1
|
Wong MWK, Braidy N, Crawford J, Pickford R, Song F, Mather KA, Attia J, Brodaty H, Sachdev P, Poljak A. APOE Genotype Differentially Modulates Plasma Lipids in Healthy Older Individuals, with Relevance to Brain Health. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:703-716. [PMID: 31640095 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is an established genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) but the extent to which APOE genotype influences the plasma lipidome is unknown, even though lipids are potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers for AD. We quantified plasma lipids using untargeted liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry in a total of 152 non-demented participants aged 65-100 years carrying at least one ɛ2 or ɛ4 allele (ɛ2/ɛ2 or ɛ2/ɛ3, n = 38: ɛ4/ɛ3 or ɛ4/ɛ4, n = 38), who were roughly matched to an ɛ3/ɛ3 control by age, sex, and lipid-lowering medication (n = 76). Low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were genotype dependent (ɛ4/ɛ4> ɛ4/ɛ3> ɛ3/ɛ3> ɛ2/ɛ3> ɛ2/ɛ2). The greatest variation in lipids was related to the ɛ2 isoform, where various lysophosphatidylcholines and all phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) subclasses were elevated relative to ɛ3/ɛ3 and ɛ4 carriers. APOEɛ4 carriers had reduced phosphatidylinositol relative to ɛ3/ɛ3 and ɛ2 carriers. Logistic regression revealed that ɛ2 carriers were at least 4 times higher odds of being in the highest tertile of PE lipid level relative to ɛ3/ɛ3. The elevation in PE and other phospholipids in ɛ2 carriers may indicate the protective effect of ɛ2 is linked to these phospholipids. Additionally, high baseline PE in cognitively normal participants predicted protection against cognitive decline six years later. Our data suggest substantial modulation of plasma lipids by APOE genotype and therefore indicates possible lipid targets and pathomechanisms involved in AD risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Wai Kin Wong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nady Braidy
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John Crawford
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Russell Pickford
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Fei Song
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Karen A Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - John Attia
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Euroa Centre, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Anne Poljak
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chait A, Ginsberg HN, Vaisar T, Heinecke JW, Goldberg IJ, Bornfeldt KE. Remnants of the Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease. Diabetes 2020; 69:508-516. [PMID: 32198194 PMCID: PMC7085249 DOI: 10.2337/dbi19-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes is now a pandemic disease. Moreover, a large number of people with prediabetes are at risk for developing frank diabetes worldwide. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes increase the risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Even with statin treatment to lower LDL cholesterol, patients with diabetes have a high residual CVD risk. Factors mediating the residual risk are incompletely characterized. An attractive hypothesis is that remnant lipoprotein particles (RLPs), derived by lipolysis from VLDL and chylomicrons, contribute to this residual risk. RLPs constitute a heterogeneous population of lipoprotein particles, varying markedly in size and composition. Although a universally accepted definition is lacking, for the purpose of this review we define RLPs as postlipolytic partially triglyceride-depleted particles derived from chylomicrons and VLDL that are relatively enriched in cholesteryl esters and apolipoprotein (apo)E. RLPs derived from chylomicrons contain apoB48, while those derived from VLDL contain apoB100. Clarity as to the role of RLPs in CVD risk is hampered by lack of a widely accepted definition and a paucity of adequate methods for their accurate and precise quantification. New specific methods for RLP quantification would greatly improve our understanding of their biology and role in promoting atherosclerosis in diabetes and other disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Chait
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Henry N Ginsberg
- Division of Preventive Medicine and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Tomas Vaisar
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Jay W Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Ira J Goldberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Karin E Bornfeldt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington Medicine Diabetes Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karmelić I, Lovrić J, Božina T, Merkler A, Božina N, Sertić J. Is there any association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphisms with metabolic syndrome in a young population of Croatian origin? Ann Hum Biol 2016; 44:287-294. [DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2016.1210675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Karmelić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jasna Lovrić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Božina
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Merkler
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nada Božina
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jadranka Sertić
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gao F, Luo H, Fu Z, Zhang CT, Zhang R. Exome sequencing identifies novel ApoB loss-of-function mutations causing hypobetalipoproteinemia in type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2015; 52:531-7. [PMID: 25430706 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-014-0687-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Diabetic patients commonly suffer from disturbances in production and clearance of plasma lipoproteins, known as diabetic dyslipidemia, resulting in an increased risk of coronary heart disease. The study aimed to examine the cause of hypobetalipoproteinemia in two patients with type 1 diabetes. METHODS The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) is a study demonstrating that intensive blood glucose control delays the onset and progression of type 1 diabetes complications. Hypobetalipoproteinemia was present in two DCCT subjects, IDs 1427 and 1078, whose LDL-C levels were 36 and 28 mg/dL, respectively, and triglyceride levels were 20 and 28 mg/dL, respectively. We performed exome sequencing on genomic DNA from the two patients with hypobetalipoproteinemia. RESULTS The subjects 1427 and 1078 had heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in the gene apolipoprotein B (ApoB), and these mutations resulted in premature stop codons at amino acid 1333 (ApoB-29) and 3680 (ApoB-81), respectively. Indeed, the plasma ApoB level of subject 1427 (19 mg/dL) was the lowest and that of subject 1078 (26 mg/dL) was the second to the lowest among all the 1,441 DCCT participants. Sequencing genomic DNA of family members showed that probands 1427 and 1078 inherited the mutations from the father and the mother, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The identification of ApoB loss-of-function mutations in type 1 diabetic patients presents innovative cases to study the interaction between hypobetalipoproteinemia and insulin deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Huang H, Liu J, Feng Y, Chen W. The distribution of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism in Chinese civil aircrews, and a possible risk factor to their overweight and dyslipidemia is cumulative flight time. Clin Chim Acta 2013; 416:36-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
6
|
Mustapic M, Popovic Hadzija M, Pavlovic M, Pavkovic P, Presecki P, Mrazovac D, Mimica N, Korolija M, Pivac N, Muck-Seler D. Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes: the association study of polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha and apolipoprotein E genes. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:507-12. [PMID: 22580620 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-012-9310-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) are two progressive disorders with high prevalence worldwide. Polymorphisms in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) genes might be associated with both T2D and AD, representing possible genetic markers for the development of the AD in subjects with T2D. The aim was to determine ApoE and G-308A TNF-α gene polymorphisms in unrelated Croatian Caucasians: 207 patients with sporadic AD, 196 T2D patients and 456 healthy controls. Patients with AD had higher frequency of ApoE4 allele compared to T2D patients and controls. The significant association, observed between ApoE2 allele and T2D, disappeared after the data were adjusted for age and sex. The genotype or allele frequencies of G-308A TNF-α gene polymorphism were similar among the patients with AD, T2D and healthy controls. In conclusion, these results do not support the hypothesis that the A allele of G-308A TNF-α gene polymorphism is associated either with AD or T2D. Our data confirm the association between the ApoE4 allele and AD, and point out the E2 allele of ApoE gene as the possible risk factor for T2D.
Collapse
|
7
|
Targeted In Situ Gene Correction of Dysfunctional APOE Alleles to Produce Atheroprotective Plasma ApoE3 Protein. Cardiol Res Pract 2012; 2012:148796. [PMID: 22645694 PMCID: PMC3356902 DOI: 10.1155/2012/148796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading worldwide cause of death. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a 34-kDa circulating glycoprotein, secreted by the liver and macrophages with pleiotropic antiatherogenic functions and hence a candidate to treat hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. Here, we describe atheroprotective properties of ApoE, though also potential proatherogenic actions, and the prevalence of dysfunctional isoforms, outline conventional gene transfer strategies, and then focus on gene correction therapeutics that can repair defective APOE alleles. In particular, we discuss the possibility and potential benefit of applying in combination two technical advances to repair aberrant APOE genes: (i) an engineered endonuclease to introduce a double-strand break (DSB) in exon 4, which contains the common, but dysfunctional, ε2 and ε4 alleles; (ii) an efficient and selectable template for homologous recombination (HR) repair, namely, an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector, which harbours wild-type APOE sequence. This technology is applicable ex vivo, for example to target haematopoietic or induced pluripotent stem cells, and also for in vivo hepatic gene targeting. It is to be hoped that such emerging technology will eventually translate to patient therapy to reduce CVD risk.
Collapse
|
8
|
Ferreira D, Costa T, Aguiar S, Marques A, Ramos S, Gomes K, Alvarez-Leite J. Association of Apoliprotein E polymorphisms and metabolic syndrome in subjects with extreme obesity. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:1559-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
9
|
Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Marcovina SM. Evaluation of a new homogenous method for detection of small dense LDL cholesterol: Comparison with the LDL cholesterol profile obtained by density gradient ultracentrifugation. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:556-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
10
|
Jacobson AM, Ryan CM, Cleary PA, Waberski BH, Weinger K, Musen G, Dahms W. Biomedical risk factors for decreased cognitive functioning in type 1 diabetes: an 18 year follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) cohort. Diabetologia 2011; 54:245-55. [PMID: 20803190 PMCID: PMC4090060 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In patients with type 1 diabetes, there has been concern about the effects of recurrent hypoglycaemia and chronic hyperglycaemia on cognitive function. Because other biomedical factors may also increase the risk of cognitive decline, this study examined whether macrovascular risk factors (hypertension, smoking, hypercholesterolaemia, obesity), sub-clinical macrovascular disease (carotid intima-media thickening, coronary calcification) and microvascular complications (retinopathy, nephropathy) were associated with decrements in cognitive function over an extended time period. METHODS Type 1 diabetes patients (n = 1,144) who had completed a comprehensive cognitive test battery at entry into the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial were re-assessed at a mean of 18.5 (range: 15-23) years later. Univariate and multivariable models examined the relationship between cognitive change and the presence of micro- and macrovascular complications and risk factors. RESULTS Univariate modelling showed that smoking history was modestly associated with decrements in learning, memory, spatial information-processing and psychomotor efficiency; hypertension was associated with only psychomotor slowing. Multivariable modelling demonstrated that HbA(1c) level, and retinal and renal complications were each independently associated with decrements in psychomotor efficiency. In contrast, no macrovascular risk factors were significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. No interactions were found between these predictors and sex, severe hypoglycaemic events or presence of the APOE ε4 allele. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION In relatively healthy, middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes who had been followed for an average of 18.5 years, long-term metabolic control and microvascular factors are independently associated with a decline in cognitive function specifically affecting measures of psychomotor efficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00360893.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Jacobson
- Winthrop-University Hospital, Suite 300, 222 Station Plaza North, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ooi EMM, Janus ED, Grant SJ, Sinclair LMT, R Barrett PH. Effect of apolipoprotein E genotype on apolipoprotein B-100 metabolism in normolipidemic and hyperlipidemic subjects. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2413-21. [PMID: 20413671 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m004705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of apolipoprotein (apo) E genotype on apoB-100 metabolism was examined in three normolipidemic apoE2/E2, five type III hyperlipidemic apoE2/E2, and five hyperlipidemic apoE3/E2 subjects using simultaneous administration of (131)I-VLDL and (125)I-LDL, and multi-compartmental modeling. Compared with normolipidemic apoE2/E2 subjects, type III hyperlipidemic E2/E2 subjects had increased plasma and VLDL cholesterol, plasma and VLDL triglycerides, and VLDL and intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL) apoB concentrations (P < 0.05). These abnormalities were chiefly a consequence of decreased VLDL and IDL apoB fractional catabolic rate (FCR). Compared with hyperlipidemic E3/E2 subjects, type III hyperlipidemic E2/E2 subjects had increased IDL apoB concentration and decreased conversion of IDL to LDL particles (P < 0.05). In a pooled analysis, VLDL cholesterol was positively associated with VLDL and IDL apoB concentrations and the proportion of VLDL apoB in the slowly turning over VLDL pool, and was negatively associated with VLDL apoB FCR after adjusting for subject group. VLDL triglyceride was positively associated with VLDL apoB concentration and VLDL and IDL apoB production rates after adjusting for subject group. A defective apoE contributes to altered lipoprotein metabolism but is not sufficient to cause overt hyperlipidemia. Additional genetic mutations and environmental factors, including insulin resistance and obesity, may contribute to the development of type III hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther M M Ooi
- Metabolic Research Centre, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jenner AM, Lim WLF, Ng MPE, Wenk MR, Shui G, Sharman MJ, Gandy SE, Martins RN. The effect of APOE genotype on brain levels of oxysterols in young and old human APOE epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 knock-in mice. Neuroscience 2010; 169:109-15. [PMID: 20416362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite apolipoprotein E's important role in cholesterol transport and metabolism in the brain as well as its influence on Alzheimer's disease, the impact of the human APOE genotype on cholesterol metabolism in brain has not been fully examined. This study was carried out to investigate APOE genotype effects on oxysterols measured. In this study the measurement of cholesterol and several oxysterols in the brains of human APOE epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 knock-in mice at 8 weeks and 1 year of age using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated no APOE genotype or age effect on total brain cholesterol and the oxysterol 24-hydroxycholesterol. The level of 27-hydroxycholesterol was elevated in 1 year old animals for all APOE genotypes. Interestingly, lathosterol an indicator of cholesterol synthesis was significantly reduced in the 1 year old animals for all APOE genotypes. APOE epsilon4 expressing mice exhibited statistically lower levels of lathosterol compared to APOE epsilon2 in both the young and old mice. Oxidized cholesterol metabolites were significantly lower in APOE epsilon2 mice compared to other genotypes at 8 weeks old. Although minimal differences were observed between APOE E3 and E4 knock-in (KI) mice, these findings indicate that there are some clear APOE genotype specific effects on brain cholesterol synthesis and associated metabolic pathways, particularly in APOE epsilon2 KI mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Jenner
- Neurobiology and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jacobson AM, Paterson AD, Ryan CM, Cleary PA, Waberski BH, Weinger K, Musen G, Dahms W, Bayless M, Silvers N, Harth J, Boright AP. The associations of apolipoprotein E and angiotensin-converting enzyme polymorphisms and cognitive function in Type 1 diabetes based on an 18-year follow-up of the DCCT cohort. Diabet Med 2010; 27:15-22. [PMID: 20121884 PMCID: PMC3043372 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02885.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Specific polymorphisms of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes appear to increase risk for Alzheimer's disease and cognitive dysfunction in the general population, yet little research has examined whether genetic factors influence risk of cognitive dysfunction in patients with Type 1 diabetes. The long-term follow-up of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) population provides an opportunity to examine if specific genetic variations in APOE and ACE alter risk for cognitive decline. METHODS Neurocognitive function in Type 1 diabetic subjects from the DCCT/EDIC study was assessed at DCCT entry and re-assessed approximately 18 years later, using a comprehensive cognitive test battery. Glycated haemoglobin (HbA(1c)) and the frequency of severe hypoglycaemic events leading to coma or seizures were measured over the 18-year follow-up. We determined whether the APO epsilon4 and ACE intron 16 indel genotypes were associated with baseline cognitive function and with change over time, and whether they conferred added risk in those subjects experiencing severe hypoglycaemic events or greater glycaemic exposure. RESULTS None of the APOE or ACE polymorphisms were associated with either baseline cognitive performance or change in cognition over the 18-year follow-up. Moreover, none of the genotype variations altered the risk of cognitive dysfunction in those subjects with severe hypoglycaemic episodes or high HbA(1c). CONCLUSIONS In this sample of young and middle-aged adults with Type 1 diabetes, APO epsilon4 and ACE D alleles do not appear to increase risk of cognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Jacobson
- Joslin Diabetes Center/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Banaszak LJ, Ranatunga WK. The assembly of apoB-containing lipoproteins: a structural biology point of view. Ann Med 2008; 40:253-67. [PMID: 18428019 DOI: 10.1080/07853890701813070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a widespread disease caused by the deposition of lipids on arterial walls. Such lipid plaques in coronary arteries can be fatal. Although many factors related to diet, life-style, etc. contribute to the worsening of the ailment, the primary cause, the lipids in the circulatory system, come from a series of low-density lipoproteins. These lipoproteins are necessary for the transport of lipids to and from different organs. It would be valuable to medicine and the field of drug design if a more detailed understanding of the organization of lipid and protein in these molecules were available. Unfortunately because of heterogeneity in their size and lipid composition, all classes of the low-density serum lipoproteins appear to be not amenable to the most widely used method for obtaining detailed atomic data - X-ray crystallography. However there appears to be a recently identified homolog that is relatively homogeneous, and crystal structures have been obtained. Used as a molecular model, the homolog serves as a source of conformational information that might help to unravel the processes involved in the lipid loading of the low-density lipoproteins. The review attempts to give a brief summary of the structural biology of the serum low-density lipoproteins relative to the molecular model of lipovitellin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard J Banaszak
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|