1
|
Yin J, Reiman EM, Beach TG, Serrano GE, Sabbagh MN, Nielsen M, Caselli RJ, Shi J. Effect of ApoE isoforms on mitochondria in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 2020; 94:e2404-e2411. [PMID: 32457210 PMCID: PMC7455369 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000009582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that ApoE isoforms affect mitochondrial structure and function that are related to cognitive impairment in Alzheimer disease (AD), we systematically investigated the effects of ApoE isoforms on mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics, oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive performance in AD. METHODS We obtained postmortem human brain tissues and measured proteins that are responsible for mitochondrial biogenesis (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α [PGC-1α] and sirtuin 3 [SIRT3]), for mitochondrial dynamics (mitofusin 1 [MFN1], mitofusin 2 [MFN2], and dynamin-like protein 1 [DLP1]), for oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase 2 [SOD2] and forkhead-box protein O3a [Foxo3a]), and for synapses (postsynaptic density protein 95 [PSD95] and synapsin1 [Syn1]). A total of 46 cases were enrolled, including ApoE-ɛ4 carriers (n = 21) and noncarriers (n = 25). RESULTS Levels of these proteins were compared between ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and noncarriers. ApoE-ɛ4 was associated with impaired mitochondrial structure and function, oxidative stress, and synaptic integrity in the human brain. Correlation analysis revealed that mitochondrial proteins and the synaptic protein were strongly associated with cognitive performance. CONCLUSION ApoE isoforms influence mitochondrial structure and function, which likely leads to alteration in oxidative stress, synapses, and cognitive function. These mitochondria-related proteins may be a harbinger of cognitive decline in ApoE-ɛ4 carriers and provide novel therapeutic targets for prevention and treatment of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Yin
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Eric M Reiman
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Thomas G Beach
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Geidy E Serrano
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Marwan N Sabbagh
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Megan Nielsen
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Richard J Caselli
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing
| | - Jiong Shi
- From the Barrow Neurological Institute (J.Y., M.N.S., M.N., J.S.), St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ; Banner Alzheimer's Institute (E.M.R.), Phoenix, AZ; Civin Laboratory for Neuropathology (T.G.B., G.E.S.), Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ; Cleveland Clinic Lou Ruvo Center for Brain Health (M.N.S.), Las Vegas, NV; School of Life Sciences (M.N.), Arizona State University, Tempe; Department of Neurology (R.J.C.), Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection (J.S.), Capital Medical University, Beijing, China; and China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases (J.S.), Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Robinson JL, Lee EB, Xie SX, Rennert L, Suh E, Bredenberg C, Caswell C, Van Deerlin VM, Yan N, Yousef A, Hurtig HI, Siderowf A, Grossman M, McMillan CT, Miller B, Duda JE, Irwin DJ, Wolk D, Elman L, McCluskey L, Chen-Plotkin A, Weintraub D, Arnold SE, Brettschneider J, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ. Neurodegenerative disease concomitant proteinopathies are prevalent, age-related and APOE4-associated. Brain 2018; 141:2181-2193. [PMID: 29878075 PMCID: PMC6022546 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewy bodies commonly occur in Alzheimer's disease, and Alzheimer's disease pathology is frequent in Lewy body diseases, but the burden of co-pathologies across neurodegenerative diseases is unknown. We assessed the extent of tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein and TDP-43 proteinopathies in 766 autopsied individuals representing a broad spectrum of clinical neurodegenerative disease. We interrogated pathological Alzheimer's disease (n = 247); other tauopathies (n = 95) including Pick's disease, corticobasal disease and progressive supranuclear palsy; the synucleinopathies (n = 164) including multiple system atrophy and Lewy body disease; the TDP-43 proteinopathies (n = 188) including frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 inclusions and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; and a minimal pathology group (n = 72). Each group was divided into subgroups without or with co-pathologies. Age and sex matched logistic regression models compared co-pathology prevalence between groups. Co-pathology prevalence was similar between the minimal pathology group and most neurodegenerative diseases for each proteinopathy: tau was nearly universal (92-100%), amyloid-β common (20-57%); α-synuclein less common (4-16%); and TDP-43 the rarest (0-16%). In several neurodegenerative diseases, co-pathology increased: in Alzheimer's disease, α-synuclein (41-55%) and TDP-43 (33-40%) increased; in progressive supranuclear palsy, α-synuclein increased (22%); in corticobasal disease, TDP-43 increased (24%); and in neocortical Lewy body disease, amyloid-β (80%) and TDP-43 (22%) increased. Total co-pathology prevalence varied across groups (27-68%), and was increased in high Alzheimer's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, and neocortical Lewy body disease (70-81%). Increased age at death was observed in the minimal pathology group, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple system atrophy cases with co-pathologies. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and neocortical Lewy body disease, co-pathologies associated with APOE ɛ4. Lewy body disease cases with Alzheimer's disease co-pathology had substantially lower Mini-Mental State Examination scores than pure Lewy body disease. Our data imply that increased age and APOE ɛ4 status are risk factors for co-pathologies independent of neurodegenerative disease; that neurodegenerative disease severity influences co-pathology as evidenced by the prevalence of co-pathology in high Alzheimer's disease and neocortical Lewy body disease, but not intermediate Alzheimer's disease or limbic Lewy body disease; and that tau and α-synuclein strains may also modify co-pathologies since tauopathies and synucleinopathies had differing co-pathologies and burdens. These findings have implications for clinical trials that focus on monotherapies targeting tau, amyloid-β, α-synuclein and TDP-43.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John L Robinson
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Edward B Lee
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sharon X Xie
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lior Rennert
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - EunRan Suh
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Colin Bredenberg
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carrie Caswell
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Yan
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- University-town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China
| | - Ahmed Yousef
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Howard I Hurtig
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew Siderowf
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Corey T McMillan
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bruce Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John E Duda
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center, Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David J Irwin
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David Wolk
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Memory Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lauren Elman
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leo McCluskey
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alice Chen-Plotkin
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Translational Neurology Head of the Interdisciplinary Brain Center at Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Virginia M-Y Lee
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Penn Alzheimer's Disease Core Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Henry N, Krammer EM, Stengel F, Adams Q, Van Liefferinge F, Hubin E, Chaves R, Efremov R, Aebersold R, Vandenbussche G, Prévost M, Raussens V, Deroo S. Lipidated apolipoprotein E4 structure and its receptor binding mechanism determined by a combined cross-linking coupled to mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics approach. PLoS Comput Biol 2018; 14:e1006165. [PMID: 29933361 PMCID: PMC6033463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a forefront actor in the transport of lipids and the maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis, and is also strongly implicated in Alzheimer’s disease. Upon lipid-binding apoE adopts a conformational state that mediates the receptor-induced internalization of lipoproteins. Due to its inherent structural dynamics and the presence of lipids, the structure of the biologically active apoE remains so far poorly described. To address this issue, we developed an innovative hybrid method combining experimental data with molecular modeling and dynamics to generate comprehensive models of the lipidated apoE4 isoform. Chemical cross-linking combined with mass spectrometry provided distance restraints, characterizing the three-dimensional organization of apoE4 molecules at the surface of lipidic nanoparticles. The ensemble of spatial restraints was then rationalized in an original molecular modeling approach to generate monomeric models of apoE4 that advocated the existence of two alternative conformations. These two models point towards an activation mechanism of apoE4 relying on a regulation of the accessibility of its receptor binding region. Further, molecular dynamics simulations of the dimerized and lipidated apoE4 monomeric conformations revealed an elongation of the apoE N-terminal domain, whereby helix 4 is rearranged, together with Arg172, into a proper orientation essential for lipoprotein receptor association. Overall, our results show how apoE4 adapts its conformation for the recognition of the low density lipoprotein receptor and we propose a novel mechanism of activation for apoE4 that is based on accessibility and remodeling of the receptor binding region. Among the proteins involved in the transport of lipids and their distribution to the cells, apolipoprotein E (apoE) mediates the internalization of cholesterol rich lipoproteins by acting as a ligand for cell-surface receptors. In the central nervous system, while apoE is the major cholesterol transport protein, a dysfunction of apoE in the transport and metabolism of lipids is associated with Alzheimer’s disease. A molecular understanding of the mechanisms underlying the receptor binding abilities of apoE is crucial to address its biological functions, but is so far hindered by the dynamic and complex nature of these assemblies. We have designed an original hybrid approach combining experimental data and bioinformatics tools to generate high resolution models of lipidated apoE. Based on these models, we can propose how apoE adapts its conformation at the surface of lipid nanoparticles. Further, we propose a novel mechanism of regulation of the activation and receptor recognition of apoE that could prove valuable to interpret its role in Alzheimer and apoE-related cardiovascular diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Henry
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eva-Maria Krammer
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Florian Stengel
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Quentin Adams
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - François Van Liefferinge
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ellen Hubin
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
- Nanobiophysics Group, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rui Chaves
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rouslan Efremov
- Structural Biology Research Center, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guy Vandenbussche
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Martine Prévost
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Raussens
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SD); (VT)
| | - Stéphanie Deroo
- Center for Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, Structure and Function of Biological Membranes, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SD); (VT)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Evans S, Clarke D, Dowell NG, Tabet N, King SL, Hutton SB, Rusted JM. Using event-related fMRI to examine sustained attention processes and effects of APOE ε4 in young adults. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198312. [PMID: 29856823 PMCID: PMC5983530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study we investigated effects of the APOE ε4 allele (which confers an enhanced risk of poorer cognitive ageing, and Alzheimer’s Disease) on sustained attention (vigilance) performance in young adults using the Rapid Visual Information Processing (RVIP) task and event-related fMRI. Previous fMRI work with this task has used block designs: this study is the first to image an extended (6-minute) RVIP task. Participants were 26 carriers of the APOE ε4 allele, and 26 non carriers (aged 18–28). Pupil diameter was measured throughout, as an index of cognitive effort. We compared activity to RVIP task hits to hits on a control task (with similar visual parameters and response requirements but no working memory load): this contrast showed activity in medial frontal, inferior and superior parietal, temporal and visual cortices, consistent with previous work, demonstrating that meaningful neural data can be extracted from the RVIP task over an extended interval and using an event-related design. Behavioural performance was not affected by genotype; however, a genotype by condition (experimental task/control task) interaction on pupil diameter suggested that ε4 carriers deployed more effort to the experimental compared to the control task. fMRI results showed a condition by genotype interaction in the right hippocampal formation: only ε4 carriers showed downregulation of this region to experimental task hits versus control task hits. Experimental task beta values were correlated against hit rate: parietal correlations were seen in ε4 carriers only, frontal correlations in non-carriers only. The data indicate that, in the absence of behavioural differences, young adult ε4 carriers already show a different linkage between functional brain activity and behaviour, as well as aberrant hippocampal recruitment patterns. This may have relevance for genotype differences in cognitive ageing trajectories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Evans
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Devin Clarke
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas G. Dowell
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Naji Tabet
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School (BSMS), Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. King
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel B. Hutton
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer M. Rusted
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, East Sussex, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Panizzon MS, Hauger R, Xian H, Vuoksimaa E, Spoon KM, Mendoza SP, Jacobson KC, Vasilopoulos T, Rana BK, McKenzie R, McCaffery JM, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Interaction of APOE genotype and testosterone on episodic memory in middle-aged men. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1778.e1-8. [PMID: 24444806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in testosterone are believed to be a key component of the processes that contribute to cognitive aging in men. The APOE-ε4 allele may interact with testosterone and moderate the hormone's association with cognition. The goals of the present study were to examine the degree to which free testosterone is associated with episodic memory in a community-based sample of middle-aged men, and examine the potential interaction between free testosterone and the APOE-ε4 allele. Data were used from 717 participants in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Average age was 55.4 years (standard deviation = 2.5). Significant positive associations were observed between free testosterone level and verbal episodic memory, as well as a significant interaction between free testosterone and APOE-ε4 status. In ε4 carriers free testosterone was positively associated with verbal episodic memory performance (story recall), whereas no association was observed in ε4 noncarriers. Results support the hypothesis that APOE-ε4 status increases susceptibility to other risk factors, such as low testosterone, which may ultimately contribute to cognitive decline or dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Richard Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA; Research Service, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelly M Spoon
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sally P Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne M McCaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fujioka H, Phelix CF, Friedland RP, Zhu X, Perry EA, Castellani RJ, Perry G. Apolipoprotein E4 prevents growth of malaria at the intraerythrocyte stage: implications for differences in racial susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2013; 24:70-8. [PMID: 24241262 PMCID: PMC4909051 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2014.0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E 4 (ApoE 4) has been linked to pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and has been suggested to be maintained through evolutionary pressure via a protective role in malaria infection. We evaluated Plasmodium falciparum viability at the intraerythrocyte stage by exposure to plasma from human subjects with ApoE 4/4 or ApoE 3/3. Plasma samples from ApoE 4/4 but not ApoE 3/3 donors inhibited growth and disrupted morphology of P. falciparum. Evolutionary history is characterized by war between pathogenic microorganisms and defense mechanisms countering their pathogenicities. ApoE 4 frequency is highest in sub-Saharan Africa and other isolated populations (e.g., Papua New Guinea) that exhibit endemic malaria. High ApoE frequency may offer selective advantage protecting against some infectious diseases (e.g., Plasmodium falciparum). These results implicate evolutionary pressure by malaria selecting humans with ApoE 4/4, even considering lower survival in late life. These selective advantages may be relevant in the exploration of possible disparities between Black and Whites in the incidence of Alzheimer's Disease.
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Substantial epidemiological evidence shows an increased risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in people with diabetes. Yet the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain to be elucidated. This article reviews the current studies on common pathological processes of Alzheimer's disease and diabetes with particular focus on potential mechanisms through which diabetes affects the initiation and progression of Alzheimer's disease. Impairment of insulin signaling, inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, advanced glycation end products, APOEε4 and cholesterol appear to be important mediators and are likely to act synergistically in promoting AD pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Yang
- Townsend Family Laboratories, Department of Psychiatry, Brain Research Center, Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of British Columbia, 2255 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Schiepers OJG, Harris SE, Gow AJ, Pattie A, Brett CE, Starr JM, Deary IJ. APOE E4 status predicts age-related cognitive decline in the ninth decade: longitudinal follow-up of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921. Mol Psychiatry 2012; 17:315-24. [PMID: 21263443 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Carriers of the APOE E4 allele have an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. However, it is less clear whether APOE E4 status may also be involved in non-pathological cognitive ageing. The present study investigated the associations between APOE genotypes and cognitive change over 8 years in older community-dwelling individuals. APOE genotype was determined in 501 participants of the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921, whose intelligence had been measured in childhood in the Scottish Mental Survey 1932. A polymorphic variant of TOMM40 (rs10524523) was included to differentiate between the effects of the APOE E3 and E4 allelic variants. Cognitive performance on the domains of verbal memory, abstract reasoning and verbal fluency was assessed at mean age 79 years (n=501), and again at mean ages of 83 (n=284) and 87 (n=187). Using linear mixed models adjusted for demographic variables, vascular risk factors and IQ at age 11 years, possession of the APOE E4 allele was associated with a higher relative rate of cognitive decline over the subsequent 8 years for verbal memory and abstract reasoning. Individuals with the long allelic variant of TOMM40, which is linked to APOE E4, showed similar results. Verbal fluency was not affected by APOE E4 status. APOE E2 status was not associated with change in cognitive performance over 8 years. In non-demented older individuals, possession of the APOE E4 allele predicted a higher rate of cognitive decline on tests of verbal memory and abstract reasoning between 79 and 87 years. Thus, possession of the APOE E4 allele may not only predispose to Alzheimer's disease, but also appears to be a risk factor for non-pathological decline in verbal memory and abstract reasoning in the ninth decade of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O J G Schiepers
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNS)/European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Research indicates that apoliprotein E (ApoE) plays a role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and possibly in the cognitive decline associated with normative aging. More recently, researchers have shown that ApoE is expressed in olfactory brain structures, and a relationship among ApoE, AD, and olfactory function has been proposed. In the current analyses, we investigated the contribution of ApoE and odor identification in decline trajectories associated with normative cognitive aging in various domains, using longitudinal data on cognitive performance available from the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Data on both ApoE status and olfactory functioning were available from 455 individuals ranging in age from 50 to 88 years at the first measurement occasion. Odor identification was measured via a mailed survey. Cognitive performance was assessed in up to 5 waves of in-person testing covering a period of 16 years. Latent growth curve analyses incorporating odor identification and ApoE status indicated a main effect of odor identification on the performance level in three cognitive domains: verbal, memory, and speed. A main effect of ApoE on rates of decline after age 65 was found for verbal, spatial, and speed factors. The consistency of results across cognitive domains provides support for theories that posit central nervous system-wide origins of the olfaction-cognition-ApoE relationship; however, olfactory errors and APOE ε4 show unique and differential effects on cognitive trajectory features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany, IN 47150, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jiang L, Yin X, Yin C, Zhou S, Dan W, Sun X. Different quantitative EEG alterations induced by TBI among patients with different APOE genotypes. Neurosci Lett 2011; 505:160-4. [PMID: 22015765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Although several studies have revealed the EEG alterations in AD and TBI patients, the influence of APOE (apolipoprotein E) genotype in EEG at the early stage of TBI has not been reported yet. We have previously studied EEG alterations caused by TBI among different APOE genotype carriers. In this study, we firstly investigated the relationship between APOE polymorphisms and quantitative EEG (QEEG) changes after TBI. A total of 118 consecutive TBI patients with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of 9 or higher were recruited, and 40 normal adults were also included as a control group. APOE genotype was determined by PCR-RFLP for each subject, and QEEG recordings were performed in rest, relaxed, awake and with eyes closed in normal subjects and TBI patients during 1-3 days after TBI. In the normal control group, both APOEɛ4 carriers and non-carriers had normal EEG, and no significant difference of QEEG data was found between APOEɛ4 carriers and non-carriers. But in the TBI group, APOEɛ4 carriers had more focal or global irregular slow wave activities than APOEɛ4 non-carriers. APOE gene did not influence brain electrical activity under normal conditions, but TBI can induce different alterations among different APOE gene carriers, and APOEɛ4 allele enhances the EEG abnormalities at the early stage of TBI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
van den Kommer TN, Dik MG, Comijs HC, Lütjohann D, Lips P, Jonker C, Deeg DJH. The role of extracerebral cholesterol homeostasis and ApoE e4 in cognitive decline. Neurobiol Aging 2011; 33:622.e17-28. [PMID: 21482441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2011.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
We examined the associations between extracerebral markers of cholesterol homeostasis and cognitive decline over 6 years of follow-up, and studied the modifying effect of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) e4. Data were collected in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (n = 967, with longitudinal data on cognition, ages ≥ 65 years) and analyzed using linear mixed models. General cognition (Mini-Mental State Examination; MMSE), memory (Auditory Verbal Learning Test), and information processing speed (Coding task) were measured. The results show that ApoE e4 was a significant effect modifier. Significant associations were found only in ApoE e4 noncarriers (n = 718). We found a nonlinear negative association between the ratio of lanosterol to cholesterol (≤ 189.96 ng/mg), a marker for cholesterol synthesis, and general cognition. Lower cholesterol absorption, i.e., lower ratios of campesterol and sitosterol to cholesterol, as well as a higher rate of cholesterol synthesis relative to absorption were associated with lower information processing speed. In ApoE e4 carriers, the negative association between the ratio of campesterol to cholesterol and memory reached borderline significance. Future research should focus on the interaction between (disturbed) cholesterol homeostasis and ApoE e4 status with respect to dementia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa N van den Kommer
- Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam and EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Leveziel N, Puche N, Zerbib J, Benlian P, Coscas G, Soubrane G, Souied E. [Genetic factors associated with age-related macular degeneration]. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:509-15. [PMID: 20510150 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010265509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Age related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly in developed countries. Genetic factors play a major role in this multifactorial and polygenic disease. Genomewide analysis identified two loci on 1q25-31 and 10q26 chromosomes associated with AMD, and association studies highlighted the implication of SNPs located in the complement H factor gene (CFH) on 1q25-31 and in PLEKHA1-HTRA1-LOC387715 on 10q26 in the disease. Homozygous carriers for the at-risk alleles of the CFH, HTRA1, and LOC387715 genes have an increased risk to develop exudative AMD with odds ratio of 6.2, 6.9, et 7.3 respectively. Moreover, other genes involved in the complement cascade, namely the genes of the C2, C3 component, and factor B, are associated to the disease. The SCARB1 gene has also recently been associated to AMD. Genotype-phenotype correlations have been performed in AMD patients and found that occult CNV are more often associated to CFH at-risk allele and classic CNV to HTRA1 at-risk allele. This last allele seems also linked to more severe forms of the disease. These new major genetic factors could lead to a new clinical approach of AMD and to the discovery of new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leveziel
- hôpital intercommunal de Créteil, avenue de Verdun, Créteil, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jenner AM, Lim WLF, Ng MPE, Wenk MR, Shui G, Sharman MJ, Gandy SE, Martins RN. The effect of APOE genotype on brain levels of oxysterols in young and old human APOE epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 knock-in mice. Neuroscience 2010; 169:109-15. [PMID: 20416362 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 04/04/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite apolipoprotein E's important role in cholesterol transport and metabolism in the brain as well as its influence on Alzheimer's disease, the impact of the human APOE genotype on cholesterol metabolism in brain has not been fully examined. This study was carried out to investigate APOE genotype effects on oxysterols measured. In this study the measurement of cholesterol and several oxysterols in the brains of human APOE epsilon2, epsilon3 and epsilon4 knock-in mice at 8 weeks and 1 year of age using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) demonstrated no APOE genotype or age effect on total brain cholesterol and the oxysterol 24-hydroxycholesterol. The level of 27-hydroxycholesterol was elevated in 1 year old animals for all APOE genotypes. Interestingly, lathosterol an indicator of cholesterol synthesis was significantly reduced in the 1 year old animals for all APOE genotypes. APOE epsilon4 expressing mice exhibited statistically lower levels of lathosterol compared to APOE epsilon2 in both the young and old mice. Oxidized cholesterol metabolites were significantly lower in APOE epsilon2 mice compared to other genotypes at 8 weeks old. Although minimal differences were observed between APOE E3 and E4 knock-in (KI) mice, these findings indicate that there are some clear APOE genotype specific effects on brain cholesterol synthesis and associated metabolic pathways, particularly in APOE epsilon2 KI mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Jenner
- Neurobiology and Ageing Research Program, Centre for Life Sciences, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore 117456
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Drenos F, Kirkwood TBL. Selection on alleles affecting human longevity and late-life disease: the example of apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10022. [PMID: 20368805 PMCID: PMC2848859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is often claimed that genes affecting health in old age, such as cardiovascular and Alzheimer diseases, are beyond the reach of natural selection. We show in a simulation study based on known genetic (apolipoprotein E) and non-genetic risk factors (gender, diet, smoking, alcohol, exercise) that, because there is a statistical distribution of ages at which these genes exert their influence on morbidity and mortality, the effects of selection are in fact non-negligible. A gradual increase with each generation of the ε2 and ε3 alleles of the gene at the expense of the ε4 allele was predicted from the model. The ε2 allele frequency was found to increase slightly more rapidly than that for ε3, although there was no statistically significant difference between the two. Our result may explain the recent evolutionary history of the epsilon 2, 3 and 4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E gene and has wider relevance for genes affecting human longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Drenos
- Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brodbeck J, Balestra ME, Saunders AM, Roses AD, Mahley RW, Huang Y. Rosiglitazone increases dendritic spine density and rescues spine loss caused by apolipoprotein E4 in primary cortical neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:1343-6. [PMID: 18212130 PMCID: PMC2234140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0709906104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent evidence has revealed an association between insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) agonist, rosiglitazone, an insulin sensitizer and mitochondrial activator, improves cognition in patients with early or mild-to-moderate AD. Apolipoprotein (apo) E4, a major genetic risk factor for AD, exerts neuropathological effects through multiple pathways, including impairment of dendritic spine structure and mitochondrial function. Here we show that rosiglitazone significantly increased dendritic spine density in a dose-dependent manner in cultured primary cortical rat neurons. This effect was abolished by the PPAR-gamma-specific antagonist, GW9662, suggesting that rosiglitazone exerts this effect by activating the PPAR-gamma pathway. Furthermore, the C-terminal-truncated fragment of apoE4 significantly decreased dendritic spine density. Rosiglitazone rescued this detrimental effect. Thus, rosiglitazone might improve cognition in AD patients by increasing dendritic spine density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ann M. Saunders
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Allen D. Roses
- GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | - Robert W. Mahley
- *Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Departments of Medicine
- Pathology, and
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143; and
| | - Yadong Huang
- *Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The J. David Gladstone Institutes, 1650 Owens Street, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Pathology, and
- Neurology and
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Anxiety is most common among Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients with an age at onset under age 65. Apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) is a risk factor for
developing AD at an earlier age and might contribute to this effect. In
mice, apoE plays a role in the regulation of anxiety, which might involve
histamine receptor-mediated signaling and steroidogenesis in the adrenal
gland. In addition, human apoE isoforms have differential effects on anxiety
in adult mice lacking apoE and probable AD patients. Compared to wild-type
mice, mice lacking apoE and apoE4 mice showed pathological alterations in
the central nucleus of the amygdala, which is involved in regulation of
anxiety. ApoE4, but not mice lacking apoE, or apoE3 mice showed impaired
dexamethasone suppression of plasma corticosterone. Understanding how apoE
modulates measures of anxiety might help the developments of therapeutic
targets to reduce or even prevent measures of anxiety in health and in
dementing illnesses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Raber
- Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center (ONPRC), Oregon Health & Science University, L470, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- *Jacob Raber:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Forte GI, Piccione M, Scola L, Crivello A, Galfano C, Corsi MM, Chiappelli M, Candore G, Giuffrè M, Verna R, Licastro F, Corsello G, Caruso C, Lio D. Apolipoprotein E Genotypic Frequencies Among Down Syndrome Patients Imply Early Unsuccessful Aging for ApoE4 Carriers. Rejuvenation Res 2007; 10:293-9. [PMID: 17559337 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2006.0525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) might be considered a model for unsuccessful and early aging, possibly accelerated for those who carry the APOE4 allele associated with common age-related diseases, e.g., Alzheimer's disease and a poor prognosis after acute myocardial infarction, causing lower ApoE4 frequencies among the very old in general populations. We compared ApoE genotypic frequencies found for healthy adults (n = 211, age < 40; n = 79, ages 70-79; n = 71, ages > 90) to those found for DS patients (n = 106, mean age 9 years), all living in western Sicily. We found that the frequency of the ApoE23 genotype increased with age among the healthy adults (8.5%, 6.4%, 19.7%; p = 0.024) while ApoE34 frequency decreased (16.1%, 12.6%, 4.1%; p = 0.012). DS patients had APOE34 genotypic frequencies very similar to those found in septuagenarians (9%; p = 0.005). Analyzing results according to surviving rate of persons with DS, an age-related reduction of ApoE3/4 genotype frequency was found comparing =5 years old to >5 years old DS subjects. These results highlight DS as a model to understand the role of APOE4 allele in unsuccessful ageing considering that a number of proinflammatory supernumerary genes (Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, Ets-2 transcription factors, Down syndrome critical region 1, stress-inducible factor, interferon-alpha receptor and the amyloid precursor protein) are located on chromosome 21 and are implied in the pathologic processes of DS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giusi I Forte
- Gruppo di studio sull'Immunosenescenza, Dipartimento di Biopatologia e Metodologie Biomediche, Università Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hayashi H, Campenot RB, Vance DE, Vance JE. Apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins protect neurons from apoptosis via a signaling pathway involving low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1. J Neurosci 2007; 27:1933-41. [PMID: 17314289 PMCID: PMC6673537 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5471-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE)-containing lipoproteins (LPs) are secreted by glia and play important roles in lipid homeostasis in the CNS. Glia-derived LPs also promote synaptogenesis and stimulate axon growth of CNS neurons. Here, we provide evidence that glia-derived LPs protect CNS neurons from apoptosis by a receptor-mediated signaling pathway. The protective effect was greater for apolipoprotein E3 than for apolipoprotein E4, the expression of which is a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease. The anti-apoptotic effect of LPs required the association of apolipoprotein E with lipids but did not require cholesterol. Apoptosis was not prevented by lipids alone or by apoA1- or apoJ-containing lipoproteins. The prevention of neuronal apoptosis was initiated after the binding of LPs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP), a multifunctional receptor of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. We showed that inhibition of LRP activation, by treatment of neurons with receptor-associated protein or anti-LRP antibodies, or by LRP gene-silencing experiments, reduced the protective effect of LPs. Furthermore, another LRP ligand, alpha2-macroglobulin, also protected the neurons from apoptosis. After binding to LRP, LPs initiate a signaling pathway that involves activation of protein kinase Cdelta and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta. These findings indicate the potential for using glial lipoproteins or an activator of the LRP signaling pathway for treatment for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Hayashi
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and
- Departments of Medicine
| | | | - Dennis E. Vance
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and
- Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2
| | - Jean E. Vance
- Group on Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids and
- Departments of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Altenburg M, Johnson L, Wilder J, Maeda N. Apolipoprotein E4 in macrophages enhances atherogenesis in a low density lipoprotein receptor-dependent manner. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:7817-24. [PMID: 17234631 PMCID: PMC5278600 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m610712200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) and the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) are well recognized determinants of atherosclerosis. In addition to hepatocytes, where both are highly expressed and contribute to plasma lipoprotein clearance, they are expressed in vascular cells and macrophages. In this study, we examined the effects of human apoE isoforms and LDLr levels in atherogenic pathways in primary macrophages ex vivo and atherosclerosis development after bone marrow transfer in vivo using mice expressing human apoE isoforms and different levels of LDLr expression. Increases in LDLr expression significantly increased cholesterol delivery into macrophages in culture, and the effects were more prominent with lipoproteins containing apoE4 than those containing apoE3. Conversely, increased LDLr expression reduced cholesterol efflux in macrophages expressing apoE4 but not in macrophages expressing apoE3. Furthermore, apoE3 protected VLDL from oxidation in vitro more than did apoE4. In LDLr-deficient mice expressing the human apoE4 isoform, Apoe4/4 Ldlr-/-, the replacement of bone marrow cells with those expressing LDLr increased atherosclerotic lesions in a dose-dependent manner compared with mice transplanted with cells having no LDLr. In contrast, atherosclerosis in Apoe3/3 Ldlr-/- mice, expressing the human apoE3 isoform, did not differ by the levels of macrophage LDLr expression. Our results demonstrate that apoE4, but not apoE3, in macrophages enhances atherosclerotic plaque development in mice in an LDLr-dependent manner and suggests that this interaction may contribute to the association of apoE4 with an increased cardiovascular risk in humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nobuyo Maeda
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina, 701 Brinkhous-Bullitt Bldg., Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7525. Tel.: 919-966-6914; Fax: 919-966-8800;
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Studies in humans and cell culture as well as bioinformatics suggested that Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ10) functions as an anti-inflammatory molecule. Here we studied the influence of CoQ10 (Kaneka Q10) on secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by using the human and murine monocytic cell lines THP-1 and RAW264.7 expressing human apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) or pro-inflammatory apoE4. Incubation of cells with physiological (0.1-10 microM) and supra-physiological (> 10 to < 100 microM) concentrations of CoQ10 led to an intracellular accumulation of its reduced form without any cytotoxic effects. Stimulation of cell models with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) resulted in a substantially release of TNF-alpha. When THP-1 cells were pre-incubated with 10 microM CoQ10, the LPS-induced TNF-alpha release was significantly decreased to 72 +/- 32%. This effect is similar to those obtained by 10 microM N-Acetyl-Cysteine, a well known reference antioxidant. In RAW264.7-apoE3 and -apoE4 cells, significant reductions of LPS-induced TNF-alpha secretion to 73.3 +/- 2.8% and 74.7 +/- 8.9% were found with 2.5 microM and 75 microM CoQ10, respectively. In conclusion, CoQ10 has moderate anti-inflammatory effects in two monocytic cell lines which could be mediated by its antioxidant activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Constance Schmelzer
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Molecular Nutrition, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Heinrich-Hecht-Platz 10, Kiel, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jak AJ, Houston WS, Nagel BJ, Corey-Bloom J, Bondi MW. Differential cross-sectional and longitudinal impact of APOE genotype on hippocampal volumes in nondemented older adults. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2007; 23:382-9. [PMID: 17389798 PMCID: PMC2084479 DOI: 10.1159/000101340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Because of conflicting findings across studies, we sought to better determine the relationship between apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, hippocampal volume, and cognitive performance in nondemented older adults. METHODS Two groups ofolder adults, as determined by their APOE epsilon4 allele status, received structural MRI and comprehensive neuropsychological testing on two occasions separated on average by 17 months. RESULTS Cross-sectional comparisons by APOE group revealed no differences in hippocampal volumes, although longitudinal percent reduction in hippocampal volume was significantly greater for those possessing the APOE epsilon4 allele. Relationship between hippocampal volumes and memory performance was strongly impacted by diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS APOE epsilon4 allele appears to significantly impact rate of volume loss over time in the hippocampus in nondemented older adults, and detailed cognitive characterization of the sample is necessary to reliably interpret the relationship between cognition and brain structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Jak
- Veteran’s Medical Research Foundation, San Diego, Calif
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif
| | - Wes S. Houston
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Bonnie J. Nagel
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oreg
| | - Jody Corey-Bloom
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., USA
| | - Mark W. Bondi
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, Calif
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, Calif., USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Meer P, Acevedo S, Raber J. Impairments in spatial memory retention of GFAP-apoE4 female mice. Behav Brain Res 2006; 176:372-5. [PMID: 17126420 PMCID: PMC1950679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E isoforms, apoE2, apoE3, and apoE4, have differential effects on brain function. Compared to apoE3, apoE4 increases the risk of age-related cognitive decline in humans and female mice expressing apoE in neurons. Here, we show impaired spatial memory retention in female mice expressing apoE4 in astrocytes compared to those expressing apoE3 in astrocytes or lacking apoE. Thus, apoE4 impairs cognition whether expressed in neurons or astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Meer
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Summer Acevedo
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239
- Address for correspondence: Jacob Raber, Departments of Behavioral Neuroscience and Neurology, L470, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR97201., Office: (503) 494-1524, Lab: (503) 494-1431, Fax: (503) 494-6877, e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Oriá RB, Patrick PD, Blackman JA, Lima AAM, Guerrant RL. Role of apolipoprotein E4 in protecting children against early childhood diarrhea outcomes and implications for later development. Med Hypotheses 2006; 68:1099-107. [PMID: 17098371 PMCID: PMC3993898 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Accepted: 09/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our group and others have reported a series of studies showing that heavy burdens of diarrheal diseases in the formative first two years of life in children in urban shantytowns have profound consequences of impaired physical and cognitive development lasting into later childhood and schooling. Based on these previous studies showing that apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) is relatively common in favela children, we review recent data suggesting a protective role for the APOE4 allele in the cognitive and physical development of children with heavy burdens of diarrhea in early childhood. Despite being a marker for cognitive decline with Alzheimer's and cardiovascular diseases later in life, APOE4 appears to be important for cognitive development under the stress of heavy diarrhea. The reviewed findings provide a potential explanation for the survival advantage in evolution of the thrifty APOE4 allele and raise questions about its implications for human development under life-style changes and environmental challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo B Oriá
- Center for Global Health, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Mondadori CRA, de Quervain DJF, Buchmann A, Mustovic H, Wollmer MA, Schmidt CF, Boesiger P, Hock C, Nitsch RM, Papassotiropoulos A, Henke K. Better memory and neural efficiency in young apolipoprotein E epsilon4 carriers. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:1934-47. [PMID: 17077159 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) epsilon4 allele is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, but an APOE effect on memory performance and memory-related neurophysiology in young, healthy subjects is unknown. We found an association of APOE epsilon4 with better episodic memory compared with APOE epsilon2 and epsilon3 in 340 young, healthy persons. Neuroimaging was performed in a subset of 34 memory-matched individuals to study genetic effects on memory-related brain activity independently of differential performance. E4 carriers decreased brain activity over 3 learning runs, whereas epsilon2 and epsilon3 carriers increased activity. This smaller neural investment of epsilon4 carriers into learning reappeared during retrieval: epsilon4 carriers exhibited reduced retrieval-related activity with equal retrieval performance. APOE isoforms had no differential effects on cognitive measures other than memory, brain volumes, and brain activity related to working memory. We suggest that APOE epsilon4 is associated with good episodic memory and an economic use of memory-related neural resources in young, healthy humans.
Collapse
|