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Markitantova Y, Simirskii V. Endogenous and Exogenous Regulation of Redox Homeostasis in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells: An Updated Antioxidant Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10776. [PMID: 37445953 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs a range of necessary functions within the neural layers of the retina and helps ensure vision. The regulation of pro-oxidative and antioxidant processes is the basis for maintaining RPE homeostasis and preventing retinal degenerative processes. Long-term stable changes in the redox balance under the influence of endogenous or exogenous factors can lead to oxidative stress (OS) and the development of a number of retinal pathologies associated with RPE dysfunction, and can eventually lead to vision loss. Reparative autophagy, ubiquitin-proteasome utilization, the repair of damaged proteins, and the maintenance of their conformational structure are important interrelated mechanisms of the endogenous defense system that protects against oxidative damage. Antioxidant protection of RPE cells is realized as a result of the activity of specific transcription factors, a large group of enzymes, chaperone proteins, etc., which form many signaling pathways in the RPE and the retina. Here, we discuss the role of the key components of the antioxidant defense system (ADS) in the cellular response of the RPE against OS. Understanding the role and interactions of OS mediators and the components of the ADS contributes to the formation of ideas about the subtle mechanisms in the regulation of RPE cellular functions and prospects for experimental approaches to restore RPE functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliya Markitantova
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Simirskii
- Koltsov Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119334 Moscow, Russia
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Tursch A, Holstein TW. From injury to patterning—MAPKs and Wnt signaling in Hydra. Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 153:381-417. [PMID: 36967201 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Hydra has a regenerative capacity that is not limited to individual organs but encompasses the entire body. Various global and integrative genome, transcriptome and proteome approaches have shown that many of the signaling pathways and transcription factors present in vertebrates are already present in Cnidaria, the sister group of Bilateria, and are also activated in regeneration. It is now possible to investigate one of the central questions of regeneration biology, i.e., how does the patterning system become activated by the injury signals that initiate regeneration. This review will present the current data obtained in Hydra and draw parallels with regeneration in Bilateria. Important findings of this global analysis are that the Wnt signaling pathway has a dual function in the regeneration process. In the early phase Wnt is activated generically and in a second phase of pattern formation it is activated in a position specific manner. Thus, Wnt signaling is part of the generic injury response, in which mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are initially activated via calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The MAPKs, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) are essential for Wnt activation in Hydra head and foot regenerates. Furthermore, the antagonism between the ERK signaling pathway and stress-induced MAPKs results in a balanced induction of apoptosis and mitosis. However, the early Wnt genes are activated by MAPK signaling rather than apoptosis. Early Wnt gene activity is differentially integrated with a stable, β-Catenin-based gradient along the primary body axis maintaining axial polarity and activating further Wnts in the regenerating head. Because MAPKs and Wnts are highly evolutionarily conserved, we hypothesize that this mechanism is also present in vertebrates but may be activated to different degrees at the level of early Wnt gene integration.
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Sadahiro R, Knight B, James F, Hannon E, Charity J, Daniels IR, Burrage J, Knox O, Crawford B, Smart NJ, Mill J. Major surgery induces acute changes in measured DNA methylation associated with immune response pathways. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5743. [PMID: 32238836 PMCID: PMC7113299 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surgery is an invasive procedure evoking acute inflammatory and immune responses that can influence risk for postoperative complications including cognitive dysfunction and delirium. Although the specific mechanisms driving these responses have not been well-characterized, they are hypothesized to involve the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. We quantified genome-wide levels of DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) longitudinally collected from a cohort of elderly patients undergoing major surgery, comparing samples collected at baseline to those collected immediately post-operatively and at discharge from hospital. We identified acute changes in measured DNA methylation at sites annotated to immune system genes, paralleling changes in serum-levels of markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6) measured in the same individuals. Many of the observed changes in measured DNA methylation were consistent across different types of major surgery, although there was notable heterogeneity between surgery types at certain loci. The acute changes in measured DNA methylation induced by surgery are relatively stable in the post-operative period, generally persisting until discharge from hospital. Our results highlight the dramatic alterations in gene regulation induced by invasive surgery, primarily reflecting upregulation of the immune system in response to trauma, wound healing and anaesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Sadahiro
- Department of Immune Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, National Cancer Center Japan, Tokyo, Japan. .,University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
| | - Bridget Knight
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.,Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ffion James
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Eilis Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - John Charity
- Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Daniels
- Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Joe Burrage
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Olivia Knox
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Bethany Crawford
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J Smart
- Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom.
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Markitantova YV, Simirskii VN. Role of the Redox System in Initiation of a Regenerative Response of Neural Eye Tissues in Vertebrates. Russ J Dev Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s106236042001004x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Zhou S, Yang J, Wang M, Zheng D, Liu Y. Endoplasmic reticulum stress regulates epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in human lens epithelial cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:173-180. [PMID: 31746423 PMCID: PMC6896292 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial‑to‑mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human lens epithelial cells (HLECs) serve an important role in cataract formation. The endoplasmic reticulum stress response (ER stress) has been demonstrated to regulate EMT in a number of tissues. The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the role of ER stress on EMT in HLECs. HLECs were treated with tunicamycin (TM) or thapsigargin (TG) to disturb ER homeostasis, and 4‑phenylbutyric acid (PBA) or sodium tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDCA) to restore ER homeostasis. Cell morphology was evaluated after 24 h. The long axis and aspect ratio of the cells were analyzed using ImageJ software. The results demonstrated that HLECs adopted an elongated morphology following treatment with TG, and the cellular aspect ratio increased. However, this morphological change was not observed following combination treatment with TG and PBA. Western blot analysis and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure the protein expression levels. A wound‑healing assay was performed to evaluate cell migration. Treatment with TM or TG increased the expression of the ER stress markers glucose‑regulated protein 78, phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α, activating transcription factor (ATF)6, ATF4 and inositol‑requiring protein 1α and the EMT markers fibronectin, vimentin, α‑smooth muscle actin and neural cadherin. Furthermore, treatment with TM or TG decreased the expression of the epithelial cell marker epithelial cadherin and enhanced cell migration, which effects were inhibited following treatment with PBA or TUDCA. These results indicates that enhanced ER stress induced EMT and subsequently increased cell migration in HLECs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Mingwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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Grigoryan EN. Molecular Factors of the Maintenance and Activation of the Juvenile Phenotype of Cellular Sources for Eye Tissue Regeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1318-1331. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918110032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Chen M, Pan H, Dai Y, Zhang J, Tong Y, Huang Y, Wang M, Huang H. Phosphatidylcholine regulates NF-κB activation in attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation: evidence from in vitro study. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2017.1405072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongying Pan
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yining Dai
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongxi Tong
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yicheng Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijun Huang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital, Hangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Lengerer B, Wunderer J, Pjeta R, Carta G, Kao D, Aboobaker A, Beisel C, Berezikov E, Salvenmoser W, Ladurner P. Organ specific gene expression in the regenerating tail of Macrostomum lignano. Dev Biol 2017; 433:448-460. [PMID: 28757111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Temporal and spatial characterization of gene expression is a prerequisite for the understanding of cell-, tissue-, and organ-differentiation. In a multifaceted approach to investigate gene expression in the tail plate of the free-living marine flatworm Macrostomum lignano, we performed a posterior-region-specific in situ hybridization screen, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of regenerating animals, and functional analyses of selected tail-specific genes. The in situ screen revealed transcripts expressed in the antrum, cement glands, adhesive organs, prostate glands, rhabdite glands, and other tissues. Next we used RNA-seq to characterize temporal expression in the regenerating tail plate revealing a time restricted onset of both adhesive organs and copulatory apparatus regeneration. In addition, we identified three novel previously unannotated genes solely expressed in the regenerating stylet. RNA interference showed that these genes are required for the formation of not only the stylet but the whole male copulatory apparatus. RNAi treated animals lacked the stylet, vesicula granulorum, seminal vesicle, false seminal vesicle, and prostate glands, while the other tissues of the tail plate, such as adhesive organs regenerated normally. In summary, our findings provide a large resource of expression data during homeostasis and regeneration of the morphologically complex tail regeneration and pave the way for a better understanding of organogenesis in M. lignano.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Lengerer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Julia Wunderer
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Robert Pjeta
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Giada Carta
- Division of Physiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Schöpfstraße 41/EG, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Damian Kao
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
| | - Aziz Aboobaker
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PS, United Kingdom.
| | - Christian Beisel
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Eugene Berezikov
- European Research Institute for the Biology of Ageing, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, NL-9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Willi Salvenmoser
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Peter Ladurner
- Institute of Zoology and Center of Molecular Bioscience Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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De Groef S, Staels W, Van Gassen N, Lemper M, Yuchi Y, Sojoodi M, Bussche L, Heremans Y, Leuckx G, De Leu N, Van de Casteele M, Baeyens L, Heimberg H. Sources of beta cells inside the pancreas. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1834-7. [PMID: 27053238 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3879-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The generation of beta(-like) cells to compensate for their absolute or relative shortage in type 1 and type 2 diabetes is an obvious therapeutic strategy. Patients first received grafts of donor islet cells over 25 years ago, but this procedure has not become routine in clinical practice because of a donor cell shortage and (auto)immune problems. Transplantation of differentiated embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells may overcome some but not all the current limitations. Reprogramming exocrine cells towards functional beta(-like) cells would offer an alternative abundant and autologous source of beta(-like) cells. This review focuses on work by our research group towards achieving such a source of cells. It summarises a presentation given at the 'Can we make a better beta cell?' symposium at the 2015 annual meeting of the EASD. It is accompanied by two other reviews on topics from this symposium (by Amin Ardestani and Kathrin Maedler, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3892-9 , and by Heiko Lickert and colleagues, DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3949-9 ) and a commentary by the Session Chair, Shanta Persaud (DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3870-2 ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie De Groef
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Naomi Van Gassen
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie Lemper
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yixing Yuchi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mozhdeh Sojoodi
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leen Bussche
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gunter Leuckx
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico De Leu
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mark Van de Casteele
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luc Baeyens
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B1090, Brussels, Belgium.
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Durant F, Lobo D, Hammelman J, Levin M. Physiological controls of large-scale patterning in planarian regeneration: a molecular and computational perspective on growth and form. REGENERATION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2016; 3:78-102. [PMID: 27499881 PMCID: PMC4895326 DOI: 10.1002/reg2.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Planaria are complex metazoans that repair damage to their bodies and cease remodeling when a correct anatomy has been achieved. This model system offers a unique opportunity to understand how large-scale anatomical homeostasis emerges from the activities of individual cells. Much progress has been made on the molecular genetics of stem cell activity in planaria. However, recent data also indicate that the global pattern is regulated by physiological circuits composed of ionic and neurotransmitter signaling. Here, we overview the multi-scale problem of understanding pattern regulation in planaria, with specific focus on bioelectric signaling via ion channels and gap junctions (electrical synapses), and computational efforts to extract explanatory models from functional and molecular data on regeneration. We present a perspective that interprets results in this fascinating field using concepts from dynamical systems theory and computational neuroscience. Serving as a tractable nexus between genetic, physiological, and computational approaches to pattern regulation, planarian pattern homeostasis harbors many deep insights for regenerative medicine, evolutionary biology, and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fallon Durant
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental BiologyTufts UniversityMA02155USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of MarylandBaltimore County, 1000 Hilltop CircleBaltimoreMD21250USA
| | - Jennifer Hammelman
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental BiologyTufts UniversityMA02155USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Department of Biology, Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, Tufts Center for Regenerative and Developmental BiologyTufts UniversityMA02155USA
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Abstract
One of the key promises of regenerative medicine is providing a cure for diabetes. Cell-based therapies are proving their safety and efficiency, but donor beta cell shortages and immunological issues remain major hurdles. Reprogramming of human pancreatic exocrine cells towards beta cells would offer a major advantage by providing an abundant and autologous source of beta cells. Over the past decade our understanding of transdifferentiation processes greatly increased allowing us to design reprogramming protocols that fairly aim for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Staels
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yves Heremans
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Harry Heimberg
- Diabetes Research Center, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 1090 Brussels, Belgium.
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Coenzyme Q0 regulates NFκB/AP-1 activation and enhances Nrf2 stabilization in attenuation of LPS-induced inflammation and redox imbalance: Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1859:246-61. [PMID: 26548719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ) analogs with variable number of isoprenoid units have been demonstrated as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant/pro-oxidant molecules. In this study we used CoQ0 (2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone, zero isoprenoid side-chains), a novel quinone derivative, and investigated its molecular actions against LPS-induced inflammation and redox imbalance in murine RAW264.7 macrophages and mice. In LPS-stimulated macrophages, non-cytotoxic concentrations of CoQ0 (2.5-10 μM) inhibited iNOS/COX-2 protein expressions with subsequent reductions of NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β secretions. This inhibition was reasoned by suppression of NFκB (p65) activation, and inhibition of AP-1 (c-Jun., c-Fos, ATF2) translocation. Our findings indicated that IKKα-mediated I-κB degradation and MAPK-signaling are involved in regulation of NFκB/AP-1 activation. Furthermore, CoQ0 triggered HO-1 and NQO-1 genes through increased Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Nrf2/ARE-signaling. This phenomenon was confirmed by diminished CoQ0 protective effects in Nrf2 knockdown cells, where LPS-induced NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-1β productions remained high. Molecular evidence revealed that CoQ0 enhanced Nrf2 steady-state level at both transcriptional and translational levels. CoQ0-induced Nrf2 activation appears to be regulated by ROS-JNK-signaling cascades, as evidenced by suppressed Nrf2 activation upon treatment with pharmacological inhibitors of ROS (N-acetylcysteine) and JNK (SP600125). Besides, oral administration of CoQ0 (5 mg/kg) suppressed LPS-induced (1 mg/kg) induction of iNOS/COX-2 and TNF-α/IL-1β through tight regulation of NFκB/Nrf2 signaling in mice liver and spleen. Our findings conclude that pharmacological actions of CoQ0 are mediated via inhibition of NFκB/AP-1 activation and induction of Nrf2/ARE-signaling. Owing to its potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, CoQ0 could be a promising candidate to treat inflammatory disorders.
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