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Habran S, Giusti A, Galloy A, Gérard G, Delvaux A, Pigeon O, Remy S. Spatial and temporal variations of currently used pesticides (CUPs) concentrations in ambient air in Wallonia, Belgium. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141241. [PMID: 38242514 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Pesticides are among the most widely used chemicals thus contributing to a global contamination of the environment. Studies in North America and Europe have reported ambient air concentrations of Currently Used Pesticides in rural and urban locations as well as in remote areas. Monitoring pesticides in air is required for a better understanding of human exposure through inhalation and to assess potential health effects related to this exposure pathway. In this study, 46 pesticides were analyzed in ambient air in sampling stations distributed over Wallonia during a year, from May 2015 to May 2016. Different typologies were defined for sampling sites (remote areas, urban sites, agricultural sites, livestock area, and sites with other professional uses). Ambient air was sampled for 14 days with an active air sampler at a flow rate of 4 m³/h. Quartz filters and PUF/XAD-2/PUF cartridges were used to sample both gas and particulate phase pesticides. On the 46 pesticides studied, 6 insecticides, 18 herbicides and 18 fungicides were detected. Herbicides were measured in 68.3% of samples throughout the year, whereas fungicides and insecticides were measured in 62.6% and 13.2% of the samples, respectively. The highest mean concentrations for all pesticides were measured in spring-summer, whereas few pesticides were measured at low concentrations in winter. Six pesticides were measured in the remote sampling station at lower concentrations than in all other sites highlighting volatility of these pesticides. The highest number of different pesticides and the highest concentrations were measured in agricultural stations, where uses of plant protection products are higher. Finally, less volatile pesticides were only detected near application areas and at low concentrations. Together, these results provide better insight on the spatial and temporal variations of pesticides concentrations in ambient air, which were related to pesticides uses as well to atmospheric volatility and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Habran
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium.
| | - Arnaud Giusti
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Anne Galloy
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Guy Gérard
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
| | - Alain Delvaux
- Protection, control products and residues Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Olivier Pigeon
- Protection, control products and residues Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre (CRA-W), Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Suzanne Remy
- Environmental Health Unit, Scientific Institute of Public Service (ISSeP), Liege, Belgium
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2
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Okagu IU, Okeke ES, Ezeorba WCF, Ndefo JC, Ezeorba TPC. Overhauling the ecotoxicological impact of synthetic pesticides using plants' natural products: a focus on Zanthoxylum metabolites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:67997-68021. [PMID: 37148518 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27258-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction in agricultural production due to the negative impact of insects and weeds, as well as the health and economic burden associated with vector-borne diseases, has promoted the wide use of chemicals that control these "enemies." However, the use of these synthetic chemicals has been recognized to elicit negative impacts on the environment as well as the health and wellbeing of man. In this study, we presented an overview of recent updates on the environmental and health impacts of synthetic pesticides against agro-pest and disease vectors while exhaustive reviewing the potentials of natural plant products from Zanthoxylum species (Rutaceae) as sustainable alternatives. This study is expected to spur further research on exploiting these plants and their chemicals as safe and effective pesticide entities to minimize the impact of their chemical and synthetic counterparts on health and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Innocent Uzochukwu Okagu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Sunday Okeke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Natural Science Unit, School of General Studies, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Joseph Chinedum Ndefo
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Timothy Prince Chidike Ezeorba
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria.
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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3
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Zhou Q, Zhang J, Zhao J, Mao L, Zhao S, Wang B, Wei X, Shi Q, Chen J, Sun J. Ultrasound-enhanced air-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction for the UPLC determination of organophosphorus pesticides in river water. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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4
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Gnanaprakasam PD, Vanisree AJ. Recurring detrimental impact of agrochemicals on the ecosystem, and a glimpse of organic farming as a possible rescue. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75103-75112. [PMID: 36070036 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22750-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
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5
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Zhou Y, Wu J, Wang B, Duan L, Zhang Y, Zhao W, Wang F, Sui Q, Chen Z, Xu D, Li Q, Yu G. Occurrence, source and ecotoxicological risk assessment of pesticides in surface water of Wujin District (northwest of Taihu Lake), China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114953. [PMID: 32806427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and distribution of pesticides in surface water (lakes, major rivers and tributaries) and potential discharge sources (fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants) in Wujin District (northwest of Taihu Lake), Jiangsu province, China. An analytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for 38 pesticides, which was applied in the monitoring of 240 surface water samples and 76 potential discharge source samples. Eleven insecticides and five fungicides with temporal and spatial variation were detected in surface water. The total pesticide concentrations in surface water in different seasons were as follows: March > August > June > November. The two most polluting and widespread pesticides were carbendazim (maximum concentration 508 ng L-1, detection rate 100%) and imidacloprid (maximum concentration 438 ng L-1, detection rate 88%). Gehu Lake (S46) and Sanshangang River (S12) were seriously polluted water bodies. Seven insecticides and four fungicides were detected in the potential discharge sources; and their composition changed significantly with the seasons. The concentrations of detected organophosphorus pesticides and neonicotinoids (e.g. acetamiprid in March and dichlorvos in November) in a few non-agricultural planting sources were far greater than those detected in surface water, and hence a few fish ponds, livestock and poultry farms, and sewage treatment plants might be the potential discharge sources of pesticides in the surrounding surface water. The estimated input flux of the studied pesticides from upstream rivers to Taihu Lake was 141.95 kg a-1. Furthermore, more attention should be paid to the medium or high aquatic ecotoxicological risk presented by the levels of organophosphorus pesticides, carbamates, and benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Zhou
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junxue Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Institute of Plant and Environmental Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Bin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yizhe Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenxing Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qian Sui
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhongying Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Dongjiong Xu
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou, 213001, China
| | - Qingxue Li
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Organic Contaminants Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Research Institute for Environmental Innovation (Suzhou), Tsinghua, Suzhou, 215163, China
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Das S, Hageman KJ, Taylor M, Michelsen-Heath S, Stewart I. Fate of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, in leaves, soil, and air following application. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 243:125194. [PMID: 31739250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A field study was conducted to further our understanding about the fate and transport of the organophosphate insecticide, chlorpyrifos, and its degradation product, chlorpyrifos oxon. Leaf, soil and air sampling was conducted for 21 days after chlorpyrifos application to a field of purple tansy (Phacelia tanacetifolia). Air samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler (HVAS) and seven battery-operated medium-volume active air samplers placed around the field and on a 500-m transect extending away from the field. Chlorpyrifos was detected every day of the sampling period in all matrices, with concentrations decreasing rapidly after application. Chlorpyrifos oxon was only detected in air samples collected with the HVAS during the first three days after application. Wind direction played a significant role in controlling the measured air concentrations in near-field samples. The SCREEN3 model and chlorpyrifos' Characteristic Travel Distance (CTD) were used to predict modelled chlorpyrifos concentrations in air along the transect. The concentration trend predicted by the SCREEN3 model was similar to that of measured concentrations whereas CTD-modelled concentrations decreased at a significantly slower rate, indicating that downwind chlorpyrifos concentrations in air were primarily controlled by air dispersion. The SCREEN3-predicted chlorpyrifos concentrations were >5 times higher than measured concentrations, indicating that simple approaches for calculating accurate pesticide volatilization fluxes from agricultural fields are still needed. Finally, we found that measured concentrations in air on Days 0-2 at locations up to 500 m from the field were at levels considered concerning for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supta Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kimberly J Hageman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Utah, United States.
| | - Madeleine Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | | | - Ian Stewart
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Climent MJ, Herrero-Hernández E, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Pedreros P, Urrutia R. Residues of pesticides and some metabolites in dissolved and particulate phase in surface stream water of Cachapoal River basin, central Chile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:90-101. [PMID: 31071637 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the last twenty years, pesticide use in Chile has increased more than 160%, generating a greater risk of water resources pollution. The objective of this study was to assess the presence of 22 pesticides and 12 degradation products in surface water samples from the Cachapoal River basin, Central Chile, an area characterized by intense agricultural activity. Pesticide concentrations in the dissolved phase (DP) and particulate phase (PP) in samples collected in the dry season and after precipitation events was assessed. The solid-phase extraction technique was used to preconcentrate the samples and GC/MS and LC/MS were used to detect pesticides. The results present spatio-temporal variations in the proportion and concentration of pesticides and their degradation products in both the DP and PP for each site and sampling period. The most ubiquitous compounds in the dissolved phase were atrazine, atrazine-2-hydroxy (HA), cyprodinil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole, while in the particulate phase HA, imidacloprid, diazinon and pyrimidinol were detected. The results presented in this study make up the first record of pesticides in the dissolved and particulate phases in surface water in Chile. They show that the problem of pesticide contamination undoubtedly affects the quality of bodies of water in agricultural areas in Chile and support the need for a proper assessment of the water quality of the Cachapoal River in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Climent
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Eliseo Herrero-Hernández
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - María Jesús Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca, IRNASA-CSIC, c/ Cordel de Merinas, 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Pedreros
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Roberto Urrutia
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences & EULA Center, Universidad de Concepción, Barrio Universitario s/n, 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Center for Water Resources for Agriculture and Mining (CRHIAM), Universidad de Concepción, Victoria 1295, 4030000, Concepción, Chile
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8
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Wang S, Salamova A, Hites RA, Venier M. Spatial and Seasonal Distributions of Current Use Pesticides (CUPs) in the Atmospheric Particulate Phase in the Great Lakes Region. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:6177-6186. [PMID: 29762021 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The authors analyzed spatial and seasonal variations of current use pesticides (CUPs) levels in the atmospheric particulate phase in the Great Lakes basin. Twenty-four hour air samples were collected at six sites (two urban, two rural, and two remote) in 2015. The concentrations of 15 CUPs, including nine pyrethroid insecticides, four herbicides, one organophosphate insecticide, and one fungicide, were measured. The total CUPs concentrations were higher at the urban sites (0.38-1760 pg/m3) than at the rural and remote sites (0.07-530 pg/m3). The most abundant CUPs were pyrethroid insecticides at the urban sites. The levels of the other CUPs did not vary much among the six sites, except at the most remote site at Eagle Harbor, where the levels were significantly lower. Chlorothalonil was the most frequently detected CUP, which was detected in more than 76% of the samples. The atmospheric concentrations of total pyrethroid insecticides and total herbicides were correlated with local human population and developed land use. Significantly higher concentrations of most CUPs were observed in the warmer months than in the colder months at all sites. In addition to agricultural applications, which occur during the warmer months, the CUPs atmospheric concentrations may also be influenced by nonagricultural activities and the urban development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Ronald A Hites
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs , Indiana University , Bloomington , Indiana 47405 , United States
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Gibbs JL, Yost MG, Negrete M, Fenske RA. Passive Sampling for Indoor and Outdoor Exposures to Chlorpyrifos, Azinphos-Methyl, and Oxygen Analogs in a Rural Agricultural Community. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:333-341. [PMID: 27517732 PMCID: PMC5332193 DOI: 10.1289/ehp425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have highlighted the increased potency of oxygen analogs of organophosphorus pesticides. These pesticides and oxygen analogs have previously been identified in the atmosphere following spray applications in the states of California and Washington. OBJECTIVES We used two passive sampling methods to measure levels of the ollowing organophosphorus pesticides: chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, and their oxygen analogs at 14 farmworker and 9 non-farmworker households in an agricultural region of central Washington State in 2011. METHODS The passive methods included polyurethane foam passive air samplers deployed outdoors and indoors and polypropylene deposition plates deployed indoors. We collected cumulative monthly samples during the pesticide application seasons and during the winter season as a control. RESULTS Monthly outdoor air concentrations ranged from 9.2 to 199 ng/m3 for chlorpyrifos, 0.03 to 20 ng/m3 for chlorpyrifos-oxon, < LOD (limit of detection) to 7.3 ng/m3 for azinphos-methyl, and < LOD to 0.8 ng/m3 for azinphos-methyl-oxon. Samples from proximal households (≤ 250 m) had significantly higher outdoor air concentrations of chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos-oxon, and azinphos-methyl than did samples from nonproximal households (p ≤ 0.02). Overall, indoor air concentrations were lower than outdoors. For example, all outdoor air samples for chlorpyrifos and 97% of samples for azinphos-methyl were > LOD. Indoors, only 78% of air samples for chlorpyrifos and 35% of samples for azinphos-methyl were > LOD. Samples from farmworker households had higher indoor air concentrations of both pesticides than did samples from non-farmworker households. Mean indoor and outdoor air concentration ratios for chlorpyrifos and azinphos-methyl were 0.17 and 0.44, respectively. CONCLUSIONS We identified higher levels in air and on surfaces at both proximal and farmworker households. Our findings further confirm the presence of pesticides and their oxygen analogs in air and highlight their potential for infiltration of indoor living environments. Citation: Gibbs JL, Yost MG, Negrete M, Fenske RA. 2017. Passive sampling for indoor and outdoor exposures to chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, and oxygen analogs in a rural agricultural community. Environ Health Perspect 125:333-341; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP425.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Gibbs
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Address correspondence to J.L. Gibbs, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa College of Public Health, 145 North Riverside Dr., Iowa City, IA 52242 USA. Telephone: (319) 335-4405. E-mail:
| | - Michael G. Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Maria Negrete
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Richard A. Fenske
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, Washington, USA
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López A, Yusà V, Millet M, Coscollà C. Retrospective screening of pesticide metabolites in ambient air using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2015; 150:27-36. [PMID: 26838378 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2015.11.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A new methodology for the retrospective screening of pesticide metabolites in ambient air was developed, using liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS), including two systematic workflows (i) post-run target screening (suspect screening) and (ii) non-target screening. An accurate-mass database was built and used for the post-run screening analysis. The database contained 240 pesticide metabolites found in different matrixes such as air, soil, water, plants, animals and humans. For non-target analysis, a "fragmentation-degradation" relationship strategy was selected. The proposed methodology was applied to 31 air samples (PM10) collected in the Valencian Region (Spain). In the post-target analysis 34 metabolites were identified, of which 11 (3-ketocarburan, carbofuran-7-phenol, carbendazim, desmethylisoproturon, ethiofencarb-sulfoxide, malaoxon, methiocarb-sulfoxide, N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-L-alanine, omethoate, 2-hydroxy-terbuthylazine, and THPAM) were confirmed using analytical standards. The semiquantitative estimated concentration ranged between 6.78 and 198.31 pg m(-3). Likewise, two unknown degradation products of malaoxon and fenhexamid were elucidated in the non-target screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio López
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Analytical Chemistry Department, University of Valencia, Edifici Jeroni Muñoz, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Maurice Millet
- Institut de Chimie et Procedes pour l'Energie, l'Environnement et la Sante, ICPEES UMR 7515, Groupe de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphere, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, France
| | - Clara Coscollà
- Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research in the Valencian Region, FISABIO-Public Health, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Public Health Laboratory of Valencia, 21, Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
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11
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Armstrong JL, Yost MG, Fenske RA. Development of a passive air sampler to measure airborne organophosphorus pesticides and oxygen analogs in an agricultural community. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:135-143. [PMID: 24997910 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides are some of the most widely used insecticides in the US, and spray drift may result in human exposures. We investigate sampling methodologies using the polyurethane foam passive air sampling device to measure cumulative monthly airborne concentrations of OP pesticides chlorpyrifos, azinphos-methyl, and oxygen analogs. Passive sampling rates (m(3)d(-1)) were determined using calculations using chemical properties, loss of depuration compounds, and calibration with side-by-side active air sampling in a dynamic laboratory exposure chamber and in the field. The effects of temperature, relative humidity, and wind velocity on outdoor sampling rates were examined at 23 sites in Yakima Valley, Washington. Indoor sampling rates were significantly lower than outdoors. Outdoor rates significantly increased with average wind velocity, with high rates (>4m(3)d(-1)) observed above 8ms(-1). In exposure chamber studies, very little oxygen analog was observed on the PUF-PAS, yet substantial amounts chlorpyrifos-oxon and azinphos methyl oxon were measured in outdoor samples. PUF-PAS is a practical and useful alternative to AAS because it results in little artificial transformation to the oxygen analog during sampling, it provides cumulative exposure estimates, and the measured sampling rates were comparable to rates for other SVOCs. It is ideal for community based participatory research due to low subject burden and simple deployment in remote areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Armstrong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Michael G Yost
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Richard A Fenske
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA, United States
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12
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Cole TB, Li WF, Co AL, Hay AM, MacDonald JW, Bammler TK, Farin FM, Costa LG, Furlong CE. Repeated gestational exposure of mice to chlorpyrifos oxon is associated with paraoxonase 1 (PON1) modulated effects in maternal and fetal tissues. Toxicol Sci 2014; 141:409-22. [PMID: 25070982 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), the toxic metabolite of the organophosphorus (OP) insecticide chlorpyrifos, causes developmental neurotoxicity in humans and rodents. CPO is hydrolyzed by paraoxonase-1 (PON1), with protection determined by PON1 levels and the human Q192R polymorphism. To examine how the Q192R polymorphism influences fetal toxicity associated with gestational CPO exposure, we measured enzyme inhibition and fetal-brain gene expression in wild-type (PON1(+/+)), PON1-knockout (PON1(-/-)), and tgHuPON1R192 and tgHuPON1Q192 transgenic mice. Pregnant mice exposed dermally to 0, 0.50, 0.75, or 0.85 mg/kg/d CPO from gestational day (GD) 6 through 17 were sacrificed on GD18. Biomarkers of CPO exposure inhibited in maternal tissues included brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), red blood cell acylpeptide hydrolase (APH), and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and carboxylesterase (CES). Fetal plasma BChE was inhibited in PON1(-/-) and tgHuPON1Q192, but not PON1(+/+) or tgHuPON1R192 mice. Fetal brain AChE and plasma CES were inhibited in PON1(-/-) mice, but not in other genotypes. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified five gene modules based on clustering of the correlations among their fetal-brain expression values, allowing for correlation of module membership with the phenotypic data on enzyme inhibition. One module that correlated highly with maternal brain AChE activity had a large representation of homeobox genes. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed multiple gene sets affected by gestational CPO exposure in tgHuPON1Q192 but not tgHuPON1R192 mice, including gene sets involved in protein export, lipid metabolism, and neurotransmission. These data indicate that maternal PON1 status modulates the effects of repeated gestational CPO exposure on fetal-brain gene expression and on inhibition of both maternal and fetal biomarker enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby B Cole
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department of Genome Sciences Center on Human Development and Disability
| | - Wan-Fen Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics
| | - Aila L Co
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics Department of Genome Sciences
| | - Ariel M Hay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics Department of Genome Sciences
| | - James W MacDonald
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Theo K Bammler
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Federico M Farin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Lucio G Costa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Clement E Furlong
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics Department of Genome Sciences
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13
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Roca M, Miralles-Marco A, Ferré J, Pérez R, Yusà V. Biomonitoring exposure assessment to contemporary pesticides in a school children population of Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 131:77-85. [PMID: 24657944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The exposure to pesticides amongst school-aged children (6-11 years old) was assessed in this study. One hundred twenty-five volunteer children were selected from two public schools located in an agricultural and in an urban area of Valencia Region, Spain. Twenty pesticide metabolites were analyzed in children's urine as biomarkers of exposure to organophosphate (OP) insecticides, synthetic pyrethroid insecticides, and herbicides. These data were combined with a survey to evaluate the main predictors of pesticide exposure in the children's population. A total of 15 metabolites were present in the urine samples with detection frequencies (DF) ranging from 5% to 86%. The most frequently detected metabolites with DF>53%, were 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy, metabolite of chlorpyrifos), diethyl phosphate (DEP, generic metabolite of OP insecticides), 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMPY, metabolite of diazinon) and para-nitrophenol (PNP, metabolite of parathion and methyl parathion). The calculated geometric means ranged from 0.47 to 3.36 µg/g creatinine, with TCPy and IMPY showing the higher mean concentrations. Statistical significant differences were found between exposure subgroups (Mann-Whitney test, p<0.05) for TCPy, DEP, and IMPY. Children living in the agricultural area had significantly higher concentrations of DEP than those living in the urban area. In contrast, children aged 6-8 years from the urban area, showed statistically higher IMPY levels than those from agricultural area. Higher levels of TCPy were also found in children with high consumption of vegetables and higher levels of DEP in children whose parents did not have university degree studies. The multivariable regression analysis showed that age, vegetable consumption, and residential use of pesticides were predictors of exposure for TCPy, and IMPY; whereas location and vegetable consumption were factors associated with DEP concentrations. Creatinine concentrations were the most important predictors of urinary TCPy and PNP metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Roca
- Centre of Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Laboratory of Public Health of Valencia, 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Miralles-Marco
- Centre of Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Laboratory of Public Health of Valencia, 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Joan Ferré
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Pérez
- Centre of Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicent Yusà
- Centre of Public Health Research (CSISP-FISABIO), 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Laboratory of Public Health of Valencia, 21 Avenida Catalunya, 46020 Valencia, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry University of Valencia, 50 Doctor Moliner, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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14
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Armstrong JL, Dills RL, Yu J, Yost MG, Fenske RA. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for measurement of organophosphorus pesticides and their oxygen analogs in air sampling matrices. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2014; 49:102-8. [PMID: 24328542 PMCID: PMC5953420 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2014.846744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed for determination of levels of the organophosphorus (OP) pesticides chlorpyrifos (CPF), azinphos methyl (AZM), and their oxygen analogs chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O) and azinphos methyl-oxon (AZM-O) on common active air sampling matrices. XAD-2 resin and polyurethane foam (PUF) matrices were extracted with acetonitrile containing stable-isotope labeled internal standards (ISTD). Analysis was accomplished in Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode, and analytes in unknown samples were identified by retention time (±0.1 min) and qualifier ratio (±30% absolute) as compared to the mean of calibrants. For all compounds, calibration linearity correlation coefficients were ≥0.996. Limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.15-1.1 ng/sample for CPF, CPF-O, AZM, and AZM-O on active sampling matrices. Spiked fortification recoveries were 78-113% from XAD-2 active air sampling tubes and 71-108% from PUF active air sampling tubes. Storage stability tests also yielded recoveries ranging from 74-94% after time periods ranging from 2-10 months. The results demonstrate that LC-MS/MS is a sensitive method for determining these compounds from two different matrices at the low concentrations that can result from spray drift and long range transport in non-target areas following agricultural applications. In an inter-laboratory comparison, the limit of quantification (LOQ) for LC-MS/MS was 100 times lower than a typical gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Armstrong
- a Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences , University of Washington School of Public Health , Seattle , Washington , USA
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Hu Y, Bai Y, Li X, Chen J. Application of dielectric barrier discharge plasma for degradation and pathways of dimethoate in aqueous solution. Sep Purif Technol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2013.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Armstrong JL, Fenske RA, Yost MG, Tchong-French M, Yu J. Comparison of polyurethane foam and XAD-2 sampling matrices to measure airborne organophosphorus pesticides and their oxygen analogs in an agricultural community. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:451-7. [PMID: 23466277 PMCID: PMC3660546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Side-by-side active air sampling for the organophosphorus (OP) pesticide, chlorpyrifos (CPF) and its oxygen analog, chlorpyrifos-oxon (CPF-O) was conducted with two recommended air sampling matrices: OSHA Versatile Sampling (OVS) tubes with XAD-2 resin, polyurethane foam (PUF) tubes, and passive PUF deposition disks. The study compared the proportion of artificially transformed CPF-O in the laboratory and in the field during a tree fruit application in Washington State. Lab results demonstrated that the NIOSH-recommended OVS tubes artificially transformed up to 32% of CPF to CPF-O during the sampling process, whereas PUF tubes had little to no artificial transformation (⩽0.1%). In the field, the proportion of CPF-O in the sample was significantly higher on OVS tubes than on PUF tubes (p<0.001), confirming that OVS tubes were converting a significant portion of CPF to CPF-O. In addition, PUF tubes reported measurable levels CPF-O in the field even when no artificial transformation was expected. We conclude that the PUF matrix is the superior sampling medium for OP oxygen analogs when compared to XAD-two resin. Community-located PUF tube samples 24h post-application had considerably higher levels CPF-O (16-21ngm(-3)) than near field samples during application (2-14ngm(-3)), suggesting that the oxygen analog is volatile and formed during atmospheric transport. It is recommended that worker and community risk assessments begin to take into consideration the presence of the more toxic oxygen analogs when measuring for OP pesticide mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Armstrong
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington School of Public Health, Seattle, WA 98105, United States.
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