1
|
Abdallah AT, Peitz M, Konermann A. Revealing Genetic Dynamics: scRNA-seq Unravels Modifications in Human PDL Cells across In Vivo and In Vitro Environments. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4731. [PMID: 38731950 PMCID: PMC11083143 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The periodontal ligament (PDL) is a highly specialized fibrous tissue comprising heterogeneous cell populations of an intricate nature. These complexities, along with challenges due to cell culture, impede a comprehensive understanding of periodontal pathophysiology. This study aims to address this gap, employing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology to analyze the genetic intricacies of PDL both in vivo and in vitro. Primary human PDL samples (n = 7) were split for direct in vivo analysis and cell culture under serum-containing and serum-free conditions. Cell hashing and sorting, scRNA-seq library preparation using the 10x Genomics protocol, and Illumina sequencing were conducted. Primary analysis was performed using Cellranger, with downstream analysis via the R packages Seurat and SCORPIUS. Seven distinct PDL cell clusters were identified comprising different cellular subsets, each characterized by unique genetic profiles, with some showing donor-specific patterns in representation and distribution. Formation of these cellular clusters was influenced by culture conditions, particularly serum presence. Furthermore, certain cell populations were found to be inherent to the PDL tissue, while others exhibited variability across donors. This study elucidates specific genes and cell clusters within the PDL, revealing both inherent and context-driven subpopulations. The impact of culture conditions-notably the presence of serum-on cell cluster formation highlights the critical need for refining culture protocols, as comprehending these influences can drive the creation of superior culture systems vital for advancing research in PDL biology and regenerative therapies. These discoveries not only deepen our comprehension of PDL biology but also open avenues for future investigations into uncovering underlying mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali T. Abdallah
- Cluster of Excellence Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), 50931 Cologne, Germany;
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Computational Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, 50923 Cologne, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research, University Hospital RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Life and Brain Center, University Hospital Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Konermann
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Bonn, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yamashita E, Negishi S, Kikuta J, Shimizu M, Senpuku H. Effects of Improper Mechanical Force on the Production of Sonic Hedgehog, RANKL, and IL-6 in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:108. [PMID: 38668020 PMCID: PMC11049549 DOI: 10.3390/dj12040108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Improper mechanical stress may induce side effects during orthodontic treatment. If the roots and alveolar bones are extensively resorbed following excess mechanical stress, unplanned tooth mobility and inflammation can occur. Although multiple factors are believed to contribute to the development of side effects, the cause is still unknown. Sonic hedgehog (Shh), one of the hedgehog signals significantly associated with cell growth and cancer development, promotes osteoclast formation in the jawbone. Shh may be associated with root and bone resorptions during orthodontic treatment. In this study, we investigated the relationships between Shh, RANKL, and IL-6 in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) cells exposed to improper mechanical force. Weights were placed on hPDL cells and human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) for an optimal orthodontic force group (1.0 g/cm2) and a heavy orthodontic force group (4.0 g/cm2). A group with no orthodontic force was used as a control group. Real-time PCR, SDS-PAGE, and Western blotting were performed to examine the effects of orthodontic forces on the expression of Shh, RANKL, and IL-6 at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 h after the addition of pressure. The protein expression of Shh was not clearly induced by orthodontic forces of 1.0 and 4.0 g/cm2 compared with the control in HGFs and hPDL cells. In contrast, RANKL and IL-6 gene and protein expression was significantly induced by 1.0 and 4.0 g/cm2 in hPDL cells for forces lasting 6~24 h. However, neither protein was expressed in HGFs. RANKL and IL-6 expressions in response to orthodontic forces and in the control were clearly inhibited by Shh inhibitor RU-SKI 43. Shh did not directly link to RANKL and IL-6 for root and bone resorptions by orthodontic force but was associated with cell activities to be finally guided by the production of cytokines in hPDL cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erika Yamashita
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Shinichi Negishi
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Jun Kikuta
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Mami Shimizu
- Department of Orthodontics, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan; (E.Y.); (S.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Hidenobu Senpuku
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Nihon University of School at Matsudo, Matsudo 271-8587, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hyckel P, Liehr T. Thoughts on the Etiology of Cherubism. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2082. [PMID: 38610846 PMCID: PMC11012468 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13072082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cherubism is nowadays classified as an autoimmune disease and was first described in 1933. Although suspected at that time to be the result of defective tooth development, it was primarily classified as a bone disease caused by a mutation in the SH3BP2 gene. Despite a knock-in mouse model, phenotypic signs in the jaw area were not reproducible in this model. The features of classical cherubism can be attributed to a disturbed formation of the dental placode of the second molar. Since 2019, it has become clear that inhibition of the WNT pathway leads to the accumulation of SH3BP2 via tankyrase inhibition. As the dental placode is triggered via WNT (in epithelia) and MSX1 (in mesenchyme), aplasia of the second and third molars occurs due to a block in the WNT pathway. The mesenchymal part, which occurs prior to the body plan regulation of the WNT/MSX1 pathway, remains unaffected and provides the substrate for the giant cell granuloma. Considering macrophage polarization and the role of the extracellular matrix in general, cherubism is situated in the field of tension between autoimmune diseases and cancer. In this sense, we see the cause of cherubism in a WNT-related dysregulation, which can be proven postnatally in the neural crest-related tooth development of the replacement tooth ridge, both genotypically and phenotypically.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, 07747 Jena, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Khan A, Kothiwale SV. Evaluation on the efficacy of processed hydrated and dehydrated amnion chorion membrane on the proliferation of periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Cell Tissue Bank 2024; 25:349-356. [PMID: 36840842 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-023-10077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to process and assess the effect of hydrated amnion chorion membrane and dehydrated amnion chorion membrane on proliferation of periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblast cells. The amnion chorion membrane (ACM) from placenta of 18 systemically healthy patients was obtained from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. They were processed as hydrated and dehydrated based on different processing methods. The Periodontal ligament cells were obtained from periodontal ligament of freshly extracted premolars of systemically healthy patients, due to orthodontic reasons. The PDL cells were further cultured in laboratory and were exposed to hydrated and dehydrated amnion chorion membrane. The MTT assay was performed to assess the proliferation of PDL fibroblast cells after 24 and 48 h. The hydrated and dehydrated amnion chorion membrane showed proliferation of PDL fibroblasts after 24 and 48 h. The proliferation of PDL fibroblasts in hydrated (p = 0.043) and dehydrated (p = 0.050) amnion chorion membrane was statistically significant at the end of 24 and 48 h respectively. On inter-group comparison dehydrated ACM showed significant proliferation of PDL fibroblasts after 24 (p=0.014) and 48 h (p=0.019). Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded: both hydrated and dehydrated amnion chorion membrane showed proliferationof PDL fibroblast cells. However, dehydrated ACM showed significant proliferation of PDL fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Khan
- Department of Periodontics, KAHER's KLE V.K. Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India
| | - Shaila V Kothiwale
- Department of Periodontics, KAHER's KLE V.K. Institute of Dental Sciences, Belagavi, Karnataka, 590010, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Aryal A. C. S, Nassar M, Rani K. G. A, Al-Rawi AM, Nassar R, Islam MS. Phytic acid effect on periodontal ligament fibroblast: An in-vitro study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295612. [PMID: 38096253 PMCID: PMC10721015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated phytic acid (IP6) effect on the viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium release of human periodontal ligament (HPDL) cells in optimal (OGL) and elevated glucose level (EGL) in cell culture media. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were seeded in OGL (1000mg/L) or EGL (4500 mg/L) media. IP6 was added at 0.005%, 0.01% or 0.02% concentrations for 24 or 48h, and XTT assay was performed. Cell differentiation and calcium release in presence of 0.02% IP6 in OGL or EGL in non-osteogenic or osteogenic media were analyzed using ALP assay and alizarin red staining, respectively. RESULTS In OGL, IP6 enhanced the viability of the cells at both exposure times (P<0.05). However, IP6 lowered the viability of the cells with the presence of EGL compared to the control at both exposure times, except for 0.02% IP6 which showed comparable viability to the control at 48 h. In OGL and EGL, ALP activity of the cells was not affected by the presence of IP6 in non-osteogenic media; however, in osteogenic media IP6 lowered the ALP activity. Meanwhile, calcium release was the highest with IP6 within osteogenic media of EGL. CONCLUSIONS IP6 effects on the HPDL cells were dependent on IP6 concentration, time of exposure, glucose levels and the osteogenic condition of the media. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study gives insights on the potential therapeutic effect of IP6 as adjunctive periodontal therapy in patients with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Aryal A. C.
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohannad Nassar
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aghila Rani K. G.
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed M. Al-Rawi
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai Health, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Md. Sofiqul Islam
- Department of Operative Dentistry, RAK College of Dental Sciences, RAK Medical and Health Sciences University, Ras Al-Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang H, Peng Y, Huang X, Xiao J, Ma L, Liu H, Huang H, Yang Z, Wang C, Wang X, Cao Z. Glycometabolic reprogramming in cementoblasts: A vital target for enhancing cell mineralization. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23241. [PMID: 37847512 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202300870rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Cementum, a constituent part of periodontal tissues, has important adaptive and reparative functions. It serves to attach the tooth to alveolar bone and acts as a barrier delimit epithelial growth and bacteria evasion. A dynamic and highly responsive cementum is essential for maintaining occlusal relationships and the integrity of the root surface. It is a thin layer of mineralized tissue mainly produced by cementoblasts. Cementoblasts are osteoblast-like cells essential for the restoration of periodontal tissues. In recent years, glucose metabolism has been found to be critical in bone remodeling and osteoblast differentiation. However, the glucose metabolism of cementoblasts remains incompletely understood. First, immunohistochemistry staining and in vivo tracing with 18 F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18 F-FDG) revealed significantly higher glucose metabolism in cementum formation. To test the bioenergetic pathways of cementoblast differentiation, we compared the bioenergetic profiles of mineralized and unmineralized cementoblasts. As a result, we observed a significant increase in the consumption of glucose and production of lactate, coupled with the higher expression of glycolysis-related genes. However, the expression of oxidative phosphorylation-related genes was downregulated. The verified results were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. Likewise, targeted energy metabolomics shows that the levels of glycolytic metabolites were significantly higher in the mineralized cementoblasts. Seahorse assays identified an increase in glycolytic flux and reduced oxygen consumption during cementoblast mineralization. Apart from that, we also found that lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), a key glycolysis enzyme, positively regulates the mineralization of cementoblasts. In summary, cementoblasts mainly utilized glycolysis rather than oxidative phosphorylation during the mineralization process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Heyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hantao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengkun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengguo Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral & Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontology, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mahdi Souzani A, Rajeshwari HRS, Selvaganapathy PR, Kishen A. Impact of 3D collagen-based model and hydrostatic pressure on periodontal ligament fibroblast: A morpho-biochemical analysis. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2023; 147:106092. [PMID: 37689009 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
This study developed a customized hydrostatic pressure-based loading environment to investigate the effect of static hydrostatic pressure on the periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLf) in a three-dimensional (3D) collagen-based model. The cylindrical tissue constructs were comprised of PDL fibroblast cells seeded in type I collagen matrices and divided into three experimental groups: Control (no load), low-load (∼0.07 kPa), and high-load (∼60 kPa), all subjected to 24 h of experimental duration. Cells in the 3D construct were stained with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies for cytoskeletal protein F-actin and matricellular protein periostin. Cell culture supernatant was assessed for receptor activator of nuclear factor kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression. Transmission electron microscopy examined the contact between the cells and the collagen matrix. Ultrastructural changes in the 3D collagen matrix were also analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. Experiments were performed in triplicates, and data was analyzed using one-way ANOVA (p < 0.05). The 3D PDLf constructs from the low-load group demonstrated the highest levels of homogeneous cell distribution and higher expression of F-actin and periostin with enhanced interaction with the matrix. The collagen matrix in this group showed more closely packed fibers forming thicker bundles when compared to the control and the high-load 3D PDLf constructs. Nonuniform cell distribution with decreased expression of F-actin and periostin was observed in the control and high-load PDLf constructs. The high-load group showed the highest RANKL/OPG expression. This study demonstrated low-level hydrostatic pressure's role in regulating PDLf functions and extracellular matrix response, while excessive hydrostatic pressure may be detrimental to PDL fibroblast cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Armin Mahdi Souzani
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | | | - P Ravi Selvaganapathy
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
| | - Anil Kishen
- The Kishen Lab, Dental Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada; Department of Dentistry, Mount Sinai Health System, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5G 1X5, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Behfarnia P, Fazlalizadeh S, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Ejeian F, Mogharehabed A. Isolation and characterization of human periodontal ligament stem cells under the terms of use in clinical application: A pilot study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2023; 20:105. [PMID: 38020251 PMCID: PMC10680072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study is to determine the possibility of isolation and characterization of the human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs) using limited harvested periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue of only one patient's wisdom teeth (2-4 teeth) under the more compatible terms of use in clinical application without using the fetal bovine serum (FBS). Materials and Methods In this pilot study, hPDLSCs were isolated from the impacted third molar, and tissue was scraped from the roots of the impacted third molar of 10 volunteers to enzymatically digest using collagenase. The cells were sub-cultured. The samples of the first seven patients and half of the eighth patient's sample were cultured in alpha modified of Eagle's medium (α-MEM) (-FBS) medium and the other part of the eighth patient's sample was cultured with prior medium supplemented with +FBS 15% as a control of the cultivation protocol. While for the past two patients (9th and 10th the α-MEM medium was supplemented with L-Glutamine, anti/anti 2X, and 20% knock-out serum replacement (KSR). Two more nutritious supplements (N2 and B27) were added to the medium of the tenth sample. Flow-cytometric analysis for the mesenchymal stem cell surface markers CD105, CD45, CD90, and CD73 was performed. Subsequent polymerase chain reaction was undertaken on three samples cultured with two growth media. Results Cultivation failed in some of the samples because of the lack of cell adhesion to the culturing dish bottom (floating cells), but it was successful for the 9th and 10th patients, which were cultured in the α-MEM serum supplemented with KSR 20%. Flow cytometry analysis was positive for CD105, CD90, and CD73 and negative for CD45. The PDL stem cells (PDLSCs) expressed CD105, CD45, and CD90 but were poor for CD73. Conclusion According to the limited number of sample tests in this study, isolation and characterization of PDLSCs from collected PDL tissue of one patient's wisdom teeth (2-4) may be possible by the proper setup in synthetic FBS-free serum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Behfarnia
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Implant Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sheida Fazlalizadeh
- Department of Periodontics, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmad Mogharehabed
- Department of Periodontics, Dental Implant Research Center, School of Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Nile M, Folwaczny M, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U, Janjic Rankovic M. Fluid flow shear stress and tissue remodeling-an orthodontic perspective: evidence synthesis and differential gene expression network analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1256825. [PMID: 37795174 PMCID: PMC10545883 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1256825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to identify and analyze in vitro studies investigating the biological effect of fluid-flow shear stress (FSS) on cells found in the periodontal ligament and bone tissue. Method: We followed the PRISMA guideline for systematic reviews. A PubMed search strategy was developed, studies were selected according to predefined eligibility criteria, and the risk of bias was assessed. Relevant data related to cell source, applied FSS, and locus-specific expression were extracted. Based on this evidence synthesis and, as an original part of this work, analysis of differential gene expression using over-representation and network-analysis was performed. Five relevant publicly available gene expression datasets were analyzed using gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Result: A total of 6,974 articles were identified. Titles and abstracts were screened, and 218 articles were selected for full-text assessment. Finally, 120 articles were included in this study. Sample size determination and statistical analysis related to methodological quality and the ethical statement item in reporting quality were most frequently identified as high risk of bias. The analyzed studies mostly used custom-made fluid-flow apparatuses (61.7%). FSS was most frequently applied for 0.5 h, 1 h, or 2 h, whereas FSS magnitudes ranged from 6 to 20 dyn/cm2 depending on cell type and flow profile. Fluid-flow frequencies of 1 Hz in human cells and 1 and 5 Hz in mouse cells were mostly applied. FSS upregulated genes/metabolites responsible for tissue formation (AKT1, alkaline phosphatase, BGLAP, BMP2, Ca2+, COL1A1, CTNNB1, GJA1, MAPK1/MAPK3, PDPN, RUNX2, SPP1, TNFRSF11B, VEGFA, WNT3A) and inflammation (nitric oxide, PGE-2, PGI-2, PTGS1, PTGS2). Protein-protein interaction networks were constructed and analyzed using over-representation analysis and GSEA to identify shared signaling pathways. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first review giving a comprehensive overview and discussion of methodological technical details regarding fluid flow application in 2D cell culture in vitro experimental conditions. Therefore, it is not only providing valuable information about cellular molecular events and their quantitative and qualitative analysis, but also confirming the reproducibility of previously published results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Nile
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kandemir Demirci G, Çöven FO, Güneri P, Karavana SY, Nalbantsoy A, Köse T, Kaval ME. The solubility, pH value, chemical structure, radiopacity, and cytotoxicity of four different root canal sealers: an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5413-5425. [PMID: 37486382 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate solubility, pH value, chemical structure, radiopacity, and cytotoxicity of AH Plus BC, TotalFill BC, AH Plus, and AH Plus Jet sealers. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cytotoxicity analysis with direct and extraction tests at 3 different concentrations (1:1, 1:2, 1:4 v/v%) and time (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h) on Saos-2, PdLF, and THP-1 cell lines, chemical structure with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis, solubility, pH, and radiopacity values of AH Plus BC, TotalFill BC, AH Plus, and AH Plus Jet were evaluated. For statistical analyses of the groups, repeated measures, factorial, and one-way ANOVA tests were used. The statistical significance level was set at p < .05. RESULTS Resin-based sealers showed higher cytotoxicity values than the bioceramic-based sealers (p < 0.05). Time and concentrations were effective on the cell viabilities for cell lines. Higher peaks of calcium were detected bioceramic-based sealers and higher amount of zirconium was detected in AH Plus BC (p < 0.05). AH Plus BC showed similar radiopacity value with AH Plus, AH Plus Jet, whereas TotalFill BC showed the lowest radiopacity (p < 0.05). Bioceramic-based sealers had higher pH values in all experiment periods, and the difference between resin- and bioceramic-based sealer groups was significant (p < 0.05). However, the solubility values of the tested root canal sealers revealed no differences (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The newly produced AH Plus BC Sealer showed similar properties with TotalFill BC, and their biological properties were better than AH Plus and AH Plus Jet. CLINICAL RELEVANCE AH Plus BC could be a possible alternative to other bioceramic- or resin-based sealers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Furkan Ozan Çöven
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Pelin Güneri
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Sinem Yaprak Karavana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Nalbantsoy
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Timur Köse
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Emin Kaval
- Department of Endodontology, School of Dentistry, Ege University, 35100, İzmir, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pigeaud KE, Rietveld ML, Witvliet AF, Hogervorst JMA, Zhang C, Forouzanfar T, Bravenboer N, Schoenmaker T, de Vries TJ. The Effect of Sclerostin and Monoclonal Sclerostin Antibody Romosozumab on Osteogenesis and Osteoclastogenesis Mediated by Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087574. [PMID: 37108735 PMCID: PMC10145870 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sclerostin is a bone formation inhibitor produced by osteocytes. Although sclerostin is mainly expressed in osteocytes, it was also reported in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts, which are cells that play a role in both osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. Here, we assess the role of sclerostin and its clinically used inhibitor, romosozumab, in both processes. For osteogenesis assays, human PDL fibroblasts were cultured under control or mineralizing conditions with increasing concentrations of sclerostin or romosozumab. For analyzing osteogenic capacity and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, alizarin red staining for mineral deposition and qPCR of osteogenic markers were performed. Osteoclast formation was investigated in the presence of sclerostin or romosozumab and, in PDLs, in the presence of fibroblasts co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PDL-PBMC co-cultures stimulated with sclerostin did not affect osteoclast formation. In contrast, the addition of romosozumab slightly reduced the osteoclast formation in PDL-PBMC co-cultures at high concentrations. Neither sclerostin nor romosozumab affected the osteogenic capacity of PDL fibroblasts. qPCR analysis showed that the mineralization medium upregulated the relative expression of osteogenic markers, but this expression was barely affected when romosozumab was added to the cultures. In order to account for the limited effects of sclerostin or romosozumab, we finally compared the expression of SOST and its receptors LRP-4, -5, and -6 to the expression in osteocyte rich-bone. The expression of SOST, LRP-4, and LRP-5 was higher in osteocytes compared to in PDL cells. The limited interaction of sclerostin or romosozumab with PDL fibroblasts may relate to the primary biological function of the periodontal ligament: to primarily resist bone formation and bone degradation to the benefit of an intact ligament that is indented by every chew movement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karina E Pigeaud
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie L Rietveld
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Science Park 113, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aster F Witvliet
- Amsterdam University College, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Science Park 113, 1098 XG Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M A Hogervorst
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tim Forouzanfar
- Oral Pathology and 3D Innovation Lab, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie Bravenboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ton Schoenmaker
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teun J de Vries
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Gustav Mahlerlaan 3004, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chansamart R, Sangvanich P, Thunyakitpisal P. Clinical and Radiographic Evaluation of Combined Acemannan and Periodontal Surgery Induced-Periodontal Regeneration: 5-Year Follow-up Case Report. Open Dent J 2023. [DOI: 10.2174/18742106-v17-e230124-2022-75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective:
Acemannan, a polysaccharide extracted from aloe vera gel, accelerates oral wound healing, reparative dentin formation, and bone formation in extraction sockets. In this report, we evaluated the efficacy of combined acemannan and periodontal surgery on periodontal regeneration in severe periodontitis cases requiring periodontal surgery.
Case Presentation and Discussion:
Three chronic periodontitis patients with probing pocket depths of at least 6 mm and two- or three-walled vertical bone defects after initial periodontal therapy were included. The patients underwent minimally invasive periodontal surgery with acemannan sponges placed in the defect. Maintenance recall was scheduled every 6 months for 5 years. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed to assess the effects of the combined acemannan and periodontal surgery on periodontal regeneration. The patients demonstrated improved clinical parameters and increased radiographic bone fill at the 5-year follow-ups. The percentage bone fill in the three-walled defect, combined two- and three-walled defect, and two-walled defect cases were 70%, 60%, and 20%, respectively. The underlying mechanism of action of acemannan in periodontal regeneration was also discussed.
Conclusion:
Acemannan sponges can be used as an adjunct to periodontal surgery for periodontal regeneration.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim J, Kim JY, Bhattarai G, So HS, Kook SH, Lee JC. Periodontal Ligament-Mimetic Fibrous Scaffolds Regulate YAP-Associated Fibroblast Behaviors and Promote Regeneration of Periodontal Defect in Relation to the Scaffold Topography. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:599-616. [PMID: 36575925 PMCID: PMC9837821 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Although multiple regenerative strategies are being developed for periodontal reconstruction, guided periodontal ligament (PDL) regeneration is difficult because of its cellular and fibrous complexities. Here, we manufactured four different types of PDL-mimic fibrous scaffolds on a desired single mat. These scaffolds exhibited a structure of PDL matrix and human PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs) cultured on the scaffolds resembling morphological phenotypes present in native PDLF. The scaffold-seeded PDLF exerted proliferative, osteoblastic, and osteoclastogenic potentials depending on the fiber topographical cues. Fiber surface-regulated behaviors of PDLF were correlated with the expression patterns of yes-associated protein (YAP), CD105, periostin, osteopontin, and vinculin. Transfection with si-RNA confirmed that YAP acted as the master mechanosensing regulator. Of the as-spun scaffolds, aligned or grid-patterned microscale scaffold regulated the YAP-associated behavior of PDLF more effectively than nanomicroscale or random-oriented microscale scaffold. Implantation with hydrogel complex conjugated with microscale-patterned or grid-patterned scaffold, but not other types of scaffolds, recovered the defected PDL with native PDL-mimic cellularization and fiber structure in the reformed PDL. Our results demonstrate that PDL-biomimetic scaffolds regulate topography-related and YAP-mediated behaviors of PDLF in relation to their topographies. Overall, this study may support a clinical approach of the fiber-hydrogel complex in guided PDL regenerative engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong
In Kim
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Ju Yeon Kim
- Department
of Bionanosystem Engineering, Jeonbuk National
University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Govinda Bhattarai
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Han-Sol So
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Kook
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Chae Lee
- Cluster
for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute
of Oral Biosciences and School of Dentistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
- Department
of Bioactive Material Sciences, Research Center of Bioactive Materials, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ganther S, Fenno CJ, Kapila YL. Stimulation of Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Using Purified Dentilisin Extracted from Treponema denticola. Bio Protoc 2022; 12:e4571. [PMID: 36618097 PMCID: PMC9797361 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is a chronic multifactorial disease triggered by a complex of bacterial species. These interact with host tissues to cause the release of a broad array of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue remodelers, such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which lead to the destruction of periodontal tissues. Patients with severe forms of periodontitis are left with a persistent pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile throughout the periodontium, even after clinical intervention, leading to the destruction of teeth-supporting tissues. The oral spirochete, Treponema denticola , is consistently found at significantly elevated levels at sites with advanced periodontal disease. Of all T. denticola virulence factors that have been described, its chymotrypsin-like protease complex, also called dentilisin, has demonstrated a multitude of cytopathic effects consistent with periodontal disease pathogenesis, including alterations in cellular adhesion activity, degradation of various endogenous extracellular matrix-substrates, degradation of host chemokines and cytokines, and ectopic activation of host MMPs. Thus, the following model of T. denticola -human periodontal ligament cell interactions may provide new knowledge about the mechanisms that drive the chronicity of periodontal disease at the protein, transcriptional, and epigenetic levels, which could afford new putative therapeutic targets. This protocol was validated in: PLOS Pathog (2021), DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christopher J. Fenno
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Biosystems and Function, School of Dentistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhou M, Graves DT. Impact of the host response and osteoblast lineage cells on periodontal disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:998244. [PMID: 36304447 PMCID: PMC9592920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.998244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis involves the loss of connective tissue attachment and alveolar bone. Single cell RNA-seq experiments have provided new insight into how resident cells and infiltrating immune cells function in response to bacterial challenge in periodontal tissues. Periodontal disease is induced by a combined innate and adaptive immune response to bacterial dysbiosis that is initiated by resident cells including epithelial cells and fibroblasts, which recruit immune cells. Chemokines and cytokines stimulate recruitment of osteoclast precursors and osteoclastogenesis in response to TNF, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, RANKL and other factors. Inflammation also suppresses coupled bone formation to limit repair of osteolytic lesions. Bone lining cells, osteocytes and periodontal ligament cells play a key role in both processes. The periodontal ligament contains cells that exhibit similarities to tendon cells, osteoblast-lineage cells and mesenchymal stem cells. Bone lining cells consisting of mesenchymal stem cells, osteoprogenitors and osteoblasts are influenced by osteocytes and stimulate formation of osteoclast precursors through MCSF and RANKL, which directly induce osteoclastogenesis. Following bone resorption, factors are released from resorbed bone matrix and by osteoclasts and osteal macrophages that recruit osteoblast precursors to the resorbed bone surface. Osteoblast differentiation and coupled bone formation are regulated by multiple signaling pathways including Wnt, Notch, FGF, IGF-1, BMP, and Hedgehog pathways. Diabetes, cigarette smoking and aging enhance the pathologic processes to increase bone resorption and inhibit coupled bone formation to accelerate bone loss. Other bone pathologies such as rheumatoid arthritis, post-menopausal osteoporosis and bone unloading/disuse also affect osteoblast lineage cells and participate in formation of osteolytic lesions by promoting bone resorption and inhibiting coupled bone formation. Thus, periodontitis involves the activation of an inflammatory response that involves a large number of cells to stimulate bone resorption and limit osseous repair processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan, China
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Dana T. Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Dana T. Graves,
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Potential donor-dependent regulative effects of endogenous sclerostin expression and mineralization potential in primary human PDL cells in vitro. Ann Anat 2022; 244:151980. [PMID: 35787444 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.151980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The glycoprotein sclerostin is mostly expressed in osteocytes and plays a central role in human bone metabolism. However, sclerostin and the corresponding SOST gene have been found in periodontal ligament cells under mineralizing conditions as well. The present study aimed to investigate, whether there was a correlation between endogenous SOST expression, the corresponding gene, and mineralization potential in human periodontal ligament cells and to identify different sclerostin expression and secretion patterns in cells derived from individual donors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Primary human periodontal ligament cells of three different donors were cultivated under control or mineralizing conditions for 6, 13, 15 and 18 days, respectively. Calcium deposits were stained with alizarin red and quantified afterwards. Quantitative expression analysis of the SOST gene encoding sclerostin was performed using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, intracellular sclerostin expression was analyzed using Western blotting and extracellular sclerostin secretion was quantified using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). RESULTS Alizarin red staining identified calcium deposits in periodontal ligament cells under mineralizing conditions beginning from day 13, relative SOST expression occurred on day 6. Whereas staining continued to increase in donor 1 on day 15, it remained stable in donors 2 and 3. Conversely, baseline SOST expression was significantly lower in donor 1 compared to donors 2 and 3. Western blotting and ELISA revealed increased intra- and extracellular sclerostin expression at day 13 under mineralizing conditions. Donor 3 exhibited the highest overall sclerostin levels. CONCLUSIONS Our data emphasize donor-specific characteristics in differentiation potential and sclerostin expression patterns in primary human periodontal ligament cells. Sclerostin might play a central role in modulating osteogenic differentiation in periodontal ligament cells as part of a negative feedback mechanism in avoiding excessive mineralization.
Collapse
|
17
|
Fraser D, Caton J, Benoit DSW. Periodontal Wound Healing and Regeneration: Insights for Engineering New Therapeutic Approaches. FRONTIERS IN DENTAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fdmed.2022.815810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a widespread inflammatory disease that leads to loss of the tooth supporting periodontal tissues. The few therapies available to regenerate periodontal tissues have high costs and inherent limitations, inspiring the development of new approaches. Studies have shown that periodontal tissues have an inherent capacity for regeneration, driven by multipotent cells residing in the periodontal ligament (PDL). The purpose of this review is to describe the current understanding of the mechanisms driving periodontal wound healing and regeneration that can inform the development of new treatment approaches. The biologic basis underlying established therapies such as guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and growth factor delivery are reviewed, along with examples of biomaterials that have been engineered to improve the effectiveness of these approaches. Emerging therapies such as those targeting Wnt signaling, periodontal cell delivery or recruitment, and tissue engineered scaffolds are described in the context of periodontal wound healing, using key in vivo studies to illustrate the impact these approaches can have on the formation of new cementum, alveolar bone, and PDL. Finally, design principles for engineering new therapies are suggested which build on current knowledge of periodontal wound healing and regeneration.
Collapse
|
18
|
Hosiriluck N, Kashio H, Takada A, Mizuguchi I, Arakawa T. The profiling and analysis of gene expression in human periodontal ligament tissue and fibroblasts. Clin Exp Dent Res 2022; 8:658-672. [PMID: 35106969 PMCID: PMC9209801 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The periodontal ligament (PDL) is an important component of periodontium to support dental structure in the alveolar socket. Regeneration of PDL tissue is an effective treatment option for periodontal disease and the profiling of genes involved in this process will be informative. Therefore, our study aims to accurately delineate the profiling of gene expression for PDL tissue regeneration. Materials and Methods We isolated PDL tissues and PDL fibroblasts (PDLFs) from premolar teeth, which were extracted from healthy periodontal status patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in PDL tissue and PDLFs were analyzed using Cap analysis gene expression, which is a second‐generation sequencing technique to create profiling. We also determined the protein expression using Western blot. Results Collagens (type I, III, and VI), noncollagenous proteins (periostin and osteonectin), and proteoglycans (asporin, lumican, decorin, and osteomodulin) were highly expressed in PDL tissue. Integrin, β1 was also expressed in PDL tissue. On comparison of gene expression between PDL tissue and PDLFs, four PDL marker genes, osteopontin, asporin, periostin, and osteonectin, were decreased in PDLFs. The genes for gene regulation were also highly expressed. Conclusions Our study demonstrated the overall profiling of mRNA expression in PDL tissue and analyzed the important genes which may be useful for providing specific information for the reconstruction of PDL. We also identified the difference in gene expression between PDL tissue and PDLFs which might provide insights towards PDL regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nattakarn Hosiriluck
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruna Kashio
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ayuko Takada
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Itaru Mizuguchi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toshiya Arakawa
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Tobetsu-cho, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sun C, Janjic Rankovic M, Folwaczny M, Stocker T, Otto S, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of Different Parameters of In Vitro Static Tensile Strain on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells Simulating the Tension Side of Orthodontic Tooth Movement. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031525. [PMID: 35163446 PMCID: PMC8835937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of different magnitudes and durations of static tensile strain on human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), focusing on osteogenesis, mechanosensing and inflammation. Static tensile strain magnitudes of 0%, 3%, 6%, 10%, 15% and 20% were applied to hPDLCs for 1, 2 and 3 days. Cell viability was confirmed via live/dead cell staining. Reference genes were tested by reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and assessed. The expressions of TNFRSF11B, ALPL, RUNX2, BGLAP, SP7, FOS, IL6, PTGS2, TNF, IL1B, IL8, IL10 and PGE2 were analyzed by RT-qPCR and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). ALPL and RUNX2 both peaked after 1 day, reaching their maximum at 3%, whereas BGLAP peaked after 3 days with its maximum at 10%. SP7 peaked after 1 day at 6%, 10% and 15%. FOS peaked after 3 days with its maximum at 3%, 6% and 15%. The expressions of IL6 and PTGS2 both peaked after 1 day, with their minimum at 10%. PGE2 peaked after 1 day (maximum at 20%). The ELISA of IL6 peaked after 3 days, with the minimum at 10%. In summary, the lower magnitudes promoted osteogenesis and caused less inflammation, while the higher magnitudes inhibited osteogenesis and enhanced inflammation. Among all magnitudes, 10% generally caused a lower level of inflammation with a higher level of osteogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Sun
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Thomas Stocker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Sven Otto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Facial Plastic Surgery, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany;
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany; (C.S.); (M.J.R.); (T.S.); (A.W.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Establishing a technique for isolation and characterization of human periodontal ligament derived mesenchymal stem cells. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:693-701. [PMID: 34803321 PMCID: PMC8589598 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2020.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are extensively used in tissue regenerative procedures. One source of MSCs is the periodontal ligament (PDL) of teeth. Isolation of MSCs from extracted teeth is reasonably simple, being less invasive and presenting fewer ethical concerns than does the harvesting of MSC’s from other sites. The objectives of this study were to isolate and characterize the PDL stem cells (PDLSC) from healthy adults’ extracted teeth and then to characterize them by comparing them with bone-marrow derived MSCs (BMMSC). Methods The PDL tissue was scraped from the roots of freshly extracted teeth to enzymatically digest using collagenase. The cells were sub-cultured. Flow-cytometric analysis for the MSC surface-markers CD105, CD73, CD166, CD90, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR was performed. To confirm the phenotype, total RNA was extracted to synthesize cDNA and which was then subjected to RT-PCR. The gene-expression for Oct4A, Sox2, NANOG and GAPDH was determined by gel-electrophoresis. To assess their multilineage potential, cells were cultured with osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic medium and then stained by Alizarin-red, Alcian-blue and Oil-Red-O respectively. MSCs from the bone-marrow were processed similarly to serve as controls. Results The cells isolated from extracted teeth expanded successfully. On flow-cytometric analysis, the cells were positive for CD73, CD90, CD105, CD166 and negative for CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR. The PDLSCs expressed Oct4A, Sox2, and NANOG mRNA with GAPDH expression. Cells cultured in the osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic media stained positive for Alizarin-red, Alcian-blue and Oil- Red-O respectively. The surface marker expression and the trilineage differentiation characteristics were comparable to those of the BMMSCs. Conclusions The periodontal ligament tissue of extracted teeth is a potential source of therapeutically useful MSCs. Harvesting them is not invasive and are a promising source of MSC as the PDLSCs showed characteristics similar to those of the highly regarded MSC’s derived from bone-marrow.
Collapse
|
21
|
Sun C, Janjic Rankovic M, Folwaczny M, Otto S, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of Tension on Human Periodontal Ligament Cells: Systematic Review and Network Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:695053. [PMID: 34513810 PMCID: PMC8429507 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.695053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthodontic tooth movement is based on the remodeling of tooth-surrounding tissues in response to mechanical stimuli. During this process, human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs) play a central role in mechanosensing and mechanotransduction. Various in vitro models have been introduced to investigate the effect of tension on hPDLCs. They provide a valuable body of knowledge on how tension influences relevant genes, proteins, and metabolites. However, no systematic review summarizing these findings has been conducted so far. Aim of this systematic review was to identify all related in vitro studies reporting tension application on hPDLCs and summarize their findings regarding force parameters, including magnitude, frequency and duration. Expression data of genes, proteins, and metabolites was extracted and summarized. Studies' risk of bias was assessed using tailored risk of bias tools. Signaling pathways were identified by protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks using STRING and GeneAnalytics. According to our results, Flexcell Strain Unit® and other silicone-plate or elastic membrane-based apparatuses were mainly adopted. Frequencies of 0.1 and 0.5 Hz were predominantly applied for dynamic equibiaxial and uniaxial tension, respectively. Magnitudes of 10 and 12% were mostly employed for dynamic tension and 2.5% for static tension. The 10 most commonly investigated genes, proteins and metabolites identified, were mainly involved in osteogenesis, osteoclastogenesis or inflammation. Gene-set enrichment analysis and PPI networks gave deeper insight into the involved signaling pathways. This review represents a brief summary of the massive body of knowledge in this field, and will also provide suggestions for future researches on this topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Sun
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Otto
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Plastic Surgery, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mayr A, Marciniak J, Eggers B, Blawat K, Wildenhof J, Bastos Craveiro R, Wolf M, Deschner J, Jäger A, Beisel-Memmert S. Autophagy Induces Expression of IL-6 in Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Under Mechanical Load and Overload and Effects Osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Front Physiol 2021; 12:716441. [PMID: 34512388 PMCID: PMC8430222 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.716441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Autophagy is an important cellular adaptation mechanism to mechanical stress. In animal experiments, inhibition of autophagy during orthodontic tooth movement triggered increased expression of inflammation-related genes and decreased bone density. The aim of this study was to investigate how autophagy affects cytokine levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts under mechanical pressure and the resulting influence on osteoblast communication. Methods: hPDL fibroblasts were subjected to physiologic mechanical load, constant overload, or rapamycin treatment for 16 to 24 h ± autophagy inhibitor 3-MA. Autophagosomes were quantified by flow cytometry. Gene expression of il-6 as well as IL-6 levels in the supernatant were determined with rtPCR and ELISA. To investigate the influence of mechanically-induced autophagy on cell-cell communication, an osteoblast-culture was subjected to supernatant from stimulated hPDL fibroblasts ± soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R). After 24 h, osteoprotegerin (opg) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (rankl) gene expressions were detected with rtPCR. Gene expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinases (adam) 10 and 17 in stimulated hPDL fibroblasts was examined via rtPCR. Results: Autophagy was induced by biomechanical stress in hPDL fibroblasts in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanical load and overload increased IL-6 expression at gene and protein level. Autophagy inhibition further enhanced the effects of mechanical stimulation on IL-6 expression. Mechanical stimulation of hPDL fibroblasts downregulated adam10 and adam17 expressions. Inhibition of autophagy had stimulus-intensity depending effects: autophagy inhibition alone or additional application of physiological stress enhanced adam10 and adam17 expressions, whereas mechanical overload had adverse effects. Osteoblasts showed significantly reduced opg expression in the presence of supernatant derived of hPDL fibroblasts treated with autophagy inhibitor and sIL-6R. Conclusion: IL-6 levels were increased in response to pressure in hPDL fibroblasts, which was further enhanced by autophagy inhibition. This caused a decrease in opg expression in osteoblasts. This may serve as an explanatory model for accelerated tooth movement observed under autophagy inhibition, but may also represent a risk factor for uncontrolled bone loss.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Mayr
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jana Marciniak
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Benedikt Eggers
- Department of Oral, Maxillofacial and Plastic Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim Blawat
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Wildenhof
- Private Clinic Schloss Schellenstein, Olsberg, Germany
| | - Rogerio Bastos Craveiro
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Wolf
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Svenja Beisel-Memmert
- Department of Orthodontics, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ganther S, Radaic A, Malone E, Kamarajan P, Chang NYN, Tafolla C, Zhan L, Fenno JC, Kapila YL. Treponema denticola dentilisin triggered TLR2/MyD88 activation upregulates a tissue destructive program involving MMPs via Sp1 in human oral cells. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009311. [PMID: 34255809 PMCID: PMC8301614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is driven by dysbiosis in the oral microbiome, resulting in over-representation of species that induce the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and tissue-remodeling matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the periodontium. These chronic tissue-destructive inflammatory responses result in gradual loss of tooth-supporting alveolar bone. The oral spirochete Treponema denticola, is consistently found at significantly elevated levels in periodontal lesions. Host-expressed Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2) senses a variety of bacterial ligands, including acylated lipopolysaccharides and lipoproteins. T. denticola dentilisin, a surface-expressed protease complex comprised of three lipoproteins has been implicated as a virulence factor in periodontal disease, primarily due to its proteolytic activity. While the role of acylated bacterial components in induction of inflammation is well-studied, little attention has been given to the potential role of the acylated nature of dentilisin. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that T. denticola dentilisin activates a TLR2-dependent mechanism, leading to upregulation of tissue-destructive genes in periodontal tissue. RNA-sequencing of periodontal ligament cells challenged with T. denticola bacteria revealed significant upregulation of genes associated with extracellular matrix organization and degradation including potentially tissue-specific inducible MMPs that may play novel roles in modulating host immune responses that have yet to be characterized within the context of oral disease. The Gram-negative oral commensal, Veillonella parvula, failed to upregulate these same MMPs. Dentilisin-induced upregulation of MMPs was mediated via TLR2 and MyD88 activation, since knockdown of expression of either abrogated these effects. Challenge with purified dentilisin upregulated the same MMPs while a dentilisin-deficient T. denticola mutant had no effect. Finally, T. denticola-mediated activation of TLR2/MyD88 lead to the nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Sp1, which was shown to be a critical regulator of all T. denticola-dependent MMP expression. Taken together, these data suggest that T. denticola dentilisin stimulates tissue-destructive cellular processes in a TLR2/MyD88/Sp1-dependent fashion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Ganther
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Allan Radaic
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Erin Malone
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Pachiyappan Kamarajan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nai-Yuan Nicholas Chang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Christian Tafolla
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ling Zhan
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Fenno
- Department of Biological and Material Sciences & Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Yvonne L. Kapila
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nogueira LS, Vasconcelos CP, Mitre GP, Bittencourt LO, Plaça JR, Kataoka MSDS, Pinheiro JDJV, Garlet GP, De Oliveira EHC, Lima RR. Gene Expression Profile in Immortalized Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Through hTERT Ectopic Expression: Transcriptome and Bioinformatic Analysis. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:679548. [PMID: 34141725 PMCID: PMC8204186 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.679548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human periodontal ligament fibroblast (hPLF) cells play an important role in maintaining oral cavity homeostasis with special function in tissue regeneration and maintenance of dental alveoli. Although their primary cell cultures are considered a good experimental model with no genetic changes, the finite life span may limit some experimental designs. The immortalization process increases cell life span but may cause genetic changes and chromosomal instability, resulting in direct effects on physiological cell responses. In this way, we aimed to investigate the global gene expression of hPLFs after the immortalization process by the ectopic expression of the catalytic subunit of the enzyme telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) through transcriptome analysis. The embryonic origin of the primary culture of hPLF cells and immortalized hPLF-hTERT was also tested by vimentin staining, hTERT synthesis evaluated by indirect immunocytochemistry, analysis of cell proliferation, and morphology. The results indicated that hPLFs and hPLF-hTERT were positive for vimentin. On the 20th cell passage, hPLFs were in senescence, while hPLF-hTERT maintained their proliferation and morphology characteristics. At the same passage, hPLF-hTERT presented a significant increase in hTERT synthesis, but transcriptome did not reveal overexpression of the hTERT gene. Fifty-eight genes had their expression altered (11 upregulated and 47 downregulated) with the absence of changes in the key genes related to these cell types and in the main cancer-associated genes. In addition, the increase in hTERT protein expression without the overexpression of its gene indicates posttranscriptional level regulation. Successful immortalization of hPLFs through the ectopic expression of hTERT encourages further studies to design experimental protocols to investigate clinical questions from a translational perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lygia S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Carolina P Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | | | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Jessica Rodrigues Plaça
- Regional Blood Center at University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Edivaldo H C De Oliveira
- Laboratory of Cell Culture and Cytogenetics, Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Ananindeua, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Yamamoto R, Amano K, Takahashi SW, To M, Takahashi S, Matsuo M. Changes in the microcirculation in periodontal tissue due to experimental peri-implantitis. J Oral Biosci 2021; 63:153-160. [PMID: 33746071 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2021.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Peri-implantitis causes dislodgement of dental implants due to inflammation in the peri-implant tissue. The microcirculation in the periodontal tissue undergoes morphological and physiological changes due to inflammation. The immune mechanism of peri-implantitis differs from that of periodontitis. In this study, we examined the changes in the microcirculation in the peri-implant tissue with experimentally induced inflammation, using morphological and physiological techniques. METHODS Six beagle dogs were used in the experiment. After extracting both mandibular premolars, three titanium screw implants were inserted on each side of the mandibular jaw. Dental floss was placed on the right side for 90 days in the study group but not in the control group. Microvascular resin cast models were created, and morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy. Periodontal blood flow was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. RESULTS Ninety days after induction of inflammation, bone resorption was observed around the implant body. Osseointegration was impaired, and a gap at the implant-bone interface was observed. The resin cast models showed that inflamed gingival blood vessels had invaded the bone marrow through the resorbed apical margin of the alveolar bone. Analysis of the physiological data obtained using laser Doppler flowmetry showed a significant increase in blood flow around the implants with experimentally induced inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Significant morphological and physiological changes occur in the gingival microcirculation of peri-implant tissue due to inflammation. Evaluating the vasculature and blood flow in the tissue surrounding the site of peri-implantitis may be helpful for pathologic analysis in clinical settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Yamamoto
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Kaori Amano
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Satoko-Wada Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Masahiro To
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Takahashi
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan
| | - Masato Matsuo
- Department of Oral Science, Kanagawa Dental University, Graduate School of Dentistry, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bunte K, Kuhn C, Walther C, Peters U, Aarabi G, Smeets R, Beikler T. Clinical significance of ragA, ragB, and PG0982 genes in Porphyromonas gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients. Eur J Oral Sci 2021; 129:e12776. [PMID: 33667038 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Consistent detection of ragA, ragB, and PG0982 in the genome of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) isolates from periodontitis patients suggests that genotypes containing these genes may influence virulence and P. gingivalis-associated periodontitis progression. This study evaluated the prevalence of these genes in P. gingivalis isolates from periodontitis patients (n = 28) and in isolates from periodontally healthy P. gingivalis carriers (n = 34). The association of these genes with progression of periodontitis, in vitro cell invasiveness, and bacterial survival following periodontal therapy was also assessed. Periodontal charting and microbiological sampling were done at baseline, and at 6, 12, and 24 months following subgingival debridement of the periodontitis patients. Healthy controls were assessed at baseline for comparison. P. gingivalis isolates were analysed by ragA, ragB, and PG0982 specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing. Primary human gingival fibroblasts were used for invasion experiments. Results showed that 25% of the tested isolates from the periodontitis group had ragB detected, whereas this gene was undetected in isolates from healthy participants. However, none of the selected genes was associated with an increased cell invasiveness in vitro, with bacterial survival, or with significant clinical periodontal parameter changes. Identification of genes that influence P.gingivalis virulence and therapeutic outcome may have a diagnostic or prognostic value.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kübra Bunte
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Carolin Walther
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Peters
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ghazal Aarabi
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Smeets
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Regenerative Orofacial Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Blawat K, Mayr A, Hardt M, Kirschneck C, Nokhbehsaim M, Behl C, Deschner J, Jäger A, Memmert S. Regulation of Autophagic Signaling by Mechanical Loading and Inflammation in Human PDL Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249446. [PMID: 33322510 PMCID: PMC7763506 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy (cellular self-consumption) is a crucial adaptation mechanism during cellular stress conditions. This study aimed to examine how this important process is regulated in human periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts by mechanical and inflammatory stress conditions and whether the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is involved. Autophagy was quantified by flow cytometry. Qualitative protein phosphorylation profiling of the mTOR pathway was carried out. Effects of mTOR regulation were assessed by quantification of important synthesis product collagen 1, cell proliferation and cell death with real-time PCR and flow cytometry. Autophagy as a response to mechanical or inflammatory treatment in PDL fibroblasts was dose and time dependent. In general, autophagy was induced by stress stimulation. Phosphorylation analysis of mTOR showed regulatory influences of mechanical and inflammatory stimulation on crucial target proteins. Regulation of mTOR was also detectable via changes in protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Physiological pressure had cell-protective effects (p = 0.025), whereas overload increased cell death (p = 0.003), which was also promoted in long-term inflammatory treatment (p < 0.001). Our data provide novel insights about autophagy regulation by mechanical and inflammatory stress conditions in human PDL fibroblasts. Our results suggest some involvement of the mTOR pathway in autophagy and cell fate regulation under the named conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Blawat
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Alexandra Mayr
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Miriam Hardt
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Marjan Nokhbehsaim
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany;
| | - Christian Behl
- The Autophagy Lab, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
| | - James Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | - Andreas Jäger
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
| | - Svenja Memmert
- Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Department of Orthodontics, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53111 Bonn, Germany; (K.B.); (A.M.); (M.H.); (A.J.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Quast A, Martian V, Bohnsack A, Batschkus S, Meyer-Marcotty P, Miosge N. Donor variation and sex hormone receptors in periodontal ligament cells. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 122:105026. [PMID: 33348207 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.105026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the gene expression and protein synthesis of sex hormone receptors in human periodontal ligament cells (PDLCs) in relation to donor- and tooth-specific factors with the aim to clarify the debate about sex hormone receptors in PDLCs. DESIGN The expression patterns of estrogen receptors (genes: ESR1 and ESR2; proteins: ERα and ERβ), androgen receptor (AR) and progesterone receptor (PR) were investigated in the context of immortalization status, previous orthodontic tooth movement (OTM), donor age, sex and hormonal stimulation in PDLCs from 14 healthy donors (male: n = 8, female: n = 6; adolescents: n = 8, adults: n = 6) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS For ERβ, the full-length isoform ERβ1 and truncated variants were detected. For ERα, the expected isoform ERα66 was not observed, but a novel isoform ERα36 was detected. Immortalization status, previous OTM and donor age had no impact on ESR1 and ESR2 expression. Estradiol stimulation for 24 h doubled the ratio of ESR2/ESR1 in PDLCs from female but not male donors, indicating sex-specific patterns of receptor expression. AR and PR demonstrated insufficient protein synthesis in PDLCs. CONCLUSIONS The data revealed a pivotal role for and complex interplay between ERα and ERβ in human PDLCs regardless of variable donor characteristics. Therefore, PDLC biology might be altered in patients of each age group and both sexes due to hormonal changes. This should be kept in mind during periodontic and orthodontic treatment of patients with special hormonal status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Viktor Martian
- Tissue Regeneration Group, Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Bohnsack
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Batschkus
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | | | - Nicolai Miosge
- Tissue Regeneration Group, Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Atkuru S, Muniraj G, Sudhaharan T, Chiam KH, Wright GD, Sriram G. Cellular ageing of oral fibroblasts differentially modulates extracellular matrix organization. J Periodontal Res 2020; 56:108-120. [PMID: 32969036 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ageing is associated with an impaired cellular function that can affect tissue architecture and wound healing in gingival and periodontal tissues. However, the impact of oral fibroblast ageing on the structural organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins is poorly understood. Hence, in this study, we investigated the impact of cellular ageing of oral fibroblasts on the production and structural organization of collagen and other ECM proteins. METHODS Oral fibroblasts were serially subcultured, and replicative cellular senescence was assessed using population doubling time, Ki67 counts and expression of P21WAFI . The production and structural organization of ECM proteins were assessed at early (young-oFB) and late (aged-oFB) passages. The thickness and pattern of collagen produced by live cultures of young- and aged-oFB were assessed using a label-free and non-invasive second harmonic generation (SHG)-based multiphoton imaging. Expression of other ECM proteins (fibronectin, fibrillin, collagen-IV and laminins) was evaluated using immunocytochemistry and confocal microscopy-based depth profile analysis. RESULTS Aged-oFB displayed a higher population doubling time, lower Ki67+ cells and higher expression of P21WAFI indicative of slower proliferation rate and senescence phenotype. SHG imaging demonstrated that young-oFB produced a thick, interwoven network of collagen fibres, while the aged-oFB produced thin and linearly organized collagen fibres. Similarly, analysis of immunostained cultures showed that young-oFB produced a rich, interwoven mesh of fibronectin, fibrillin and collagen-IV fibres. In contrast, the aged-oFB produced linearly organized fibronectin, fibrillin and collagen-IV fibres. Lastly, there was no observable difference in production and organization of laminins among the young- and aged-oFB. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that oral fibroblast ageing impairs ECM production and more importantly the organization of ECM fibres, which could potentially impair wound healing in the elderly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srividya Atkuru
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Giridharan Muniraj
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Thankiah Sudhaharan
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- Bioinformatics Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Graham Daniel Wright
- A*STAR Microscopy Platform, Research Support Centre, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore City, Singapore
| | - Gopu Sriram
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore City, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Miller EP, Pokorski JK, Palomo L, Eppell SJ. A Bottom-Up Approach Grafts Collagen Fibrils Perpendicularly to Titanium Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:6088-6095. [PMID: 35021741 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Currently, titanium dental implant apposition to bone is achieved via osseointegration leading to ankylosis. A biomimetic Sharpey's fiber-type interface could be constructed around collagen fibrils robustly attached and projecting perpendicularly from the titanium surface. We present a proof-of-concept for a method to create upright-standing collagen nanofibrils covalently bonded to a titanium surface. The method involves activation of the titanium surface using a plasma discharge treatment followed by functionalization with an oxyamine-terminated silane coupling molecule. Using Rapoport's salt, the N-termini of individual type I collagen monomers are converted to ketones. When presented to the functionalized titanium surface, these ketones form oxime linkages with the silanes thus immobilizing the collagen. In a two-step process, these covalently bonded monomers act as sites for the formation of fibrils. Many fibril-surface junctions were observed by scanning electron microscopy on three different surfaces. These findings set the stage for working toward a high surface density of such features which might act as a platform from which to build a synthetic ligament.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloise P Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Jonathan K Pokorski
- Department of NanoEngineering, Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Leena Palomo
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Garna D, Kaur M, Hughes FJ, Ghuman M. Comparison of the Expression of Periodontal Markers in Dental and Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells. Open Dent J 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1874210602014010196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background:
Periodontal ligament stem cells are a source of mesenchymal stem cells, but it is unclear whether their phenotype is distinct from mesenchymal stem cells derived from different tissues, such as those derived from bone marrow.
Objective:
To investigate the expression of the putative PDL markers asporin, periostin, nestin and cementum protein 1, by periodontal ligament stem cells both constitutively and during osteogenic differentiation when compared to bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells, and dental pulp stem cells.
Methods:
The primary human periodontal ligament, bone marrow, and dental pulp stem cells, and osteoblasts from different donors were cultured in vitro. The expression of periodontal marker associated genes during osteogenic induction was tested by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence staining.
Results:
Asporin expression was detected in periodontal ligament stem cells and increased markedly during the time in culture (upregulated x53 fold at 21 days post-induction). During osteogenic differentiation, asporin expression significantly decreased in periodontal ligament cells whereas periostin significantly decreased in dental pulp cells. Periostin expression was absent in osteoblasts, but expression gradually increased in all other cells with time in culture. Nestin expression was mainly seen in the periodontal ligament and dental pulp cells and was largely absent in osteoblasts and bone marrow cells. Cementum protein-1 was most highly expressed in bone marrow cells and osteoblasts following osteogenic induction.
Conclusions:
The results provide further evidence that periodontal ligament-derived and bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells are phenotypically distinct. Periodontal markers are also expressed in dental pulp stem cells.
Collapse
|
32
|
Janjic Rankovic M, Docheva D, Wichelhaus A, Baumert U. Effect of static compressive force on in vitro cultured PDL fibroblasts: monitoring of viability and gene expression over 6 days. Clin Oral Investig 2019; 24:2497-2511. [PMID: 31728735 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03113-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to investigate the impact of static compressive force (CF) application on human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDF) in vitro for up to 6 days on the expression of specific genes and to monitor cell growth and cell viability. MATERIALS AND METHODS CF of 2 g/cm2 was applied on HPDFs for 1-6 days. On each day, gene expression (cFOS, HB-GAM, COX2, IL6, TNFα, RUNX2, and P2RX2) and secretion (TNFα, PGE2) were determined by RT-qPCR and ELISA, respectively. Cell growth and cell viability were monitored daily. RESULTS In comparison with controls, significant upregulation of cFOS in compressed HPDFs was observed. HB-GAM showed no changes in expression, except on day 5 (P < 0.001). IL6 expression was significantly upregulated from day 2-5, reaching the maximum on day 3 (P < 0.001). TNFα expression was upregulated on all but day 2. COX2 showed upregulation, reaching the plateau from day 3 (P < 0.001) until day 4 (P < 0.001), and returning to the initial state till day 6. P2RX7 was downregulated on days 2 and 4 to 6 (P < 0.001). RUNX2 was downregulated on days 2 and 5 (both P < 0.001). Cells in both groups were proliferating, and no negative effect on cell viability was observed. CONCLUSION Results suggest high molecular activity up to 6 days, therefore introducing further need for in vitro studies with a longer duration that would explain other genes and metabolites involved in orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). CLINICAL RELEVANCE Extension of an established in vitro force application system for prolonged force application (6 days) simulating the initial phase of OTM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mila Janjic Rankovic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Denitsa Docheva
- Experimental Trauma Surgery, Department of Trauma Surgery, University Regensburg Medical Centre, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wu L, Yang K, Gui Y, Wang X. Nicotine-upregulated miR-30a arrests cell cycle in G1 phase by directly targeting CCNE2 in human periodontal ligament cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2019; 98:354-361. [PMID: 31689122 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The consumption of nicotine via smoking tobacco has been reported to stimulate the occurrence and progression of periodontitis. Many studies have demonstrated that nicotine prevents the regeneration of periodontal tissues primarily by inhibiting the proliferation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. However, the mechanisms underlying this process are still unclear. Therefore, we investigated whether nicotine-upregulated miR-30a inhibited the proliferation of human PDL cells by downregulating cyclin E2 (CCNE2), in vitro. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that nicotine upregulated the expression of miR-30a in human PDL cells. In addition, nicotine inhibited the proliferation of human PDL cells by inducing cell cycle arrest. To support this hypothesis, we showed that nicotine downregulated the expression of CCNE2 in human PDL cells, whereas inhibition of miR-30a restored CCNE2 expression that had been downregulated by nicotine. Furthermore, using luciferase reporter assays, we found that miR-30a directly interacts with the CCNE2 3'UTR. In conclusion, these findings indicate that nicotine-upregulated miR-30a inhibits the proliferation of human PDL cells by downregulating the expression of CCNE2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lizheng Wu
- Department of Stomatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese people's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China.,State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Kuan Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, College of Stomatology, Xi'an Jiaotong University
| | - Yajie Gui
- Department of Stomatology, Characteristic Medical Center of the Chinese people's Armed Police Force, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Huang J, Shen G, Ren H, Zhang Z, Yu X, Zhao W, Shang Q, Cui J, Yu P, Peng J, Liang D, Yang Z, Jiang X. Role of forkhead box gene family in bone metabolism. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:1986-1994. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Gengyang Shen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Hui Ren
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Spinal Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Zhida Zhang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Qi Shang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Jianchao Cui
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Peiyuan Yu
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Jiancheng Peng
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - De Liang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Spinal Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Zhidong Yang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Spinal Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| | - Xiaobing Jiang
- Lingnan Medical Research Center of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
- Department of Spinal Surgery The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Mechanically-induced GDF15 Secretion by Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts Regulates Osteogenic Transcription. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11516. [PMID: 31395909 PMCID: PMC6687747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47639-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The alveolar bone provides structural support against compressive and tensile forces generated during mastication as well as during orthodontic treatment. To avoid abnormal alveolar bone resorption and tooth loss, a balanced bone turnover by bone-degrading osteoclasts and bone-generating osteoblasts is of great relevance. Unlike its contradictory role in regulating osteoclast and osteoblast cell differentiation, the TGF-β/BMP-family member GDF15 is well known for its important functions in the regulation of cell metabolism, as well as cell fate and survival in response to cellular stress. Here, we provide first evidence for a potential role of GDF15 in translating mechanical stimuli into cellular changes in immature osteoblasts. We detected enhanced levels of GDF15 in vivo in periodontal ligament cells after the simulation of tooth movement in rat model system as well as in vitro in mechanically stressed human periodontal ligament fibroblasts. Moreover, mechanical stimulation enhanced GDF15 secretion by periodontal ligament cells and the stimulation of human primary osteoblast with GDF15 in vitro resulted in an increased transcription of osteogenic marker genes like RUNX2, osteocalcin (OCN) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Together, the present data emphasize for the first time a potential function of GDF15 in regulating differentiation programs of immature osteoblasts according to mechanical stimulation.
Collapse
|
36
|
Choi H, Liu Y, Jeong JK, Kim TH, Cho ES. Antagonistic interactions between osterix and pyrophosphate during cementum formation. Bone 2019; 125:8-15. [PMID: 31059863 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
During cementum formation, the key roles of osterix (Osx) and inorganic pyrophosphate (PPi), mainly controlled by nucleotide pyrophosphatase 1 (Npp1; encoded by the Enpp1 gene) and progressive ankylosis protein (Ank), have been demonstrated by animal models displaying altered cementum formation. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of Osx and local PPi during cementum formation using compound mutant mice with their wildtype and corresponding single gene mutants. Importantly, functional defects in PPi regulation led to the induction of Osx expression at the cervical cementum as demonstrated by Enpp1 mutant mice and cementoblasts with the retroviral transduction of small hairpin RNA for Enpp1 or Ank. Conversely, cementoblasts exposed to inorganic PPi or with the enforced expression of Enpp1 or Ank reduced Osx expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the loss of Osx induced the higher expression of Npp1 and Ank at the apical region of the developing tooth root as observed in Osx-deficient mice. The activity of PPi-generating ectoenzymes (nucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, NTPPPHase) and the level of extracellular PPi were significantly increased in Osx-knockdown cementoblasts. However, the formation of ectopic cervical cementum was not completely diminished by inactivation of Osx in Enpp1 mutant mice. In addition, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor 1 (Fgfr1) was strongly localized in cementoblasts lining the acellular cementum and involved in the inhibitory regulation of matrix accumulation and further mineralization by supporting PPi production. Taken together, these results suggest that local PPi suppresses matrix accumulation and further mineralization through an antagonistic interaction with Osx under the synergistic influence of FGF signaling during cementum formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hwajung Choi
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Yudong Liu
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Ju-Kyeong Jeong
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Tak-Heun Kim
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea
| | - Eui-Sic Cho
- Cluster for Craniofacial Development and Regeneration Research, Institute of Oral Biosciences, Chonbuk National University School of Dentistry, Jeonju 54896, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Autophagy in periodontal ligament fibroblasts under biomechanical loading. Cell Tissue Res 2019; 378:499-511. [PMID: 31352550 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-019-03063-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy (cellular self-consumption) is an adaptive stress response and an important aspect of adaption to mechanical loading. If mechanical forces are associated with autophagy regulation in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts is still unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of force magnitude on autophagy regulation and subsequently on cell death in human PDL fibroblasts. Autophagy-associated genes were analyzed with a specific PrimePCR assay after 24 h of stimulation with high (STSH) and low magnitudes (STSL) of static tensile strain applied to PDL fibroblasts. Based on the results, targets were selected for further real-time PCR analysis. The autophagic flux was assessed by immunoblotting for autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1, light chain 3, and by autophagosome staining. Cell death was determined by TUNEL assay and Cell Death Detection ELISAPLUS. Autophagy was induced pharmacologically by rapamycin and inhibited by chloroquine. For statistical analysis, the Kruskal Wallis test followed by the post-hoc Dunnett's test was used. Static tensile strain had regulatory effects on mRNA expression of multiple autophagy-associated targets. Stimulation with STSH induced mRNA expression changes in more autophagy-associated targets than STSL. The autophagic flux was induced by STSH while STSL had no significant effect on autophagosome formation. Furthermore, autophagy inhibition led to increased cell death. Low magnitudes of tensile strain seem to have cell-protective properties. Taken together, our findings provide novel insights about autophagy regulation by biomechanical loading in human PDL fibroblasts. Our results suggest a gradual response of autophagy to static tensile strain in human PDL fibroblasts.
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhang X, Yuan X, Xu Q, Arioka M, Van Brunt LA, Shi Y, Brunski J, Helms JA. Molecular Basis for Periodontal Ligament Adaptation to In Vivo Loading. J Dent Res 2019; 98:331-338. [PMID: 30612508 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518817305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A soft food diet leads to changes in the periodontal ligament (PDL). These changes, which have been recognized for more than a century, are ascribed to alterations in mechanical loading. While these adaptive responses have been well characterized, the molecular, cellular, and mechanical mechanisms underlying the changes have not. Here, we implicate Wnt signaling in the pathoetiology of PDL responses to underloading. We show that Wnt-responsive cells and their progeny in the PDL space exhibit a burst in proliferation in response to mastication. If an animal is fed a soft diet from the time of weaning, then this burst in Wnt-responsive cell proliferation is quelled; as a consequence, both the PDL and the surrounding alveolar bone undergo atrophy. Returning these animals to a hard food diet restores the Wnt signaling in PDL. These data provide, for the first time, a molecular mechanism underlying the adaptive response of the PDL to loading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- 1 State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - X Yuan
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Q Xu
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,3 The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - M Arioka
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,4 Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - L A Van Brunt
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Y Shi
- 5 Los Altos High School, Los Altos, CA, USA
| | - J Brunski
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - J A Helms
- 2 Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Wahjuningrum D, Elizabeth MK, Puteri F, Mardiyah A, Subiyanto A. Cytotoxicity assay of sodium hypochlorite and QMix on cultured human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells. J Int Oral Health 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/jioh.jioh_48_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
|
40
|
Kats A, Gerasimcik N, Näreoja T, Nederberg J, Grenlöv S, Lagnöhed E, Desai S, Andersson G, Yucel-Lindberg T. Aminothiazoles inhibit osteoclastogenesis and PGE 2 production in LPS-stimulated co-cultures of periodontal ligament and RAW 264.7 cells, and RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in PBMCs. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 23:1152-1163. [PMID: 30506812 PMCID: PMC6349150 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory mediator prostaglandin E2 (PGE2 ) contributes to bone resorption in several inflammatory conditions including periodontitis. The terminal enzyme, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 (mPGES-1) regulating PGE2 synthesis is a promising therapeutic target to reduce inflammatory bone loss. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of mPGES-1 inhibitors, aminothiazoles TH-848 and TH-644, on PGE2 production and osteoclastogenesis in co-cultures of periodontal ligament (PDL) and osteoclast progenitor cells RAW 264.7, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and bone resorption in RANKL-mediated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PDL and RAW 264.7 cells were cultured separately or co-cultured and treated with LPS alone or in combination with aminothiazoles. Multinucleated cells stained positively for tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) were scored as osteoclast-like cells. Levels of PGE2 , osteoprotegerin (OPG) and interleukin-6, as well as mRNA expression of mPGES-1, OPG and RANKL were analysed in PDL cells. PBMCs were treated with RANKL alone or in combination with aminothiazoles. TRAP-positive multinucleated cells were analysed and bone resorption was measured by the CTX-I assay. Aminothiazoles reduced LPS-stimulated osteoclast-like cell formation both in co-cultures and in RAW 264.7 cells. Additionally, aminothiazoles inhibited PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated cultures, but did not affect LPS-induced mPGES-1, OPG or RANKL mRNA expression in PDL cells. In PBMCs, inhibitors decreased both osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. In conclusion, aminothiazoles reduced the formation of osteoclast-like cells and decreased the production of PGE2 in co-cultures as well as single-cell cultures. Furthermore, these compounds inhibited RANKL-induced bone resorption and differentiation of PBMCs, suggesting these inhibitors for future treatment of inflammatory bone loss such as periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kats
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Natalija Gerasimcik
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tuomas Näreoja
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Jonas Nederberg
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Simon Grenlöv
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Lagnöhed
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Suchita Desai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Göran Andersson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tülay Yucel-Lindberg
- Department of Dental Medicine, Division of Periodontology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Regulation of tyrosine hydroxylase in periodontal fibroblasts and tissues by obesity-associated stimuli. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 375:619-628. [PMID: 30361782 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-018-2941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the synthesis of catecholamines and has been connected to aggravated progression of periodontal disease under chronic stress. Obesity is known to increase the risk of periodontitis and adipokines have been suggested to be a pathomechanistic link. This study examines if obesity-associated stimuli have regulatory effects on TH levels in periodontal cells and tissues. Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured in the presence of leptin or visfatin for up to 2 days. Untreated cells served as control. TH regulation was analyzed by real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry and ELISA. TH gene expression in periodontal tissues of normal-weight and obese rodents was determined. Examination of gingival biopsies from rats and patients with and without periodontal disease was performed by real-time PCR or immunohistochemistry. For statistics, ANOVA and post hoc tests were applied (p < 0.05). In vitro, TH gene expression and protein levels were increased by leptin and visfatin. In vivo, TH gene expression was upregulated in periodontal tissues of obese rodents as compared to normal-weight animals. Additionally, increased TH gene expression was found in rat gingival biopsies with experimental periodontitis. Human gingival biopsies from sites of periodontitis confirmed the animal data by demonstrating elevated TH levels at periodontally diseased sites. This study provides original evidence that obesity-associated stimuli induce a TH upregulation in periodontal cells and tissues. Since TH levels were also increased at periodontitis sites, our in vitro and animal findings suggest that this enzyme could represent a pathomechanism whereby obesity contributes to periodontitis.
Collapse
|
42
|
Shi J, Baumert U, Folwaczny M, Wichelhaus A. Influence of static forces on the expression of selected parameters of inflammation in periodontal ligament cells and alveolar bone cells in a co-culture in vitro model. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:2617-2628. [PMID: 30324573 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2697-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aim of this study was to investigate the impact of human PDL-derived fibroblasts (HPDF) and human alveolar bone-derived osteoblasts (HABO) co-culture on the expression of cytokines involved in tissue remodeling using an in vitro compressive force (CF) model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Static compressive force (CF) of 47.4 g/cm2 was applied on mono- and co-cultured HPDFs and HABOs for 1, 2, or 4 h at 30 °C. TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. TNF, PGE2, and IL6 concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In mono-culture, TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions were upregulated under CF as compared to controls for each time period in both cell types. PGE2 increased at 1 and 2 h in both cell types, and IL6 increased only at 2 and 4 h in HPDFs. Co-culture alleviated the force-induced increase of the expression of TNFA, PTGS2, IL6, PGE2, and IL6 in HPDFs at any time point. In HABOs, co-cultivation decreased the expression of PGE2 after 1 h and 4 h, and that of IL6 after 1 h compared to mono-culture. CONCLUSIONS CF application on co-cultures of HPDFs and HABOs causes significant changes of TNFA, PTGS2, and IL6 gene expressions and PGE2 and IL6 production in comparison to mono-culture indicating intercellular communication. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mechanical stimulation of HPDFs and HABOs in co-culture induces a different gene expression pattern than stimulation of individual cell types alone. Co-culture might therefore be a relevant method to elucidate periodontal regeneration during orthodontic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Shi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, China
| | - Uwe Baumert
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Matthias Folwaczny
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea Wichelhaus
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethestrasse 70, 80336, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Kleineidam B, Nokhbehsaim M, Deschner J, Wahl G. Effect of cold plasma on periodontal wound healing-an in vitro study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1941-1950. [PMID: 30232626 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2643-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cold atmospheric plasma (CAP), a room temperate ionized gas, seems to be a possible way to enhance tissue recovery. An in vitro study was conducted to investigate the influence of medical CAP on the regenerative capacity of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS Human PDL cells were subjected to CAP at various intensities, distances, and durations. The effects of CAP on a number of specific markers were studied at transcriptional level using real-time PCR. Additionally, an in vitro wound healing assay was applied to PDL cell monolayers either in the presence or absence of CAP by using JuLI™ Br Live Cell Analyzer and software. Finally, cell viability of CAP-treated cells was analyzed by an XTT assay. RESULTS CAP treatment enhanced significantly the expression of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α, cyclooxygenase (COX)2, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, collagen (COL)1α, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)1, as well as the proliferation markers Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), but downregulated apoptotic markers Apaf1 and p53. Additionally, the in vitro wound healing rate was significantly enhanced after CAP application. Moreover, CAP treatment resulted in a significantly increased cell viability in the XTT assay. CONCLUSION This in vitro study shows that CAP has regulatable effects on markers of periodontal wound healing thereby underlining the potential use of CAP as a benefit treatment strategy. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our study demonstrates the application of CAP in the treatment of oral pathologies suggesting a promising future treatment approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Kleineidam
- Department of Oral Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany.
| | - M Nokhbehsaim
- Section of Experimental Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| | - J Deschner
- Department of Periodontology and Operative Dentistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Augustusplatz 2, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - G Wahl
- Department of Oral Surgery, Center of Dento-Maxillo-Facial Medicine, University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstr. 17, 53111, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Whitty C, Wardale RJ, Henson FM. The regulation of sclerostin by cathepsin K in periodontal ligament cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:550-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
45
|
Yang J, Zhou J, Cui B, Yu T. Evaluation of Hypoxia on the Expression of miR-646/IGF-1 Signaling in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells (hPDLCs). Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:5282-5291. [PMID: 30058629 PMCID: PMC6080579 DOI: 10.12659/msm.910163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aims to investigate the role of miR-646 in hypoxia conditions in human periodontal ligament cells (hPDLCs), exploring the effect of hypoxia on hPDLCs proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, this study aimed to explore the potential mechanism of miR-646/IGF-1 signaling in hPDLCs in hypoxia conditions. Material/Methods hPDLCs (fifth passage) cultured by the tissue culture method were randomly assigned to the severe hypoxia (1% O2) group, the slight hypoxia (5% O2) group or the control (21% O2) group. Then reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis were used to detect the mRNA and protein expression of miR-646 and IGF-1. hPDLCs infected with lentivirus (LV)-pre-miR-646 or LV-anti-mR-646, and negative controls were cultured. MTT assay, caspase-3 ELISA assay, and wound healing assay were performed to evaluate how miR-646 was influenced by hypoxia. In addition, the relationship between miR-646 and IGF-1 was explored. Results The expression of miR-646 was downregulated and IGF-1 was upregulated in hypoxia conditions. MiR-646 was able to suppress hPDLCs proliferation and promote apoptosis in hypoxia conditions. The mRNA and protein expressions of IGF-1 were downregulated when miR-646 was overexpressed and upregulated when miR-646 was downregulated. Conclusions This finding identified a significant role of miR-646 in hPDLCs in suppressing cell proliferation and promoting apoptosis by inversely regulating IGF-1 expression. Meanwhile, the regulation of hPDLCs in hypoxia may be through the miR-646/IGF-1 signaling pathway, probably serving as a promising therapeutic target for periodontal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Department of Stomatology, Leshan People Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Leshan People Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - BoMiao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Oral State of West China College, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| | - TaiPing Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Leshan People Hospital, Leshan, Sichuan, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fagundes NCF, Bittencourt LO, Magno MB, Marques MM, Maia LC, Lima RR. Efficacy of Hank's balanced salt solution compared to other solutions in the preservation of the periodontal ligament. A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200467. [PMID: 30005079 PMCID: PMC6044542 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis (MA) aimed to verify the capacity of different storage media to preserve viability of periodontal ligament cells in comparison to Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution. The searches, selection process, data extraction and Risk of Bias control were conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Five MA were conducted to compare the cell viability between milk versus Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) in a dichotomous (1) or continuous (2) data model; tap water versus HBSS (3); medicinal herbals versus HBSS (4); and saline solution versus HBSS (5). 693 potentially studies were identified, with 18 studies included in the qualitative and 8 studies included in the quantitative analysis. Most of the articles presented a low risk of bias. HBSS medium showed a superior ratio of cell viability compared to tap water (RR 0.26; 95% CI [0.21, 0.32]; p < 0.00001; I2 = 96%) and saline solution (RR 0.76; 95% CI [0.69, 0.84]; p < 0.0001; I2 = 99%). Herbal medicines showed a similar ratio of cell viability when compared to HBSS (RR 0.97; 95% CI [0.94, 1.00]; p = 0.08; I2 = 50%). Mixed results were observed between milk and HBSS: a superior ratio of HBSS was observed in an overall evaluation (RR 0.26; 95% CI [0.21, 0.32]; p < 0.00001; I2 = 96%), and a similar ratio was achieved when periodontal ligament (PDL) cells were removed prior to immersion in the solution (RR 0.94; 95% CI [0.87, 1.01]; p = 0.10; I2 = 0%) or rinsed in tap water or maintained in open air prior to immersion (RR 0.63; 95% CI [0.35, 1.12]; p = 0.11; I2 = not applicable). This systematic review and MA suggests that milk and herbal medicines could represent an alternative to HBSS. However, more studies are necessary to obtain a reliable conclusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Carolina Fernandes Fagundes
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-Pará, Brazil.,School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Leonardo Oliveira Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcela Baraúna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Márcia Martins Marques
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Functional and Structural Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém-Pará, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Laosuwan K, Epasinghe DJ, Wu Z, Leung WK, Green DW, Jung HS. Comparison of biofilm formation and migration of Streptococcus mutans on tooth roots and titanium miniscrews. Clin Exp Dent Res 2018; 4:40-47. [PMID: 29744214 PMCID: PMC5893475 DOI: 10.1002/cre2.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and peri‐implantitis are inflammatory diseases caused by periodontal pathogenic bacteria leading to destruction of supporting periodontal/peri‐implant tissue. However, the progression of inflammatory process of these two diseases is different. The bacterial biofilm is the source of bacteria during the inflammatory process. As the bacteria migrate down the surface of tooth or titanium implant, the inflammation spreads along with it. Streptococcus mutans has an important role in oral bacterial biofilm formation in early stage biofilm before the microbiota shift to late stage and become more virulent. The other major difference is the existence of periodontal ligament (PDL) cells in normal teeth but not in peri‐implant tissue. This study aims to compare the S. mutans bacterial biofilm formation and migration on 2 different surfaces, tooth root and titanium miniscrew. The biofilm was grown with a flow cells system to imitate the oral dynamic system with PDL cells. The migration distances were measured, and the biofilm morphology was observed. Data showed that the biofilm formation on miniscrew was slower than those on tooth root at 24 hr. However, there were no difference in the morphology of the biofilm formed on the tooth root with those formed on the miniscrew at both 24 and 48 hr. The biofilm migration rate was significantly faster on miniscrew surface compare with those on tooth root when observe at 48 hr (p < .001). There are no significant differences in biofilm migration within miniscrew group and tooth root group despite the exiting of PDL cell (p > .05). The biofilm's migration rate differences on various surfaces could be one of the factors accounting for the different inflammatory progression between periodontitis and peri‐implantitis disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kittipong Laosuwan
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Zhaoming Wu
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | - Wai Keung Leung
- Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong
| | | | - Han Sung Jung
- Applied Oral sciences, Faculty of Dentistry The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong.,Dept of Oral Biology Yonsei University College of Dentistry Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fujita K, Nozaki K, Horiuchi N, Yamashita K, Miura H, Nagai A. Regulation of periodontal ligament-derived cells by type III collagen-coated hydroxyapatite. Biomed Mater Eng 2017; 29:15-27. [DOI: 10.3233/bme-171709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhisa Fujita
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Kosuke Nozaki
- Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Naohiro Horiuchi
- Department of Inorganic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Kimihiro Yamashita
- Department of Inorganic Biomaterials, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Miura
- Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan
| | - Akiko Nagai
- Department of Biofunction Research, Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 2-3-10 Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0062, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Role of Cathepsin S in Periodontal Inflammation and Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4786170. [PMID: 29362520 PMCID: PMC5736933 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4786170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathepsin S is a cysteine protease and regulator of autophagy with possible involvement in periodontitis. The objective of this study was to investigate whether cathepsin S is involved in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. Human periodontal fibroblasts were cultured under inflammatory and infectious conditions elicited by interleukin-1β and Fusobacterium nucleatum, respectively. An array-based approach was used to analyze differential expression of autophagy-associated genes. Cathepsin S was upregulated most strongly and thus further studied in vitro at gene and protein levels. In vivo, gingival tissue biopsies from rats with ligature-induced periodontitis and from periodontitis patients were also analyzed at transcriptional and protein levels. Multiple gene expression changes due to interleukin-1β and F. nucleatum were observed in vitro. Both stimulants caused a significant cathepsin S upregulation. A significantly elevated cathepsin S expression in gingival biopsies from rats with experimental periodontitis was found in vivo, as compared to that from control. Gingival biopsies from periodontitis patients showed a significantly higher cathepsin S expression than those from healthy gingiva. Our findings provide original evidence that cathepsin S is increased in periodontal cells and tissues under inflammatory and infectious conditions, suggesting a critical role of this autophagy-associated molecule in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
Collapse
|
50
|
Kirschneck C, Batschkus S, Proff P, Köstler J, Spanier G, Schröder A. Valid gene expression normalization by RT-qPCR in studies on hPDL fibroblasts with focus on orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14751. [PMID: 29116140 PMCID: PMC5677027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meaningful, reliable and valid mRNA expression analyses by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) can only be achieved, if suitable reference genes are chosen for normalization and if appropriate RT-qPCR quality standards are met. Human periodontal ligament (hPDL) fibroblasts play a major mediating role in orthodontic tooth movement and periodontitis. Despite corresponding in-vitro gene expression studies being a focus of interest for many years, no information is available for hPDL fibroblasts on suitable reference genes, which are generally used in RT-qPCR experiments to normalize variability between samples. The aim of this study was to identify and validate suitable reference genes for normalization in untreated hPDL fibroblasts as well as experiments on orthodontic tooth movement or periodontitis (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans). We investigated the suitability of 13 candidate reference genes using four different algorithms (geNorm, NormFinder, comparative ΔCq and BestKeeper) and ranked them according to their expression stability. Overall PPIB (peptidylprolyl isomerase A), TBP (TATA-box-binding protein) and RPL22 (ribosomal protein 22) were found to be most stably expressed with two genes in conjunction sufficient for reliable normalization. This study provides an accurate tool for quantitative gene expression analysis in hPDL fibroblasts according to the MIQE guidelines and shows that reference gene reliability is treatment-specific.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Kirschneck
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany.
| | - Sarah Batschkus
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Josef Köstler
- Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Gerrit Spanier
- Department of Cranial and Maxillo-Facial Surgery, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| | - Agnes Schröder
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Centre of Regensburg, Regensburg, D-93053, Germany
| |
Collapse
|