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Wang L, Chen Q, Song H, Xing W, Shi J, Li Y, Lv Y, Wang Z, Chen J, Zhao W. The anti-colorectal cancer effect and metabolites of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118146. [PMID: 38604512 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae, A. pilosa) has been used in traditional medicine in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries for treatment of acute and chronic enteritis and diarrhea. Secondary metabolites have been isolated and tested for biological activities. It remains unclear in terms of its potential components of anti-colorectal cancer properties. AIM OF THE STUDY The study aimed to how extracts from A. pilosa and their components influenced tumor microenvironment and the colorectal tumor growth in vivo on AOM/DSS induced colorectal cancer mice, the metabolites of A. pilosa was also been studied. MATERIALS AND METHODS Different methods have been used to extract different parts of A. pilosa. And the anti-proliferation effect of these extracts on colon cancer cells have been tested. The components of A. pilosa and its metabolites in vivo were analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) effects of A. pilosa and its components in vivo were studied on AOM/DSS induced CRC mice. The effects of constituents of A. pilosa on the composition of immune cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) were analyzed by flow cytometry. 16 S rDNA technology was used to analyze the effect of administration on the composition of intestinal microflora. Pathological section staining was used to compare the morphological changes and molecular expression of intestinal tissue in different groups. RESULTS The constituent exists in root of A. pilosa showed the strongest anti-proliferation ability on colon cancer cells in vitro. The extract from the root of A. pilosa could attenuate the occurrence of colorectal tumors induced by AOM/DSS in a concentration-dependent manner. Administration of the extract from the root of A. pilosa could affect the proportion of γδT cells, tumor associated macrophages and myeloid derived suppressor cells in TME, increasing the proportion of anti-tumor immune cells and decrease the immunosuppressive cells in the TME to promote the anti-tumor immune response. The administration of the extract adjusted the composition of gut microbiota and its components Agrimoniin and Agrimonolide-6-o-glucoside showed the strongest anti-CRC effect in vivo with adjusting the gut microbiota differently. CONCLUSIONS The extract from root of A. pilosa showed anti-colorectal cancer effects in vivo and in vitro, affecting the composition of gut microbiota and the anti-tumor immune response. Within all components of A. pilosa, Agrimoniin and Agrimonolide-6-o-glucoside showed remarkable anti-CRC efficiency in vivo and in vitro. Besides, the metabolites of extract from root of A. pilosa in gastrointestinal tract mainly composed of two parts: Agrimonolide-related metabolites and Urolithins. The extract from root of A. pilosa could contribute to potential drugs for assisting clinical anti-colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Hui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wen Xing
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Junfeng Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yudi Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yunpeng Lv
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ziqian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Jinlong Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenhua Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Roshandel G, Ghasemi-Kebria F, Malekzadeh R. Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1530. [PMID: 38672612 PMCID: PMC11049480 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second most common cause of cancer mortality worldwide. There are disparities in the epidemiology of CRC across different populations, most probably due to differences in exposure to lifestyle and environmental factors related to CRC. Prevention is the most effective method for controlling CRC. Primary prevention includes determining and avoiding modifiable risk factors (e.g., alcohol consumption, smoking, and dietary factors) as well as increasing protective factors (e.g., physical activity, aspirin). Further studies, especially randomized, controlled trials, are needed to clarify the association between CRC incidence and exposure to different risk factors or protective factors. Detection and removal of precancerous colorectal lesions is also an effective strategy for controlling CRC. Multiple factors, both at the individual and community levels (e.g., patient preferences, availability of screening modalities, costs, benefits, and adverse events), should be taken into account in designing and implementing CRC screening programs. Health policymakers should consider the best decision in identifying the starting age and selection of the most effective screening strategies for the target population. This review aims to present updated evidence on the epidemiology, risk factors, and prevention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gholamreza Roshandel
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49178-67439, Iran; (G.R.); (F.G.-K.)
| | - Fatemeh Ghasemi-Kebria
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan 49178-67439, Iran; (G.R.); (F.G.-K.)
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Oncology Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14117-13135, Iran
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Ayyalasomayajula R, Cudic M. Targeting Siglec-Sialylated MUC1 Immune Axis in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1334. [PMID: 38611013 PMCID: PMC11011055 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16071334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Siglecs play a key role in mediating cell-cell interactions via the recognition of different sialylated glycoconjugates, including tumor-associated MUC1, which can lead to the activation or inhibition of the immune response. The activation occurs through the signaling of Siglecs with the cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-containing proteins, while the inhibition signal is a result of the interaction of intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motif (ITIM)-bearing receptors. The interaction of tumor-associated MUC1 sialylated glycans with Siglecs via ITIM motifs decreases antitumor immunity. Consequently, these interactions are expected to play a key role in tumor evasion. Efforts to modulate the response of immune cells by blocking the immune-suppressive effects of inhibitory Siglecs, driving immune-activating Siglecs, and/or altering the synthesis and expression of the sialic acid glycocalyx are new therapeutic strategies deserving further investigation. We will highlight the role of Siglec's family receptors in immune evasion through interactions with glycan ligands in their natural context, presented on the protein such as MUC1, factors affecting their fine binding specificities, such as the role of multivalency either at the ligand or receptor side, their spatial organization, and finally the current and future therapeutic interventions targeting the Siglec-sialylated MUC1 immune axis in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mare Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Rd., Boca Raton, FL 33431, USA;
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Tao Y, Xie Y. Prognostic impact of CD4+ and CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in patients with colorectal cancer. Acta Chir Belg 2024; 124:35-40. [PMID: 36780176 DOI: 10.1080/00015458.2023.2180712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor immune response has been suggested as an important indicator of cancer prognosis. This study was initiated to investigate the association between T lymphocytes and the prognosis of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Included in this study were 129 CRC patients who received surgical treatment in Henan Provincial People's Hospital from January 2003 to January 2014. The level of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in tissues was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Survival analysis was conducted by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS IHC staining showed that CD8+ T lymphocyte infiltration was high in 88 cases and low in 41 cases, while CD4+ T lymphocyte infiltration was high in 66 cases and low in 63 cases. The level of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in CRC tissue was closely related to TNM stage and tumor invasion (p < 0.05). Follow-up analysis showed that both disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were better in patients with a high level of CD8+ and CD4 + CD8+ than those in patients with a low level (p < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that TNM stage, lymph node, CD8+ and CD4+ CD8+ were independent risk factors for DFS and OS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION High level of CD8+ and CD4+ CD8+ may prove to be a potential predictor of better prognosis of CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Tao
- Colorectal Surgery, Ningbo City First Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Ya Xie
- Colorectal Surgery, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
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Ionescu VA, Gheorghe G, Bacalbasa N, Chiotoroiu AL, Diaconu C. Colorectal Cancer: From Risk Factors to Oncogenesis. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1646. [PMID: 37763765 PMCID: PMC10537191 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59091646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Numerous pathophysiological mechanisms, such as abnormal cell proliferation, cell differentiation, resistance to apoptosis, invasion of structures adjacent to colorectal tumor cells, and distant metastasis, are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis. These processes are initiated by the complex interaction of a number of genetic and environmental factors, including sedentary lifestyle, obesity, alcohol consumption, smoking, or gut microbiota. Despite the significant progress achieved in the diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with colorectal cancer, there has been recently a noteworthy increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer in individuals below the age of 50 years. Early-onset colorectal cancer has a different frequency of oncogenic mutations, a higher prevalence of mucinous histology, a distinct deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation profile, a more distal location, and lower survival rates. A significant improvement in the prognosis of these patients can be achieved through the detection and removal of modifiable risk factors, along with the implementation of personalized screening strategies for individuals at high risk for this malignancy. Furthermore, gaining comprehension of the pathophysiological mechanisms by which these risk factors contribute to the process of oncogenesis may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Alexandru Ionescu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.A.I.); (N.B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Mollecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Gheorghe
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.A.I.); (N.B.)
- Department of Cellular and Mollecular Pathology, Stefan S. Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 030304 Bucharest, Romania
- Gastroenterology Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Nicolae Bacalbasa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.A.I.); (N.B.)
- Department of Visceral Surgery, Center of Excellence in Translational Medicine, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Camelia Diaconu
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (V.A.I.); (N.B.)
- Internal Medicine Department, Clinical Emergency Hospital of Bucharest, 105402 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050085 Bucharest, Romania
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Lu C, Zhang X, Schardey J, Wirth U, Heinrich K, Massiminio L, Cavestro GM, Neumann J, Bazhin AV, Werner J, Kühn F. Molecular characteristics of microsatellite stable early-onset colorectal cancer as predictors of prognosis and immunotherapeutic response. NPJ Precis Oncol 2023; 7:63. [PMID: 37393364 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-023-00414-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC, in patients younger than 50) is increasing worldwide. The specific gene signatures in EO-CRC patients are largely unknown. Since EO-CRC with microsatellite instability is frequently associated with Lynch syndrome, we aimed to comprehensively characterize the tumor microenvironment (TME) and gene expression profiles of EO-CRC with microsatellite stable (MSS-EO-CRC). Here, we demonstrated that MSS-EO-CRC has a similar pattern of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, immunotherapeutic responses, consensus molecular subtypes, and prognosis as late-onset CRC with MSS (MSS-LO-CRC). 133 differential expressed genes were identified as unique gene signatures of MSS-EO-CRC. Moreover, we established a risk score, which was positively associated with PD-L1 expression and could reflect both the level of tumor-infiltrating immune cells and the prognosis of MSS-EO-CRC patients. Application of this score on the anti-PD-L1 treatment cohort demonstrated that the low-risk score group has significant therapeutic advantages and clinical benefits. In addition, candidate driver genes were identified in the different-sidedness of MSS-EO-CRC patients. Altogether, MSS-EO-CRC exhibits distinct molecular profiles that differ from MSS-LO-CRC even though they have a similar TME characterization and survival pattern. Our risk score appears to be robust enough to predict prognosis and immunotherapeutic response and therefore could help to optimize the treatment of MSS-EO-CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Lu
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention (Ministry of Education), The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for CANCER & Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Gastrointestinal Cancer Center, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Beijing, China
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Josefine Schardey
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wirth
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Heinrich
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Luca Massiminio
- Experimental Gastroenterology Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Martina Cavestro
- Experimental Gastroenterology Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Endoscopy Department, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandr V Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Kühn
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplant Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany.
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Jackson K, Samaddar S, Markiewicz MA, Bansal A. Vaccination-Based Immunoprevention of Colorectal Tumors: A Primer for the Clinician. J Clin Gastroenterol 2023; 57:246-252. [PMID: 36730670 PMCID: PMC9911105 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) continues to be a significant public health problem worldwide. CRC screening programs have reduced the incidence rates of CRCs but still suffer from the problems of missed lesions and interval cancers. Chemopreventive strategies against CRC would benefit high-risk populations but trials testing synthetic and naturally occurring compounds have not yielded a front runner. Immune mechanisms promoting cancer have been modulated to develop immunotherapy for cancer treatment that has revolutionized cancer management, but could also be applied to cancer interception, that is, cancer immunoprevention. Cancer immunoprevention refers to approaches that can enhance the immune system, either directly or by removing natural breaks such as immune checkpoints, to survey and destroy tumor cells. In this primer, we aim to explain the concepts behind vaccine-based cancer immunoprevention. Multiple cancer vaccines have been tried in advanced cancer populations, but most have failed primarily because of an immunosuppressive environment that accompanies advanced cancers. Preventive vaccines in immunocompetent hosts may have a better clinical response compared with therapeutic vaccines in immunosuppressed hosts. The first randomized controlled trial testing the mucin1 vaccine against CRC in the prevention setting has been successfully completed. For the benefit of the clinician, we briefly discuss important concepts related to the workings of preventive vaccines. Prevention with vaccines is a highly attractive approach because of the potential for highly targeted therapy with minimal side effects that could theoretically provide lifelong protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katy Jackson
- Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Health System
| | | | - Mary A. Markiewicz
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, The University of Kansas Medical Center
| | - Ajay Bansal
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology
- The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS
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A Highly Sensitive Flow Cytometric Approach to Detect Rare Antigen-Specific T Cells: Development and Comparison to Standard Monitoring Tools. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15030574. [PMID: 36765532 PMCID: PMC9913544 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15030574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized vaccines against patient-unique tumor-associated antigens represent a promising new approach for cancer immunotherapy. Vaccine efficacy is assessed by quantification of changes in the frequency and/or the activity of antigen-specific T cells. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) and flow cytometry (FCM) are methodologies frequently used for assessing vaccine efficacy. We tested these methodologies and found that both ELISpot and standard FCM [monitoring CD3/CD4/CD8/IFNγ/Viability+CD14+CD19 (dump)] demonstrate background IFNγ secretion, which, in many cases, was higher than the antigen-specific signal measured by the respective methodology (frequently ranging around 0.05-0.2%). To detect such weak T-cell responses, we developed an FCM panel that included two early activation markers, 4-1BB (CD137) and CD40L (CD154), in addition to the above-cited markers. These two activation markers have a close to zero background expression and are rapidly upregulated following antigen-specific activation. They enabled the quantification of rare T cells responding to antigens within the assay well. Background IFNγ-positive CD4 T cell frequencies decreased to 0.019% ± 0.028% and CD8 T cells to 0.009% ± 0.013%, which are 19 and 13 times lower, respectively, than without the use of these markers. The presented methodology enables highly sensitive monitoring of T-cell responses to tumor-associated antigens in the very low, but clinically relevant, frequencies.
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Xia Y, Sun J. Bacterial translocation and barrier dysfunction enhance colonic tumorigenesis. Neoplasia 2023; 35:100847. [PMID: 36334333 PMCID: PMC9640348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the development of colon cancer, the intestinal dysbiosis and disruption of barrier function are common manifestations. In the current study, we hypothesized that host factors, e.g., vitamin D receptor deficiency or adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) mutation, contribute to the enhanced dysbiosis and disrupted barrier in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Using the human CRC database, we found enhanced tumor-invading bacteria and reduced colonic VDR expression, which was correlated with a reduction of Claudin-10 mRNA and protein. In the colon of VDRΔIEC mice, deletion of intestinal epithelial VDR led to lower protein of tight junction protein Claudin-10. Lacking VDR and a reduction of Claudin-10 are associated with an increased number of tumors in the mice without myeloid VDR. Intestinal permeability was significantly increased in the mice with myeloid VDR conditional deletion. Further, mice with conditional colonic APC mutation showed reduced mucus layer, enhanced bacteria in tumors, and loss of Claudin-10. Our data from human samples and colon cancer models provided solid evidence- on the host factor regulation of bacterial translocation and dysfunction on barriers in colonic tumorigenesis. Studies on the host factor regulation of microbiome and barriers could be potentially applied to risk assessment, early detection, and prevention of colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongguo Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Yinglin Xia
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; UIC Cancer Center, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Microbiology/Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Jesse Brown VA Medical Center Chicago, IL (537), USA.
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10
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Analysis of Circulating Immune Subsets in Primary Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246105. [PMID: 36551592 PMCID: PMC9776578 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) are known to be affected by the interplay between tumor and immune cells. However, the impact of CRC cells on the systemic immunity has yet to be elucidated. We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the circulating immune subsets and transcriptional profiles of CRC patients. In contrast to healthy controls (HCs), CRC patients had a lower percentage of B and T lymphocytes, T helper (Th) cells, non-classical monocytes, dendritic cells, and a higher proportion of polymorphonuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells, as well as a reduced expression of CD69 on NK cells. Therefore, CRC patients exhibit a more evident systemic immune suppression than HCs. A diagnostic model integrating seven immune subsets was constructed to distinguish CRC patients from HCs with an AUC of 1.000. Moreover, NR3C2, CAMK4, and TRAT1 were identified as candidate genes regulating the number of Th cells in CRC patients. The altered composition of circulating immune cells in CRC could complement the regional immune status of the tumor microenvironment and contribute to the discovery of immune-related biomarkers for the diagnosis of CRC.
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Khan S, Miles GJ, Demetriou C, Sidat Z, Foreman N, West K, Karmokar A, Howells L, Pritchard C, Thomas AL, Brown K. Ex vivo explant model of adenoma and colorectal cancer to explore mechanisms of action and patient response to cancer prevention therapies. Mutagenesis 2022; 37:227-237. [PMID: 36426854 PMCID: PMC9730503 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in the UK. Novel therapeutic prevention strategies to inhibit the development and progression of CRC would be invaluable. Potential contenders include low toxicity agents such as dietary-derived agents or repurposed drugs. However, in vitro and in vivo models used in drug development often do not take into account the heterogeneity of tumours or the tumour microenvironment. This limits translation to a clinical setting. Our objectives were to develop an ex vivo method utilizing CRC and adenoma patient-derived explants (PDEs) which facilitates screening of drugs, assessment of toxicity, and efficacy. Our aims were to use a multiplexed immunofluorescence approach to demonstrate the viability of colorectal tissue PDEs, and the ability to assess immune cell composition and interactions. Using clinically achievable concentrations of curcumin, we show a correlation between curcumin-induced tumour and stromal apoptosis (P < .001) in adenomas and cancers; higher stromal content is associated with poorer outcomes. B cell (CD20+ve) and T cell (CD3+ve) density of immune cells within tumour regions in control samples correlated with curcumin-induced tumour apoptosis (P < .001 and P < .05, respectively), suggesting curcumin-induced apoptosis is potentially predicted by baseline measures of immune cells. A decrease in distance between T cells (CD3+ve) and cytokeratin+ve cells was observed, indicating movement of T cells (CD3+ve) towards the tumour margin (P < .001); this change is consistent with an immune environment associated with improved outcomes. Concurrently, an increase in distance between T cells (CD3+ve) and B cells (CD20+ve) was detected following curcumin treatment (P < .001), which may result in a less immunosuppressive tumour milieu. The colorectal tissue PDE model offers significant potential for simultaneously assessing multiple biomarkers in response to drug exposure allowing a greater understanding of mechanisms of action and efficacy in relevant target tissues, that maintain both their structural integrity and immune cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khan
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Gareth J Miles
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Constantinos Demetriou
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Zahirah Sidat
- Hope Clinical Trials Facility, Leicester Royal Infirmary, Leicester LE1 5WW, United Kingdom
| | - Nalini Foreman
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin West
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Ankur Karmokar
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Howells
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Anne L Thomas
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
| | - Karen Brown
- Leicester Cancer Research Centre, Robert Kilpatrick Clinical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester LE2 7LX, United Kingdom
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Fadaee M, Abbasi H, Maralbashi S, Baradaran B, Shanehbandi D, Dinevari MF, Kazemi T. Docosahexaenoic acid may inhibit immune evasion of colorectal cancer cells through targeting immune checkpoint and immunomodulator genes and their controlling microRNAs. Biofactors 2022; 48:1137-1144. [PMID: 35533068 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the major concerns in both developed and developing societies. Because of the serious side effects of the current treatments, novel therapy agents have been developed that target immune checkpoint and immunomodulatory molecules in the tumor environment. Therefore, this study investigates the effect of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) fatty acid on the expression of immune checkpoint molecule, PD-L1, and immunomodulatory molecules, CD47 and CD39, and their controlling miRNAs in the colorectal cancer cell lines. Human colorectal cell lines HT-29 and Caco-2 were treated with 100 μM DHA and 50 μM LA for 24 h under the normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Total RNA was extracted and the qRT-PCR was performed to analyze the expression of the studied genes and miRNAs. The western blotting technique was also used for validation. The qRT-PCR results showed that DHA treatment decreased the expression of the PD-L1, CD47, and CD39 genes, but decreases these genes controlling miRNAs, mir-424, mir-133a, and mir-142, respectively. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that PD-L1 protein expression decreased after DHA treatment. LA administration had no inhibitory effect on the studied genes. This study showed that DHA may have anti-cancer properties by downregulation of proteins involved in the immune evasion of colorectal tumors. DHA could be used as a potential immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of colorectal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manouchehr Fadaee
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hajar Abbasi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Maralbashi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masood Faghih Dinevari
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Tohid Kazemi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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13
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Zhang J, Yu H, Huang T, Huang N, Liang H. Importance of ideal cardiovascular health metrics in the risk of colorectal cancer among people aged 50 years or older: a UK Biobank cohort study. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e059642. [PMID: 35613818 PMCID: PMC9125756 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-059642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the correlation between the ideal cardiovascular health metrics (ICVHMs) and the incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) among people aged 50 years or older. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING The UK Biobank, a prospective cohort of middle-aged participants recruited between 2006 and 2010. PARTICIPANTS The study included 342 226 participants from the UK Biobank aged 50 years or older without prevalent cancer. EXPOSURE The ICVHMs consist of four behavioural factors (abstinence from smoking, ideal body mass index (BMI), physical activity at goal and consumption of healthy diet) and three cardiometabolic factors (untreated total cholesterol <200 mg/dL, untreated blood pressure <120/80 mm Hg and untreated fasting plasma glucose <100 mg/dL). MAIN OUTCOMES The outcome was ascertained by linkage to cancer and death registries using the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth codes C18-C20. RESULTS During a median follow-up time of 8.72 years, 3060 CRC cases were identified. Compared with the reference (participants with ICVHMs ≤2), the multivariable-adjusted HRs for subgroups with 3, 4, 5 and ≥6 ICVHM factors were 0.98 (95% CI 0.85 to 1.12), 0.90 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.02), 0.85 (95% CI 0.71 to 0.98) and 0.69 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.90), respectively. Among the seven ICVHM factors, lower BMI, healthier diet and ideal fasting plasma glucose were significantly associated with lower risk of CRC (HR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.78 to 0.95; HR: 0.92, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.99; HR: 0.90, 95% CI 0.80 to 0.99). CONCLUSIONS Adherence to the ICVHMs was associated with a lower risk of CRC among people aged 50 years or older. Among the seven ICVHM factors, BMI, diet and fasting plasma glucose played a more critical role in the prevention of CRC. These findings imply that adherence to ICVHMs should be encouraged to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease as well as CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jijuan Zhang
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Hancheng Yu
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ninghao Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hailun Liang
- School of Public Administration and Policy, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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14
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Lin Y, Kong DX, Zhang YN. Does the Microbiota Composition Influence the Efficacy of Colorectal Cancer Immunotherapy? Front Oncol 2022; 12:852194. [PMID: 35463305 PMCID: PMC9023803 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common malignancy globally, and many people with CRC suffer the fate of death. Due to the importance of CRC and its negative impact on communities, treatment strategies to control it or increase patient survival are being studied. Traditional therapies, including surgery and chemotherapy, have treated CRC patients. However, with the advancement of science, we are witnessing the emergence of novel therapeutic approaches such as immunotherapy for CRC treatment, which have had relatively satisfactory clinical outcomes. Evidence shows that gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota, including various bacterial species, viruses, and fungi, can affect various biological events, regulate the immune system, and even treat diseases like human malignancies. CRC has recently shown that the gut microorganism pattern can alter both antitumor and pro-tumor responses, as well as cancer immunotherapy. Of course, this is also true of traditional therapies because it has been revealed that gut microbiota can also reduce the side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, this review summarized the effects of gut microbiota on CRC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- Health Management Center, Department of General Practice, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lin, ; You-Ni Zhang,
| | - De-Xia Kong
- Health Management Center, Department of General Practice, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tiantai People’s Hospital, Taizhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yan Lin, ; You-Ni Zhang,
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15
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Vonka V, Hirsch I. Prophylactic vaccines against cancers of non-infectious origin: a dream or a real possibility? Cent Eur J Public Health 2022; 29:247-258. [PMID: 35026062 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a7219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The dramatic progress in tumour biology and immunology in the past several years has opened new avenues for the treatment and prevention of cancer. One of the great contributions of the immunotherapeutic approaches is an increasing understanding of the immunology of cancer, which is, gradually creating conditions for the development of prophylactic anti-cancer vaccines. Efficient vaccines have been developed and employed for the prophylaxis of two frequent cancers of viral origin, namely cervical cancer and liver cancer. The new knowledge on the interactions between the immune system and the malignant tumors seems to provide means for the development of prophylactic vaccines against cancers developing due to the mutations in the proto-oncogenes converting their products into oncoproteins. According to the present estimates, these cancers form a great majority of human malignancies. Recent evidence has indicated that the immune system recognizes such mutated proteins, and that the development of cancer is due to the failure of the immune system to eliminate neoplastic cells. Followingly, it can be expected that inducing immunity against the mutated epitopes will increase the capacity of the body to deal with the initiated precancerous cells. In the present paper this hypothesis is primarily discussed in the relationship with colorectal cancer (CRC), which seems to be a well-fitting candidate for prophylactic vaccination. CRC is the third most frequent malignancy and the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality. Mutations of two proto-oncogenes, namely RAS and RAF, are involved in the majority of CRC cases and, in addition, they are shared with other human malignancies. Therefore, the strategy to be used for prophylaxis of CRC is discussed together with several other frequent human cancers, namely lung cancer, pancreatic duct cancer and melanoma. The prophylactic vaccines proposed are aimed at the reduction of the incidence of these and, to a lesser extent, some other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Vonka
- Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Emeritus, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Hirsch
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, BIOCEV, Vestec, Czech Republic.,Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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16
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Zhang Y, Zhou L, Xia J, Dong C, Luo X. Human Microbiome and Its Medical Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:703585. [PMID: 35096962 PMCID: PMC8793671 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.703585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The commensal microbiome is essential for human health and is involved in many processes in the human body, such as the metabolism process and immune system activation. Emerging evidence implies that specific changes in the microbiome participate in the development of various diseases, including diabetes, liver diseases, tumors, and pathogen infections. Thus, intervention on the microbiome is becoming a novel and effective method to treat such diseases. Synthetic biology empowers researchers to create strains with unique and complex functions, making the use of engineered microbes for clinical applications attainable. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances about the roles of the microbiome in certain diseases and the underlying mechanisms, as well as the use of engineered microbes in the prevention, detection, and treatment of various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangming Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Linguang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jialin Xia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Ce Dong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaozhou Luo,
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17
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Wahab S, Alshahrani MY, Ahmad MF, Abbas H. Current trends and future perspectives of nanomedicine for the management of colon cancer. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174464. [PMID: 34474029 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colon cancer (CC) kills countless people every year throughout the globe. It persists as one of the highly lethal diseases to be treated because the overall survival rate for CC is meagre. Early diagnosis and efficient treatments are two of the biggest hurdles in the fight against cancer. In the present work, we will review thriving strategies for CC targeted drug delivery and critically explain the most recent progressions on emerging novel nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems. Nanotechnology-based animal and human clinical trial studies targeting CC are discussed. Advancements in nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems intended to enhance cellular uptake, improved pharmacokinetics and effectiveness of anticancer drugs have facilitated the powerful targeting of specific agents for CC therapy. This review provides insight into current progress and future opportunities for nanomedicines as potential curative targets for CC treatment. This information could be used as a platform for the future expansion of multi-functional nano constructs for CC's advanced detection and functional drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammad Y Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashim Abbas
- Queens Medical Center, Nottingham University Hospitals, NHS, Nottingham, UK
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18
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The immunomodulatory effects of low molecular weight garlic protein in crosstalk between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and colon cancer cells. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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19
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Wu Y, Zhang J, Yang X, Yin Z, Yang H, Tang T, Chen Z, Tian D, Yang Y, Zhou Z, Lu F. Early Diagnosis of Occult Blood of Colorectal Cancer Based on Nano-Colloidal Gold Sandwich Immunochromatography. J Biomed Nanotechnol 2021; 17:1525-1534. [PMID: 34544530 DOI: 10.1166/jbn.2021.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of science and technology has deepened people's understanding of cancer, changing the management of malignant tumors in the medical field. Given the common precancerous characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC), researchers studied early CRC screening. The complexity of traditional diagnostics forced medical staff to speed up CRC innovation early screening methods. Here, we prepared nano-colloidal gold raw materials with different particle sizes (15 and 30 nm) and observed the morphological characteristics and properties of the materials. Simultaneously, the nanocolloidal gold double antibody sandwich kit was designed through the optimum pH value and protein content screening experiment. The results of clinical enteroscopy confirmed the important guiding significance of the equipment in early CRC screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongying Wu
- Laboratory Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Jiaoyan Zhang
- Early Screening of Digestive Tract Tumors in the Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Hunan Tumor Hospital Department of Digestive Urology, Changsha 410006, Hunan, PR China
| | - Zou Yin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Science and Education and Department of Infection, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Dayong Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Yixia Yang
- Laboratory Department, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Zhihua Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
| | - Fangyang Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili 556000, Guizhou, PR China
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20
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Tang S, Wang J, Yu S. IDO in Colorectal Tumorigenesis: Involvement of Immune Tolerance and Significance in Prevention and Therapy. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 12:1503-1504. [PMID: 34280382 PMCID: PMC8531978 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Siwang Yu
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Siwang Yu, PhD, Peking University, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology,38 Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, China. fax: +86-10-82802724
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21
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Sun Z, Xia W, Lyu Y, Song Y, Wang M, Zhang R, Sui G, Li Z, Song L, Wu C, Liew CC, Yu L, Cheng G, Cheng C. Immune-related gene expression signatures in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:543. [PMID: 34079596 PMCID: PMC8157333 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is crucial in regulating colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis. Identification of immune-related transcriptomic signatures derived from the peripheral blood of patients with CRC would provide insights into CRC pathogenesis, and suggest novel clues to potential immunotherapy strategies for the disease. The present study collected blood samples from 59 patients with CRC and 62 healthy control patients and performed whole blood gene expression profiling using microarray hybridization. Immune-related gene expression signatures for CRC were identified from immune gene datasets, and an algorithmic predictive model was constructed for distinguishing CRC from controls. Model performance was characterized using an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC AUC). Functional categories for CRC-specific gene expression signatures were determined using gene set enrichment analyses. A Kaplan-Meier plotter survival analysis was also performed for CRC-specific immune genes in order to characterize the association between gene expression and CRC prognosis. The present study identified five CRC-specific immune genes [protein phosphatase 3 regulatory subunit Bα (PPP3R1), amyloid β precursor protein, cathepsin H, proteasome activator subunit 4 and DEAD-Box Helicase 3 X-Linked]. A predictive model based on this five-gene panel showed good discriminatory power (independent test set sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 94.7%, accuracy, 89.2%; ROC AUC, 0.96). The candidate genes were involved in pathways associated with ‘adaptive immune responses’, ‘innate immune responses’ and ‘cytokine signaling’. The survival analysis found that a high level of PPP3R1 expression was associated with a poor CRC prognosis. The present study identified five CRC-specific immune genes that were potential diagnostic biomarkers for CRC. The biological function analysis indicated a close association between CRC pathogenesis and the immune system, and may reveal more information about the immunogenic and pathogenic mechanisms driving CRC in the future. Overall, the association between PPP3R1 expression and survival of patients with CRC revealed potential new targets for CRC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqing Sun
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xia
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Yali Lyu
- R&D Department, Huaxia Bangfu Technology Incorporated, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Yanan Song
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Seventh People's Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200137, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- R&D Department, Huaxia Bangfu Technology Incorporated, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Zhang
- R&D Department, Huaxia Bangfu Technology Incorporated, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Guode Sui
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Zhenlu Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Li Song
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Changliang Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Choong-Chin Liew
- Golden Health Diagnostics Inc., Yan Cheng, Jiangsu 224000, P.R. China.,Department of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lei Yu
- R&D Department, Huaxia Bangfu Technology Incorporated, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
| | - Guang Cheng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, P.R. China
| | - Changming Cheng
- R&D Department, Huaxia Bangfu Technology Incorporated, Beijing 100000, P.R. China
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22
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Li S, Yan G, Yue M, Wang L. Extracellular vesicles-derived microRNA-222 promotes immune escape via interacting with ATF3 to regulate AKT1 transcription in colorectal cancer. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:349. [PMID: 33794833 PMCID: PMC8017736 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunotherapy has been recently established as a new direction for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), a gastrointestinal cancer. In this investigation, we aimed to expound how the posttranscriptional regulation modulated by microRNA-222 (miR-222) from mesenchymal stem cells-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) affected the AKT pathway and the immune escape in CRC. METHODS CRC cell malignant phenotype, including proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis, was firstly detected after co-culture with MSC-EVs. miRNAs with differential changes in CRC cells before and after EVs treatment were filtered by microarray analysis. miR-222 was then downregulated to examine its role in CRC cells in response to EVs. Cells were implanted in mice to induce xenograft tumors, and infiltrating T cells was assessed by immunohistochemistry. The mRNA microarray was used to screen target genes, followed by rescue experiments. ChIP and western blot were conducted to validate the downstream biomolecule of ATF3. RESULTS After treatment of CRC cells with MSC-EVs, the expression of miR-222 was upregulated, and cell activity was increased. Inhibition of miR-222 decreased CRC malignant aggressiveness in vitro and reduced tumorigenesis and immune escape in vivo. miR-222 targeted and bound to ATF3. Downregulation of ATF3 enhanced CRC cell malignant aggressiveness, tumorigenic capacity and immune escape. Mechanistically, ATF3 inhibited AKT1 transcription and mediated the AKT pathway. CONCLUSION MSC-EVs carry miR-222 to promote CRC cell malignant aggressiveness and immune escape. miR-222 targets and binds to ATF3, which inhibits AKT1 transcriptional activity and thereby mediates the AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiquan Li
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Yan
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yue
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Wu TM, Liu JB, Liu Y, Shi Y, Li W, Wang GR, Ma YS, Fu D. Power and Promise of Next-Generation Sequencing in Liquid Biopsies and Cancer Control. Cancer Control 2021; 27:1073274820934805. [PMID: 32806937 PMCID: PMC7791471 DOI: 10.1177/1073274820934805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional methods of cancer treatment are usually based on the morphological
and histological diagnosis of tumors, and they are not optimized according to
the specific situation. Precision medicine adjusts the existing treatment
regimen based on the patient’s genomic information to make it most suitable for
patients. Detection of genetic mutations in tumors is the basis of precise
cancer medicine. Through the analysis of genetic mutations in patients with
cancer, we can tailor the treatment plan for each patient with cancer to
maximize the curative effect, minimize damage to healthy tissues, and optimize
resources. In recent years, next-generation sequencing technology has developed
rapidly and has become the core technology of precise targeted therapy and
immunotherapy for cancer. From early cancer screening to treatment guidance for
patients with advanced cancer, liquid biopsy is increasingly used in cancer
management. This is as a result of the development of better noninvasive,
repeatable, sensitive, and accurate tools used in early screening, diagnosis,
evaluation, and monitoring of patients. Cell-free DNA, which is a new
noninvasive molecular pathological detection method, often carries
tumor-specific gene changes. It plays an important role in optimizing treatment
and evaluating the efficacy of different treatment options in clinical trials,
and it has broad clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Miao Wu
- Department of Radiology, 12485The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ji-Bin Liu
- Cancer Institute, 377323Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, 12571Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Chaha, China
| | - Yi Shi
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, 12571Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Chaha, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, 12571Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Chaha, China
| | - Gao-Ren Wang
- Cancer Institute, 377323Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yu-Shui Ma
- Cancer Institute, 377323Nantong Tumor Hospital, Nantong, China.,Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, 12476Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Da Fu
- Department of Radiology, 12485The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, 12476Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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24
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Reyes-Uribe L, Wu W, Gelincik O, Bommi PV, Francisco-Cruz A, Solis LM, Lynch PM, Lim R, Stoffel EM, Kanth P, Samadder NJ, Mork ME, Taggart MW, Milne GL, Marnett LJ, Vornik L, Liu DD, Revuelta M, Chang K, You YN, Kopelovich L, Wistuba II, Lee JJ, Sei S, Shoemaker RH, Szabo E, Richmond E, Umar A, Perloff M, Brown PH, Lipkin SM, Vilar E. Naproxen chemoprevention promotes immune activation in Lynch syndrome colorectal mucosa. Gut 2021; 70:555-566. [PMID: 32641470 PMCID: PMC7790993 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with Lynch syndrome (LS) are at markedly increased risk for colorectal cancer. It is being increasingly recognised that the immune system plays an essential role in LS tumour development, thus making an ideal target for cancer prevention. Our objective was to evaluate the safety, assess the activity and discover novel molecular pathways involved in the activity of naproxen as primary and secondary chemoprevention in patients with LS. DESIGN We conducted a Phase Ib, placebo-controlled, randomised clinical trial of two dose levels of naproxen sodium (440 and 220 mg) administered daily for 6 months to 80 participants with LS, and a co-clinical trial using a genetically engineered mouse model of LS and patient-derived organoids (PDOs). RESULTS Overall, the total number of adverse events was not different across treatment arms with excellent tolerance of the intervention. The level of prostaglandin E2 in the colorectal mucosa was significantly decreased after treatment with naproxen when compared with placebo. Naproxen activated different resident immune cell types without any increase in lymphoid cellularity, and changed the expression patterns of the intestinal crypt towards epithelial differentiation and stem cell regulation. Naproxen demonstrated robust chemopreventive activity in a mouse co-clinical trial and gene expression profiles induced by naproxen in humans showed perfect discrimination of mice specimens with LS and PDOs treated with naproxen and control. CONCLUSIONS Naproxen is a promising strategy for immune interception in LS. We have discovered naproxen-induced gene expression profiles for their potential use as predictive biomarkers of drug activity. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER gov Identifier: NCT02052908.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reyes-Uribe
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Prashant V Bommi
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alejandro Francisco-Cruz
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Luisa M Solis
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Patrick M Lynch
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramona Lim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Elena M Stoffel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Priyanka Kanth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Utah/Huntsman Cancer Institute, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - N Jewel Samadder
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Maureen E Mork
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Melissa W Taggart
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ginger L Milne
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- Departments of Biochemistry, Medicine and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lana Vornik
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Diane D Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Kyle Chang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Y Nancy You
- Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA,Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - J Jack Lee
- Department of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shizuko Sei
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Eva Szabo
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ellen Richmond
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Asad Umar
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Marjorie Perloff
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Powel H Brown
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA .,Clinical Cancer Genetics Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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25
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Fletcher R, Tong J, Risnik D, Leibowitz B, Wang YJ, Concha-Benavente F, DeLiberty JM, Stolz DB, Pai RK, Ferris RL, Schoen RE, Yu J, Zhang L. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce immunogenic cell death in suppressing colorectal tumorigenesis. Oncogene 2021; 40:2035-2050. [PMID: 33603166 PMCID: PMC7981263 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01687-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the mechanism by which NSAIDs suppress colorectal tumorigenesis remains unclear. We previously showed that NSAIDs selectively kill emerging tumor cells via death receptor (DR) signaling and a synthetic lethal interaction mediated by the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family protein BID. In this study, we found NSAIDs induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress to activate DR signaling and BID in tumor suppression. Importantly, our results unveiled an ER stress- and BID-dependent immunogenic effect of NSAIDs, which may be critical for tumor suppression. NSAID treatment induced hallmarks of immunogenic cell death (ICD) in CRC cells and colonic epithelial cells upon loss of APC tumor suppressor, and elevated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the polyps of APCMin/+ mice. ER stress inhibition or BID deletion abrogated the antitumor and immunogenic effects of NSAIDs. Furthermore, increased ER stress and TILs were detected in human advanced adenomas from NSAID-treated patients. Together, our results suggest that NSAIDs induce ER stress- and BID-mediated ICD to restore immunosurveillance and suppress colorectal tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Fletcher
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jingshan Tong
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Denise Risnik
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Brian Leibowitz
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yi-Jun Wang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Fernando Concha-Benavente
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Otolaryngology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jonathan M. DeLiberty
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Donna B. Stolz
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Reet K. Pai
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert L. Ferris
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Otolaryngology and Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Robert E. Schoen
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Jian Yu
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Lin Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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26
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M2 macrophage-derived exosomal microRNA-155-5p promotes the immune escape of colon cancer by downregulating ZC3H12B. MOLECULAR THERAPY-ONCOLYTICS 2021; 20:484-498. [PMID: 33718596 PMCID: PMC7932913 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence has highlighted M2 macrophage regulation of cancer cells via exosome shuttling of microRNAs (miRNAs or miRs). The current study set out to explore the possible role of M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p in regard to immune escape of colon cancer cells. Experimental data from quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) and western blot analysis revealed highly expressed miR-155-5p and interleukin (IL)-6 and poorly expressed ZC3H12B in M2 macrophage-derived exosomes. Additionally, miR-155-5p could be transferred by M2 macrophage-isolated exosomes to colon cancer cells, which targeted ZC3H12B by binding to the 3¢ UTR, as identified by dual luciferase reporter gene. Meanwhile, gain- and loss-of function experimentation on miR-155-5p and ZC3H12B in SW48 and HT29 cells cocultured with M2 macrophage-secreted exosomes demonstrated that miR-155-5p overexpression or ZC3H12B silencing promoted the proliferation and antiapoptosis ability of SW48 and HT29 cells, as well as augmenting the CD3+ T cell proliferation and the proportion of interferon (IFN)-γ+ T cells. Xenograft models confirmed that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p reduced the ZC3H12B expression to upregulate IL-6, which consequently induced immune escape and tumor formation. Collectively, our findings indicated that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-155-5p can potentially promote the immune escape of colon cancer by impairing ZC3H12B-mediated IL-6 stability reduction, thereby promoting the occurrence and development of colon cancer.
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27
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Alqosaibi AI, Abdel-Ghany S, Sabit H. Temozolomide modulates the expression of miRNAs in colorectal cancer. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100308. [PMID: 33465562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, where nearly 1 in 6 deaths is due to cancer, with 70% of all deaths from cancer occur in low- and middle-income countries. The overall lifetime risk of developing colorectal cancer is 1 in 22 in men and 1 in 24 in women. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the role of temozolomide (TMZ) in controlling colon cancer cells (CRC) via regulating the miRnome. For this purpose, CRC cells (CaCo-2) were treated with 50 µM of TMZ for 48 h. Cell count using trypan test and cytotoxicity using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) were carried out, and the obtained results indicated a significant decrease in cell count (p = 0.029), and in the cell viability (p = 0.0019). Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometer, and results showed that TMZ arrested CRC cells at G2/M phase. A total of 84 miRNAs were profiled using real time PCR, and the results indicated that TMZ treatment upregulated 15 of 84 miRNAs panel profiled and downregulated the rest. The TMZ-upregulated/downregulated miRNAs were predicted to interact with many epigenetic-related proteins i.e., DNMTs, EZH2, and SUV31H1. This study shed some light on the role of TMZ in regulating the miRnome of CRC and hence in different types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany I Alqosaibi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia
| | - Shaimaa Abdel-Ghany
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology, Misr University for Science and Technology, P. O. Box 77, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hussein Sabit
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Research and Medical Consultations, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 1982, Dammam, 31441 Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Zhang R, Li T, Wang W, Gan W, Lv S, Zeng Z, Hou Y, Yan Z, Yang M. Indoleamine 2, 3-Dioxygenase 1 and CD8 Expression Profiling Revealed an Immunological Subtype of Colon Cancer With a Poor Prognosis. Front Oncol 2021; 10:594098. [PMID: 33425745 PMCID: PMC7793995 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.594098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Immunoscore method, based on the distribution of the quantification of cytotoxic and memory T cells, provides an indicator of tumor recurrence for colon cancer. However, recent evidence has suggested that immune checkpoint expression represents a surrogate measure of tumor-infiltrating T cell exhaustion, and therefore may serve as a more accurate prognostic biomarker for colon cancer. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), a potent immunosuppressive molecule, has been strongly associated with T-cell infiltration, but it lacks universal prognostic significance among all of the cancer subtypes. Our aim was to elucidate the prognostic significance of the combination of IDO1 and CD8A expression in colon cancer. Methods Gene expression and clinical survival data were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data set and validated using NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI-GEO) cohort. Hierarchical clustering, functional enrichment analyses, and immune infiltration analysis were applied to evaluate the distinctive immune statuses in colon cancer risk subgroups stratified by IDO1 and CD8A expression. Moreover, Multivariate Cox regression analysis and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses were conducted to determine the prognostic value of IDO1/CD8A stratification. The IDO1/CD8A classifier may be suitable for use in the prediction of cancer development. It was validated via an in vivo murine model. Results The stratification analysis demonstrated that the colon cancer subtype with the CD8AhighIDO1high* tumor resulted in the worst survival despite high levels of CD8 infiltrates. Its poor prognosis was associated with high levels of immune response, checkpoint genes, and Th1/IFN-γ gene signatures, regardless of CMS classification. Moreover, the IDO1/CD8A stratification was identified as an independent prognostic factor of overall survival (OS) and a useful predictive biomarker in colon cancer. In vivo data revealed the CD8AhighIDO1high group showed strong correlations with late-stage metastasis of colon carcinoma cells and upregulation of immune checkpoints. Conclusions The findings indicate that the proposed IDO1/CD8A stratification has exact and independent prognostic implications beyond CD8 T cell alone and CMS classification. As a result, it may represent a promising tool for risk stratification in colon cancer and improve the development of immunotherapies for patients with colon cancer in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Silin Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zifan Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yufang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Function of Natural Medicine, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Wang S, Yuan B, Wang Y, Li M, Liu X, Cao J, Li C, Hu J. Clinicopathological and prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis 2021; 36:117-130. [PMID: 32910207 PMCID: PMC7782388 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-020-03734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To systematically evaluate the correlation between PD-L1 expression and clinicopathological features and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). METHODS Seven databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, Web of Science, CBM, Wanfang, and CNKI) were searched through May 2020. Risk of bias and quality of evidence were assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale (NOS), and meta-analysis was carried out by using the Review Manager 5.3 software on the studies with the quality evaluation scores ≥ 6. Meta-regression analysis was used to determine the independent role of PD-L1 expression on CRC prognosis after adjusting clinicopathological features and treatment methods. RESULTS A total of 8823 CRC patients in 32 eligible studies. PD-L1 expression was correlated with lymphatic metastasis (yes/no; OR = 1.24, 95% CI (1.11, 1.38)), diameter of tumor (≥ 5 cm/< 5 cm; OR = 1.34, 95% CI (1.06, 1.70)), differentiation (high-middle/low; OR = 0.68, 95% CI (0.53, 0.87)), and vascular invasion (yes/no; OR = 0.80, 95% CI (0.69, 0.92)). PD-L1 expression shortened the overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) = 1.93, 95% CI (1.66, 2.25)), disease-free survival (HR = 1.76, 95% CI (1.50, 2.07)), and progression-free survival (HR = 1.93, 95% CI (1.55, 2.41)). Meta-regression showed that PD-L1 expression played a significant role on poor CRC OS (HR = 1.95, 95% CI (1.92, 3.98)) and disease-free survival (HR = 2.14, 95% CI (0.73, 4.52)). CONCLUSION PD-L1 expression independently predicted a poor prognosis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Wang
- Public Health School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Basic Medical School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Public Health School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Mingyang Li
- Public Health School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xibo Liu
- Public Health School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Public Health School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Changtian Li
- Basic Medical School, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jihong Hu
- Center of Research and Experiment, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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30
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Bortolami M, Comparato A, Benna C, Errico A, Maretto I, Pucciarelli S, Cillo U, Farinati F. Gene and protein expression of mTOR and LC3 in hepatocellular carcinoma, colorectal liver metastasis and "normal" liver tissues. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244356. [PMID: 33362215 PMCID: PMC7757890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological role of autophagy in the progression of liver diseases is still debated. To understand the clinical relevance of autophagy in primary e secondary hepatic tumors, we analyzed the expression of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin), a key regulator of autophagy; Raptor (regulatory-associated protein of mTOR); ULK1 (Unc-51 like kinase 1) determinant in the autophagy initiation; LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3), a specific marker of autophagosomes; and p62, a selective autophagy receptor. Samples from subjects with chronic hepatitis (n.58), cirrhosis (n.12), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC, n.56), metastases (n.48) from colorectal cancer and hyperplasia or gallbladder stones (n.7), the latter considered as controls, were examined. Gene expression analysis was carried out in n.213 tissues by absolute q-PCR, while protein expression by Western Blot in n.191 lysates, including tumoral, surrounding tumoral and normal tissues. Nonparametric statistical tests were used for comparing expression levels in the above-mentioned groups. Subgroup analysis was performed considering viral infection and chemotherapy treatment. The mTOR transcriptional level was significantly lower in metastases compared to HCC (P = 0.0001). p-mTOR(Ser2448) and LC3II/LC3I protein levels were significantly higher in metastases compared to HCC (P = 0.008 and P<0.0001, respectively). ULK(Ser757) levels were significantly higher in HCC compared to metastases (P = 0.0002) while the HCV- and HBV- related HCC showed the highest p62 levels. Chemotherapy induced a down-regulation of the p-mTOR(Ser2448) in metastases and in non-tumor surrounding tissues in treated patients compared to untreated (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: the different expression of proteins considered, owning their interaction and diverse tissue microenvironment, indicate an impairment of the autophagy flux in primary liver tumors that is critical for the promotion of tumorigenesis process and a coexistence of autophagy inhibition and activation mechanisms in secondary liver tumors. Differences in mTOR and LC3 transcripts emerged in tumor-free tissues, therefore particular attention should be considered in selecting the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Bortolami
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Comparato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Clara Benna
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Errico
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Isacco Maretto
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Salvatore Pucciarelli
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Surgical Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Fabio Farinati
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, DISCOG, School of Medicine, Gastroenterology Unit, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Yin K, Xia X, Rui K, Wang T, Wang S. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: A New and Pivotal Player in Colorectal Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2020; 10:610104. [PMID: 33384962 PMCID: PMC7770157 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.610104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a devastating human malignancy with poor prognosis. Of the various factors, immune evasion mechanisms play pivotal roles in CRC progression and impede the effects of cancer therapy. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) constitute an immature population of myeloid cells that are typical during tumor progression. These cells have the ability to induce strong immunosuppressive effects within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promote CRC development. Indeed, MDSCs have been shown to accumulate in both tumor-bearing mice and CRC patients, and may therefore become an obstacle for cancer immunotherapy. Consequently, numerous studies have focused on the characterization of MDSCs and their immunosuppressive capacity, as well as developing novel approaches to suppress MDSCs function with different approaches. Current therapeutic strategies that target MDSCs in CRC include inhibition of their recruitment and alteration of their function, alone or in combination with other therapies including chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy. Herein, we summarize the recent roles and mechanisms of MDSCs in CRC progression. In addition, a brief review of MDSC-targeting approaches for potential CRC therapy is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xueli Xia
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Wuxi People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Children's Hospital, Wuxi, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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32
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The Protective Role of Probiotics against Colorectal Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:8884583. [PMID: 33488940 PMCID: PMC7803265 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8884583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and a major global public health problem. With the rapid development of the economy, the incidence of CRC has increased linearly. Accumulating evidence indicates that changes in the gut microenvironment, such as undesirable changes in the microbiota composition, provide favorable conditions for intestinal inflammation and shaping the tumor growth environment, whereas administration of certain probiotics can reverse this situation to a certain extent. This review summarizes the roles of probiotics in the regulation of CRC, such as enhancing the immune barrier, regulating the intestinal immune state, inhibiting pathogenic enzyme activity, regulating CRC cell proliferation and apoptosis, regulating redox homeostasis, and reprograming intestinal microbial composition. Abundant studies have provided a theoretical foundation for the roles of probiotics in CRC prevention and treatment, but their mechanisms of action remain to be investigated, and further clinical trials are warranted for the application of probiotics in the target population.
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Yu X, Zhu L, Liu J, Xie M, Chen J, Li J. Emerging Role of Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11645-11658. [PMID: 33223838 PMCID: PMC7671511 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with the liver as the most common site of distant metastasis. The prognosis of CRC with liver metastasis is poor, and most patients cannot undergo surgery. In addition, conventional antitumor approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery result in unsatisfactory outcomes. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good prospects in the treatment of assorted tumors by enhancing the host's antitumor immune function, and it may become a new effective treatment for liver metastasis of CRC. However, challenges remain in applying immunotherapy to CRC with liver metastasis. This review examines how the microenvironment and immunosuppressive landscape of the liver favor tumor progression. It also highlights the latest research advances in immunotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis and identifies immunotherapy as a treatment regimen with a promising future in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People's Republic of China
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Li HJ, Wang YL, Ming L, Guo XQ, Li YL, Wang JC, Zhang YQ, Cheng L. Development of a prognostic model based on an immunogenomic landscape analysis of colorectal cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 17:301-313. [PMID: 32996773 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Screening and therapeutic programs for colorectal cancer (CRC) are invasive or not effective and unable to meet patient needs. Major advances in immunogenomics may change this status but need more exploration. Differentially expressed genes and immune-related genes (IRGs) were identified by computational methods. A prognostic model was established and validated based on survival-related IRGs via stepwise multivariate Cox regression analysis. Nine IRGs were selected and identified as survival-related genes. A 7-gene prognostic model could offer a preliminary and valid determination of risk in CRC patients. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic was 0.672. The 7-gene prognostic model might be used as a novel prognostic tool in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, PR China.,Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, 450000, PR China
| | - Y L Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, PR China.,Henan Bioengineering Research Center, 450100, PR China
| | - L Ming
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, 450000, PR China
| | - X Q Guo
- Henan Provincial Engineering Center for Tumor Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, 475000, PR China
| | - Y L Li
- Henan Bioengineering Research Center, 450100, PR China
| | - J C Wang
- Henan Bioengineering Research Center, 450100, PR China
| | - Y Q Zhang
- Henan Bioengineering Research Center, 450100, PR China.,Zhengzhou Technical College, 450100, PR China
| | - L Cheng
- Henan Bioengineering Research Center, 450100, PR China
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Feng Z, Sun H, Liu P, Shi W, Han W, Ma L. Analysis of the expression of plasma omentin-1 level in colorectal cancer and its correlation with prognosis. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:6479-6486. [PMID: 35117256 PMCID: PMC8798141 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-20-2836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor of the digestive tract, with high incidence and mortality. This study aims to investigate the expression of plasma omentin-1 level in patients with CRC and its correlation with the prognosis of patients. METHODS Clinical data of 319 patients (case group) who underwent radical resection of CRC in our hospital from June 2015 to March 2018 were collected, simultaneously, 300 people without the apparent physical disease who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period were randomly selected as the control group, plasma omentin-1 levels in the two groups were compared by T-test. Cancer patients were followed up, and multi-factor COX regression analysis was used to analyze the factors affecting patients' recurrence and survival. RESULTS The level of plasma omentin-1 in patients with colorectal cancer is closely related to TNM staging and lymph node metastasis. The CRC case group was significantly reduced after surgery, but it was still higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). At the end of the follow-up, 28 cases were lost to follow-up, and 291 cases (91.22%) were effectively followed up. During the follow-up period, the recurrence and metastasis rate was 30.58% (89/291), and the mortality rate was 19.26% (56/291). According to the multi-factor analysis, the risk factors for the recurrence of CRC patients were TNM stage III-IV (OR =1.978, 95% CI: 1.088-3.596), lymph node metastasis (OR =2.073, 95% CI: 1.179-3.645) and omentin-1 level ≥50 ng/mL (OR =3.347, 95% CI: 1.416-7.912). The risk factors for the survival of patients with CRC were poorly differentiated (OR =1.960, 95% CI: 0.985-3.900), lymph node metastasis (OR =2.452, 95% CI: 1.213-4.956), vascular carcinoma thrombus (OR =2.026, 95% CI: 1.036-3.960) and omentin-1 level ≥50 ng/mL (OR =2.067, 95% CI: 1.013-4.218). CONCLUSIONS The level of plasma omentin-1 is highly expressed in patients with CRC, an independent risk factor for the recurrence and survival of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangdong Feng
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of General Surgery, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Affiliated to Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lifeng Ma
- General Surgery (Minimally Invasive Biliary Surgery), The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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Ma YS, Li W, Liu Y, Shi Y, Lin QL, Fu D. Targeting Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells as an Effective Treatment for Colorectal Cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2020; 19:1533033819892261. [PMID: 32748700 PMCID: PMC7785997 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819892261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the common cancers that threaten human life, the recurrence and metastasis of colorectal cancer seriously affect the prognosis of patients. Although new drugs and comprehensive treatments have been adopted, the current treatment effect on this tumor, especially in advanced colorectal cancer, is still not satisfactory. More and more evidence shows that tumors are likely to be a stem cell disease. In recent years, the rise of cancer stem cell theory has provided a new way for cancer treatment. Studies have found that a small number of special cells in colorectal cancer tissues that induce tumorigenesis, proliferation, and promote tumor migration and metastasis, namely, colorectal cancer stem cells. Colorectal cancer stem cells are defined with a group of cell-surface markers, such as CD44, CD133, CD24, epithelial cell adhesion factor molecule, LGR5, and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. They are highly tumorigenic, aggressive, and chemoresistant and thus are critical in the metastasis and recurrence of colorectal cancer. Therefore, targeting colorectal cancer stem cells may become an important research direction for the future cure of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shui Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Lu Lin
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Da Fu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-Product Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China.,Central Laboratory for Medical Research, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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37
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Ye P, Xi Y, Huang Z, Xu P. Linking Obesity with Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology and Mechanistic Insights. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061408. [PMID: 32486076 PMCID: PMC7352519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC) has risen rapidly in recent decades. More than 650 million obese and 2 billion overweight individuals are currently living in the world. CRC is the third most common cancer. Obesity is regarded as one of the key environmental risk factors for the pathogenesis of CRC. In the present review, we mainly focus on the epidemiology of obesity and CRC in the world, the United States, and China. We also summarize the molecular mechanisms linking obesity to CRC in different aspects, including nutriology, adipokines and hormones, inflammation, gut microbiota, and bile acids. The unmet medical needs for obesity-related CRC are still remarkable. Understanding the molecular basis of these associations will help develop novel therapeutic targets and approaches for the treatment of obesity-related CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Ye
- College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China;
| | - Yue Xi
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-412-708-4694
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Ruan H, Leibowitz BJ, Zhang L, Yu J. Immunogenic cell death in colon cancer prevention and therapy. Mol Carcinog 2020; 59:783-793. [PMID: 32215970 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. The colonic mucosa constitutes a critical barrier and a major site of immune regulation. The immune system plays important roles in cancer development and treatment, and immune activation caused by chronic infection or inflammation is well-known to increase cancer risk. During tumor development, neoplastic cells continuously interact with and shape the tumor microenvironment (TME), which becomes progressively immunosuppressive. The clinical success of immune checkpoint blockade therapies is limited to a small set of CRCs with high tumor mutational load and tumor-infiltrating T cells. Induction of immunogenic cell death (ICD), a type of cell death eliciting an immune response, can therefore help break the immunosuppressive TME, engage the innate components, and prime T cell-mediated adaptive immunity for long-term tumor control. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of ICD induced by antineoplastic agents, the influence of driver mutations, and recent developments to harness ICD in colon cancer. Mechanism-guided combinations of ICD-inducing agents with immunotherapy and actionable biomarkers will likely offer more tailored and durable benefits to patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Ruan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Brian J Leibowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lin Zhang
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Chemical Biology and Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Beckwith DM, Cudic M. Tumor-associated O-glycans of MUC1: Carriers of the glyco-code and targets for cancer vaccine design. Semin Immunol 2020; 47:101389. [PMID: 31926647 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2020.101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The transformation from normal to malignant phenotype in human cancers is associated with aberrant cell-surface glycosylation. It has frequently been reported that MUC1, the heavily glycosylated cell-surface mucin, is altered in both, expression and glycosylation pattern, in human carcinomas of the epithelium. The presence of incomplete or truncated glycan structures, often capped by sialic acid, commonly known as tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), play a key role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that expression of TACAs is associated with tumor escape from immune defenses. In this report, we will give an overview of the oncogenic functions of MUC1 that are exerted through TACA interactions with endogenous carbohydrate-binding proteins (lectins). These interactions often lead to creation of a pro-tumor microenvironment, favoring tumor progression and metastasis, and tumor evasion. In addition, we will describe current efforts in the design of cancer vaccines with special emphasis on synthetic MUC1 glycopeptide vaccines. Analysis of the key factors that govern structure-based design of immunogenic MUC1 glycopeptide epitopes are described. The role of TACA type, position, and density on observed humoral and cellular immune responses is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donella M Beckwith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States
| | - Maré Cudic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, 777 Glades Road, Boca Raton, Florida 33431, United States.
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40
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Myeloid-driven mechanisms as barriers to antitumor CD8 + T cell activity. Mol Immunol 2019; 118:165-173. [PMID: 31884388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2019.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system is essential for host defense against pathogenic challenges, and a major constituent is the CD8+ cytotoxic T cell. Ordinarily, CD8+ T cells are endowed with a unique ability to specifically recognize and destroy their targets. However, in cases where disease emerges, especially in cancer, the efficacy of the CD8+ T cell response is frequently counterbalanced in a 'tug-of-war' by networks of tumor-driven mechanisms of immune suppression. As a result, antitumor CD8+ T cell activity is hampered, which contributes to clinical manifestations of disease. It is now well-recognized that prominent elements of that network include myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and macrophages which assume tumor-supportive phenotypes. Both myeloid populations are thought to arise as consequences of chronic inflammatory cues produced during the neoplastic process. Numerous preclinical studies have now shown that inhibiting the production, trafficking and/or function of these immune suppressive myeloid populations restore antitumor CD8+ T cell responses during both immune surveillance or in response to immune-targeted interventions. Correlative studies in cancer patients support these preclinical findings and, thus, have laid the foundation for ongoing clinical trials in patients receiving novel agents that target such myeloid elements alone or in combination with immunotherapy to potentially improve cancer patient outcomes. Accordingly, this review focuses on how and why it is important to study the myeloid-T cell interplay as an innovative strategy to boost or reinvigorate the CD8+ T cell response as a critical weapon in the battle against malignancy.
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41
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Liu S, Tan Q, Song Y, Shi Y, Han X. Anti‐p53 autoantibody in blood as a diagnostic biomarker for colorectal cancer: A meta‐analysis. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12829. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuxia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
- Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs Beijing China
| | - Qiaoyun Tan
- Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs Beijing China
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs Beijing China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs Beijing China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Department of Clinical Laboratory National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing China
- Department of Medical Oncology National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs Beijing China
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Xiao L, Xu J, Weng Q, Zhou L, Wang M, Liu M, Li Q. Mechanism of a Novel Camptothecin-Deoxycholic Acid Derivate Induced Apoptosis against Human Liver Cancer HepG2 Cells and Human Colon Cancer HCT116 Cells. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2019; 14:370-382. [PMID: 31644410 DOI: 10.2174/1574892814666191016162346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Camptothecin (CPT) is known as an anticancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine. However, due to the lack of targeting, low solubility, and instability of CPT, its therapeutic applications are hampered. Therefore, we synthesized a series of CPT-bile acid analogues that obtained a national patent to improve their tumour-targeting chemotherapeutic effects on liver or colon cancers. Among these analogues, the compound G2 shows high antitumor activity with enhanced liver targeting and improved oral absorption. It is significant to further investigate the possible anticancer mechanism of G2 for its further clinical research and application. OBJECTIVE We aimed to unearth the anticancer mechanism of G2 in HepG2 and HCT116 cells. METHODS Cell viability was measured using MTT assay; cell cycle, Mitochondrial Membrane Potential (MMP), and cell apoptosis were detected by flow cytometer; ROS was measured by Fluorescent Microplate Reader; the mRNA and protein levels of cell cycle-related and apoptosis-associated proteins were examined by RT-PCR and western blot, respectively. RESULTS We found that G2 inhibited cells proliferation of HepG2 and HCT116 remarkably in a dosedependent manner. Moreover, G2-treatment led to S and G2/M phase arrest in both cells, which could be elucidated by the change of mRNA levels of p21, p27 and Cyclin E and the increased protein level of p21. G2 also induced dramatically ROS accumulated and MMP decreased, which contributed to the apoptosis through activation of both the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways via changing the genes and proteins expression involved in apoptosis pathway in both of HepG2 and HCT116 cells. CONCLUSION These findings suggested that the apoptosis in both cell lines induced by G2 was related to the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jialin Xu
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qi Weng
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Leilei Zhou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengke Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Qingyong Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
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Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Current Status, Recent Advances, and Future Directions. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-019-00437-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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44
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Xiong Y, Wang Y, Tiruthani K. Tumor immune microenvironment and nano-immunotherapeutics in colorectal cancer. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 21:102034. [PMID: 31207314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death in United States in 2019. Immunotherapies such as checkpoint inhibitors have proven efficacy in patients with high level of microsatellite instability and refractory to routine chemotherapy. Despite this, immunotherapy-based treatment is seriously limited by cancer immunogenicity which has evolved to evade immune surveillance in many circumstances. Efforts are made by researchers using nanoparticles (NPs) to override cancer-mediated immunosuppression, induce immune response against cancer cells or even generate memory immune cells for long-term disease control. These engineered NPs offer great opportunities in delivering cancer immunotherapy due to their unique properties, such as a high drug/antigen loading capacity, adjustable particle size, and versatile surface modification. In this review, we will highlight recent researches on the initiation and development of CRC, the immune microenvironment of CRC, and recent trends in engineering novel NPs-based immunotherapies in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Xiong
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China..
| | - Ying Wang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.; Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Karthik Tiruthani
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Marchiori C, Scarpa M, Kotsafti A, Morgan S, Fassan M, Guzzardo V, Porzionato A, Angriman I, Ruffolo C, Sut S, Dall'Acqua S, Bardini R, De Caro R, Castoro C, Scarpa M, Castagliuolo I. Epithelial CD80 promotes immune surveillance of colonic preneoplastic lesions and its expression is increased by oxidative stress through STAT3 in colon cancer cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:190. [PMID: 31072360 PMCID: PMC6509793 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the most potent costimulatory molecules involved in the recognition and killing of tumor cells is CD80. However, its role and the molecular mechanisms regulating its expression in sporadic colorectal carcinogenesis remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for CD80 overexpression in human colon epithelial cells derived from preneoplastic mucosa. METHODS Expression of CD80 on colonic epithelial cells isolated from normal human colonic mucosa, preneoplastic and neoplastic specimens was assessed by flow cytometry. WT and CD80KO mice received azoxymethane to induce colon preneoplastic lesions and sacrificed to perform histology, flow cytometry analysis and immunohistochemistry of colonic mucosa. Some WT mice were treated with a monoclonal anti-CD80 antibody following AOM administration. Primary colon epithelial cells and CT26 cell line were used to quantify the expression of CD80 in response to pro-oxidant stimuli. Specific pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA silencing were used to inhibit MAPK pathways and STAT3. RESULTS CD80 expression was significantly increased in colon epithelial cells of human preneoplastic lesions. In the AOM model, CD80 impairment by administration of neutralizing antibodies or use of CD80 knockout mice enhanced dysplasia development. In vitro, CD80 upregulation was induced by oxidative stress in colon cancer cells and primary colon epithelial cells. In addition, reactive oxygen species could induce CD80 expression via the JNK and p38 MAPK pathways, that activated STAT3 transcription factor in colon cancer epithelial cells. CONCLUSION This study provide evidence for a major role of CD80 in orchestrating immune surveillance of colon preneoplastic lesions and might help to develop novel approaches that exploit anti-tumor immunity to prevent and control colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Marchiori
- Department of Molecular Medicine DMM, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Melania Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy.
| | - Andromachi Kotsafti
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Susan Morgan
- Pathology Unit, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matteo Fassan
- Surgical Pathology Unit from the Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Vincenza Guzzardo
- Surgical Pathology Unit from the Department of Medicine DIMED, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Imerio Angriman
- General Surgery Unit from the Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Cesare Ruffolo
- General Surgery Unit (IV), Ca' Foncello Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Stefania Sut
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences DSF, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences DSF, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Romeo Bardini
- General Surgery Unit from the Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Castoro
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
| | - Marco Scarpa
- Laboratory of Advanced Translational Research, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV - IRCCS, via Gattamelata 64, 35128, Padua, Italy
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Hamada T, Nowak JA, Milner DA, Song M, Ogino S. Integration of microbiology, molecular pathology, and epidemiology: a new paradigm to explore the pathogenesis of microbiome-driven neoplasms. J Pathol 2019; 247:615-628. [PMID: 30632609 PMCID: PMC6509405 DOI: 10.1002/path.5236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) is an integrative transdisciplinary field that addresses heterogeneous effects of exogenous and endogenous factors (collectively termed 'exposures'), including microorganisms, on disease occurrence and consequences, utilising molecular pathological signatures of the disease. In parallel with the paradigm of precision medicine, findings from MPE research can provide aetiological insights into tailored strategies of disease prevention and treatment. Due to the availability of molecular pathological tests on tumours, the MPE approach has been utilised predominantly in research on cancers including breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal carcinomas. Mounting evidence indicates that the microbiome (inclusive of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites) plays an important role in a variety of human diseases including neoplasms. An alteration of the microbiome may be not only a cause of neoplasia but also an informative biomarker that indicates or mediates the association of an epidemiological exposure with health conditions and outcomes. To adequately educate and train investigators in this emerging area, we herein propose the integration of microbiology into the MPE model (termed 'microbiology-MPE'), which could improve our understanding of the complex interactions of environment, tumour cells, the immune system, and microbes in the tumour microenvironment during the carcinogenic process. Using this approach, we can examine how lifestyle factors, dietary patterns, medications, environmental exposures, and germline genetics influence cancer development and progression through impacting the microbial communities in the human body. Further integration of other disciplines (e.g. pharmacology, immunology, nutrition) into microbiology-MPE would expand this developing research frontier. With the advent of high-throughput next-generation sequencing technologies, researchers now have increasing access to large-scale metagenomics as well as other omics data (e.g. genomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) in population-based research. The integrative field of microbiology-MPE will open new opportunities for personalised medicine and public health. Copyright © 2019 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Pathology Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Departments of Epidemiology and Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Pathology Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Ogino S, Nowak JA, Hamada T, Milner DA, Nishihara R. Insights into Pathogenic Interactions Among Environment, Host, and Tumor at the Crossroads of Molecular Pathology and Epidemiology. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 14:83-103. [PMID: 30125150 PMCID: PMC6345592 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Evidence indicates that diet, nutrition, lifestyle, the environment, the microbiome, and other exogenous factors have pathogenic roles and also influence the genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of tumor and nonneoplastic cells, including immune cells. With the need for big-data research, pathology must transform to integrate data science fields, including epidemiology, biostatistics, and bioinformatics. The research framework of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE) demonstrates the strengths of such an interdisciplinary integration, having been used to study breast, lung, prostate, and colorectal cancers. The MPE research paradigm not only can provide novel insights into interactions among environment, tumor, and host but also opens new research frontiers. New developments-such as computational digital pathology, systems biology, artificial intelligence, and in vivo pathology technologies-will further transform pathology and MPE. Although it is necessary to address the rarity of transdisciplinary education and training programs, MPE provides an exemplary model of integrative scientific approaches and contributes to advancements in precision medicine, therapy, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Ogino
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
| | - Tsuyoshi Hamada
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA;
| | - Danny A Milner
- American Society for Clinical Pathology, Chicago, Illinois 60603, USA;
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA; , ,
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Zhang Y, Lee C, Geng S, Li L. Enhanced tumor immune surveillance through neutrophil reprogramming due to Tollip deficiency. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122939. [PMID: 30674719 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the importance of the tumor immune environment for the modulation of tumorigenesis and tumor regression is becoming increasingly clear, most of the research related to tumor-immune therapies has focused on adaptive immune cells, while the role and regulation of innate leukocytes such as neutrophils remains controversial and less defined. Here we observed that the selective deletion of Tollip, a key innate immune-cell modulator, led to enhanced tumor immune surveillance in a chemically induced colorectal cancer model. Tollip-deficient neutrophils significantly elevated T cell activation through enhanced expression of the costimulatory molecule CD80, and reduced expression of the inhibitory molecule PD-L1. Mechanistically, Tollip deficiency increased STAT5 and reduced STAT1, the transcription factors responsible for the expression of CD80 and PD-L1, respectively. Through adoptive transfer, we demonstrate that Tollip-deficient neutrophils, but not Tollip-deficient monocytes, are sufficient to drive enhanced tumor immune surveillance and reduced colorectal cancer burden in vivo. Our data reveal a strategy for the reprogramming of neutrophil functions conducive for the enhancement of the antitumor immune environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Christina Lee
- Department of Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Shuo Geng
- Department of Biological Sciences and
| | - Liwu Li
- Department of Biological Sciences and
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Koh H, Hamada T, Song M, Liu L, Cao Y, Nowak JA, da Silva A, Twombly T, Morikawa T, Kim SA, Masugi Y, Kosumi K, Shi Y, Gu M, Li W, Du C, Chen Y, Li W, Liu H, Li C, Wu K, Nosho K, Inamura K, Hanyuda A, Zhang X, Giannakis M, Chan AT, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Meyerhardt JA, Ogino S. Physical Activity and Colorectal Cancer Prognosis According to Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells. JNCI Cancer Spectr 2019; 2:pky058. [PMID: 31276098 PMCID: PMC6591576 DOI: 10.1093/jncics/pky058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence suggests that high-level physical activity may potentially reduce cancer mortality through its immune enhancement effect. We therefore hypothesized that survival benefits associated with physical activity might be stronger in colorectal carcinomas with lower immune reaction at diagnosis. Methods Using molecular pathological epidemiology databases of 470 colon and rectal carcinoma cases in the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we assessed the prognostic association of postdiagnosis physical activity in strata of densities of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells in tumor tissue. Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to adjust for potential confounders, including microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, long interspersed nucleotide element-1 methylation, KRAS, BRAF, and PIK3CA mutations, and expression of CTNNB1 (beta-catenin), PTGS2 (cyclooxygenase-2), and IRS1. Results The association of postdiagnosis physical activity with colorectal cancer-specific mortality differed by CD3+ cell density (Pinteraction < .001). Multivariable-adjusted colorectal cancer-specific mortality hazard ratios for a quartile-unit increase in physical activity were 0.56 (95% confidence interval = 0.38 to 0.83) among cases with the lowest quartile of CD3+ cell density compared with 1.14 (95% confidence interval = 0.79 to 1.65) in cases with the highest quartile. We observed no differential survival association of physical activity by densities of CD8+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. Conclusions The association between postdiagnosis physical activity and colorectal cancer survival appeared stronger for carcinomas with lower T cell infiltrates, suggesting an interactive effect of exercise and immunity on colorectal cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Koh
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Hematology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Nutrition.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Yin Cao
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Teppei Morikawa
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sun A Kim
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | | | | | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kana Wu
- Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Inamura
- Division of Pathology, The Cancer Institute, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiko Hanyuda
- Department of Nutrition.,Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.,Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT.,Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Nutrition.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases.,Department of Biostatistics, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Jeffrey A Meyerhardt
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology.,Department of Epidemiology.,Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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50
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Hamada T, Nowak JA, Masugi Y, Drew DA, Song M, Cao Y, Kosumi K, Mima K, Twombly TS, Liu L, Shi Y, da Silva A, Gu M, Li W, Nosho K, Keum N, Giannakis M, Meyerhardt JA, Wu K, Wang M, Chan AT, Giovannucci EL, Fuchs CS, Nishihara R, Zhang X, Ogino S. Smoking and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Sub-Classified by Tumor-Infiltrating T Cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019; 111:42-51. [PMID: 30312431 PMCID: PMC6335108 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Evidence indicates not only carcinogenic effect of cigarette smoking but also its immunosuppressive effect. We hypothesized that the association of smoking with colorectal cancer risk might be stronger for tumors with lower anti-tumor adaptive immune response. Methods During follow-up of 134 981 participants (3 490 851 person-years) in the Nurses' Health Study and Health Professionals Follow-up Study, we documented 729 rectal and colon cancer cases with available data on T-cell densities in tumor microenvironment. Using the duplication-method Cox regression model, we examined a differential association of smoking status with risk of colorectal carcinoma subclassified by densities of CD3+ cells, CD8+ cells, CD45RO (PTPRC)+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results The association of smoking status with colorectal cancer risk differed by CD3+ cell density (Pheterogeneity = .007). Compared with never smokers, multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for CD3+ cell-low colorectal cancer were 1.38 (95% confidence interval = 1.09 to 1.75) in former smokers and 1.59 (95% confidence interval = 1.14 to 2.23) in current smokers (Ptrend = .002, across smoking status categories). In contrast, smoking status was not associated with CD3+ cell-high cancer risk (Ptrend = .52). This differential association appeared consistent in strata of microsatellite instability, CpG island methylator phenotype, or BRAF mutation status. There was no statistically significant differential association according to densities of CD8+ cells, CD45RO+ cells, or FOXP3+ cells (Pheterogeneity > .04, with adjusted α of 0.01). Conclusions Colorectal cancer risk increased by smoking was stronger for tumors with lower T-lymphocyte response, suggesting an interplay of smoking and immunity in colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan A Nowak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
| | | | - David A Drew
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
| | - Yin Cao
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Kosuke Mima
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Li Liu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Department of Nutrition
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Hubei, P.R. China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Department of Medical Oncology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | | | - Mancang Gu
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- College of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, P.R. China
| | | | - Katsuhiko Nosho
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology, and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - NaNa Keum
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Goyang, the Republic of Korea
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, and Channing Division of Network Medicine
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
| | | | - Kana Wu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Molin Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, and Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
| | - Charles S Fuchs
- Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, CT
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
- Smilow Cancer Hospital, New Haven, CT
| | - Reiko Nishihara
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
- Department of Nutrition
- Department of Epidemiology
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Oncologic Pathology
- Program in Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Department of Pathology
- Department of Epidemiology
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA
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