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Jak AJ, Panizzon MS, Spoon KM, Fennema-Notestine C, Franz CE, Thompson WK, Jacobson KC, Xian H, Eyler LT, Vuoksimaa E, Toomey R, Lyons MJ, Neale MC, Tsuang MT, Dale AM, Kremen WS. Hippocampal atrophy varies by neuropsychologically defined MCI among men in their 50s. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:456-65. [PMID: 25306196 PMCID: PMC4345132 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In an effort to address earliest detection of mild cognitive impairment (MCI), we examined hippocampal volumes and atrophy in middle-aged men to explore neuroanatomical support for different neuropsychological definitions of MCI. METHODS 460 men aged 51-60 years underwent neuropsychological testing and MRI. MCI was defined according to five criteria sets. MRI-derived hippocampal volume and hippocampal occupancy (HOC) were obtained via FreeSurfer. Statistical analyses were performed using linear mixed models. RESULTS Differences in HOC between normal cognitive functioning, amnestic, and non-amnestic MCI were observed using MCI criteria that required one impaired (>1.5 SD) cognitive measure in a given cognitive domain or a cognitive composite score method with a cut-point 2 SD below the mean. Differences in standard hippocampal volume were only found between normal and amnestic presentations and only when using the composite score method. CONCLUSION Results provide empirical support for detection of pre-MCI in younger cohorts. Convergence of neuropsychological and neuroanatomical data, particularly HOC (as opposed to standard cross-sectional volume), supports early identification of MCI as defined by some neuropsychological criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J. Jak
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
,Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Matthew S. Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Kelly M. Spoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-1245, USA
| | - Christine Fennema-Notestine
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carol E. Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Wesley, K. Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Kristen C. Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, Saint Louis University School of Public Health, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
,VA St. Louis Healthcare System, 915 North Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63106, USA
| | - Lisa T. Eyler
- Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, PO Box 41 (Mannerheimintie 172) FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland and the Academy of Finland
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael J. Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, 64 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael C. Neale
- Departments of Psychiatry and Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ming T. Tsuang
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
| | - Anders M. Dale
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
,Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - William S. Kremen
- Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Dr., La Jolla, CA, 92161, USA
,Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
,Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
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Kremen WS, Jak AJ, Panizzon MS, Spoon KM, Franz CE, Thompson WK, Jacobson KC, Vasilopoulos T, Vuoksimaa E, Xian H, Toomey R, Lyons MJ. Early identification and heritability of mild cognitive impairment. Int J Epidemiol 2014; 43:600-10. [PMID: 24370560 PMCID: PMC3997374 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyt242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in midlife could improve early identification of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Also, AD is highly heritable, but the heritability of MCI has not been established. We estimated prevalence rates, association with premorbid general cognitive ability (GCA) and heritability for different definitions of neuropsychologically defined MCI in adults in their 50s. METHOD We examined 1126 twins aged 51-59 years when recruited into the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging (VETSA). Six neurocognitive domains were assessed using tests designed to avoid ceiling effects. To differentiate MCI from low overall ability, criteria included adjustment for GCA measured at approximately age 20 years. RESULTS As in older adults, prevalence rates varied widely. Among the lower prevalence rates were some definitions of multiple-domain MCI and single-domain amnestic MCI, which may be less likely than other MCI categories to revert to normal on follow-up. Low prevalence rates in middle-aged adults are also more likely to be valid. MCI was also associated with lower premorbid GCA. Heritability estimates for any MCI and amnestic MCI averaged .40-.48. CONCLUSIONS By testing multiple cognitive domains and avoiding ceiling effects, MCI can be identified before age 60 years. Premorbid GCA is a risk/protective factor, but deficits after adjusting for early adult GCA suggest additional processes leading to declining trajectories. Heritabilities were comparable to AD, suggesting MCI as an appropriate phenotype for genetic association studies. Full validation will require follow-up assessments (currently under way). Community-based studies are important for this early identification because adults of this age are unlikely to present in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Amy J Jak
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly M Spoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wesley K Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristen C Jacobson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Terrie Vasilopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rosemary Toomey
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, CA, USA, Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University/Claremont Graduate University, San Diego, CA, USA, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA, Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland, Department of Statistics, St Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA, Research Service, VA St Louis Healthcare System, St Louis, MO, USA and Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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8
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Panizzon MS, Hauger R, Xian H, Vuoksimaa E, Spoon KM, Mendoza SP, Jacobson KC, Vasilopoulos T, Rana BK, McKenzie R, McCaffery JM, Lyons MJ, Kremen WS, Franz CE. Interaction of APOE genotype and testosterone on episodic memory in middle-aged men. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:1778.e1-8. [PMID: 24444806 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Age-related changes in testosterone are believed to be a key component of the processes that contribute to cognitive aging in men. The APOE-ε4 allele may interact with testosterone and moderate the hormone's association with cognition. The goals of the present study were to examine the degree to which free testosterone is associated with episodic memory in a community-based sample of middle-aged men, and examine the potential interaction between free testosterone and the APOE-ε4 allele. Data were used from 717 participants in the Vietnam Era Twin Study of Aging. Average age was 55.4 years (standard deviation = 2.5). Significant positive associations were observed between free testosterone level and verbal episodic memory, as well as a significant interaction between free testosterone and APOE-ε4 status. In ε4 carriers free testosterone was positively associated with verbal episodic memory performance (story recall), whereas no association was observed in ε4 noncarriers. Results support the hypothesis that APOE-ε4 status increases susceptibility to other risk factors, such as low testosterone, which may ultimately contribute to cognitive decline or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Panizzon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Richard Hauger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Hong Xian
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Louis University, College for Public Health & Social Justice, St. Louis, MO, USA; Research Service, St. Louis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eero Vuoksimaa
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kelly M Spoon
- Computational Science Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Sally P Mendoza
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Brinda K Rana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ruth McKenzie
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeanne M McCaffery
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, The Miriam Hospital and Warren Alpert School of Medicine at Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lyons
- Department of Psychology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William S Kremen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare System, CA, USA; Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol E Franz
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Twin Research Laboratory, Center for Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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