after exposure to BML surface water collected a year later in 2015. Despite some adverse effects, the results of this study indicate that BML surface water quality is improving over time and is able to support certain salt-tolerant aquatic organisms. Because salinity within BML will persist for decades without manual intervention, the ecological development of the lake will likely resemble that of a brackish or estuarine ecosystem with reduced diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada.
- School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada.
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11
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Philibert DA, Lyons DD, Qin R, Huang R, El-Din MG, Tierney KB. Persistent and transgenerational effects of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure on a model vertebrate, the zebrafish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133611. [PMID: 31634996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a by-product of Canadian oil sands mining operations, can cause both acute and chronic adverse effects in aquatic life. Ozonation effectively degrades naphthenic acids in OSPW, mitigating some of the toxicological effects of exposure. In this study we examined the effect of developmental exposure to raw and ozonated OSPW had on the breeding success, prey capture, and alarm cue response in fish months/years after exposure and the transgenerational effect exposure had on gene expression, global DNA methylation, and larval basal activity. Exposure to raw and ozonated OSPW had no effect on breeding success, and global DNA methylation. Exposure altered the expression of vtg and nkx2.5 in the unexposed F1 generation. Exposure to both raw and ozonated OSPW had a transgenerational impact on larval activity levels, anxiety behaviors, and maximum swim speed compared to the control population. Prey capture success was unaffected, however, the variability in the behavioral responses to the introduction of prey was decreased. Fish developmentally exposed to either treatment were less active before exposure and did not have an anxiety response to the alarm cue hypoxanthine-3-n-oxide. Though ozonation was able to mitigate some of the effects of OSPW exposure, further studies are needed to understand the transgenerational effects and the implications of exposure on complex fish behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Danielle D Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ketih B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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12
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Fennell J, Arciszewski TJ. Current knowledge of seepage from oil sands tailings ponds and its environmental influence in northeastern Alberta. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:968-985. [PMID: 31200313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Seepage of oil sand process-affected waters (OSPW) from tailings ponds into surface waters is a common concern in the minable oil sands region of northeast Alberta. Research on seepage has been extensive, but few comprehensive treatments evaluating all aspects relevant to the phenomenon are available. In this work, the current information relevant for understanding the state of seepage from tailings ponds was reviewed. The information suggests the infiltration of OSPW into groundwater occurs near some ponds. OSPW may also be present in sediments beneath the Athabasca River adjacent to one pond, but there are no clear observations of OSPW in the river water. Similarly, most water samples from tributaries also show no evidence of OSPW, but these observations are limited by the lack of systematic, systemic, and repeated surveys, missing baseline data, standard analytical approaches, and reference materials. Waters naturally influenced by bitumen, discharge of saline groundwaters, and dilution also potentially affect the consolidation of information and certainty of any conclusions. Despite these challenges, some data suggest OSPW may be present in two tributaries of the Athabasca River adjacent to tailings ponds: McLean Creek and Lower Beaver River. Irrespective of the possible source(s), constituents of OSPW often affect organisms exposed in laboratories, but research in all but one study suggests the concentrations of organics in the surface water bodies assessed are below the standard toxicological effect thresholds for these compounds. In contrast, many samples of groundwater, irrespective of source, likely affect biota. Biomonitoring of surface waters suggests generic responses to stressors, but the influence of natural phenomena and occasionally nutrient enrichment are often suggested by data. In summary, valuable research has been done on seepage. The data suggest infiltration into groundwater is common, seepage into surface waters is not, and anthropogenic biological impacts are not likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Fennell
- Integrated Sustainability, Calgary, AB, Canada
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13
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Tanna RN, Redman AD, Frank RA, Arciszewski TJ, Zubot WA, Wrona FJ, Brogly JA, Munkittrick KR. Overview of Existing Science to Inform Oil Sands Process Water Release: A Technical Workshop Summary. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:519-527. [PMID: 30908840 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The extraction of oil sands from mining operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region uses an alkaline hot water extraction process. The oil sands process water (OSPW) is recycled to facilitate material transport (e.g., ore and tailings), process cooling, and is also reused in the extraction process. The industry has expanded since commercial mining began in 1967 and companies have been accumulating increasing inventories of OSPW. Short- and long-term sustainable water management practices require the ability to return treated water to the environment. The safe release of OSPW needs to be based on sound science and engineering practices to ensure downstream protection of ecological and human health. A significant body of research has contributed to the understanding of the chemistry and toxicity of OSPW. A multistakeholder science workshop was held in September 2017 to summarize the state of science on the toxicity and chemistry of OSPW. The goal of the workshop was to review completed research in the areas of toxicology, chemical analysis, and monitoring to support the release of treated oil sands water. A key outcome from the workshop was identifying research needs to inform future water management practices required to support OSPW return. Another key outcome of the workshop was the recognition that methods are sufficiently developed to characterize chemical and toxicological characteristics of OSPW to address and close knowledge gaps. Industry, government, and local indigenous stakeholders have proceeded to utilize these insights in reviewing policy and regulations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:519-527. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aaron D Redman
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Annandale, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment Canada, Burlington, Ontario
| | - Tim J Arciszewski
- Alberta Environment and Parks, Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Warren A Zubot
- Syncrude Canada Ltd, Edmonton Research Centre, Edmonton, Alberta
| | - Frederick J Wrona
- Environmental Monitoring and Science Division, Alberta Environment and Parks, Government of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John A Brogly
- Canada's Oil Sands Innovation Alliance, Calgary, Alberta
| | - Kelly R Munkittrick
- Cold Regions and Water Initiatives, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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14
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Li C, Fu L, Lillico DME, Belosevic M, Stafford JL, Gamal El-Din M. Exposure to Organic Fraction Extracted from Oil Sands Process-Affected Water Has Negligible Impact on Pregnancy and Lactation of Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7083-7094. [PMID: 31117544 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic compounds are major contaminants in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), of which naphthenic acids (NAs) are one of the main persistent toxicants. In the present study, we explore the toxic effects of the organic fraction extracted from OSPW (OSPW-OF) in mice during pregnancy and lactation. Here, we report that acute oral exposure of female Balb/c mice during gestation, and subchronic exposure throughout gestation and lactation to OSPW-OF (containing naturally occurring levels of NAs found in tailings ponds), had negligible effects on their reproductive performance. Specifically, mating behavior, pregnancy success, embryonic implantation, gestation period, litter size, and offspring viability were not affected by OSPW-OF containing up to 55 mg/L NAs. OSPW-OF exposure also did not affect plasma concentrations of pregnancy-associated hormones or pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and it had minimal effects on liver stress gene expression. This study presents the first comprehensive in vivo analysis of mammalian toxicity associated with OSPW-OF exposure. Overall, our results suggest that the risk of acute and subchronic toxicity to mice exposed to OSPW-OF at environmentally relevant concentrations of NAs in contaminated drinking water is likely negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Dustin M E Lillico
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - James L Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta Canada T6G 1H9
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15
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Monteiro HR, Lemos MFL, Novais SC, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Amitraz toxicity to the midge Chironomus riparius: Life-history and biochemical responses. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 221:324-332. [PMID: 30641373 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute and chronic toxicity of the formamidine pesticide amitraz to the midge Chironomus riparius was assessed using conventional ecotoxicological tests and biochemical approaches (biomarkers). Amitraz is mainly used as an ectoparasiticide in veterinary medicine, but also in agriculture and apiculture. However, information of amitraz toxicity to non-target invertebrates is limited. Besides the impairment of developmental and emergence rates (reduced larval growth, emergence, and delayed development time) caused by chronic exposure to amitraz, acute exposures induced alterations in the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT), and in energetic metabolism biomarkers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and electron transport system (ETS) activities. Moreover, lipid peroxidation (LPO) increased by amitraz exposure. Our results reveal potential secondary effects of amitraz to invertebrates and biomarkers that may aid in the interpretation of sub-lethal toxic responses to amitraz. These results add information concerning the potential outcomes of amitraz exposure to freshwater invertebrates underlining the importance of risk assessment studies of formamidine pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo R Monteiro
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal; Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Laboratory for Microbiology, Ghent University, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Marco F L Lemos
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Sara C Novais
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Instituto Politécnico de Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João L T Pestana
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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16
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Alberts ME, Chua G, Muench DG. Exposure to naphthenic acids and the acid extractable organic fraction from oil sands process-affected water alters the subcellular structure and dynamics of plant cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2830-2844. [PMID: 30463136 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands surface mining generates vast quantities of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) as a by-product of bitumen extraction. The acid extractable organic (AEO) fraction of OSPW contains several contaminants, including naphthenic acids (NAs). While responses of living organisms to NA and AEO exposure have been described at the developmental, physiological, metabolic and gene expression levels, the effects of these compounds at the cellular and subcellular level are limited. Using live cell fluorescence microscopy and a suite of fluorescent marker proteins, we studied the intracellular responses of the plant cell cytoskeleton and several membrane-bound organelles to NA and AEO treatments. A rapid disassembly of cortical microtubules and a decrease in dynamics associated with actin filaments was observed in response to these treatments. Concomitantly, the integrity and dynamics of mitochondria, peroxisomes, Golgi stacks, and endoplasmic reticulum were also altered. AEO treatments were the most toxic to cells and resulted in the accumulation reactive oxygen species. This study provides foundational evidence for intracellular responses to NA and AEO exposure using two evolutionarily diverse model plant cell types. This cellular assay could be used to identify the most toxic components of AEO sub-fractions, and assist in determining the effectiveness of OSPW remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
| | - Douglas G Muench
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada.
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17
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Alali ZH, Bentivegna CS. Hydraulic fracturing fluid biocide, tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride, causes mitochondrial dysfunction that is enhanced by sodium chloride in Chironomus riparius. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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White KB, Liber K. Early chemical and toxicological risk characterization of inorganic constituents in surface water from the Canadian oil sands first large-scale end pit lake. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 211:745-757. [PMID: 30099159 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
End pit lakes (EPLs) have been proposed as a method for the long-term reclamation of process water and fluid fine tailings (FFT) produced from surface mining within the Canadian oil sands. These waste products contain elevated concentrations of dissolved organics, metals, and salts which reduce surface water quality and are toxic to aquatic organisms. This study measured the concentrations of inorganic constituents in surface water from the industry's first large-scale EPL over the course of a three-year period (2014-2016). The toxicological risk was subsequently assessed to identify constituents of concern that may impair surface water quality necessary for the development of a functional aquatic ecosystem or for release to the surrounding environment. Changes in surface water concentrations over the three-year period were strongly correlated with hydrological processes occurring within the lake: advective-diffusive chemical influx from FFT pore water to the overlying surface water was offset by efflux via continuous manual pumping (freshwater in, process water out). These processes resulted in a net dilution effect of approximately 5-10% per year, however, a significant chemical mass is expected to persist within the underlying FFT. Elevated salinity (as Na+, Cl-, HCO3-) and concentrations of boron and nickel were predicted to pose very high toxicological risk to aquatic organisms. Despite these risks, the discovery of wild Daphnia pulex in the August 2016 sample suggested that surface water quality was sufficient to support populations of certain salt-tolerant zooplankton and primary producers. However, the time required for development into a robust aquatic ecosystem remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin B White
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Karsten Liber
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Dr., Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5C8, Canada.
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19
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Lyons DD, Philibert DA, Zablocki T, Qin R, Huang R, Gamal El-Din M, Tierney KB. Assessment of raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water exposure in developing zebrafish: Associating morphological changes with gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:959-968. [PMID: 30029330 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the ever-increasing amounts of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) accumulating from Canada's oil sands operations, its eventual release must be considered. As OSPW has been found to be both acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, remediation processes must be developed to lower its toxicity. Ozone treatment is currently being studied as a tool to facilitate the removal of organic constituents associated with toxicity. Biomarkers (e.g. gene expression) are commonly used when studying the effects of environmental contaminants, however, they are not always indicative of adverse effects at the whole organism level. In this study, we assessed the effects of OSPW exposure on developing zebrafish by linking gene expression to relevant cellular and whole organism level endpoints. We also investigated whether or not ozone treatment decreased biomarkers and any associated toxicity observed from OSPW exposure. The concentrations of classical naphthenic acids in the raw and ozonated OSPW used in this study were 16.9 mg/L and 0.6 mg/L, respectively. Ozone treatment reduced the total amount of naphthenic acids (NAs) in the OSPW sample by 92%. We found that exposure to both raw and ozonated OSPW had no effect on the survival of zebrafish embryos. The expression levels of biotransformation genes CYP1A and CYP1B were induced by raw OSPW exposure, with CYP1B being more highly expressed than CYP1A. In contrast, ozonated OSPW exposure did not increase the expression of CYP1A and only slightly induced CYP1B. A decrease in cardiac development and function genes (NKX2.5 and APT2a2a) was not associates with large changes in heart rate, arrhythmia or heart size. We did not find any indications of craniofacial abnormalities or of increased occurrence of apoptotic cells. Overall, our study found that OSPW was not overtly toxic to zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Taylor Zablocki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rui Qin
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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20
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Rundle KI, Sharaf MS, Stevens D, Kamunde C, van den Heuvel MR. Oil Sands Derived Naphthenic Acids Are Oxidative Uncouplers and Impair Electron Transport in Isolated Mitochondria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:10803-10811. [PMID: 30102860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are predominant compounds in oil sands influenced waters. These acids cause numerous acute and chronic effects in fishes. However, the mechanism of toxicity underlying these effects has not been fully elucidated. Due to their carboxylic acid moiety and the reported disruption of cellular bioenergetics by similar structures, we hypothesized that NAs would uncouple mitochondrial respiration with the resultant production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Naphthenic acids were extracted and purified from 17-year-old oil sands tailings waters yielding an extract of 99% carboxylic acids with 90% fitting the classical O2-NA definition. Mitochondria were isolated from rainbow trout liver and exposed to different concentrations of NAs. Mitochondrial respiration, membrane potential, and ROS emission were measured using the Oroboros fluorespirometry system. Additionally, mitochondrial ROS emission and membrane potential were evaluated with real-time flow cytometry. Results showed NAs uncoupled oxidative phosphorylation, inhibited respiration, and increased ROS emission. The effective concentration (EC50) and inhibition concentration (IC50) values for the end points measured ranged from 21.0 to 157.8 mg/L, concentrations similar to tailings waters. For the same end points, EC10/IC10 values ranged from 11.8 to 66.7 mg/L, approaching concentrations found in the environment. These data unveil mechanisms underlying effects of NAs that may contribute to adverse effects on organisms in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate I Rundle
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Mahmoud S Sharaf
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Don Stevens
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Collins Kamunde
- Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
| | - Michael R van den Heuvel
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biomedical Science, Atlantic Veterinary College , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
- Canadian Rivers Institute, Department of Biology , University of Prince Edward Island , Charlottetown , Canada C1A 4P3
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21
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Lyons DD, Morrison C, Philibert DA, Gamal El-Din M, Tierney KB. Growth and recovery of zebrafish embryos after developmental exposure to raw and ozonated oil sands process-affected water. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:405-413. [PMID: 29758497 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increasing volume of oil sands process-affect water (OSPW) and its toxicity to aquatic organisms, it is important to fully understand its effects and study remediation processes that will enable its release to the environment. Ozone treatment is currently being considered as a tool to expedite remediation, as it is known to degrade toxic organic compounds present in OSPW. In this study, we aimed to measure the effects of OSPW exposure on the growth, development and recovery of zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. We also used ozone-treated OSPW to determine whether ozonation negated any effects of raw OSPW exposure. As biomarkers of exposure, we assessed the expression of genes involved in neurodevelopment (ngn1, neuroD), estrogenicity (vtg), oxidative stress (sod1), and biotransformation (cyp1a, cyp1b). Our study found that exposure to both raw and ozonated OSPW did not impair growth of zebrafish embryos, however, otoliths of exposed embryos were smaller than those of control embryos. The expression levels of both cyp1a and cyp1b were induced by raw OSPW exposure. However, after the exposure period, expression levels of these genes returned to control levels within two days of residence in clean water. We found no changes in the expression levels of ngn1, neuroD and vtg genes with exposure to treated or untreated OSPW. Overall, our study found that raw OSPW exposure did not have many negative effects on zebrafish embryos and embryos appeared to recover relatively quickly after exposure ended. Furthermore, ozone treatment decreased the induction of cyp1a and cyp1b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle D Lyons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Christie Morrison
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada; School of Public Health, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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22
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Mantilla JG, Gomes L, Cristancho MA. The differential expression of Chironomus spp genes as useful tools in the search for pollution biomarkers in freshwater ecosystems. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:151-156. [PMID: 28968626 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Insects of the Chironomidae family are characterized by a wide ecological diversity in freshwater ecosystems. The larvae have the physiological potential to tolerate environmental stress even when there is a low concentration of oxygen, the presence of toxic substances or when there are changes in temperature and salinity. On the other hand, it is important to consider that at a cellular level, when individual insects are exposed to environmental changes, it induces responses of groups of genes that govern the molecular mechanisms related to such tolerance. In this review, using fourth instar larvae of Chironomus spp. in natural conditions and of Chironomus columbiensis under controlled conditions, we will discuss the genetic expression of a group of genes that respond to detoxification and also the biological functions involved and impacted on by mining stressors. The study of macroinvertebrate bioindicator species and their gene expression as a result of mining activity opens a window on the search for genetic biomarkers that could be used in environmental pollution assessments in freshwater ecosystems.
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23
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Herrero Ó, Aquilino M, Sánchez-Argüello P, Planelló R. The BPA-substitute bisphenol S alters the transcription of genes related to endocrine, stress response and biotransformation pathways in the aquatic midge Chironomus riparius (Diptera, Chironomidae). PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193387. [PMID: 29466445 PMCID: PMC5821402 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bisphenol S (BPS) is an industrial alternative to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA), and can be found in many products labeled “BPA-free”. Its use has grown in recent years, and presently it is considered a ubiquitous emerging pollutant. To date there is a lack of information on the effects of BPS on invertebrates, although they represent more than 95% of known species in the animal kingdom and are crucial for the structure and proper function of ecosystems. In this study, real-time RT-PCR was used to determine the early detrimental effects of BPS on the transcriptional rate of genes in the model species Chironomus riparius, specifically those related to the ecdysone pathway (EcR, ERR, E74, Vtg, cyp18a1) crucial for insect development and metamorphosis, stress and biotransformation mechanisms (hsp70, hsp40, cyp4g, GPx, GSTd3) that regulate adaptive responses and determine survival, and ribosome biogenesis (its2, rpL4, rpL13) which is essential for protein synthesis and homeostasis. While 24-hour exposure to 0.5, 5, 50, and 500 μg/L BPS had no effect on larval survival, almost all the studied genes were upregulated following a non-monotonic dose-response curve. Genes with the greatest increases in transcriptional activity (fold change relative to control) were EcR (3.8), ERR (2), E74 (2.4), cyp18a1 (2.5), hsp70 (1.7), hsp40 (2.5), cyp4g (6.4), GPx (1.8), and GST (2.1), while others including Vtg, GAPDH, and selected ribosomal genes remained stable. We also measured the transcriptional activity of these genes 24 hours after BPS withdrawal and a general downregulation compared to controls was observed, though not significant in most cases. Our findings showed that BPS exposure altered the transcriptional profile of these genes, which may have consequences for the hormone system and several metabolic pathways. Although further research is needed to elucidate its mode of action, these results raise new concerns about the safety of BPA alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Herrero
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Aquilino
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Argüello
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Medio Ambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, INIA, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Planelló
- Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
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Park K, Kwak IS. Disrupting effects of antibiotic sulfathiazole on developmental process during sensitive life-cycle stage of Chironomus riparius. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:25-34. [PMID: 28972920 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics in the environment are a concern due to their potential to harm humans and interrupt ecosystems. Sulfathiazole (STZ), a sulfonamide antibiotic, is commonly used in aquaculture and is typically found in aquatic ecosystems. We evaluated the ecological risk of STZ by examining biological, molecular and biochemical response in Chironomus riparius. Samples were exposed to STZ for 12, 24 and 96 h, and effects of STZ were evaluated at the molecular level by analyzing changes in gene expression related to the endocrine system, cellular stress response and enzyme activity of genes on antioxidant and detoxification pathways. STZ exposure induced significant effects on survival, growth and sex ratio of emergent adults and mouthpart deformity in C. riparius. STZ caused concentration and time-dependent toxicity in most of the selected biomarkers. STZ exposure leads to significant heat-shock response of protein genes (HSP70, HSP40, HSP90 and HSP27) and to disruption by up-regulating selected genes, including the ecdysone receptor gene, estrogen-related receptors, ultraspiracle and E74 early ecdysone-responsive gene. Furthermore, STZ induced alteration of enzyme activities on antioxidant and detoxification responses (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and peroxidase) in C. riparius. By inducing oxidative stress, antibiotic STZ disturbs the endocrine system and produces adverse effects in growth processes of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyun Park
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, South Korea
| | - Ihn-Sil Kwak
- Faculty of Marine Technology, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 550-749, South Korea.
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25
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Lari E, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Effects of oil sands process-affected water on the respiratory and circulatory system of Daphnia magna Straus, 1820. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:824-829. [PMID: 28683426 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Millions of cubic meters of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), the major by-product of oil sand surface mining, is currently stored in tailings ponds. The present study investigated the effects of OSPW on the respiratory and circulatory system of Daphnia magna Straus 1820. The effect of OSPW on the activity (i.e. total movement and active time) of D. magna was also studied, as it has been shown to interact with the respiratory and circulatory system. Daphniids were exposed to both 1 and 10% OSPW for acute (1-day) and chronic (10-day) exposure periods. At the end of the exposures, daphniid oxygen (O2) consumption, heart rate, hemoglobin (Hb) content and activity were investigated. In response to chronic exposure to 10% OSPW, O2 consumption of D. magna increased, while the hemoglobin content and activity were reduced in both 1 and 10% OSPW. None of the OSPW treatments changed the heart rate of the test organisms. The results of the present study suggest that in response to increasing metabolic rate caused by OSPW exposure, D. magna conserve their energy by reducing their activity and probably by recycling macromolecules (i.e. hemoglobin).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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26
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Li C, Fu L, Stafford J, Belosevic M, Gamal El-Din M. The toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW): A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:1785-1802. [PMID: 28618666 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) are produced by the surface-mining oil sands industry in Alberta. Both laboratory and field studies have demonstrated that the exposure to OSPW leads to many physiological changes in a variety of organisms. Adverse effects include compromised immunological function, developmental delays, impaired reproduction, disrupted endocrine system, and higher prevalence of tissue-specific pathological manifestations. The composition of OSPW varies with several factors such as ore sources, mining process, and tailings management practices. Differences in water characteristics have confounded interpretation or comparison of OSPW toxicity across studies. Research on individual fractions extracted from OSPW has helped identify some target pollutants. Naphthenic acids (NAs) are considered as the major toxic components in OSPW, exhibiting toxic effects through multiple modes of action including narcosis and endocrine disruption. Other pollutants, like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and ions may also contribute to the overall OSPW toxicity. Studies have been conducted on OSPW as a whole complex effluent mixture, with consideration of the presence of unidentified components, and the interactions (potential synergistic or antagonistic reactions) among chemicals. This review summarizes the toxicological data derived from in vitro and in vivo exposure studies using different OSPW types, and different taxa of organisms. In general, toxicity of OSPW was found to be dependent on the OSPW type and concentration, duration of exposures (acute versus sub chronic), and organism studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Li Fu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - James Stafford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G2E9, Canada.
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada.
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27
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Morandi GD, Wiseman SB, Guan M, Zhang XW, Martin JW, Giesy JP. Elucidating mechanisms of toxic action of dissolved organic chemicals in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:893-900. [PMID: 28830063 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is generated during extraction of bitumen in the surface-mining oil sands industry in Alberta, Canada, and is acutely and chronically toxic to aquatic organisms. It is known that dissolved organic compounds in OSPW are responsible for most toxic effects, but knowledge of the specific mechanism(s) of toxicity, is limited. Using bioassay-based effects-directed analysis, the dissolved organic fraction of OSPW has previously been fractionated, ultimately producing refined samples of dissolved organic chemicals in OSPW, each with distinct chemical profiles. Using the Escherichia coli K-12 strain MG1655 gene reporter live cell array, the present study investigated relationships between toxic potencies of each fraction, expression of genes and characterization of chemicals in each of five acutely toxic and one non-toxic extract of OSPW derived by use of effects-directed analysis. Effects on expressions of genes related to response to oxidative stress, protein stress and DNA damage were indicative of exposure to acutely toxic extracts of OSPW. Additionally, six genes were uniquely responsive to acutely toxic extracts of OSPW. Evidence presented supports a role for sulphur- and nitrogen-containing chemical classes in the toxicity of extracts of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett D Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Miao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Xiaowei W Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada; Department of Environmental Sciences and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, 114 18, Sweden
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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28
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Lari E, Steinkey D, Mohaddes E, Pyle GG. Investigating the chronic effects of oil sands process-affected water on growth and fitness of Daphnia magna Straus 1820. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 595:594-600. [PMID: 28399498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increasing amount of stored oil sands process-affected water (OSPW), a primary by-product of oil sands mining, is an environmental concern. In the present study, we investigated the chronic effects of OSPW on growth, reproduction, and macronutrient content in Daphnia magna. To do so, we exposed D. magna to 1 and 10% OSPW (a mixture of three OSPW samples provided by major oil sands mining operators in northern Alberta) for ten days. We measured the number of the neonates produced daily in each group throughout the exposure. At the end of the exposure, we measured the mass and length of the exposed daphniids and neonates. We also measured the carbohydrate, lipid, and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 10% OSPW group, we observed a significant reduction in all of the measured endpoints except for body length and carbohydrate and protein content of exposed daphniids. In the 1% OSPW group, on the other hand, we found a reduction only in lipid content of exposed daphniids as compared to the control group. The results of the present study demonstrated that chronic exposure to 10% OSPW affects growth and fitness of D. magna, probably due to a reduction in energy intake that causes daphniids to deplete their energy reserves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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29
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Sievers M, Hale R, Parris KM, Swearer SE. Impacts of human‐induced environmental change in wetlands on aquatic animals. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2017; 93:529-554. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Sievers
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Robin Hale
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Kirsten M. Parris
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Stephen E. Swearer
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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30
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Sun J, Peng H, Alharbi HA, Jones PD, Giesy JP, Wiseman SB. Identification of Chemicals that Cause Oxidative Stress in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8773-8781. [PMID: 28661683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been reported to cause oxidative stress in organisms, yet the causative agents remain unknown. In this study, a high-throughput in vitro Nrf2 reporter system was used, to determine chemicals in OSPW that cause oxidative stress. Five fractions, with increasing polarity, of the dissolved organic phase of OSPW were generated by use of solid phase extraction cartridges. The greatest response of Nrf2 was elicited by F2 (2.7 ± 0.1-fold), consistent with greater hydroperoxidation of lipids in embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to F2. Classic naphthenic acids were mainly eluted in F1, and should not be causative chemicals. When F2 was fractionated into 60 subfractions by use of HPLC, significant activation of Nrf2 was observed in three grouped fractions: F2.8 (1.30 ± 0.01-fold), F2.16 (1.34 ± 0.05-fold), and F2.25 (1.28 ± 0.15-fold). 54 compounds were predicted to be potential chemicals causing Nrf2 response, predominated by SO3+ and O3+ species. By use of high-resolution MS2 spectra, these SO3+ and O3+ species were identified as hydroxylated aldehydes. This study demonstrated that polyoxygenated chemicals, rather than classic NAs, were the major chemicals responsible for oxidative stress in the aqueous phase of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxian Sun
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Hattan A Alharbi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
- School of Environment and Sustainability, 117 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan Canada
- Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan United States
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Biology Department, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge , Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
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31
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Lari E, Steinkey D, Morandi G, Rasmussen JB, Giesy JP, Pyle GG. Oil sands process-affected water impairs feeding by Daphnia magna. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:465-472. [PMID: 28242462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Growth in extraction of bitumen from oil sands has raised concerns about influences of this industry on surrounding environments. Water clearance rate (a surrogate of feeding rate by Daphnia magna) in water containing D. magna exposed to oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) and its principal components, dissolved component (DC) and suspended particulate matter (SPM), was reduced to 72, 29, and 59% of controls, respectively. This study also examined several possible mechanisms for the observed changes algal cell density (i.e., feeding rate). There was no change in the digestive enzymes trypsin or amylase when D. magna were exposed to DC or SPM; however, exposure to total OSPW reduced trypsin activity. Mandible rolling or post-abdominal rejections, which are indicators of feeding and palatability of food, were not affected by any exposures to OSPW. Beating of thoracic limbs, which provides water flow toward the feeding groove, was reduced by exposure to SPM or total OSPW. Peristaltic activity was reduced by exposure to DC, which then might result in reduced digestion time in D. magna exposed to DC, SPM or whole OSPW. All treatments caused an increase in numbers of intact algae cells in the hindgut and excreted material. These results suggest that both DC and SPM affect feeding of D. magna by impairing actions of the digestive system, but most probably not by reducing rates of ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Joseph B Rasmussen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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Udoetok IA, Wilson LD, Headley JV. Self-Assembled and Cross-Linked Animal and Plant-Based Polysaccharides: Chitosan-Cellulose Composites and Their Anion Uptake Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33197-33209. [PMID: 27802018 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled and cross-linked chitosan/cellulose glutaraldehyde composite materials (CGC) were prepared with enhanced surface area and variable morphology. FTIR, CHN, and 13C solid state NMR studies provided support for the cross-linking reaction between the amine groups of chitosan and glutaraldehyde; whereas, XRD and TGA studies provided evidence of cellulose-chitosan interactions for the composites. SEM, equilibrium swelling, and nitrogen adsorption studies corroborate the enhanced surface area and variable morphology of the cross-linked biopolymers. Equilibrium sorption studies at alkaline conditions with phenolic dyes, along with single component and mixed naphthenates in aqueous solution revealed variable uptake properties with the composites. The Freundlich isotherm model revealed that the composite at the highest levels of cross-linker, CGC3, had the highest sorption affinity (KF; L mmol/g) for phenolphthalein (phth) followed by ortho-nitrophenyl acetic acid (ONPAA) and para-nitrophenol (PNP), as follows: Phth (5.03 × 10-1) > ONPAA (2.28 × 10-1) > PNP (8.49 × 10-2). The Sips isotherm model provided a good description of the sorption profile of single component and naphthenate mixtures. The monolayer uptake capacity (Qm; mg g-1) is given in parentheses: 2-hexyldecanoic acid (S1; 115 mg/g) > 2-naphthoxyacetic acid (S3; 40.5 mg/g) > trans-4-pentylcyclohexylcarboxylic acid (S2; 13.7 mg/g). By comparison, the Qm values for CGC3 with naphthenate mixtures (24.1 and 27.4 mg/g) according to UV spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-HRMS). The sorbent materials generally show greater uptake with naphthenates that possess lower vs higher double bond equivalence (DBE) values. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption of phth adopted behavior described by the pseudo-second order model, while uptake for S3 and naphthenate mixtures adopted pseudo-first order behavior. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the sorption properties of the two types of abundant biopolymers and their composites by illustrating their tunable sorption properties. The key role of hydrophobic interactions for CGC materials was evidenced by the controlled sorptive uptake of carboxylate anions with variable molecular structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inimfon A Udoetok
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan , 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada , 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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Chen X, Li H, Zhang J, Ding Y, You J. Does cadmium affect the toxicokinetics of permethrin in Chironomus dilutus at sublethal level? Evidence of enzymatic activity and gene expression. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:1005-1013. [PMID: 27567170 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pyrethroids and metals were simultaneously detected in aquatic environment and showed antagonistic lethality to the benthic invertebrate, Chironomus dilutus. Accelerated biotransformation of pyrethroids in organism by the presence of metals was proposed as the likely reason for the antagonism. Mechanistic explanation for the role of toxicokinetics of pyrethroids in the antagonistic interaction would help better understanding the reasons for the joint toxicity. The goal was achieved in the current study by evaluating the impact of cadmium on toxicokinetic parameters of permethrin in C. dilutus, and by explaining the interaction through quantifying the activity and gene expression of biotransformation-related enzymes. Toxicokinetic parameters were simulated using a first-order kinetic model. Bioconcentration factors and uptake and elimination rate constants for permethrin were not significantly changed with the addition of cadmium at sublethal level, neither did the activity of enzymes, including glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE), catalase and lipid peroxidation. Yet, the activities of metabolism-related enzymes (GST and CarE) showed an elevating tendency with adding cadmium. Furthermore, the expression of metabolism-related genes, including cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase genes were significantly up-regulated in C. dilutus exposed to a mixture of permethrin and cadmium compared with permethrin only. Although co-exposure to cadmium did not induce toxicokinetic changes of permethrin in C. dilutus, it did enhance the activity of metabolic enzymes which were encoded by the metabolism-related genes, suggesting an acceleration of biotransformation of permethrin to less toxic metabolites in the midges. This possibly explained the antagonistic interaction for permethrin and cadmium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- Division of Environmental Health, Illinois Department of Public Health, Springfield, IL 62761, USA
| | - Jing You
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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34
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Udoetok IA, Wilson LD, Headley JV. Quaternized Cellulose Hydrogels as Sorbent Materials and Pickering Emulsion Stabilizing Agents. MATERIALS 2016; 9:ma9080645. [PMID: 28773767 PMCID: PMC5509095 DOI: 10.3390/ma9080645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Quaternized (QC) and cross-linked/quaternized (CQC) cellulose hydrogels were prepared by cross-linking native cellulose with epichlorohydrin (ECH), with subsequent grafting of glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (GTMAC). Materials characterization via carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen (CHN) analysis, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR)/13C solid state NMR spectroscopy provided supportive evidence of the hydrogel synthesis. Enhanced thermal stability of the hydrogels was observed relative to native cellulose. Colloidal stability of octanol and water mixtures revealed that QC induces greater stabilization over CQC, as evidenced by the formation of a hexane–water Pickering emulsion system. Equilibrium sorption studies with naphthenates from oil sands process water (OSPW) and 2-naphthoxy acetic acid (NAA) in aqueous solution revealed that CQC possess higher affinity relative to QC with the naphthenates. According to the Langmuir isotherm model, the sorption capacity of CQC for OSPW naphthenates was 33.0 mg/g and NAA was 69.5 mg/g. CQC displays similar affinity for the various OSPW naphthenate component species in aqueous solution. Kinetic uptake of NAA at variable temperature, pH and adsorbent dosage showed that increased temperature favoured the uptake process at 303 K, where Qm = 76.7 mg/g. Solution conditions at pH 3 or 9 had a minor effect on the sorption process, while equilibrium was achieved in a shorter time at lower dosage (ca. three-fold lower) of hydrogel (100 mg vs. 30 mg). The estimated activation parameters are based on temperature dependent rate constants, k1, which reveal contributions from enthalpy-driven electrostatic interactions. The kinetic results indicate an ion-based associative sorption mechanism. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the adsorption and physicochemical properties of cellulose-based hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inimfon A Udoetok
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - Lee D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, 110 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5C9, Canada.
| | - John V Headley
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada.
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Alharbi HA, Morandi G, Giesy JP, Wiseman SB. Effect of oil sands process-affected water on toxicity of retene to early life-stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 176:1-9. [PMID: 27104238 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) to aquatic organisms has been studied, but effects of co-exposure to OSPW and polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which are an important class of chemicals in tailings ponds used to store OSPW, has not been investigated. The goal of the current study was to determine if organic compounds extracted from the aqueous phase of relatively fresh OSPW from Base-Mine Lake (BML-OSPW) or aged OSPW from Pond 9 experimental reclamation pond (P9-OSPW) modulated toxic potency of the model alkyl-PAH, retene, to early life-stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). Embryos were exposed to retene by use of a partition controlled delivery (PCD) system made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) until day of hatch. Incidences of pericardial edema and expression of CYP1A were not significantly greater in larvae exposed only to dissolved organic compounds from either OSPW but were significantly greater in larvae exposed only to retene. Expression of CYP1A and incidences of pericardial edema were significantly greater in larvae co-exposed to retene and 5×equivalent of dissolved organic compounds from BML-OSPW compared to retene alone. However, there was no effect of co-exposure to retene and either a 1×equivalent of dissolved organic compounds from BML-OSPW or 5×equivalent of dissolved organic compounds from P9-OSPW. While there was evidence that exposure to 5×equivalent of dissolved organic compounds from BML-OSPW caused oxidative stress, there was no evidence of this effect in larvae exposed only to retene or co-exposed to retene and a 5×equivalent of dissolved organic compounds from BML-OSPW. These results suggest that oxidative stress is not a mechanism of pericardial edema in early-life stages of Japanese medaka. Relatively fresh OSPW from Base Mine Lake might influence toxicity of alkylated-PAHs to early life stages of fishes but this effect would not be expected to occur at current concentrations of OSPW and is attenuated by aging of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattan A Alharbi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada,.
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Lari E, Wiseman S, Mohaddes E, Morandi G, Alharbi H, Pyle GG. Determining the effect of oil sands process-affected water on grazing behaviour of Daphnia magna, long-term consequences, and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:362-370. [PMID: 26735738 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is a byproduct of the extraction of bitumen in the surface-mining oil sands industry and is currently stored in on-site tailings ponds. OSPW from three oil sands companies were studied to capture some of the variability associated with OSPW characteristics. To investigate the effect and mechanism(s) of effect of OSPW on feeding behaviour, Daphnia magna were exposed to low OSPW concentrations for 24 h and monitored for their feeding rate, olfactory response and swimming activity. The Al and Si content, which are indicators of suspended particulate matter in D. magna exposed to OSPW were investigated using energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. In long-term experiments, effects of exposure to OSPW for 21 days on feeding behaviour, growth, and reproduction of D. magna were evaluated. Feeding rates were similar among the three exposure populations, yielding a 24 h IC50 of 5.3% OSPW. Results of behavioural assays suggest that OSPW impairs the chemosensory function and reduces the total activity of D. magna. In EDX spectroscopy, Al and Si were detected in the body of the exposed D. magna, suggesting that D. magna filter clay particles from the OSPW solution. Results of the long-term exposure showed that OSPW significantly inhibits feeding behaviour, suppresses growth, and reduces reproductive output of D. magna. There were no differences in the toxicity of the three samples of OSPW, which was in agreement with the fact that there were no differences in the species of dissolved organic compounds in the OSPW samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Effat Mohaddes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Garrett Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Hattan Alharbi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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Alharbi HA, Saunders DMV, Al-Mousa A, Alcorn J, Pereira AS, Martin JW, Giesy JP, Wiseman SB. Inhibition of ABC transport proteins by oil sands process affected water. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:81-88. [PMID: 26650706 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporter proteins is important for detoxification of xenobiotics. For example, ABC transporters from the multidrug-resistance protein (MRP) subfamily are important for excretion of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites. Effects of chemicals in the water soluble organic fraction of relatively fresh oil sands process affected water (OSPW) from Base Mine Lake (BML-OSPW) and aged OSPW from Pond 9 (P9-OSPW) on the activity of MRP transporters were investigated in vivo by use of Japanese medaka at the fry stage of development. Activities of MRPs were monitored by use of the lipophilic dye calcein, which is transported from cells by ABC proteins, including MRPs. To begin to identify chemicals that might inhibit activity of MRPs, BML-OSPW and P9-OSPW were fractionated into acidic, basic, and neutral fractions by use of mixed-mode sorbents. Chemical compositions of fractions were determined by use of ultrahigh resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry in ESI(+) and ESI(-) mode. Greater amounts of calcein were retained in fry exposed to BML-OSPW at concentration equivalents greater than 1× (i.e., full strength). The neutral and basic fractions of BML-OSPW, but not the acidic fraction, caused greater retention of calcein. Exposure to P9-OSPW did not affect the amount of calcein in fry. Neutral and basic fractions of BML-OSPW contained relatively greater amounts of several oxygen-, sulfur, and nitrogen-containing chemical species that might inhibit MRPs, such as O(+), SO(+), and NO(+) chemical species, although secondary fractionation will be required to conclusively identify the most potent inhibitors. Naphthenic acids (O2(-)), which were dominant in the acidic fraction, did not appear to be the cause of the inhibition. This is the first study to demonstrate that chemicals in the water soluble organic fraction of OSPW inhibit activity of this important class of proteins. However, aging of OSPW attenuates this effect and inhibition of the activity of MRPs by OSPW from Base Mine Lake does not occur at environmentally relevantconcentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattan A Alharbi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Ahmed Al-Mousa
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jane Alcorn
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Alberto S Pereira
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Zoology Department, Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Wang J, Cao X, Sun J, Huang Y, Tang X. Disruption of endocrine function in H295R cell in vitro and in zebrafish in vivo by naphthenic acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:1-9. [PMID: 26073515 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) have been reported to exhibit endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic organisms. Although the responsible compounds are unknown, naphthenic acids (NAs) have been considered to be implicated. The current study was designed to investigate the endocrine disruption of OSPW extracted NAs (OS-NAs) and commercial NAs (C-NAs) using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays. The effects of OS-NAs and C-NAs on steroidogenesis were assessed both at hormone levels and expression levels of hormone-related genes in the H295R cells. The transcriptions of biomarker genes involved in endocrine systems in zebrafish larvae were investigated to detect the effects of OS-NAs and C-NAs on endocrine function in vivo. Exposure to OS-NAs and C-NAs significantly increased production of 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4), and decreased production of testosterone (T). Both OS-NAs and C-NAs significantly induced the expression of several genes involved in steroidogenesis. The abundances of transcripts of biomarker gene CYP19b, ERα, and VTG were significantly up-regulated in zebrafish larvae exposed to OS-NAs and C-NAs, which indicated that NAs had negative effects on estrogen-responsive gene transcription in vivo. These results indicated that NAs should be partly responsible for the endocrine disrupting effects of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinhua Sun
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Quesnel DM, Oldenburg TBP, Larter SR, Gieg LM, Chua G. Biostimulation of Oil Sands Process-Affected Water with Phosphate Yields Removal of Sulfur-Containing Organics and Detoxification. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:13012-13020. [PMID: 26448451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b01391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to mitigate toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) for return into the environment is an important issue for effective tailings management in Alberta, Canada. OSPW toxicity has been linked to classical naphthenic acids (NAs), but the toxic contribution of other acid-extractable organics (AEOs) remains unknown. Here, we examine the potential for in situ bioremediation of OSPW AEOs by indigenous algae. Phosphate biostimulation was performed in OSPW to promote the growth of indigenous photosynthetic microorganisms and subsequent toxicity and chemical changes were determined. After 12 weeks, the AEO fraction of phosphate-biostimulated OSPW was significantly less toxic to the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe than unstimulated OSPW. Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) analysis of the AEO fraction in phosphate-biostimulated OSPW showed decreased levels of SO3 class compounds, including a subset that may represent linear arylsulfonates. A screen with S. pombe transcription factor mutant strains for growth sensitivity to the AEO fraction or sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate revealed a mode of toxic action consistent with oxidative stress and detrimental effects on cellular membranes. These findings demonstrate a potential algal-based in situ bioremediation strategy for OSPW AEOs and uncover a link between toxicity and AEOs other than classical NAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Quesnel
- Department of Biological Sciences, and ‡PRG, Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Thomas B P Oldenburg
- Department of Biological Sciences, and ‡PRG, Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Stephen R Larter
- Department of Biological Sciences, and ‡PRG, Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Lisa M Gieg
- Department of Biological Sciences, and ‡PRG, Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Gordon Chua
- Department of Biological Sciences, and ‡PRG, Department of Geosciences, University of Calgary , 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta Canada T2N 1N4
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Morandi GD, Wiseman SB, Pereira A, Mankidy R, Gault IGM, Martin JW, Giesy JP. Effects-Directed Analysis of Dissolved Organic Compounds in Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:12395-12404. [PMID: 26381019 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute toxicity of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is caused by its complex mixture of bitumen-derived organics, but the specific chemical classes that are most toxic have not been demonstrated. Here, effects-directed analysis was used to determine the most acutely toxic chemical classes in OSPW collected from the world's first oil sands end-pit lake. Three sequential rounds of fractionation, chemical analysis (ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry), and acute toxicity testing (96 h fathead minnow embryo lethality and 15 min Microtox bioassay) were conducted. Following primary fractionation, toxicity was primarily attributable to the neutral extractable fraction (F1-NE), containing 27% of original organics mass. In secondary fractionation, F1-NE was subfractionated by alkaline water washing, and toxicity was primarily isolated to the ionizable fraction (F2-NE2), containing 18.5% of the original organic mass. In the final round, chromatographic subfractionation of F2-NE2 resulted in two toxic fractions, with the most potent (F3-NE2a, 11% of original organic mass) containing predominantly naphthenic acids (O2(-)). The less-toxic fraction (F3-NE2b, 8% of original organic mass) contained predominantly nonacid species (O(+), O2(+), SO(+), NO(+)). Evidence supports naphthenic acids as among the most acutely toxic chemical classes in OSPW, but nonacidic species also contribute to acute toxicity of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett D Morandi
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Alberto Pereira
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Rishikesh Mankidy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Ian G M Gault
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical and Environmental Toxicology, University of Alberta , Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Zoology, and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Biology & Chemistry and State Key Laboratory for Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People's Republic of China
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
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Wang J, Cao X, Sun J, Chai L, Huang Y, Tang X. Transcriptional responses of earthworm (Eisenia fetida) exposed to naphthenic acids in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 204:264-270. [PMID: 25984985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, earthworms (Eisenia fetida) were exposed to commercial NAs contaminated soil, and changes in the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and gene expressions of their defense system were monitored. The effects on the gene expression involved in reproduction and carcinogenesis were also evaluated. Significant increases in ROS levels was observed in NAs exposure groups, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) genes were both up-regulated at low and medium exposure doses, which implied NAs might exert toxicity by oxidative stress. The transcription of CRT and HSP70 coincided with oxidative stress, which implied both chaperones perform important functions in the protection against oxidative toxicity. The upregulation of TCTP gene indicated a potential adverse effect of NAs to terrestrial organisms through induction of carcinogenesis, and the downregulation of ANN gene indicated that NAs might potentially result in deleterious reproduction effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jinhua Sun
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liwei Chai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Wang J, Cao X, Huang Y, Tang X. Developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption of naphthenic acids on the early life stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1493-501. [PMID: 25995127 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) has been reported to exhibit adverse effects on the environment and wildlife. Although the compounds responsible are unknown, naphthenic acids (NAs) have been considered to be implicated. The current study was designed to investigate whether NAs might cause developmental toxicity and endocrine disruption on the early life stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The success of embryo hatch was inhibited by 2.5 mg l(-1) oil sands NAs (OS-NAs) exposure, and both OSPW NAs and commercial NAs (C-NAs) exposure resulted in a variety of developmental lesions in the fish larvae, such as yolk sac edema, pericardial edema and spinal malformation. The transcription of genes involved cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19a and CYP19b), estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ1 and ERβ2), and vitellogenin (VTG) was analyzed to evaluate the endocrine disrupting effects of NAs. Significant up-regulated gene expressions of CYP19b, ERα and VTG were observed in both OS-NAs and C-NAs groups, which indicated the deleteriously estrogenic potential of NAs. These results confirmed that NAs derived from crude petroleum could negatively impact the development and endocrine function of zebrafish, and be primarily responsible for the toxicity of OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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Pereira AS, Martin JW. Exploring the complexity of oil sands process-affected water by high efficiency supercritical fluid chromatography/orbitrap mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:735-744. [PMID: 26406488 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Approximately 1 billion m(3) of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) is currently stored in tailings ponds in Northern Alberta, Canada. The dissolved organic compounds in OSPW have been termed a supercomplex mixture of bitumen-derived substances and continuing efforts to understand its underlying chemical composition are important for evaluating its environmental hazards. METHODS Packed column supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) was applied to OSPW analysis for the first time. By combining four columns in series (each 25 cm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5.0 µm bare silica) approximately 80,000 plates were achieved on a 1 m column. Using a simple fixed restrictor, the SFC eluent was coupled directly to ultrahigh-resolution orbitrap mass spectrometry (SFC/Orbitrap-MS). RESULTS SFC/Orbitrap-MS, with positive and negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI +/-), revealed the partial or full chromatographic separation of isomers for a wide array of chemical species, including naphthenic acids (Cn H2n + Z O2 ) and unknown sulfur- and nitrogen-containing molecules. For smaller compounds (e.g. naphthenic acids where n ≤10), or for larger structurally constrained compounds (e.g. C16 naphthenic acid with 9 double-bond equivalents), apparent baseline resolution of many isomers was possible. Isomer-specific MS/MS experiments furthermore allowed characterization of functional groups in novel species. For example, in APCI+ mode, up to 16 isomers of C6 H11 ON were revealed to have amide and amino functionalities. CONCLUSIONS This combination of high efficiency chromatography and ultra-high mass resolution detection resulted in a powerful method with capabilities for characterizing or 'fingerprinting' unknown species with little interference. The method has great promise for environmental monitoring and forensics in the oil sands region, as well as for further studies on the composition of dissolved organic compounds in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Pereira
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - J W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
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Hook SE, Twine NA, Simpson SL, Spadaro DA, Moncuquet P, Wilkins MR. 454 pyrosequencing-based analysis of gene expression profiles in the amphipod Melita plumulosa: transcriptome assembly and toxicant induced changes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2014; 153:73-88. [PMID: 24434169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Next generation sequencing using Roche's 454 pyrosequencing platform can be used to generate genomic information for non-model organisms, although there are bioinformatic challenges associated with these studies. These challenges are compounded by a lack of a standardized protocol to either assemble data or to evaluate the quality of a de novo transcriptome. This study presents an assembly of the control and toxicant responsive transcriptome of Melita plumulosa, an Australian amphipod commonly used in ecotoxicological studies. RNA was harvested from control amphipods, juvenile amphipods, and from amphipods exposed to either metal or diesel contaminated sediments. This RNA was used as the basis for a 454 based transcriptome sequencing effort. Sequencing generated 1.3 million reads from control, juvenile, metal-exposed and diesel-exposed amphipods. Different read filtering and assembly protocols were evaluated to generate an assembly that (i) had an optimal number of contigs; (ii) had long contigs; (iii) contained a suitable representation of conserved genes; and (iv) had long ortholog alignment lengths relative to the length of each contig. A final assembly, generated using fixed-length trimming based on the sequence quality scores, followed by assembly using the MIRA algorithm, produced the best results. The 26,625 contigs generated via this approach were annotated using Blast2GO, and the differential expression between treatments and control was determined by mapping with BWA followed by DESeq. Although the mapping generated low coverage, many differentially expressed contigs, including some with known developmental or toxicological function, were identified. This study demonstrated that 454 pyrosequencing is an effective means of generating reference transcriptome information for organisms, such as the amphipod M. plumulosa, that have no genomic information available in databases or in closely related sequenced species. It also demonstrated how optimization of read filtering protocols and assembly approaches changes the utility of results obtained from next generation sequencing studies, and establishes criteria to determine the quality of a de novo assembly in species lacking a reference genome. This new transcriptomic knowledge provides the genomic foundation for the creation of microarray and qPCR assays, serving as a reference transcriptome in future RNAseq studies, and allowing both the biology and ecotoxicology of this organism to be better understood. This approach will allow genomics-based methodology to be applied to a wider range of environmentally relevant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Hook
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia.
| | - Natalie A Twine
- NSW Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Stuart L Simpson
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - David A Spadaro
- CSIRO Land and Water, Locked Bag 2007, Kirrawee, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Philippe Moncuquet
- CSIRO Mathematics, Informatics, and Statistics, Acton, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Marc R Wilkins
- NSW Systems Biology Initiative, School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Beck EM, Smits JEG, St Clair CC. Health of domestic mallards (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) following exposure to oil sands process-affected water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8847-8854. [PMID: 25003652 DOI: 10.1021/es501259x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen extraction from the oil sands of northern Alberta produces large volumes of process-affected water that contains substances toxic to wildlife. Recent monitoring has shown that tens of thousands of birds land on ponds containing this water annually, creating an urgent need to understand its effects on bird health. We emulated the repeated, short-term exposures that migrating water birds are thought to experience by exposing pekin ducks (Anas platyrhynchos domestica) to recycled oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). As indicators of health, we measured a series of physiological (electrolytes, metabolites, enzymes, hormones, and blood cells) and toxicological (metals and minerals) variables. Relative to controls, juvenile birds exposed to OSPW had higher potassium following the final exposure, and males had a higher thyroid hormone ratio (T3/T4). In adults, exposed birds had higher vanadium, and, following the final exposure, higher bicarbonate. Exposed females had higher bile acid, globulin, and molybdenum levels, and males, higher corticosterone. However, with the exception of the metals, none of these measures varied from available reference ranges for ducks, suggesting OSPW is not toxic to juvenile or adult birds after three and six weekly, 1 h exposures, but more studies are needed to know the generality of this result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Beck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta , Z-708, 11455 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta Canada T6G 2E9
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