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Marinkovic M, Tran ON, Wang H, Abdul-Azees P, Dean DD, Chen XD, Yeh CK. Autologous mesenchymal stem cells offer a new paradigm for salivary gland regeneration. Int J Oral Sci 2023; 15:18. [PMID: 37165024 PMCID: PMC10172302 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Salivary gland (SG) dysfunction, due to radiotherapy, disease, or aging, is a clinical manifestation that has the potential to cause severe oral and/or systemic diseases and compromise quality of life. Currently, the standard-of-care for this condition remains palliative. A variety of approaches have been employed to restore saliva production, but they have largely failed due to damage to both secretory cells and the extracellular matrix (niche). Transplantation of allogeneic cells from healthy donors has been suggested as a potential solution, but no definitive population of SG stem cells, capable of regenerating the gland, has been identified. Alternatively, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are abundant, well characterized, and during SG development/homeostasis engage in signaling crosstalk with the SG epithelium. Further, the trans-differentiation potential of these cells and their ability to regenerate SG tissues have been demonstrated. However, recent findings suggest that the "immuno-privileged" status of allogeneic adult MSCs may not reflect their status post-transplantation. In contrast, autologous MSCs can be recovered from healthy tissues and do not present a challenge to the recipient's immune system. With recent advances in our ability to expand MSCs in vitro on tissue-specific matrices, autologous MSCs may offer a new therapeutic paradigm for restoration of SG function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos Marinkovic
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Olivia N Tran
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Parveez Abdul-Azees
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - David D Dean
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Xiao-Dong Chen
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Research Service, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
| | - Chih-Ko Yeh
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Antequera D, Moneo D, Carrero L, Bartolome F, Ferrer I, Proctor G, Carro E. Salivary Lactoferrin Expression in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749468. [PMID: 34659251 PMCID: PMC8514982 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, microbial infection and innate immune theories have been proposed as an alternative approach explaining the etiopathogenesis and origin of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Lactoferrin, one of the main antimicrobial proteins in saliva, is an important modulator of immune response and inflammation, and represents an important defensive element by inducing a broad spectrum of antimicrobial effects against microbial infections. We demonstrated that lactoferrin levels in saliva are decreased in prodromal and dementia stages of AD compared with healthy subjects. That finding seems to be specific to cerebral amyloid-β (Aβ) load as such observation was not observed in healthy elderly controls or those subjects with frontotemporal dementia. In the present study, we analysed salivary lactoferrin levels in a mouse model of AD. We observed robust and early reduction of lactoferrin levels in saliva from 6- and 12-month-old APP/PS1 mice. Because saliva is secreted by salivary glands, we presume that deregulation in salivary glands resulting in reduced salivary lactoferrin levels may occur in AD. To test this hypothesis, we collected submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice, as well as submandibular gland tissue from AD patients and we analysed the expression levels of key components of the salivary protein signalling pathway. A significant reduction in M3 receptor levels was found along with decreased acetylcholine (Ach) levels in submandibular glands from APP/PS1 mice. Similarly, a reduction in M3 receptor levels was observed in human submandibular glands from AD patients but in that case, the Ach levels were found increased. Our data suggest that the ACh-mediated M3 signalling pathway is impaired in salivary glands in AD, resulting in salivary gland dysfunction and reduced salivary lactoferrin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Antequera
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Moneo
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Carrero
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Bartolome
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gordon Proctor
- Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Carro
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Degenerative Dementias, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (imas12), Madrid, Spain
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Ishikawa Y, Pieczonka TD, Bragiel-Pieczonka AM, Seta H, Ohkuri T, Sasanuma Y, Nonaka Y. Long-Term Oral Administration of LLHK, LHK, and HK Alters Gene Expression Profile and Restores Age-Dependent Atrophy and Dysfunction of Rat Salivary Glands. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8020038. [PMID: 32093221 PMCID: PMC7168239 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerostomia, also known as dry mouth, is caused by a reduction in salivary secretion and by changes in the composition of saliva associated with the malfunction of salivary glands. Xerostomia decreases quality of life. In the present study, we investigated the effects of peptides derived from β-lactoglobulin C on age-dependent atrophy, gene expression profiles, and the dysfunction of salivary glands. Long-term oral administration of Leu57-Leu58-His59-Lys60 (LLHK), Leu58-His59-Lys60 (LHK) and His59-Lys60 (HK) peptides induced salivary secretion and prevented and/or reversed the age-dependent atrophy of salivary glands in older rats. The transcripts of 78 genes were upregulated and those of 81 genes were downregulated by more than 2.0-fold (p ≤ 0.05) after LHK treatment. LHK upregulated major salivary protein genes such as proline-rich proteins (Prpmp5, Prb3, Prp2, Prb1, Prp15), cystatins (Cst5, Cyss, Vegp2), amylases (Amy1a, Amy2a3), and lysozyme (Lyzl1), suggesting that LLHK, LHK, and HK restored normal salivary function. The AP-2 transcription factor gene (Tcfap2b) was also induced significantly by LHK treatment. These results suggest that LLHK, LHK, and HK-administration may prevent and/or reverse the age-dependent atrophy and functional decline of salivary glands by affecting gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Ishikawa
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (T.D.P.); (A.M.B.-P.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +80-3928-9628
| | - Tomasz D Pieczonka
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (T.D.P.); (A.M.B.-P.)
| | - Aneta M Bragiel-Pieczonka
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8504, Japan; (T.D.P.); (A.M.B.-P.)
| | - Harumichi Seta
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan; (H.S.); (T.O.); (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Tadahiro Ohkuri
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan; (H.S.); (T.O.); (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yumi Sasanuma
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan; (H.S.); (T.O.); (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
| | - Yuji Nonaka
- Suntory Global Innovation Center Ltd., Suntory World Research Center, 8-1-1 Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0284, Japan; (H.S.); (T.O.); (Y.S.); (Y.N.)
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Azevedo-Alanis LR, Tolentino EDS, de Assis GF, Cestari TM, Lara VS, Damante JH. Acinar autolysis and mucous extravasation in human sublingual glands: a microscopic postmortem study. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 23:459-66. [PMID: 26537715 PMCID: PMC4621937 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720150139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although some morphological investigations on aged human sublingual glands (HSG) found eventual phenomena identified as autolysis and mucous extravasation, the exact meaning of these findings has not been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerson Francisco de Assis
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Tânia Mary Cestari
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- Departamento de Estomatologia, Faculdade de Odontologia de Bauru, Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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5
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Tolentino EDS, Teixeira CS, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Honório HM, Damante JH. Phenotype and cell proliferation activity of duct-like structures in human sublingual glands: a histological and immunohistochemical study. J Appl Oral Sci 2015. [PMID: 26221919 PMCID: PMC4510659 DOI: 10.1590/1678-775720140349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several age-related microscopic changes in the salivary glands, including the increase in the number of duct-like structures (DLS). However, the true origin and the phenotype of the DLS are not known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Heitor Marques Honório
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Community Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
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Gilloteaux J, Afolayan A. Clarification of the Terminology of the Major Human Salivary Glands: Acinus and Alveolus are not Synonymous. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 297:1354-63. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.22950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Gilloteaux
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; St George's University International School of Medicine, K B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
| | - Adebowale Afolayan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences; St George's University International School of Medicine, K B. Taylor Global Scholar's Programme; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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7
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Sá JCRD, Tolentino EDS, Azevedo-Alanis LR, Iwaki Filho L, Lara VS, Damante JH. Morphology and morphometry of the human sublingual glands in mouth floor enlargements of edentulous patients. J Appl Oral Sci 2014; 21:540-6. [PMID: 24473720 PMCID: PMC3891278 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic mouth floor enlargements may be observed in edentulous patients. These
masses, which protrude from the mouth floor, may complicate the fitting of dentures
and require surgery. Whether this "entity" may be considered an anatomical variation
of the mouth floor or represent specific alterations in the sublingual gland is not
known.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liogi Iwaki Filho
- Maringá State University, Department of Dentistry, MaringáPR, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, BauruSP, Brazil
| | - José Humberto Damante
- University of São Paulo, Bauru School of Dentistry, Department of Stomatology, BauruSP, Brazil
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8
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Age-related relaxo-volumetric quantitative magnetic resonance imaging of the major salivary glands. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2013; 37:272-8. [PMID: 23493218 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0b013e31827b4729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study age-related characteristics of T1 and T2 relaxation times and volume of the major salivary glands. METHODS Thirty-five subjects (0.5-87 years old) with normal salivary glands were imaged with mixed turbo spin-echo pulse sequences at 1.5-T magnetic resonance units. Bilateral parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands were segmented manually. Histograms for each salivary gland were generated and modeled with Gaussian functions for every parameter. RESULTS Seventy parotid glands, 52 submandibular glands, and 50 sublingual glands were segmented and the histograms were analyzed. The parotid gland exhibited shorter-peak T1s and longer-peak T2s relative to the submandibular and sublingual glands. The peak T2s for all glands showed a minimum value between 2 and 4 years of age and increased monotonically thereafter. From birth to early adulthood, all glands increased in size logarithmically. CONCLUSION Age-related relaxo-volumetric changes of the major salivary glands show clear T2 and volumetric age-related patterns for all glands.
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9
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Withers C, Gosney MA, Methven L. Perception of Thickness, Mouth Coating and Mouth Drying of Dairy Beverages by Younger and Older Volunteers. J SENS STUD 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Withers
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
| | - Margot A. Gosney
- Clinical Health Sciences; University of Reading; Reading UK
- The Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust; Reading UK
| | - Lisa Methven
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Reading; Reading RG6 6AP UK
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Prakasam S, Srinivasan M. Evaluation of salivary biomarker profiles following non-surgical management of chronic periodontitis. Oral Dis 2013; 20:171-7. [PMID: 23496245 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Soluble toll-like receptor-2 (sTLR-2) and cytokines in saliva were assessed as clinical markers for chronic periodontitis in a longitudinal study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Unstimulated whole saliva was collected from 20 periodontally healthy individuals and 20 patients with chronic periodontitis at diagnosis and at 1 and 6 weeks following scaling and root planing (SRP). Biomarkers including the cytokines (IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-17), sTLR-2, and sCD14 in saliva were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Mann-Whitney U-test and Student's t-test were used to determine the significance between healthy and chronic periodontitis groups and that between pre- and post-SRP samples, respectively. RESULTS Salivary sTLR-2, IL-17, and IL-10 levels were significantly lower and those of sCD14, IL-6, and IL-4 were significantly higher in patients with chronic periodontitis as compared with healthy controls. Furthermore, sTLR-2 and IL-4 in saliva reached levels comparable to those of healthy individuals at 6-week re-evaluation visit, implicating a correlation of the two markers with the disease process. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that salivary sTLR-2 is a potential prognostic or maintenance marker for chronic periodontitis. The observed variability of salivary cytokines is consistent with the role of these cytokines in the progression of chronic periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prakasam
- Department of Periodontics and Allied Dental Programs, Indiana University School of Dentistry, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Diaz de Guillory C, Schoolfield JD, Johnson D, Yeh CK, Chen S, Cappelli DP, Bober-Moken IG, Dang H. Co-relationships between glandular salivary flow rates and dental caries. Gerodontology 2013; 31:210-9. [PMID: 23289887 DOI: 10.1111/ger.12028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to evaluate the relationship of age, gender, ethnicity and salivary flow rates on dental caries in an adult population using data collected from the Oral Health San Antonio Longitudinal Study of Aging (OH: SALSA). BACKGROUND Saliva is essential to maintain a healthy oral environment and diminished output can result in dental caries. Although gender and age play a role in the quantity of saliva, little is known about the interaction of age, gender and ethnicity on dental caries and salivary flow rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data from the 1147 participants in the OH: SALSA were analysed. The dependent variables were the number of teeth with untreated coronal caries, number of teeth with root caries and the number of coronal and root surfaces with untreated caries. The independent variables were stimulated and unstimulated glandular salivary flow rates along with the age, sex and ethnicity (e.g. European or Mexican ancestry) of the participants. RESULTS Coronal caries experience was greater in younger participants while root surface caries experience was greater in the older participants. Coronal caries was lower in the older age groups while the root caries experience increased. Men had a statistically significant (p < 0.02) higher experience of root caries than women. Values for unstimulated and stimulated parotid salivary flow rates showed no age difference and remained constant with age, whereas the age differences in the unstimulated and stimulated submandibular/sublingual salivary flow rates were significant. The mean number of teeth with coronal and root caries was higher in Mexican-Americans than in European-Americans. CONCLUSIONS Over one-fourth of the adults between the ages of 60 and 79 have untreated root caries over one-third having untreated coronal caries. Lower salivary flow rates play a significant role in both the number of teeth and the number of surfaces developing caries in these adults. Women and individuals of European-American ancestry experience less caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Diaz de Guillory
- Department of Comprehensive Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
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12
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Nery LR, Moreira CR, Cestari TM, Taga R, Damante JH. Postmortem acinar autolysis in rat sublingual gland: a morphometric study. J Appl Oral Sci 2011; 18:509-14. [PMID: 21085809 PMCID: PMC4246384 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572010000500014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To analyze and to quantify morphological acinar postmortem changes in rat
sublingual glands (SLG). Material and Methods Fifty rats were divided into two groups of 25 animals each. Group I was used for
morphological and morphometric evaluations and group II for the determination of
gland density and processed gland volume. Acinar autolytic changes were studied at
0 (control group), 3, 6, 12 and 24 h postmortem periods. The morphometric analysis
of the volume density (Vv) and total volume
(VT) of intact (ia) and autolyzed (aa) acini was
performed under light microscopy using a Zeiss II integration grid with 100
symmetrically distributed points. Results Morphologically, temporal progressive nuclear alterations and gradual loss of the
structural architecture of acinar cells were found. Regarding quantitative
results, both the Vvaa and the Vvia showed statistically significant differences
among all postmortem periods (p<0.05). Vvaa increased from
0.42% at 0 h to 75.84% at 24 h postmortem and Vvia decreased from 71.16% to 0%
over the same period. For VTaa and
VTia, no statistically significant differences
occurred between 12-24 h and 0-3 h (p>0.05), respectively. Vtaa increased from
0.18 mm3 at 0 h to 38.17 mm3 at 12 h, while Vtia showed a
decrease from 33.47 mm3 to 0 mm3 between 3-24 h postmortem.
Data concerning VTaa were adjusted by twovariable
linear regression, obtaining the equation: y=-3.54 + 3.38x (r2=0.90).
The VTaa growth rate calculated by this equation was
3.38 mm3/h between 0-12 h. Conclusion Acinar autolysis on rat SLG demonstrated the most significant signs during the
first 6 h postmortem and was widely spread through the gland at 12 h.
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13
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Smidt D, Torpet LA, Nauntofte B, Heegaard KM, Pedersen AML. Associations between labial and whole salivary flow rates, systemic diseases and medications in a sample of older people. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2011; 38:422-35. [PMID: 20545715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2010.00554.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations between age, gender, systemic diseases, medications and labial and whole salivary flow rates in older people. METHODS Unstimulated labial (LS) and unstimulated (UWS) and chewing-stimulated (SWS) whole salivary flow rates were measured in 389 randomly selected community-dwelling Danish women and 279 men aged 65-97 years. Systemic diseases, medications (coded according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification System), tobacco and alcohol consumption were registered. RESULTS The number of diseases and medications was higher and UWS lower in the older age groups. On average, women were slightly older, had more diseases, higher medication intake and lower UWS, SWS and LS than men. High number of diseases and medications was associated with low UWS, SWS and LS. In the healthy (14%) and nonmedicated (19%) participants, flow rates were not associated with age and gender, apart from SWS being lower in nonmedicated women. Low UWS were associated with psychiatric and respiratory disorders, type 2 diabetes and intake of psycholeptics, psychoanaleptics (especially SRRIs), respiratory agents, oral antidiabetics (particularly sulfonylureas), magnesium-hydroxide, cardiac agents, quinine, thiazides, calcium channel blockers, statins, urinary antispasmodics, glucosamine, NSAIDs, opioids and ophthalmologicals. SWS were lower in participants with ophthalmological disorders using ophthalmologicals (especially antiglaucoma agents and miotics), but also in those taking antidepressants, cardiac agents (mostly digitalis glycosides) and calcium channel blockers. Cardiovascular diseases and intake of anti-thrombotics (mainly low dose aspirins), calcium channel blockers and oral antidiabetics were associated with low LS. CONCLUSIONS In older people, low salivary flow rates are associated with specific and high number of diseases and medications, but neither with age and gender per se nor with tobacco and alcohol consumption. Low UWS are associated with more diseases and medications than SWS and LS, which were primarily associated with cardiovascular diseases and medications including preventive agents such as low-dose aspirins and statins. New insights into medications and their association with salivary gland function were achieved using the ATC classification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorte Smidt
- Section of Oral Medicine, Clinical Oral Physiology, Oral Pathology and Anatomy, Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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14
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Fleissig Y, Reichenberg E, Redlich M, Zaks B, Deutsch O, Aframian DJ, Palmon A. Comparative proteomic analysis of human oral fluids according to gender and age. Oral Dis 2011; 16:831-8. [PMID: 20561216 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01696.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, interest in finding disease bio-markers in human body fluids including oral fluids (OF), mainly saliva has increased. However, the physiologic differences in salivary proteins according to gender and age should be explored to establish a clinical diagnostic tool. OBJECTIVE To compare OF protein expression according to gender and age, using proteomic approaches. MATERIALS AND METHODS Oral fluids from 27 healthy volunteers (14 males, 13 females) was collected and divided into three age-groups. OF proteins were separated by means of 2D-SDS-PAGE. A total of 51 proteins in 37 protein spots were identified by ESI-MS/MS. RESULTS Gender differences revealed six proteins with significant higher expression in females, including β-2-microglobulin and transferrin. Age differences revealed decrease in expression of eight proteins with aging among males and seven proteins differentially expressed with aging among females including prolactin inducible protein, Ig-k light chain, transferrin, and calgranulin-B. CONCLUSION Proteomic analysis of OF revealed differences in protein expression according to gender and age and therefore can highlight future use of this technique for diagnostic purposes in health and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fleissig
- Institute of Dental Sciences, Hadassah Faculty of Dental Medicine, the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Daniels C, Rubinsky B. Electrical field and temperature model of nonthermal irreversible electroporation in heterogeneous tissues. J Biomech Eng 2009; 131:071006. [PMID: 19640131 DOI: 10.1115/1.3156808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nonthermal irreversible electroporation (NTIRE) is a new minimally invasive surgical technique that is part of the emerging field of molecular surgery, which holds the potential to treat diseases with unprecedented accuracy. NTIRE utilizes electrical pulses delivered to a targeted area, producing irreversible damage to the cell membrane. Because NTIRE does not cause thermal damage, the integrity of all other molecules, collagen, and elastin in the targeted area is preserved. Previous theoretical studies have only examined NTIRE in homogeneous tissues; however, biological structures are complex collections of diverse tissues. In order to develop electroporation as a precise treatment in clinical applications, realistic models are necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to refine electroporation as a treatment by examining the effect of NTIRE in heterogeneous tissues of the prostate and breast. This study uses a two-dimensional finite element solution of the Laplace and bioheat equations to examine the effects of heterogeneities on electric field and temperature distribution. Three different heterogeneous structures were taken into account: nerves, blood vessels, and ducts. The results of this study demonstrate that heterogeneities significantly impact both the temperature and electrical field distribution in surrounding tissues, indicating that heterogeneities should not be neglected. The results were promising. While the surrounding tissue experienced a high electrical field, the axon of the nerve, the interior of the blood vessel, and the ducts experienced no electrical field. This indicates that blood vessels, nerves, and lactiferous ducts adjacent to a tumor treated with electroporation will survive, while the cancerous lesion is ablated. This study clearly demonstrates the importance of considering heterogeneity in NTIRE applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Daniels
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Enoki N, Kiyoshima T, Sakai T, Kobayashi I, Takahashi K, Terada Y, Sakai H. Age-dependent changes in cell proliferation and cell death in the periodontal tissue and the submandibular gland in mice: a comparison with other tissues and organs. J Mol Histol 2007; 38:321-32. [PMID: 17578672 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-007-9105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the age-dependent changes in the number of BrdU- and TUNEL-positive cells in murine gingival tissue and submandibular gland, and compared the findings with those in other tissues and organs. The cell proliferative activity was decreased after 20 weeks of age in epithelial cells of the gingiva, tongue, buccal mucosa and skin. A decreased cell proliferative activity was also associated with aging in the liver and kidney parenchymal cells. Meanwhile, cell death showed peculiar changes in gingival subepithelial tissue, and mucous and serous acini of the submandibular gland. An increase of TUNEL-positive cells was demonstrated in gingival subepithelial tissue after 20-week-old of age. A significant increase of TUNEL-positive cells was also found in the mucous acinar cells in the 20-week-old mice and in the serous acini after 20 weeks. The fluctuation in the number of TUNEL-positive cells in the subepithelial tissue of the skin, and BrdU- and TUNEL-positive staining ratios in the liver was smaller than that in other tissue and organs throughout life. This study may provide useful information for better understanding the influence of aging on the functional alteration that occurs in the gingival tissue and submandibular gland of the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Enoki
- Laboratory of Oral Pathology and Medicine, Department of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Mouly S, Salom M, Tillet Y, Coudert AC, Oberli F, Preshaw PM, Desjonquères S, Bergmann JF. Management of Xerostomia in Older Patients. Drugs Aging 2007; 24:957-65. [DOI: 10.2165/00002512-200724110-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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