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Lee Y, Ju X, Cui J, Zhang T, Hong B, Kim YH, Ko Y, Park J, Choi CH, Heo JY, Chung W. Mitochondrial dysfunction precedes hippocampal IL-1β transcription and cognitive impairments after low-dose lipopolysaccharide injection in aged mice. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28974. [PMID: 38596096 PMCID: PMC11002287 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute cognitive impairments termed delirium often occur after inflammatory insults in elderly patients. While previous preclinical studies suggest mitochondria as a target for reducing neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments after LPS injection, fewer studies have evaluated the effects of a low-grade systemic inflammation in the aged brain. Thus, to identify the significance of mitochondrial dysfunction after a clinically relevant systemic inflammatory stimulus, we injected old-aged mice (18-20 months) with low-dose lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.04 mg/kg). LPS injection reduced mitochondrial respiration in the hippocampus 24 h after injection (respiratory control ratio [RCR], state3u/state4o; control = 2.82 ± 0.19, LPS = 2.57 ± 0.08). However, gene expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β was increased (RT-PCR, control = 1.00 ± 0.30; LPS = 2.01 ± 0.67) at a more delayed time point, 48 h after LPS injection. Such changes were associated with cognitive impairments in the Barnes maze and fear chamber tests. Notably, young mice were unaffected by low-dose LPS, suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction precedes neuroinflammation and cognitive decline in elderly patients following a low-grade systemic insult. Our findings highlight mitochondria as a potential therapeutic target for reducing delirium in elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulim Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Xianshu Ju
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jianchen Cui
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province. The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Boohwi Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Youngkwon Ko
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jiho Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Sejong, South Korea
| | - Chul Hee Choi
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jun Young Heo
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Woosuk Chung
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Korea 21 FOUR Project for Medical Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
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Inui T, Kawamura N, Nakama R, Inui A, Katsuura G. Degalactosylated Whey Protein Suppresses Inflammatory Responses Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in Mice. Front Nutr 2022; 9:852355. [PMID: 35571950 PMCID: PMC9101058 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.852355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of degalactosylated whey protein on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in mice were observed in comparison with intact whey protein. Intraperitoneal administration of both intact and degalactosylated whey proteins for 5 days did not affect body weight and food intake in mice. On day 6, intraperitoneal administration of LPS induced a marked decrease in body weight 4 h later. The LPS-induced decrease in body weight was significantly suppressed by the administration of degalactosylated whey protein, but not intact whey protein. Administration of LPS also significantly increase plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) levels, which were significantly suppressed by the administration of degalactosylated whey protein, but not intact whey protein. Moreover, the application of degalactosylated whey protein to RAW264.7 cells significantly reduced mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and significantly increased mRNA expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1). The marked increased expression of TNF-α and IL-1β in response to LPS in RAW264.7 cells was significantly suppressed by the application of degalactosylated whey protein. These results suggest that degalactosylated whey protein suppresses the effects of LPS in part by decreasing in TLR4 and increasing in MKP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Inui
- Saisei Mirai Cell Processing Center, Osaka, Japan
- Kobe Saisei Mirai Clinic, Kobe, Japan
- Inui Immunotherapy Clinic, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Toshio Inui,
| | - Namiko Kawamura
- Drug Discovery of Next-Generation GcMAF, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Riho Nakama
- Drug Discovery of Next-Generation GcMAF, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akio Inui
- Pharmacological Department of Herbal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Goro Katsuura
- Drug Discovery of Next-Generation GcMAF, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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Florensa-Zanuy E, Garro-Martínez E, Adell A, Castro E, Díaz Á, Pazos Á, Mac-Dowell KS, Martín-Hernández D, Pilar-Cuéllar F. Cannabidiol antidepressant-like effect in the lipopolysaccharide model in mice: Modulation of inflammatory pathways. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 185:114433. [PMID: 33513342 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Major Depression is a severe psychiatric condition with a still poorly understood etiology. In the last years, evidence supporting the neuroinflammatory hypothesis of depression has increased. In the current clinical scenario, in which the available treatments for depression is far from optimal, there is an urgent need to develop fast-acting drugs with fewer side effects. In this regard, recent pieces of evidence suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), the major non-psychotropic component of Cannabis sativa with anti-inflammatory properties, appears as a drug with antidepressant properties. In this work, CBD 30 mg/kg was administered systemically to mice 30 min before lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.83 mg/kg) administration as a neuroinflammatory model, and behavioral tests for depressive-, anhedonic- and anxious-like behavior were performed. NF-ĸB, IκBα and PPARγ levels were analyzed by western blot in nuclear and cytosolic fractions of cortical samples. IL-6 and TNFα levels were determined in plasma and prefrontal cortex using ELISA and qPCR techniques, respectively. The precursor tryptophan (TRP), and its metabolites kynurenine (KYN) and serotonin (5-HT) were measured in hippocampus and cortex by HPLC. The ratios KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT were used to estimate indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity and the balance of both metabolic pathways, respectively. CBD reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased sucrose preference in the LPS model, without affecting locomotion and central activity in the open-field test. CBD diminished cortical NF-ĸB activation, IL-6 levels in plasma and brain, and the increased KYN/TRP and KYN/5-HT ratios in hippocampus and cortex in the LPS model. Our results demonstrate that CBD produced antidepressant-like effects in the LPS neuroinflammatory model, associated to a reduction in the kynurenine pathway activation, IL-6 levels and NF-ĸB activation. As CBD stands out as a promising antidepressant drug, more research is needed to completely understand its mechanisms of action in depression linked to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Florensa-Zanuy
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Emilio Garro-Martínez
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Albert Adell
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Elena Castro
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Álvaro Díaz
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Ángel Pazos
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Karina S Mac-Dowell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Departmento de Farmacología y Toxicología. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), IUIN-UCM, Imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Martín-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fuencisla Pilar-Cuéllar
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria (IBBTEC), Universidad de Cantabria-CSIC-SODERCAN, Santander, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain.
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Hebert JC, Radford-Smith DE, Probert F, Ilott N, Chan KW, Anthony DC, Burnet PWJ. Mom's diet matters: Maternal prebiotic intake in mice reduces anxiety and alters brain gene expression and the fecal microbiome in offspring. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:230-244. [PMID: 33031920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence links enteric microbes to brain function and behavior. Galacto-oligosaccharide prebiotics have been shown to modulate the composition of gut flora and induce metabolic, neurochemical, and behavioral changes in adult rodents. Despite the brain being most susceptible to environmental factors, such as nutrients and toxins, during the earliest stages of development, it is unknown whether maternal prebiotic supplementation during gestation and lactation influences the offspring gut microbiome, brain, or behavior. The aim of this study was to test whether maternal galacto-oligosaccharide intake during pregnancy and lactation alters the brain and behavior in naïve and endotoxin-challenged offspring. CD1 female mice received either normal drinking water or water supplemented with Bimuno® galacto-oligosaccharides (B-GOS) during gestation and suckling. Offspring behavior was tested at weaning age or adulthood, and a cross-foster design was employed in a separate cohort to differentiate between effects of prenatal and postnatal maternal B-GOS intake. Lipopolysaccharide was also administered to pups at postnatal day 9 to determine whether maternal B-GOS influences the neurobiological and behavioral effects of a neonatal pro-inflammatory challenge in adulthood. Fecal microbiome composition and metabolites were analyzed to explore potential relationships between the maternal microbiome, the offspring gut microbiome, and the offspring brain and behavior. Maternal B-GOS supplementation increased exploratory behavior and reduced expression of hippocampal glutamate receptor genes in young, weaning-age offspring. In addition, postnatal, but not prenatal, B-GOS supplementation increased fecal butyrate and propionate levels. Finally, in adult offspring, perinatal B-GOS intake increased cortical glutamate receptor subunits in females, increased social preference, and reduced anxiety. We provide novel and comprehensive evidence for the influence of maternal prebiotic intake on offspring behavior, brain gene expression, and gut microbiome composition in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Hebert
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK
| | | | - Fay Probert
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Nicholas Ilott
- Oxford Centre for Microbiome Studies, Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Ka Wai Chan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Daniel C Anthony
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK; Laboratory of Psychiatric Neurobiology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Philip W J Burnet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK.
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Exercise alters LPS-induced glial activation in the mouse brain. Neuronal Signal 2020; 4:NS20200003. [PMID: 33304620 PMCID: PMC7711064 DOI: 10.1042/ns20200003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggest that modifiable lifestyle factors, including physical exercise, can build structural and cognitive reserve in the brain, increasing resilience to injury and insult. Accordingly, exercise can reduce the increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines in the brain associated with ageing or experimentally induced neuroinflammation. However, the cellular mechanisms by which exercise exerts this effect are unknown, including the effects of exercise on classic or alternative activation of astrocytes and microglia. In the present study, we assess the effects of nine consecutive days of treadmill running on the glial cell response to a single systemic injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and, in parallel, the effects on spatial learning and memory. We show that prior exercise protects against LPS-induced impairment of performance in the object displacement task concomitant with attenuation of IL-1β, TNFα and IL-10 mRNA expression in the hippocampus. Assessment of isolated astrocytes and microglia revealed that LPS induced a proinflammatory response in these cells that was not observed in cells prepared from the brains of mice who had undergone prior exercise. The results suggest that exercise modulates neuroinflammation by reducing the proinflammatory microglial response, suggesting a mechanism by which exercise may be neuroprotective.
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Golia MT, Poggini S, Alboni S, Garofalo S, Ciano Albanese N, Viglione A, Ajmone-Cat MA, St-Pierre A, Brunello N, Limatola C, Branchi I, Maggi L. Interplay between inflammation and neural plasticity: Both immune activation and suppression impair LTP and BDNF expression. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 81:484-494. [PMID: 31279682 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies show that both inflammation and neural plasticity act as key players in the vulnerability and recovery from psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. However, the interplay between these two players has been limitedly explored. In fact, while a few studies reported an immune activation, others conveyed an immune suppression, associated with an impairment in neural plasticity. Therefore, we hypothesized that deviations in inflammatory levels in both directions may impair neural plasticity. We tested this hypothesis experimentally, by acute treatment of C57BL/6 adult male mice with different doses of two inflammatory modulators: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin, and ibuprofen (IBU), a nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, which are respectively a pro- and an anti-inflammatory agent. The results showed that LPS and IBU have different effects on behavior and inflammatory response. LPS treatment induced a reduction of body temperature, a decrease of body weight and a reduced food and liquid intake. In addition, it led to increased levels of inflammatory markers expression, both in the total hippocampus and in isolated microglia cells, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, and enhanced the concentration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). On the other hand, IBU increased the level of anti-inflammatory markers, decreased tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO2), the first step in the kynurenine pathway known to be activated during inflammatory conditions, and PGE2 levels. Though LPS and IBU administration differently affected mediators related with pro- or anti-inflammatory responses, they produced overlapping effects on neural plasticity. Indeed, higher doses of both LPS and IBU induced a statistically significant decrease in the amplitude of long-term potentiation (LTP), in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression levels and in the phosphorylation of the AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor subunit GluR1, compared to the control group. Such effect appears to be dose-dependent since only the higher, but not the lower, dose of both compounds led to a plasticity impairment. Overall, the present findings indicate that acute treatment with pro- and anti-inflammatory agents impair neural plasticity in a dose dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Golia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur-Italy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Poggini
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Alboni
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefano Garofalo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur-Italy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Naomi Ciano Albanese
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Aurelia Viglione
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Neuroscience, Scuola Superiore di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Abygaël St-Pierre
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicoletta Brunello
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Cristina Limatola
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur-Italy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy
| | - Igor Branchi
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Maggi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur-Italy, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Maurus I, Hasan A, Röh A, Takahashi S, Rauchmann B, Keeser D, Malchow B, Schmitt A, Falkai P. Neurobiological effects of aerobic exercise, with a focus on patients with schizophrenia. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:499-515. [PMID: 31115660 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-019-01025-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a severe neuropsychiatric disease that is associated with neurobiological alterations in multiple brain regions and peripheral organs. Negative symptoms and cognitive deficits are present in about half of patients and are difficult to treat, leading to an unfavorable functional outcome. To investigate the impact of aerobic exercise on various neurobiological parameters, we conducted a narrative review. Add-on aerobic exercise was shown to be effective in improving negative and general symptoms, cognition, global functioning, and quality of life in schizophrenia patients. Based on findings in healthy individuals and animal models, this qualitative review gives an overview of different lines of evidence on how aerobic exercise impacts brain structure and function and molecular mechanisms in patients with schizophrenia and how its effects could be related to clinical and functional outcomes. Structural magnetic resonance imaging studies showed a volume increase in the hippocampus and cortical regions in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls after endurance training. However, results are inconsistent and individual risk factors may influence neuroplastic processes. Animal studies indicate that alterations in epigenetic mechanisms and synaptic plasticity are possible underlying mechanisms, but that differentiation of glial cells, angiogenesis, and possibly neurogenesis may also be involved. Clinical and animal studies also revealed effects of aerobic exercise on the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, growth factors, and immune-related mechanisms. Some findings indicate effects on neurotransmitters and the endocannabinoid system. Further research is required to clarify how individual risk factors in schizophrenia patients mediate or moderate the neurobiological effects of exercise on brain and cognition. Altogether, aerobic exercise is a promising candidate in the search for pathophysiology-based add-on interventions in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Maurus
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
| | - Alkomiet Hasan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Astrid Röh
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Boris Rauchmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Keeser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Berend Malchow
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Andrea Schmitt
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.,Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter Falkai
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
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Adams JA, Uryash A, Lopez JR, Sackner MA. Whole body periodic acceleration improves survival and microvascular leak in a murine endotoxin model. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208681. [PMID: 30682019 PMCID: PMC6347233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life threatening condition which produces multi-organ dysfunction with profound circulatory and cellular derangements. Administration of E.Coli endotoxin (LPS) produces systemic inflammatory effects of sepsis including disruption of endothelial barrier, and if severe enough death. Whole body periodic acceleration (pGz) is the headward-footward motion of the body. pGz has been shown to induce pulsatile shear stress to the endothelium, thereby releasing vascular and cardio protective mediators. The purpose of this study was to determine whether or not pGz performed as a pre-treatment or post-treatment strategy improves survival in a lethal murine endotoxin model.This study was designed as a prospective randomized controlled study in mice. pGz was performed in mice as pre-treatment (pGz-LPS, 3 days prior to LPS), post-treatment (LPS- pGz, 30 min after LPS) strategies or Control (LPS-CONT), in a lethal murine model of endotoxemia. Endotoxemia was induced with intraperitoneal injection of E.Coli LPS (40mg/kg). In a separate group of mice, a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NAME) was provided in their drinking water and pGz-LPS and LPS-pGz performed to determine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) inhibition on survival. In another subset of mice, micro vascular leakage was determined. Behavioral scoring around the clock was performed in all mice at 30 min intervals after LPS administration, until 48 hrs. survival or death. LPS induced 100% mortality in LPS-CONT animals by 30 hrs. In contrast, survival to 48 hrs. occurred in 60% of pGz-LPS and 80% of LPS-pGz. L-NAME abolished the survival effects of pGz. Microvascular leakage was markedly reduced in both pre and post pGz treated animals and was associated with increased tyrosine kinase endothelial-enriched tunica interna endothelial cell kinase 2 (TIE2) receptor and its phosphorylation (p-TIE2). In a murine model of lethal endotoxemia, pGz performed as a pre or post treatment strategy significantly improved survival, and markedly reduced microvascular leakage. The effect was modulated, in part, by NO since a non-selective inhibitor of NO abolished the pGz survival effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Adams
- Mt. Sinai Medical Center Division of Neonatology, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Arkady Uryash
- Mt. Sinai Medical Center Division of Neonatology, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
| | - Jose R. Lopez
- Department of Research, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
| | - Marvin A. Sackner
- Emeritus Director Medical Services, Mount Sinai Medical Center, Miami Beach, FL, United States of America
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Vichaya EG, Laumet G, Christian DL, Grossberg AJ, Estrada DJ, Heijnen CJ, Kavelaars A, Dantzer R. Motivational changes that develop in a mouse model of inflammation-induced depression are independent of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:364-371. [PMID: 29760410 PMCID: PMC6300560 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite years of research, our understanding of the mechanisms by which inflammation induces depression is still limited. As clinical data points to a strong association between depression and motivational alterations, we sought to (1) characterize the motivational changes that are associated with inflammation in mice, and (2) determine if they depend on inflammation-induced activation of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 (IDO1). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated or spared nerve injured (SNI) wild type (WT) and Ido1-/- mice underwent behavioral tests of antidepressant activity (e.g., forced swim test) and motivated behavior, including assessment of (1) reward expectancy using a food-related anticipatory activity task, (2) willingness to work for reward using a progressive ratio schedule of food reinforcement, (3) effort allocation using a concurrent choice task, and (4) ability to associate environmental cues with reward using conditioned place preference. LPS- and SNI-induced deficits in behavioral tests of antidepressant activity in WT but not Ido1-/- mice. Further, LPS decreased food related-anticipatory activity, reduced performance in the progressive ratio task, and shifted effort toward the preferred reward in the concurrent choice task. These effects were observed in both WT and Ido1-/- mice. Finally, SNI mice developed a conditioned place preference based on relief from pain in an IDO1-independent manner. These findings demonstrate that the motivational effects of inflammation do not require IDO1. Further, they indicate that the motivational component of inflammation-induced depression is mechanistically distinct from that measured by behavioral tests of antidepressant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth G. Vichaya
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Geoffroy Laumet
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Diana L. Christian
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Aaron J. Grossberg
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Darlene J. Estrada
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Cobi J. Heijnen
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Annemieke Kavelaars
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Robert Dantzer
- 0000 0001 2291 4776grid.240145.6Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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10
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Lin TW, Tsai SF, Kuo YM. Physical Exercise Enhances Neuroplasticity and Delays Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:95-110. [PMID: 30564549 PMCID: PMC6296269 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that exercise can improve learning and memory as well as attenuate neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition to improving neuroplasticity by altering the synaptic structure and function in various brain regions, exercise also modulates systems like angiogenesis and glial activation that are known to support neuroplasticity. Moreover, exercise helps to maintain a cerebral microenvironment that facilitates synaptic plasticity by enhancing the clearance of Aβ, one of the main culprits of AD pathogenesis. The purpose of this review is to highlight the positive impacts of exercise on promoting neuroplasticity. Possible mechanisms involved in exercise-modulated neuroplasticity are also discussed. Undoubtedly, more studies are needed to design an optimal personalized exercise protocol for enhancing brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Wei Lin
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sheng-Feng Tsai
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Min Kuo
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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11
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Pence BD, Bhattacharya TK, Park P, Rytych JL, Allen JM, Sun Y, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Rhodes JS, Woods JA. Long-term supplementation with EGCG and beta-alanine decreases mortality but does not affect cognitive or muscle function in aged mice. Exp Gerontol 2017; 98:22-29. [PMID: 28818411 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that 6weeks of a diet containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and beta-alanine (B-ALA) was not effective in improving either cognitive or muscle function in aged (18month) mice (Gibbons et al. Behav Brain Res 2014). However, diet reduced oxidative stress in the brain, and previous studies using longer-term interventions have documented beneficial effects in cognitive, but not muscle, function. Therefore, we investigated the effect of 6months of feeding on measures of cognitive and muscle function in mice. Mice (12months, N=15/group) were fed AIN-93M containing 0.15% EGCG and 0.34% B-ALA or standard AIN-93M for 6months, then underwent a battery of tests for cognitive and muscle function at 18months. Interestingly, a higher percentage of mice receiving EGCG and B-ALA (E+B, 80%) survived to study end compared to control (Ctrl, 40%) mice (p=0.02). E+B did not affect arm preference in the Y-maze test (p=0.74, novel arm) and did not alter performance in an active avoidance test (p=0.16, avoidances per 50 trials). E+B increased rotarod performance (p=0.03), did not affect grip strength (p=0.91), and decreased time to exhaustion in a treadmill fatigue test (p=0.02) compared to Ctrl. In conclusion, E+B reduced mortality, had no effect on cognitive function and variable effects on muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt D Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; School of Health Studies, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States; Center for Nutraceutical and Dietary Supplement Research, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, United States
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Pul Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jennifer L Rytych
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jacob M Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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12
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Huber Y, Gehrke N, Biedenbach J, Helmig S, Simon P, Straub BK, Bergheim I, Huber T, Schuppan D, Galle PR, Wörns MA, Schuchmann M, Schattenberg JM. Voluntary distance running prevents TNF-mediated liver injury in mice through alterations of the intrahepatic immune milieu. Cell Death Dis 2017. [PMID: 28640248 PMCID: PMC5520921 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity confers a broad spectrum of health benefits. Beyond the obvious role in metabolically driven diseases, the role of physical activity in acute liver injury is poorly explored. To study the role of physical activity in acute liver injury, a novel model of voluntary distance running in mice was developed and mice were subjected to acute liver injury induced by N-galactosamine (GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Analyses included histological stains, immunoblotting, qRT-PCR and FACS analysis. Voluntary distance running increased to an average of 10.3 km/day after a learning curve. Running lead to a decrease in the absolute numbers of intrahepatic CD4+ T and B lymphocytes and macrophages after 7 weeks. In parallel, hepatic mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 and IL-1beta, TGF-beta and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) were suppressed, while TNF-α was not affected by exercise. Likewise, expression of the macrophage-specific antigen F4/80 was downregulated 1.6-fold from exercise. Notably, acute liver injury from GaIN/LPS was significantly blunted following 7 weeks of voluntary exercise as determined by liver histology, a 84.6% reduction of alanine aminotransferase (P<0.01) and a 54.6% reduction of aspartate aminotransferase (P<0.05) compared with sedentary mice. Additionally, proinflammatory cytokines, activation of caspase 3 and JNK were significantly lower, while antiapoptotic protein A20 increased. Voluntary distance running alters the intrahepatic immune phenotype producing an environment that is less susceptible to acute liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Huber
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadine Gehrke
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jana Biedenbach
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Susanne Helmig
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Perikles Simon
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Beate K Straub
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ina Bergheim
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Molecular Nutritional Science, University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Tobias Huber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Detlef Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Peter R Galle
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Marcus A Wörns
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Jörn M Schattenberg
- I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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13
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Schreuder L, Eggen BJ, Biber K, Schoemaker RG, Laman JD, de Rooij SE. Pathophysiological and behavioral effects of systemic inflammation in aged and diseased rodents with relevance to delirium: A systematic review. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 62:362-381. [PMID: 28088641 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Delirium is a frequent outcome for aged and demented patients that suffer a systemic inflammatory insult. Animal models that reconstruct these etiological processes have potential to provide a better understanding of the pathophysiology of delirium. Therefore, we systematically reviewed animal studies in which systemic inflammation was superimposed on aged or diseased animal models. In total, 77 studies were identified. Aged animals were challenged with a bacterial endotoxin in 29 studies, 25 studies superimposed surgery on aged animals, and in 6 studies a bacterial infection, Escherichia coli (E. coli), was used. Diseased animals were challenged with a bacterial endotoxin in 15 studies, two studies examined effects of the cytokine IL-1β, and one study used polyinosinic:polycytidilic acid (poly I:C). This systematic review analyzed the impact of systemic inflammation on the production of inflammatory and neurotoxic mediators in peripheral blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and on the central nervous system (CNS). Moreover, concomitant behavioral and cognitive symptoms were also evaluated. Finally, outcomes of behavioral and cognitive tests from animal studies were compared to features and symptoms present in delirious patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leroy Schreuder
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Geriatric Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - B J Eggen
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Knut Biber
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Regien G Schoemaker
- Department of Neurobiology, GELIFES, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jon D Laman
- Department of Neuroscience, Section Medical Physiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophia E de Rooij
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, University Center for Geriatric Medicine, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Pence BD, Bhattacharya TK, Park P, Rytych JL, Allen JM, Sun Y, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Rhodes JS, Woods JA. Dose-dependent decrease in mortality with no cognitive or muscle function improvements due to dietary EGCG supplementation in aged mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:495-502. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that a diet containing epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and beta-alanine is not effective in improving either cognitive or muscle function in aged (18 month) mice (Gibbons et al., Behav. Brain Res., 2014, 272:131–140; Pence et al., Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 2016, 41(2): 181–190). However, this diet reduced oxidative stress in the brain, and previous studies using longer term interventions and other doses have documented beneficial effects in cognitive and muscle function, especially with EGCG. Here we hypothesized that a different dose of EGCG or longer feeding period would be more efficacious in improving cognition. Aged (21–25 mo) Balb/cByJ male mice underwent 63 days of feeding with EGCG at 0, 0.091, or 3.67 mg/g AIN-93M diet and were then subjected to a battery of cognitive and muscle function tests. EGCG feeding at either of the 2 doses did not alter preference for novel versus familiar arm in the Y-maze test (p = 0.29) and did not affect learning in the active avoidance test (p = 0.76). Similarly, EGCG did not affect preference for novel versus familiar mice in a social discrimination test (p = 0.17). Likewise, there was no effect of EGCG on muscle function by grip strength (p = 0.16), rotarod (p = 0.18), or treadmill test to exhaustion (p = 0.25). EGCG reduced mortality in a dose-dependent fashion (p = 0.05, log-rank test for trend), with 91% of high EGCG, 72% of low EGCG, and 55% of control mice surviving to the end of the study. In conclusion, EGCG improves survival in aged mice but does not affect cognitive or muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt D. Pence
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tushar K. Bhattacharya
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pul Park
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Rytych
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jacob M. Allen
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H. McCusker
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith W. Kelley
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin S. Rhodes
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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15
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Dallagnol KMC, Remor AP, da Silva RA, Prediger RD, Latini A, Aguiar AS. Running for REST: Physical activity attenuates neuroinflammation in the hippocampus of aged mice. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 61:31-35. [PMID: 27477921 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exercise improves mental health and synaptic function in the aged brain. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in exercise-induced healthy brain aging are not well understood. Evidence supports the role of neurogenesis and neurotrophins in exercise-induced neuroplasticity. The gene silencing transcription factor neuronal RE1-silencing transcription factor (REST)/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (NRSF) and an anti-inflammatory role of exercise are also candidate mechanisms. We evaluate the effect of 8weeks of physical activity on running wheels (RW) on motor and depressive-like behavior and hippocampal gene expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), REST, and interleukins IL-1β and IL-10 of adult and aged C57BL/6 mice. The aged animals exhibited impaired motor function and a depressive-like behavior: decreased mobility in the RW and open field and severe immobility in the tail suspension test. The gene expression of REST, IL-1β, and IL-10 was increased in the hippocampus of aged mice. Physical activity was anxiolytic and antidepressant and improved motor behavior in aged animals. Physical activity also boosted BDNF and REST expression and decreased IL-1β and IL-10 expression in the hippocampus of aged animals. These results support the beneficial role of REST in the aged brain, which can be further enhanced by regular physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Mathilde Campestrini Dallagnol
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa Neurobiologia do Exercício Físico, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Aline Pertile Remor
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa Neurobiologia do Exercício Físico, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Augusto da Silva
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Rui Daniel Prediger
- Laboratório Experimental de Doenças Neurodegenerativas (LEXDON), Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil
| | - Alexandra Latini
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa Neurobiologia do Exercício Físico, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Aderbal Silva Aguiar
- Laboratório de Bioenergética e Estresse Oxidativo (LABOX), Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, UFSC, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, CCB, Florianópolis, SC 88049-900, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa Neurobiologia do Exercício Físico, Departamento de Fisioterapia, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88906-072 Araranguá, Brazil.
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16
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Pillon Barcelos R, Freire Royes LF, Gonzalez-Gallego J, Bresciani G. Oxidative stress and inflammation: liver responses and adaptations to acute and regular exercise. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:222-236. [PMID: 28166653 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1291942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The liver is remarkably important during exercise outcomes due to its contribution to detoxification, synthesis, and release of biomolecules, and energy supply to the exercising muscles. Recently, liver has been also shown to play an important role in redox status and inflammatory modulation during exercise. However, while several studies have described the adaptations of skeletal muscles to acute and chronic exercise, hepatic changes are still scarcely investigated. Indeed, acute intense exercise challenges the liver with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation onset, whereas regular training induces hepatic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory improvements. Acute and regular exercise protocols in combination with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation have been also tested to verify hepatic adaptations to exercise. Although positive results have been reported in some acute models, several studies have shown an increased exercise-related stress upon liver. A similar trend has been observed during training: while synergistic effects of training and antioxidant/anti-inflammatory supplementations have been occasionally found, others reported a blunting of relevant adaptations to exercise, following the patterns described in skeletal muscles. This review discusses current data regarding liver responses and adaptation to acute and regular exercise protocols alone or combined with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory supplementation. The understanding of the mechanisms behind these modulations is of interest for both exercise-related health and performance outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômulo Pillon Barcelos
- a Instituto de Ciências Biológicas , Universidade de Passo Fundo , Passo Fundo , Brazil.,b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTOx) , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Luiz Fernando Freire Royes
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Toxicológica (PPGBTOx) , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil.,c Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Centro de Educação Física e Desportos , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) , Santa Maria , Brazil
| | - Javier Gonzalez-Gallego
- d Institute of Biomedicine (IBIOMED) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd) , University of León , León , Spain
| | - Guilherme Bresciani
- e Grupo de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Salud (IRyS), Escuela de Educación Física , Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso , Valparaiso , Chile
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17
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Vetreno RP, Patel Y, Patel U, Walter TJ, Crews FT. Adolescent intermittent ethanol reduces serotonin expression in the adult raphe nucleus and upregulates innate immune expression that is prevented by exercise. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:333-345. [PMID: 27647531 PMCID: PMC5215774 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonergic neurons of the raphe nucleus regulate sleep, mood, endocrine function, and other processes that mature during adolescence. Alcohol abuse and binge drinking are common during human adolescence. We tested the novel hypothesis that adolescent intermittent ethanol exposure would alter the serotonergic system that would persist into adulthood. Using a Wistar rat model of adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0g/kg, i.g., 2-day on/2-day off from postnatal day [P]25 to P55), we found a loss of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonin (5-HT)-immunoreactive (+IR) neurons that persisted from late adolescence (P56) into adulthood (P220). Hypothalamic and amygdalar DRN serotonergic projections were reduced following AIE. Tryptophan hydroxylase 2, the rate-limiting 5-HT synthesizing enzyme, and vesicular monoamine transporter 2, which packages 5-HT into synaptic vesicles, were also reduced in the young adult midbrain following AIE treatment. Adolescent intermittent ethanol treatment increased expression of phosphorylated (activated) NF-κB p65 as well as markers of microglial activation (i.e., Iba-1 and CD11b) in the adult DRN. Administration of lipopolysaccharide to mimic AIE-induced innate immune activation reduced 5-HT+IR and increased phosphorylated NF-κB p65+IR similar to AIE treatment. Voluntary exercise during adolescence through young adulthood blunted microglial marker and phosphorylated NF-κB p65+IR, and prevented the AIE-induced loss of 5-HT+IR neurons in the DRN. Together, these novel data reveal that AIE reduces 5-HT+IR neurons in the adult DRN, possibly through an innate immune mechanism, which might impact adult cognition, arousal, or reward sensitivity. Further, exercise prevents the deleterious effects of AIE on the serotonergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Vetreno
- Corresponding author: Ryan P. Vetreno, Ph.D., University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, CB #7178, 1021 Thurston-Bowles Building, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7178, Tel: 1-919-966-0501, Fax: 1-919-966-5679,
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18
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Chen F, Ghosh A, Wu F, Tang S, Hu M, Sun H, Kong L, Hong H. Preventive effect of genetic knockdown and pharmacological blockade of CysLT 1R on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced memory deficit and neurotoxicity in vivo. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:255-269. [PMID: 27810377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported that cysteinyl leukotrienes (Cys-LTs) and the type 1 receptor for Cys-LTs (CysLT1R) are related to amyloid β (Aβ)-induced neurotoxicity. The aim of the current study was to find out the role of CysLT1R on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cognitive deficit and neurotoxicity. shRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological blockade (by pranlukast) of CysLT1R were performed in ICR mice for 21days prior to systemic infusion of LPS. From day 22, LPS was administered for 7days and then a set of behavioral, histopathological and biochemical tests were employed to test memory, neuroinflammation and apoptotic responses in the mouse hippocampus. LPS (only)-treated mice showed poor performance in both Morris water maze (MWM) and Y-maze tests. However, shRNA-mediated knockdown or pranlukast-treated blockade of CysLT1R improved performance of the mice in these tests. To find out the possible underlying mechanisms, we assessed several parameters such as microglial activation (by immunohistochemistry), level of CysLT1R (by WB and qRT-PCR) and the inflammatory/apoptotic pathways (by ELISA or TUNEL or WB) in the mouse hippocampus. LPS-induced memory impairment was accompanied by activation of microglia, higher level of CysLT1R, IL-1β, TNF-α and nuclear NF-κB p65. LPS also caused apoptosis in the hippocampus as detected by TUNEL staining, further supplemented by detection of increased Caspase-3 and a reduced Bcl-2/Bax ratio. All of these adverse changes in the mouse hippocampus were inhibited by pretreatment with CysLT1R-shRNA and pranlukast. Through this study we suggest that CysLT1R shares a strong correlation with LPS-associated memory deficit, neuroinflammation and apoptosis and CysLT1R could be a novel target for preventive measures to intervene the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-like phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Feng Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Susu Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hongbin Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingyi Kong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Department of Pharmacology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, and State Key Laboratory for Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, Jiangsu, China.
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19
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Peppler WT, Anderson ZG, MacRae LM, MacPherson RE, Wright DC. Habitual physical activity protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in mouse adipose tissue. Adipocyte 2017; 6:1-11. [PMID: 28452590 PMCID: PMC5358709 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2016.1259778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a systemic inflammatory response to infection, with no preventative strategies. In this study, we identify a role for habitual physical activity in the prevention of adipose tissue inflammation induced by a model of sepsis, lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks old) were housed with access to voluntary wheel running (VWR) or sedentary (SED) for 10 weeks. Mice were then injected with LPS (2 mg/kg) or saline (SAL), and tissues were removed 6 hours post-injection. VWR attenuated body, epididymal adipose tissue (eWAT), and subcutaneous inguinal adipose tissue (iWAT) mass gain, improved glucose tolerance, increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in iWAT and eWAT, and increased UCP-1 protein content in iWAT. In iWAT, VWR attenuated the LPS induced increase in mRNA expression of TNF-α, MCP-1, and follistatin, along with phosphorylation of STAT3. In addition, VWR had a main effect for reducing iWAT mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and SOCS3. In eWAT, VWR had a main effect for reducing mRNA expression of IL-1β, MCP-1, IL-6, and follistatin. Further, VWR increased SOCS3 mRNA expression and phosphorylation of STAT3 in SAL mice, thus the relative change in response to LPS for these markers was attenuated. The protective effect of prior physical activity occurred in conjunction with increases in the protein content of a component of the LPS binding complex, MyD88. Overall, the results from this study demonstrate that habitual physical activity can attenuate the LPS induced inflammatory response in adipose tissue and this occurs to a greater extent in iWAT compare with eWAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem T. Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Zachary G. Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Laura M. MacRae
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - David C. Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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20
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Littlefield A, Kohman RA. Differential response to intrahippocampal interleukin-4/interleukin-13 in aged and exercise mice. Neuroscience 2016; 343:106-114. [PMID: 27916728 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Normal aging is associated with low-grade neuroinflammation that results from age-related priming of microglial cells. Further, aging alters the response to several anti-inflammatory factors, including interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. One intervention that has been shown to modulate microglia activation in the aged brain, both basally and following an immune challenge, is exercise. However, whether engaging in exercise can improve responsiveness to anti-inflammatory cytokines is presently unknown. The current study evaluated whether prior exercise training increases sensitivity to anti-inflammatory cytokines that promote the M2 (alternative) microglia phenotype in adult (5-month-old) and aged (23-month-old) C57BL/6J mice. After 8weeks of exercise or control housing, mice received bilateral hippocampal injections of an IL-4/IL-13 cocktail or vehicle. Twenty-four hours later hippocampal samples were collected and analyzed for expression of genes associated with the M1 (inflammatory) and M2 microglia phenotypes. Results show that IL-4/IL-13 administration increased expression of the M2-associated genes found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizz1), chitinase-like 3 (Ym1), Arginase-1 (Arg1), SOCS1, IL-1ra, and CD206. In response to IL-4/IL-13 administration, aged mice showed increased hippocampal expression of the M2-related genes Arg1, SOCS1, Ym1, and CD206 relative to adult mice. Aged mice also showed increased expression of IL-1β relative to adults, which was unaffected by wheel running or IL-4/IL-13. Wheel running was found to have modest effects on expression of Ym1 and Fizz1 in aged and adult mice. Collectively, our findings indicate that aged mice show a differential response to anti-inflammatory cytokines relative to adult mice and that exercise has limited effects on modulating this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Littlefield
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA; Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Department of Neuroscience, North Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- University of North Carolina Wilmington, Department of Psychology, Wilmington, NC, USA.
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21
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The effects of captopril on lipopolysaccharide induced learning and memory impairments and the brain cytokine levels and oxidative damage in rats. Life Sci 2016; 167:46-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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22
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Zhang F, Fu Y, Zhou X, Pan W, Shi Y, Wang M, Zhang X, Qi D, Li L, Ma K, Tang R, Zheng K, Song Y. Depression-like behaviors and heme oxygenase-1 are regulated by Lycopene in lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 298:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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23
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Zhang ZT, Du XM, Ma XJ, Zong Y, Chen JK, Yu CL, Liu YG, Chen YC, Zhao LJ, Lu GC. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse fatigue and its relevance to chronic fatigue syndrome. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:71. [PMID: 27048470 PMCID: PMC4822300 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NLRP3 inflammasome (NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3) is an intracellular protein complex that plays an important role in innate immune sensing. Its activation leads to the maturation of caspase-1 and regulates the cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. Various studies have shown that activation of the immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of fatigue. However, the mechanisms underlying the association between immune activation and fatigue remained elusive, and few reports have described the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in fatigue. METHODS We established a mouse fatigue model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg/kg) challenge combined with swim stress. Both behavioural and biochemical parameters were measured to illustrate the characteristics of this model. We also assessed NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the mouse diencephalon, which is the brain region that has been suggested to be responsible for fatigue sensation. To further identify the role of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in the pathogenesis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), NLRP3 KO mice were also subjected to LPS treatment and swim stress, and the same parameters were evaluated. RESULTS Mice challenged with LPS and subjected to the swim stress test showed decreased locomotor activity, decreased fall-off time in a rota-rod test and increased serum levels of IL-1β and IL-6 compared with untreated mice. Serum levels of lactic acid and malondialdehyde (MDA) were not significantly altered in the treated mice. We demonstrated increased NLRP3 expression, IL-1β production and caspase-1 activation in the diencephalons of the treated mice. In NLRP3 KO mice, we found remarkably increased locomotor activity with longer fall-off times and decreased serum IL-1β levels compared with those of wild-type (WT) mice after LPS challenge and the swim stress test. IL-1β levels in the diencephalon were also significantly decreased in the NLRP3 KO mice. By contrast, IL-6 levels were not significantly altered. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that LPS-induced fatigue is an IL-1β-dependent process and that the NLRP3/caspase-1 pathway is involved in the mechanisms of LPS-induced fatigue behaviours. NLRP3/caspase-1 inhibition may be a promising therapy for fatigue treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Teng Zhang
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiu-Ming Du
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Xiu-Juan Ma
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Ying Zong
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Ji-Kuai Chen
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Chen-Lin Yu
- />Laboratory Animal Center, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yan-Gang Liu
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Yong-Chun Chen
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Li-Jun Zhao
- />Department of Respiratory Medicine, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
| | - Guo-Cai Lu
- />Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433 China
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24
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Peppler WT, Anderson ZG, Sutton CD, Rector RS, Wright DC. Voluntary wheel running attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver inflammation in mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R934-42. [PMID: 26887432 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00497.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis induces an acute inflammatory response in the liver, which can lead to organ failure and death. Given the anti-inflammatory effects of exercise, we hypothesized that habitual physical activity could protect against acute sepsis-induced liver inflammation via mechanisms, including heat shock protein (HSP) 70/72. Male C57BL/6J mice (n = 80, ∼8 wk of age) engaged in physical activity via voluntary wheel running (VWR) or cage control (SED) for 10 wk. To induce sepsis, we injected (2 mg/kg ip) LPS or sterile saline (SAL), and liver was harvested 6 or 12 h later. VWR attenuated increases in body and epididymal adipose tissue mass, improved glucose tolerance, and increased liver protein content of PEPCK (P < 0.05). VWR attenuated increases in LPS-induced IL-6 signaling and mRNA expression of other inflammatory markers (TNF-α, chemokine C-C motif ligand 2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, IL-10, IL-1β) in the liver; however, this was not reflected at the whole body level, as systemic markers of inflammation were similar between SED and VWR. Insulin tolerance was greater in VWR compared with SED at 6 but not 12 h after LPS. The protective effect of VWR occurred in parallel with increases in the liver protein content of HSP70/72, a molecular chaperone that can protect against inflammatory challenges. This study provides novel evidence that physical activity protects against the inflammatory cascade induced by LPS in the liver and that these effects may be mediated via HSP70/72.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem T Peppler
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zachary G Anderson
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles D Sutton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - R Scott Rector
- Departments of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Department of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial VA Hospital, Columbia, Missouri
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
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25
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Kalogiannis M, Delikatny EJ, Jeitner TM. Serotonin as a putative scavenger of hypohalous acid in the brain. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:651-661. [PMID: 26699077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent the culmination of numerous insults including oxidative stress. The long etiology of most of these disorders suggests that lessening the effects of one or more of the insults could significantly delay disease onset. Antioxidants have been tested as possible therapeutics for neurodegenerative disorders, but with little success. Here we report that serotonin acts as a scavenger of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) in the brain. Serotonin was shown to prevent the oxidation of 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoate by HOCl in a biphasic manner. The first phase was a partial scavenging that occurred at concentrations of serotonin that exceeded those of HOCl. (1)H-NMR studies indicated that HOCl chlorinates both the aryl and akyl nitrogen atoms of serotonin. Thus, the oxidation of 2-thio-5-nitrobenzoate that occurred during the first phase of scavenging is likely due to the formation of serotonergic chloramines. A second phase of scavenging occurred at concentrations of HOCl that exceeded those of serotonin. Under these conditions, the chlorinated serotonin polymerized and formed inert aggregates. Serotonin was further shown to prevent the loss of cells and cellular α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex activity caused by HOCl. Extracellular concentrations of serotonin in the brain can be elevated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and suggests that such compounds could be used to increase the cerebral antioxidant capacity. Acute administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors to mice treated with endotoxin partially mitigated sickness behavior and protein chlorination in the brain. These observations suggest that serotonin may act to suppress chlorinative stress in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Kalogiannis
- Department of Neurosciences, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza, Mineola, NY 11501, USA.
| | - E James Delikatny
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, 317 Anatomy Chemistry Building, 3620 Hamilton Walk, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Thomas M Jeitner
- Department of Neurosciences, Winthrop University Hospital, 222 Station Plaza, Mineola, NY 11501, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Basic Sciences, 15 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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26
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Aubrecht TG, Weil ZM, Abi Salloum B, Ariza ME, Williams M, Reader B, Glaser R, Sheridan J, Nelson RJ. Chronic Physical Stress Does Not Interact with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-Encoded Dutpase to Alter the Sickness Response. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 5:513-523. [PMID: 27175311 PMCID: PMC4862656 DOI: 10.4236/jbbs.2015.511049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Most adult humans have been infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is thought to contribute to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome. Stress is known to influence the immune system and can exacerbate the sickness response. Although a role for psychological stress in the sickness response, particularly in combination with EBV-encoded deoxyuridine triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase) has been established, and the role of physical stressors in these interactions remains unspecified. In this study, we seek to determine the interaction of chronic physical (swim) stress and EBV-encoded dUTPase injection. We hypothesize that a chronic physical stressor will exacerbate the sickness response following EBV-encoded dUTPase injection. To test this hypothesis mice receive daily injections of EBV-encoded dUTPase or vehicle and are subjected to 15 min of swim stress each day for 14 days or left unmanipulated. On the final evening of injections mice undergo behavioral testing. EBV-encoded dUTPase injection alone produces some sickness behaviors. The physical swimming stress does not alter the sickness response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn G Aubrecht
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zachary M Weil
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Bachir Abi Salloum
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria Eugenia Ariza
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Marshall Williams
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Brenda Reader
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ronald Glaser
- Molecular Virology, Immunology & Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John Sheridan
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, Wexner Medical Center, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Division of Biosciences, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Randy J Nelson
- Departments of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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27
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Pence BD, Gibbons TE, Bhattacharya TK, Mach H, Ossyra JM, Petr G, Martin SA, Wang L, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Rhodes JS, Johnson RW, Woods JA. Effects of exercise and dietary epigallocatechin gallate and β-alanine on skeletal muscle in aged mice. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 41:181-90. [PMID: 26761622 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Aging leads to sarcopenia and loss of physical function. We examined whether voluntary wheel running, when combined with dietary supplementation with (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and β-alanine (β-ALA), could improve muscle function and alter gene expression in the gastrocnemius of aged mice. Seventeen-month-old BALB/cByJ mice were given access to a running wheel or remained sedentary for 41 days while receiving either AIN-93M (standard feed) or AIN-93M containing 1.5 mg·kg(-1) EGCG and 3.43 mg·kg(-1) β-ALA. Mice underwent tests over 11 days from day 29 to day 39 of the study period, including muscle function testing (grip strength, treadmill exhaustive fatigue, rotarod). Following a rest day, mice were euthanized and gastrocnemii were collected for analysis of gene expression by quantitative PCR. Voluntary wheel running (VWR) improved rotarod and treadmill exhaustive fatigue performance and maintained grip strength in aged mice, while dietary intervention had no effect. VWR increased gastrocnemius expression of several genes, including those encoding interleukin-6 (Il6, p = 0.001), superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1, p = 0.046), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α (Ppargc1a, p = 0.013), forkhead box protein O3 (Foxo3, p = 0.005), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf, p = 0.008), while reducing gastrocnemius levels of the lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal (p = 0.019). Dietary intervention alone increased gastrocnemius expression of Ppargc1a (p = 0.033) and genes encoding NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1, p = 0.039), insulin-like growth factor I (Igf1, p = 0.003), and macrophage marker CD11b (Itgam, p = 0.016). Exercise and a diet containing β-ALA and EGCG differentially regulated gene expression in the gastrocnemius of aged mice, while VWR but not dietary intervention improved muscle function. We found no synergistic effects between dietary intervention and VWR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandt D Pence
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Trisha E Gibbons
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Tushar K Bhattacharya
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Houston Mach
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Geraldine Petr
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stephen A Martin
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Stanislav S Rubakhin
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,f Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Robert H McCusker
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Keith W Kelley
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- d Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61820, USA.,e Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,g Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- a Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,b Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,c Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,h Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Exercise and the Regulation of Inflammatory Responses. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2015; 135:337-54. [PMID: 26477921 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Exercise initiates a cascade of inflammatory events, which ultimately lead to long-term effects on human health. During and after acute exercise in skeletal muscle, interactions between immune cells, cytokines, and other intracellular components, create an inflammatory milieu responsible for the recovery and adaption from an exercise bout. In the systemic circulation, cytokines released from muscle (myokines) mediate metabolic and inflammatory processes. Moderate exercise training results in improvements in systemic inflammation, evident by reductions in acute phase proteins. The anti-inflammatory effects of regular exercise include actions dependent and independent of changes in adipose tissue mass. Future research should encompass approaches, which attempt to integrate other, less-recognized physiological processes with acute and long-term inflammatory changes. This will include investigation into metabolic, endocrine, and immune components of various tissues and organs.
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Littlefield AM, Setti SE, Priester C, Kohman RA. Voluntary exercise attenuates LPS-induced reductions in neurogenesis and increases microglia expression of a proneurogenic phenotype in aged mice. J Neuroinflammation 2015. [PMID: 26224094 PMCID: PMC4518639 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microglia can acquire various phenotypes of activation that mediate their inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Aging causes microglia to become partially activated towards an inflammatory phenotype. As a result, aged animals display a prolonged neuroinflammatory response following an immune challenge. Currently unknown is whether this persistent neuroinflammation leads to greater reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis. Exercise has been shown to alter microglia activation in aged animals, but the nature of these changes has yet to be fully elucidated. The present study assessed whether aged mice show enhanced reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis following an acute immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further, we assessed whether voluntary wheel running protects against the effects of LPS. Methods Adult (4 months) and aged (22 months) male C57BL6/J mice were individually housed with or without a running wheel for a total of 9 weeks. After 5 weeks, mice received a single intraperitoneal LPS or saline injection in combination with four daily injections of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label dividing cells. Tissue was collected 4 weeks later and immunohistochemistry was conducted to measure new cell survival, new neuron numbers, and microglia activation. Results Data show that LPS reduced the number of new neurons in aged, but not adult, mice. These LPS-induced reductions in neurogenesis in the aged mice were prevented by wheel running. Further, exercise increased the proportion of microglia co-labeled with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the aged. Conclusions Collectively, findings indicate that voluntary wheel running may promote a neuroprotective microglia phenotype and protect against inflammation-induced reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis in the aged brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa M Littlefield
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5612, USA.
| | - Sharay E Setti
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5612, USA.
| | - Carolina Priester
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5612, USA.
| | - Rachel A Kohman
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, 601 S. College Road, Wilmington, NC, 28403-5612, USA.
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Physical Activity Protects the Human Brain against Metabolic Stress Induced by a Postprandial and Chronic Inflammation. Behav Neurol 2015; 2015:569869. [PMID: 26074674 PMCID: PMC4436444 DOI: 10.1155/2015/569869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that chronic systemic low-grade inflammation is at the root of many, if not all, typically Western diseases associated with the metabolic syndrome. While much focus has been given to sedentary lifestyle as a cause of chronic inflammation, it is less often appreciated that chronic inflammation may also promote a sedentary lifestyle, which in turn causes chronic inflammation. Given that even minor increases in chronic inflammation reduce brain volume in otherwise healthy individuals, the bidirectional relationship between inflammation and sedentary behaviour may explain why humans have lost brain volume in the last 30,000 years and also intelligence in the last 30 years. We review evidence that lack of physical activity induces chronic low-grade inflammation and, consequently, an energy conflict between the selfish immune system and the selfish brain. Although the notion that increased physical activity would improve health in the modern world is widespread, here we provide a novel perspective on this truism by providing evidence that recovery of normal human behaviour, such as spontaneous physical activity, would calm proinflammatory activity, thereby allocating more energy to the brain and other organs, and by doing so would improve human health.
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Bhattacharya TK, Pence BD, Ossyra JM, Gibbons TE, Perez S, McCusker RH, Kelley KW, Johnson RW, Woods JA, Rhodes JS. Exercise but not (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate or β-alanine enhances physical fitness, brain plasticity, and behavioral performance in mice. Physiol Behav 2015; 145:29-37. [PMID: 25797079 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Nutrition and physical exercise can enhance cognitive function but the specific combinations of dietary bioactives that maximize pro-cognitive effects are not known nor are the contributing neurobiological mechanisms. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is a flavonoid constituent of many plants with high levels found in green tea. EGCG has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties and is known to cross the blood brain barrier where it can affect brain chemistry and physiology. β-Alanine (B-ALA) is a naturally occurring β-amino acid that could increase cognitive functioning by increasing levels of exercise via increased capacity of skeletal muscle, by crossing the blood brain barrier and acting as a neurotransmitter, or by free radical scavenging in muscle and brain after conversion into carnosine. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of EGCG (~250mg/kg/day), B-ALA (~550mg/kg/day), and their combination with voluntary wheel running exercise on the following outcome measures: body composition, time to fatigue, production of new cells in the granule layer of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus as a marker for neuronal plasticity, and behavioral performance on the contextual and cued fear conditioning tasks, as measures of associative learning and memory. Young adult male BALB/cJ mice approximately 2months old were randomized into 8 groups varying the nutritional supplement in their diet and access to running wheels over a 39day study period. Running increased food intake, decreased fat mass, increased time to exhaustive fatigue, increased numbers of new cells in the granule layer of the hippocampus, and enhanced retrieval of both contextual and cued fear memories. The diets had no effect on their own or in combination with exercise on any of the fitness, plasticity, and behavioral outcome measures other than B-ALA decreased percent body fat whereas EGCG increased lean body mass slightly. Results suggest that, in young adult BALB/cJ mice, a 39day treatment of exercise but not dietary supplementation with B-ALA or EGCG enhances measures of fitness, neuroplasticity and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tushar K Bhattacharya
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Brandt D Pence
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jessica M Ossyra
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Trisha E Gibbons
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Samuel Perez
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Robert H McCusker
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Keith W Kelley
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Animal Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Beckman Institute, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States; Department of Psychology, Center for Nutrition, Learning and Memory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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Abbasi A, Hauth M, Walter M, Hudemann J, Wank V, Niess AM, Northoff H. Exhaustive exercise modifies different gene expression profiles and pathways in LPS-stimulated and un-stimulated whole blood cultures. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 39:130-41. [PMID: 24513876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhaustive exercise can interfere with immunity, causing transient immunosuppression and infections/inflammation in athletes. We used microarray technology to analyze the gene expression profiles of whole blood in short time (1h) LPS-stimulated and un-stimulated cultures drawn before, 30min after, 3h after and 24h after a half-marathon run. Four male and 4 female athletes participated. Exercise induced differential expression of genes known to be involved in innate immunity/inflammatory response, metabolic response, DNA methylation, apoptosis and regulation of brain function. Several genes with prominent anti-inflammatory function were up-regulated in un-stimulated cultures, including ARG-1, SOCS3, DUSP-1, ORMs, IRAK3, and GJB6. Some of these genes were also strongly up-regulated in LPS-stimulated cultures (ARG-1, ORM2, and GJB6). Some genes were strongly up-regulated through exercise in LPS-stimulated cultures, but not in un-stimulated cultures (TNIP3, PLAU, and HIVEP1). There was also a row of genes, which were strongly down-regulated by exercise in LPS-stimulated cultures, notably IFN-β1 and CXCL10. Exercise also significantly changed the expression of genes (OLIG2, TMEM106B) which are known to be related to brain function and expression of which has never been documented in peripheral blood. In summary, exhaustive exercise, in addition to modifying gene expression in un-stimulated cells, could also interfere with the early gene expression response to endotoxin. There was an anti-inflammatory bias of gene regulation by exercise, including genes involved in the negative regulation of TLRs signalling. The results of the present study demonstrate that some potentially important effects of exercise can only be detected in relation to pathogen stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Abbasi
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Melanie Hauth
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michael Walter
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jens Hudemann
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Veit Wank
- Institute of Sports Science, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Andreas M Niess
- Department of Sports Medicine, University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hinnak Northoff
- Division of Exercise Immunology & Genetics, Institute of Clinical and Experimental Transfusion Medicine (IKET), University Hospital Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
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Deng X, Li M, Ai W, He L, Lu D, Patrylo PR, Cai H, Luo X, Li Z, Yan X. Lipolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation Is Associated with Alzheimer-Like Amyloidogenic Axonal Pathology and Dendritic Degeneration in Rats. ADVANCES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE 2014; 3:78-93. [PMID: 25360394 PMCID: PMC4211261 DOI: 10.4236/aad.2014.32009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation is thought to play an etiological role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized pathologically by amyloid and tau formation, as well as neuritic dystrophy and synaptic degeneration. The causal relationship between these pathological events is a topic of ongoing research and discussion. Recent data from transgenic AD models point to a tight spatiotemporal link between neuritic and amyloid pathology, with the obligatory enzyme for β-amyloid (Aβ) production, namely β-secretase-1 (BACE1), is overexpressed in axon terminals undergoing dystrophic change. However, the axonal pathology inherent with BACE1 elevation seen in transgenic AD mice may be secondary to increased soluble Aβ in these genetically modified animals. Here we explored the occurrence of the AD-like axonal and dendritic pathology in adult rat brain affected by LPS-induced chronic neuroinflammation. Unilateral intracerebral LPS injection induced prominent inflammatory response in glial cells in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampal formation. BACE1 protein levels were elevated the ipsilateral hippocampal lysates in the LPS treated animals relative to controls. BACE1 immunoreactive dystrophic axons appeared in the LPS-treated ipsilateral cortex and hippocampal formation, colocalizing with increased β-amyloid precursor protein and Aβ antibody (4G8) immunolabeling. Quantitative Golgi studies revealed reduction of dendritic branching points and spine density on cortical layer III and hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons in the LPS-treated ipsilateral cerebrum. These findings suggest that Alzheimer-like amyloidogenic axonal pathology and dendritic degeneration occur in wildtype mammalian brain in partnership with neuroinflammation following LPS injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
| | - Meili Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
| | - Weiming Ai
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
- Department of Nursing in Internal Medicine, School of Nursing, Xiangtan Vocational and Technical College, Xiangtan, China
| | - Lixin He
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, School of Nursing, Xiangtan Vocational and technical College, Xiangtan, China
| | - Dahua Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
| | - Peter R. Patrylo
- Departments of Physiology, Anatomy and Center for Integrated Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Southern Illinois University Carbondale, Carbondale, USA
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Xuegang Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiyuan Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaoxin Yan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Central South University School of Basic Medical Science, Changsha, China
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Martin SA, Dantzer R, Kelley KW, Woods JA. Voluntary wheel running does not affect lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in young adult and aged mice. Neuroimmunomodulation 2014; 21:52-63. [PMID: 24281669 PMCID: PMC3934626 DOI: 10.1159/000356144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE(S) Peripheral stimulation of the innate immune system with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes prolonged depressive-like behavior in aged mice that is dependent on indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activation. Regular moderate-intensity exercise training has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects that might reduce depressive-like behavior in aged mice. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that voluntary wheel running (VWR) would attenuate LPS-induced depressive-like behavior and brain IDO gene expression in 4- and 22-month-old C57BL/6J mice. METHODS Mice were housed with a running wheel (VWR) or no wheel (standard) for 30 (young adult mice) or 70 days (aged mice), after which they were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (young adult mice: 0.83 mg/kg; aged mice: 0.33 mg/kg). RESULTS Young adult VWR mice ran on average 6.9 km/day, while aged VWR mice ran on average 3.4 km/day. Both young adult and aged VWR mice increased their forced exercise tolerance compared to their respective standard control groups. VWR had no effect on LPS-induced anorexia, weight loss, increased immobility in the tail suspension test and decreased sucrose preference in either young adult or aged mice. Four (young adult mice) and 24 h (aged mice) after injection of LPS, mRNA transcripts for TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IDO were upregulated in the whole brain independently of VWR. CONCLUSION Prolonged physical exercise has no effect on the neuroinflammatory response to LPS and its behavioral consequences in young adult and aged mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A. Martin
- Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
- Integrated Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
| | | | - Keith W. Kelley
- Integrated Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
| | - Jeffrey A. Woods
- Departments of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
- Integrated Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois @Urbana-Champaign, Urbana IL
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