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Wu F, Kong H, Xie L, Sokolova IM. Exposure to nanopollutants (nZnO) enhances the negative effects of hypoxia and delays recovery of the mussels' immune system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124112. [PMID: 38705446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Aquatic environments face escalating challenges from multiple stressors like hypoxia and nanoparticle exposure, with impact of these combined stressors on mussel immunity being poorly understood. We investigated the individual and combined effects of short-term and long-term hypoxia and exposure to zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) on immune system of the mussels (Mytilus edulis). Hemocyte functional traits (mortality, adhesion capacity, phagocytosis, lysosomal abundance, and oxidative burst), and transcript levels of immune-related genes involved in pathogen recognition (the Toll-like receptors, the complement system components, and the adaptor proteins MyD88) were assessed. Short-term hypoxia minimally affected hemocyte parameters, while prolonged exposure led to immunosuppression, impacting hemocyte abundance, viability, phagocytosis, and defensin gene expression. Under normoxia, nZnO stimulated immune responses of mussel hemocytes. However, combined nZnO and hypoxia induced more pronounced and rapid immunosuppression than hypoxia alone, indicating a synergistic interaction. nZnO exposure hindered immune parameter recovery during post-hypoxic reoxygenation, suggesting persistent impact. Opposing trends were observed in pathogen-sensing and pathogen-elimination mechanisms, with a positive correlation between pathogen-recognition system activation and hemocyte mortality. These findings underscore a complex relationship and potential conflict between pathogen-recognition ability, immune function, and cell survival in mussel hemocytes under hypoxia and nanopollutant stress, and emphasize the importance of considering multiple stressors in assessing the vulnerability and adaptability of mussel immune system under complex environmental conditions of anthropogenically modified coastal ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangli Wu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Kong
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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Liu T, Lu Y, Sun M, Shen H, Niu D. Effects of acute hypoxia and reoxygenation on histological structure, antioxidant response, and apoptosis in razor clam Sinonovacula constricta. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109310. [PMID: 38142828 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is one of the major environmental problems limiting the healthy development of intensive aquaculture. Marine benthic shellfish are encountering heightened problems related to hypoxic stress as a result of ongoing human activities and aquaculture operations. Razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, a commercially valuable shellfish, has not yet been reported in studies on physiological changes caused by hypoxia and reoxygenation. To understand the negative effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on the clams, we set up two low-oxygen concentration groups (DO 2.0 mg/L and DO 0.5 mg/L) and assessed multiple aspects of oxidative damage to their hepatopancreas and gills. After the hypoxic stress, the two tissues of the razor clam suffered varying degrees of damage, including cell degeneration and disruption of mitochondrial cristae. After reoxygenation, the 2.0 mg/L group recovered substantially, but the clams in the 0.5 mg/L group still unrecovered. The activities of antioxidant enzymes (MDA, T-AOC, SOD, GPX, and CAT) in clams were considerably altered by acute hypoxia and reoxygenation. Briefly, there was a growing and then declining trend in MDA, T-AOC, and SOD activities in the hepatopancreas, whereas GPX and CAT activities showed the converse trend. In the hepatopancreas and gills, the level of anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 transcripts gradually decreased with the duration of hypoxia and increased following reoxygenation. However, changes in the transcript level of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax were in contrast to that of Bcl-2. The TUNEL assay revealed that hypoxia caused apoptosis. Furthermore, at DO 0.5 mg/L, the degree of apoptosis was more significant than at DO 2.0 mg/L, and hepatopancreatic apoptosis was more severe than gill apoptosis. Collectively, our findings imply that hypoxia induces oxidative stress, histological damage, and apoptosis in razor clams in a concentration-dependent and tissue-specific manner. These consequences serve as a reminder that prolonged recovery periods may be required for razor clams to fully recover from oxidative damage resulting from hypoxia-reoxygenation episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Mengying Sun
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Heding Shen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Donghong Niu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Cultivating Elite Breeds and Green-culture of Aquaculture Animals, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, 222005, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Gao Y, Xie Z, Qian J, Tu Z, Yang C, Deng Y, Xue Y, Shang Y, Hu M, Wang Y. Effects of diel-cycling hypoxia and salinity on lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 191:106124. [PMID: 37586224 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
For marine animals living in estuarine, coastal, and intertidal areas, salinity changes and periodic hypoxia are typical stressors; however, how the varying salinity and dissolved oxygen affect the quality and nutrition of marine aquaculture species, such as oysters remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the diel-cycling hypoxia under different salinities on fatty acid composition and lipid metabolism in oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis digestive glands. After 28 days of exposure, both hypoxia and elevated salinity caused a decrease in the saturated fatty acid (SFA)/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio of C. hongkongensis, salinity mainly causes changes in C17:0, C17:1, C18:1n9, C20:1n9, C20:4n6, C21:5n3, C22:5n3, with high salinity being more damaging to the fatty acid fractions. Also, Hypoxia accelerates the synthesis of C18:1n9 and C20:4n6. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) synthesis is increased by reduced salinity or hypoxia, but Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) only weakly promotes fatty acid synthesis. Under hypoxic conditions, the activity of both hepatic lipase (HL) and lipoprotein lipase activity (LPL) decreases, which is contrary to the results for dissolved oxygen. The increase in salinity under dissolved oxygen leads to a decrease in LPL activity and an increase in HL activity. Our findings highlighted that exposure to a combination of salinity and hypoxia stressors, can disrupt the protective mechanisms of the oyster and affect the function of its lipid metabolism. Therefore, long-term exposure to periodic hypoxia with salinity changes poses a risk to the nutritional quality of C. hongkongensis, affecting oyster aquaculture and the coastal ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Gao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jin Qian
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhihan Tu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chuangye Yang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yuewen Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yucai Xue
- Centre for Research on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition (CREEFN) of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yueyong Shang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Jiang S, Zhang W, Qian X, Ji J, Ning X, Zhu F, Yin S, Zhang K. Effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on apoptosis, oxidative stress, immune response and gut microbiota of Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106556. [PMID: 37182272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia causes irreversible damage to aquatic animals. However, few reports have explored the effect of hypoxia stress and reoxygenation on intestinal homeostatic imbalance and consequent hepatopancreas-intestine axis health in crustacean. Herein, 180 Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were equally divided into control (DO 7.0 ± 0.2 mg/L) and treatment groups. The treatment group was exposed with continuous hypoxic stress (DO 3.0 ± 0.1 mg/L) for 96 h and then reoxygenated (DO 6.9 ± 0.1 mg/L) for 96 h. The effects on intestines and hepatopancreas of Chinese mitten crab were investigated, and the role of gut microbiota in hypoxia induced damages was explored. Hypoxia impaired intestinal tissue structure, and decreased swelling and the number of goblet cells, which are features that did not significantly improve after reoxygenation. With prolonged hypoxic stress, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (LDH, SOD and CAT) and MDA content in intestine were significantly elevated. Moreover, the level of oxidative stress increased, which led to upregulated apoptosis rate and expression of apoptosis-related genes (Caspase 3, Caspase 8 and BAX). In addition, the expression of immune related genes (MyD88, ALF1, Relish and Crustin) in hepatopancreas and intestine was both significantly induced under hypoxia, which activated the immune defense mechanism of Chinese mitten crab to adapt to the hypoxic environment. Furthermore, diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota decreased noticeably during hypoxic stress; the number of beneficial bacteria downregulated. Finally, KEGG pathway analysis revealed that nine pathways were significantly enriched in intestinal microorganisms, including autoimmune disease and environmental adaptation. Collectively, these results suggested that hypoxia negatively affected E. sinensis health by triggering oxidative stress, altering the composition of the gut microbiota and inhibiting the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jiang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weijian Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaobin Qian
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jie Ji
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China
| | - Xianhui Ning
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China
| | - Fei Zhu
- Marine Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nantong 226007, China
| | - Shaowu Yin
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China.
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animals Breeding and Green Efficient Aquacultural Technology, Nanjing 210023, China; Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology, Lian Yungang 222005, China.
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Wang X, Zhang J, Zhong Y, Liu Y, Wu W. GIS-based spatial suitability assessment for pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas reef restoration: A case study of Laizhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114416. [PMID: 36476964 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The oyster reef restoration has raised concerns worldwide due to the advantage of alleviating eutrophication and other ecosystem services. The necessary prerequisite for oyster restoration is identifying suitable sites. A restoration suitability index model for C. gigas reefs was built by combining the Monte Carlo simulation, analytic hierarchy process, hydrodynamic modelling and geographic information systems and applied in Laizhou Bay (LZB), China. The model outputs and sensitivity analysis showed that the east coastal area, the southern part, and the western part of LZB were restoration sites with the maximum suitability, accounting for 15.3 % of LZB. The middle and northern parts of LZB were unsuitable sites restricted by water depth and flow velocity. Ship waterways and marine industries were the major factors causing degradation of the historically recorded oyster reefs. This model can support oyster restoration planning, and can be applied to other oyster species with adjusted indicator system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Jihong Zhang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China; Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266200, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Wenguang Wu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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Shen Y, Gan Y, Xiao Q, Huang Z, Liu J, Gong S, Wang Y, Yu W, Luo X, Ke C, You W. Divergent Carry-Over Effects of Hypoxia during the Early Development of Abalone. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17836-17848. [PMID: 36479946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
After being exposed to environmental stimuli during early developmental stages, some organisms may gain or weaken physiological regulating abilities, which would have long-lasting effects on their performance. Environmental hypoxia events can have significant effects on marine organisms, but for breeding programs and other practical applications, it is important to further explore the long-term physiological effects of early hypoxia exposure in economically significant species. In this study, the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai was exposed to moderate hypoxia (∼4 mg/L) from zygote to trochophora, and the assessments of hypoxia tolerance were conducted on the grow-out stage. The results revealed that juvenile abalones exposed to hypoxia at the early development stages were more hypoxia-tolerant but with slower weight growth, a phenomenon called the trade-off between growth and survival. These phenotypic effects driven by the hypoxia exposure were explained by strong selection of genes involved in signal transduction, autophagy, apoptosis, and hormone regulation. Moreover, long non-coding RNA regulation plays an important role modulating carry-over effects by controlling DNA replication and repair, signal transduction, myocardial activity, and hormone regulation. This study revealed that the ability to create favorable phenotypic differentiation through genetic selection and/or epigenetic regulation is important for the survival and development of aquatic animals in the face of rapidly changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environmental and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
- Fujian Institute for Sustainable Oceans, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Yang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Qizhen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Zekun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environmental and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Junyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Shihai Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Wenchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, PR China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
- Fujian Institute for Sustainable Oceans, Xiamen University, Xiamen361102, China
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Meng J, Wang T, Li B, Li L, Zhang G. Oxygen sensing and transcriptional regulation under hypoxia exposure in the mollusk Crassostrea gigas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158557. [PMID: 36084780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia caused by global climate change and anthropogenic pollution has exposed marine species to increasing stress. Oxygen sensing mediated by prolyl hydroxylase (PHD) is regarded as the first line of defense under hypoxia exposure; however, the function of PHD in marine molluscan species remains unclear. In this study, we identified two PHD2 gene in the oyster Crassostrea gigas using phylogenetic tree analysis with 36 species, namely, CgPHD2A/B. Under hypoxia, the mRNA and protein expression of CgPHD2A displayed a time-dependent pattern, revealing a critical role in the response to hypoxia-induced stress. Observation of interactions between CgPHD2 and CgHIF-1α proteins under normoxia using co-immunoprecipitation and GST-pull down experiments showed that the β2β3 loop in CgPHD2A hydroxylates CgHIF-1α to promote its ubiquitination with CgVHL. With the protein recombination and site-directed mutagenesis, the hydroxylation domain and two target proline loci (P404A and 504A) in CgPHDs and CgHIF-1α were identified respectively. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility-shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase double reporter gene assay revelaed that CgHIF-1α could regulate CgPHD2A expression through binding with the hypoxia-responsive element in the promoter region (320 bp upstream), forming a feedback loop. However, protein structure analysis indicated that six extra amino acids formed an α-helix in the β2β3 loop of CgPHD2B, inhibiting its activity. Overall, this study revealed that two CgPHD2 proteins have evolved, which encode enzymes with different activities in oyster, potentially representing a specific hypoxia-sensing mechanism in mollusks. Illustrating the functional diversity of CgPHDs could help to assess the physiological status of oyster and guide their aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Meng
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Busu Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
| | - Guofan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China; National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong, China.
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8
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Wei S, Xie Z, Liu C, Sokolova I, Sun B, Mao Y, Xiong K, Peng J, Fang JKH, Hu M, Wang Y. Antioxidant response of the oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis exposed to diel-cycling hypoxia under different salinities. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105705. [PMID: 35863129 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intertidal and estuarine bivalves are adapted to fluctuating environmental conditions but the cellular adaptive mechanisms under combined stress scenarios are not well understood. The Hong Kong oysters Crassostrea hongkongensis experience periodic hypoxia/reoxygenation and salinity fluctuations during tidal cycles and extreme weather, which can negatively affect the respiratory organs (gills) involved in oxygen uptake and transport. We determined the effects of periodic hypoxia under different salinities on the oxidative stress response in Hong Kong oysters. Oxidative stress parameters (activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT), tissue levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content (PCC)) were determined in the gills of oysters exposed to diel-cycling hypoxia (hypoxia at night: 12h at 2 mg/L, reoxygenation: 12h at 6 mg/L) and normal dissolved oxygen (DO) (6 mg/L) under three salinities (10, 25, and 35‰) for 28 days. Oxygen regime in combination with salinity changes had significant interactive effects on all studied parameters except SOD. Salinity, DO and their interactions increased PCC after 14 and 28 days of exposure, and the combination of hypoxia/reoxygenation and decreased salinity showed the most severe effect. MDA content of the gills increased only after the long-term (28 days) exposure in decreased or increased salinity under normal DO treatments, showing PCC was more sensitive than MDA as biomarker of oxidative stress. Low salinity suppressed SOD activity regardless of the DO, whereas hypoxia induced SOD responses. CAT activities decreased significantly under high salinity with hypoxia/reoxygenation conditions. Our findings highlighted that periodic hypoxia/reoxygenation with salinity change induced antioxidant responses, which can impact the health of Hong Kong oyster C. hongkongensis and prolonged salinity stress may be one reason for the mortality during its aquaculture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Wei
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhe Xie
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chunhua Liu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Inna Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Bingyan Sun
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yiran Mao
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Kai Xiong
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jinxia Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - James Kar-Hei Fang
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Menghong Hu
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Youji Wang
- International Research Center for Marine Biosciences, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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9
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Zhan Y, Zha S, Peng Z, Lin Z, Bao Y. Hypoxia-mediated immunotoxicity in the blood clam Tegillarca granosa. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 177:105632. [PMID: 35439659 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In marine ecosystems, dissolved oxygen (DO) is essential for maintaining intracellular energy balance during aerobic metabolism. Bivalve mollusks are frequently exposed to hypoxia environments due to tides, temperature changes, and anthropogenic activities. The blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, mainly inhabits intertidal mudflats and is more susceptible to low oxygen events. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on immune responses in clams, and showed that hypoxia exposure reduced total hemocyte counts (THC), hemoglobin concentrations, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Also, phagocytic and cell activities of hemocyte were significantly inhibited. Furthermore, immune-related gene expression was also down-regulated. In conclusion, hypoxia greatly affected immune functions in blood clams, and our research provided the foundation for further mechanistic studies on hypoxia tolerance in clams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhan
- School of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Zhilan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resource of Zhejiang, College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100, China; Ninghai Institute of Mariculture Breeding and Seed Industry, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ninghai, 315604, China.
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10
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Li X, Liu B, Yang J, Li G, Wen H, Zhang M, Li J, He F. DNA methylation in promoter region of immune related genes STAT3 and VEGFA and biochemical parameters change in muscle of Japanese flounder under acute hypoxia. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:104295. [PMID: 34662685 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute hypoxic stress can lead to immune response in fish, but the molecular mechanism of muscle immunity in fish under acute hypoxia are still unclear. In this study, we carried out the effect of signal transducer and activator of transcription3(STAT3) and vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) on muscle immune responses of Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) during acute hypoxic stimulation (1.65 ± 0.28mg/L O2; 3h, 6h, 12h, 24h) and reoxygenation (7.30 ± 0.40mg/L O2; R12h, R24h, R48h). In situ hybridization (ISH) showed that STAT3 and VEGFA RNA were co-located in the skeletal muscle of Japanese flounder. Japanese flounder was seriously affected by hypoxia for 3h and 6h. The expression of STAT3 and VEGFA increased significantly. The methylation levels of STAT3 5'UTR region and VEGFA promoter region were significantly lower than those in normoxia group, which was negatively correlated with the expression levels of STAT3 and VEGFA. The enzyme activities (LDH, ALT, AST, ALP) changed significantly. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) detected a positive correlation between serum VEGFA concentration and muscle VEGFA mRNA. The current study have shown that Japanese flounder responded to acute hypoxic stress at multiple metabolic levels by changing DNA methylation status and activating transcription factors such as HIF-1α, Nrf2 and STAT3. It is significant for the scientific development of aquaculture through analyzing the effects of hypoxia on biological immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Binghua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Guangling Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Haishen Wen
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Meizhao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Jifang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China
| | - Feng He
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, Qingdao, 266003, PR China.
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11
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Li M, Pan D, Sun H, Zhang L, Cheng H, Shao T, Wang Z. The hypoxia adaptation of small mammals to plateau and underground burrow conditions. Animal Model Exp Med 2021; 4:319-328. [PMID: 34977483 PMCID: PMC8690988 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen is one of the important substances for the survival of most life systems on the earth, and plateau and underground burrow systems are two typical hypoxic environments. Small mammals living in hypoxic environments have evolved different adaptation strategies, which include increased oxygen delivery, metabolic regulation of physiological responses and other physiological responses that change tissue oxygen utilization. Multi-omics predictions have also shown that these animals have evolved different adaptations to extreme environments. In particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO), which have specific functions in the control of O2 delivery, have evolved adaptively in small mammals in hypoxic environments. Naked mole-rats and blind mole-rats are typical hypoxic model animals as they have some resistance to cancer. This review primarily summarizes the main living environment of hypoxia tolerant small mammals, as well as the changes of phenotype, physiochemical characteristics and gene expression mode of their long-term living in hypoxia environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengke Li
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Dan Pan
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Hong Sun
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
- Centre for Nutritional EcologyZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Han Cheng
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Tian Shao
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- School of Life SciencesZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouP.R. China
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12
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Wang F, Nian L, Wang M, Xie Y, Yuan B, Cheng S, Cao C. An oxygen‐releasing tablet to reduce the hypoxia‐induced damage of Chinese mitten crabs (
Eriocheir sinensis
). J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jfpp.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Linyu Nian
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Mengjun Wang
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Biao Yuan
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Shujie Cheng
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
| | - Chongjiang Cao
- Department of Food Quality and Safety/National R&D Center Herbal Medicine Processing College of Engineering China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing China
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13
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Shen Y, Zhang Y, Xiao Q, Gan Y, Wang Y, Pang G, Huang Z, Yu F, Luo X, Ke C, You W. Distinct metabolic shifts occur during the transition between normoxia and hypoxia in the hybrid and its maternal abalone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 794:148698. [PMID: 34214815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to anthropogenic activities that have increased global climate change and nutrient discharges, severe hypoxic events have frequently occurred in coastal waters in recent years. Relying on coastal waters, the aquaculture area has suffered ecological and economic losses caused by hypoxia, especially in summer. In this study, to investigate the stress resistance of the Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai (DD) and the hybrid H. discus hannai ♀ × H. fulgens ♂ (DF), a combination of physiological, biochemical, and metabolomic methods were used to compare the metabolic responses of these two abalones to acute hypoxia (~0.5 mg O2/L, 12 h) and reoxygenation (~6.6 mg O2/L, 10-20 h). Hemolymph characteristics and aerobic/anaerobic respiratory capacity changed significantly under hypoxia or reoxygenation conditions, and they were regulated in different trends in two abalones. The contents of hepatopancreas glycogen in two abalones reached the trough after 10 h recovery, implying that short-term hypoxia leads to a long-lasting (several hours) imprint on the energy storage of abalone. In response to dissolved oxygen fluctuation, metabolic profiles of two abalones changed in distinct ways both in the hypoxia group or the reoxygenation group. The conversion of carbohydrate metabolism and amino acid metabolism indicated that hypoxia prompts abalone to change the way of energy metabolism, which may also reflect the difference in the energy utilization of DD and DF abalones. In addition, 3 metabolites (L-glutamate, 2-hydroxy-butanoic acid, and 2-methyl-3-hydroxybutyric acid) as potential biomarkers for hypoxia and reoxygenation response in abalone were determined by operating characteristic analysis (ROC). Overall, this study provides information towards understanding the damage caused by frequent hypoxic events and implies the metabolic shifts that occur under hypoxia and reoxygenation conditions in DD and DF abalones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China
| | - Qizhen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gewen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Zekun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Caihuan Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weiwei You
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Genetics and Breeding of Marine Organisms, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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