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Frileux S, Boltri M, Doré J, Leboyer M, Roux P. Cognition and gut microbiota in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105722. [PMID: 38754717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
FRILEUX, M., BOLTRI M. and al. Cognition and Gut microbiota in schizophrenia spectrum and mood disorders: a Systematic Review. NEUROSCI BIOBEHAV REV (1) 2024 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders and major mood disorders are associated with cognitive impairments. Recent studies suggest a link between gut microbiota composition and cognitive functioning. Here, we review the relationship between gut microbiota and cognition in these disorders. To do this, we conducted a systematic review, searching Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, EBSCOhost, Embase, Pubmed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they investigated the relationship between gut microbiota composition and cognitive function through neuropsychological assessments in patients with bipolar, depressive, schizophrenia spectrum, and other psychotic disorders. Ten studies were identified. Findings underscore a link between gut dysbiosis and cognitive impairment. This relationship identified specific taxa (Haemophilus, Bacteroides, and Alistipes) as potential contributors to bolstered cognitive performance. Conversely, Candida albicans, Toxoplasma gondii, Streptococcus and Deinococcus were associated with diminished performance on cognitive assessments. Prebiotics and probiotics interventions were associated with cognitive enhancements, particularly executive functions. These results emphasize the role of gut microbiota in cognition, prompting further exploration of the underlying mechanisms paving the way toward precision psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Frileux
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt 78157, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, DisAP-DevPsy-CESP, INSERM UMR1018, Villejuif 94807, France.
| | - M Boltri
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Milan, Italy; I.R.C.C.S. Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Experimental Laboratory for Metabolic Neurosciences Research, Piancavallo, Italy
| | - J Doré
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRA, MetaGenoPolis, AgroParisTech, MICALIS, Jouy-en-Josas 78350, France
| | - M Leboyer
- Inserm U955 IMRB, Translational Neuropsychiatry Laboratory, AP-HP, DMU IMPACT, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire de médecine de précision en psychiatrie (FHU ADAPT), Paris Est Créteil University and Fondation FondaMental, Créteil 94010, France; Fondation Fondamental, Créteil 94010, France
| | - P Roux
- Service Hospitalo-Universitaire de Psychiatrie d'Adultes et d'Addictologie, Centre Hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt 78157, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Université Versailles Saint-Quentin-En-Yvelines, DisAP-DevPsy-CESP, INSERM UMR1018, Villejuif 94807, France
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2
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Sun T, Chen G, Jiang W, Xu W, You L, Jiang C, Chen S, Wang D, Zheng X, Yuan Y. Distinguishing bipolar depression, bipolar mania, and major depressive disorder by gut microbial characteristics. Bipolar Disord 2024. [PMID: 38647010 DOI: 10.1111/bdi.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gut microbial disturbance has been widely confirmed in mood disorders. However, little is known about whether gut microbial characteristics can distinguish major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar depression (BP-D), and bipolar mania (BP-M). METHODS This was a prospective case-control study. The composition of gut microbiota was profiled using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing of fecal samples and compared between healthy controls (HC; n = 46), MDD (n = 51), BP-D (n = 44), and patients with BP-M (n = 45). RESULTS Gut microbial compositions were remarkably changed in the patients with MDD, BP-D, and BP-M. Compared to HC, distinct gut microbiome signatures were found in MDD, BP-D, and BP-M, and some gut microbial changes were overlapping between the three mood disorders. Furthermore, we identified a signature of 7 operational taxonomic units (OUT; Prevotellaceae-related OUT22, Prevotellaceae-related OUT31, Prevotellaceae-related OTU770, Ruminococcaceae-related OUT70, Bacteroidaceae-related OTU1536, Propionibacteriaceae-related OTU97, Acidaminococcaceae-related OTU34) that can distinguish patients with MDD from those with BP-D, BP-M, or HC, with area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.910 to 0.996. CONCLUSION Our results provide the clinical rationale for the discriminative diagnosis of MDD, BP-D, and BP-M by characteristic gut microbial features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taipeng Sun
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Huai'an Third People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Medical Psychology, Huai'an Third People's Hospital, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Linlin You
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chenguang Jiang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suzhen Chen
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yonggui Yuan
- Department of Psychosomatics and Psychiatry, ZhongDa Hospital; School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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3
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Pedro NA, Mira NP. A molecular view on the interference established between vaginal Lactobacilli and pathogenic Candida species: Challenges and opportunities for the development of new therapies. Microbiol Res 2024; 281:127628. [PMID: 38246122 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2024.127628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Vaginal infectious diseases caused by viruses and bacteria have been linked to the occurrence of dysbiosis, that is, a reduction in the abundance of the normally dominating vaginal Lactobacillus species. Mucosal infections in the vagina and/or vulva caused by Candida species, usually known as vulvovaginal candidiasis (or VVC), are among the leading causes of diseases in the vaginal tract. The existence of a clear link between the occurrence of dysbiosis and the development of VVC is still unclear, although multiple observations point in that direction. Based on the idea that vaginal health is linked to a microbiota dominated by lactobacilli, several probiotics have been used in management of VVC, either alone or in combination with antifungals, having obtained different degrees of success. In most cases, the undertaken trials resorted to lactobacilli species other than those indigenous to the vaginal tract, although in vitro these vaginal species were shown to reduce growth, viability and virulence of Candida. In this paper we overview the role of lactobacilli and Candida in the vaginal micro- and myco-biomes, while discussing the results obtained in what concerns the establishment of interference mechanisms in vivo and the environmental factors that could determine that. We also overview the molecular mechanisms by which lactobacilli species have been shown to inhibit pathophysiology of Candida, including the description of the genes and pathways determining their ability to thrive in the presence of each other. In a time where concerns are increasing with the emergence of antifungal resistance and the slow pace of discovery of new antifungals, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underneath the anti-Candida effect prompted by vaginal lactobacilli is of utmost importance to assure a knowledge-based design of what can be a new generation of pharmaceuticals, eventually focusing therapeutic targets other than the usual ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno A Pedro
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico - Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno P Mira
- iBB, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico - Department of Bioengineering, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB-Institute for Health and Bioeconomy at Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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4
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Ribera C, Sánchez-Ortí JV, Clarke G, Marx W, Mörkl S, Balanzá-Martínez V. Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and fermented food supplementation in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105561. [PMID: 38280441 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
The use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics or fermented foods can modulate the gut-brain axis and constitute a potentially therapeutic intervention in psychiatric disorders. This systematic review aims to identify current evidence regarding these interventions in the treatment of patients with DSM/ICD psychiatric diagnoses. Forty-seven articles from 42 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed in all included studies. Major depression was the most studied disorder (n = 19 studies). Studies frequently focused on schizophrenia (n = 11) and bipolar disorder (n = 5) and there were limited studies in anorexia nervosa (n = 4), ADHD (n = 3), Tourette (n = 1), insomnia (n = 1), PTSD (n = 1) and generalized anxiety disorder (n = 1). Except in MDD, current evidence does not clarify the role of probiotics and prebiotics in the treatment of mental illness. Several studies point to an improvement in the immune and inflammatory profile (e.g. CRP, IL6), which may be a relevant mechanism of action of the therapeutic response identified in these studies. Future research should consider lifestyle and dietary habits of patients as possible confounders that may influence inter-individual treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ribera
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Department of Psychiatry, Blasco Ibañez 17, floor 7B, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Joan Vicent Sánchez-Ortí
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain; INCLIVA - Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; TMAP - Evaluation Unit in Personal Autonomy, Dependency and Serious Mental Disorders, University of Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Dept of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioural Science, College Rd, 1.15 Biosciences Building, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Wolfgang Marx
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, 299 Ryrie street, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Sabrina Mörkl
- Division of Medical Psychology, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapeutic Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstraße 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- INCLIVA - Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain; TMAP - Evaluation Unit in Personal Autonomy, Dependency and Serious Mental Disorders, University of Valencia, Fundación INCLIVA, Av. Menéndez y Pelayo 4, 46010 Valencia, Spain; Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia. Blasco Ibañez 15, 46010 Valencia, Spain.; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; VALSME (Valencia Salut Mental i Estigma) Research Group, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
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5
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Mateo D, Marquès M, Domingo JL, Torrente M. Influence of gut microbiota on the development of most prevalent neurodegenerative dementias and the potential effect of probiotics in elderly: A scoping review. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2024; 195:e32959. [PMID: 37850544 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is one of today's greatest public health challenges. Its high socio-economic impact and difficulties in diagnosis and treatment are of increasing concern to an aging world population. In recent years, the study of the relationship between gut microbiota and different neurocognitive disorders has gained a considerable interest. Several studies have reported associations between gut microbiota dysbiosis and some types of dementia. Probiotics have been suggested to restore dysbiosis and to improve neurocognitive symptomatology in these dementias. Based on these previous findings, the available scientific evidence on the gut microbiota in humans affected by the most prevalent dementias, as well as the probiotic trials conducted in these patients in recent years, have been here reviewed. Decreased concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) and other bacterial metabolites appear to play a major role in the onset of neurocognitive symptoms in Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease dementia (PDD). Increased abundance of proinflammatory taxa could be closely related to the more severe clinical symptoms in both, as well as in Lewy Bodies dementia. Important lack of information was noted in Frontotemporal dementia behavioral variant. Moreover, geographical differences in the composition of the gut microbiota have been reported in AD. Some potential beneficial effects of probiotics in AD and PDD have been reported. However, due to the controversial results further investigations are clearly necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Mateo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health - TecnATox, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Montse Marquès
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health - TecnATox, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health - TecnATox, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Margarita Torrente
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health - TecnATox, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychology, CRAMC (Research Center for Behaviour Assessment), Faculty of Education Sciences and Psychology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Institute Lerin Neurocognitive, Alzheimer and other Neurocognitive Disorders Association, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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Sendid B, Cornu M, Cordier C, Bouckaert J, Colombel JF, Poulain D. From ASCA breakthrough in Crohn's disease and Candida albicans research to thirty years of investigations about their meaning in human health. Autoimmun Rev 2024; 23:103486. [PMID: 38040100 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2023.103486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA) are human antibodies that can be detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay involving a mannose polymer (mannan) extracted from the cell wall of the yeast S. cerevisiae. The ASCA test was developed in 1993 with the aim of differentiating the serological response in two forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The test, which is based on the detection of anti-oligomannosidic antibodies, has been extensively performed worldwide and there have been hundreds of publications on ASCA. The earlier studies concerned the initial diagnostic indications of ASCA and investigations then extended to many human diseases, generally in association with studies on intestinal microorganisms and the interaction of the micro-mycobiome with the immune system. The more information accumulates, the more the mystery of the meaning of ASCA deepens. Many fundamental questions remain unanswered. These questions concern the heterogeneity of ASCA, the mechanisms of their generation and persistence, the existence of self-antigens, and the relationship between ASCA and inflammation and autoimmunity. This review aims to discuss the gray areas concerning the origin of ASCA from an analysis of the literature. Structured around glycobiology and the mannosylated antigens of S. cerevisiae and Candida albicans, this review will address these questions and will try to clarify some lines of thought. The importance of the questions relating to the pathophysiological significance of ASCA goes far beyond IBD, even though these diseases remain the preferred models for their understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boualem Sendid
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Marjorie Cornu
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Camille Cordier
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie-Génétique, Institut de Microbiologie, Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- CNRS UMR 8576, Computational Molecular Systems Biology, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean Frederic Colombel
- Department of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel Poulain
- INSERM U1285, CNRS UMR 8576, Glycobiology in Fungal Pathogenesis and Clinical Applications, Université de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Borrego-Ruiz A, Borrego JJ. An updated overview on the relationship between human gut microbiome dysbiosis and psychiatric and psychological disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 128:110861. [PMID: 37690584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a lot of evidence establishing that nervous system development is related to the composition and functions of the gut microbiome. In addition, the central nervous system (CNS) controls the imbalance of the intestinal microbiota, constituting a bidirectional communication system. At present, various gut-brain crosstalk routes have been described, including immune, endocrine and neural circuits via the vagal pathway. Several empirical data have associated gut microbiota alterations (dysbiosis) with neuropsychiatric diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, autism and Parkinson's disease, and with other psychological disorders, like anxiety and depression. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) therapy has shown that the gut microbiota can transfer behavioral features to recipient animals, which provides strong evidence to establish a causal-effect relationship. Interventions, based on prebiotics, probiotics or synbiotics, have demonstrated an important influence of microbiota on neurological disorders by the synthesis of neuroactive compounds that interact with the nervous system and by the regulation of inflammatory and endocrine processes. Further research is needed to demonstrate the influence of gut microbiota dysbiosis on psychiatric and psychological disorders, and how microbiota-based interventions may be used as potential therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Borrego-Ruiz
- Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, Facultad de Psicología, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J Borrego
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain.
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Bransfield RC, Mao C, Greenberg R. Microbes and Mental Illness: Past, Present, and Future. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 12:83. [PMID: 38200989 PMCID: PMC10779437 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
A review of the association between microbes and mental illness is performed, including the history, relevant definitions, infectious agents associated with mental illnesses, complex interactive infections, total load theory, pathophysiology, psychoimmunology, psychoneuroimmunology, clinical presentations, early-life infections, clinical assessment, and treatment. Perspectives on the etiology of mental illness have evolved from demonic possession toward multisystem biologically based models that include gene expression, environmental triggers, immune mediators, and infectious diseases. Microbes are associated with a number of mental disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depressive disorders, and anxiety disorders, as well as suicidality and aggressive or violent behaviors. Specific microbes that have been associated or potentially associated with at least one of these conditions include Aspergillus, Babesia, Bartonella, Borna disease virus, Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Candida, Chlamydia, coronaviruses (e.g., SARS-CoV-2), Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, enteroviruses, Epstein-Barr virus, hepatitis C, herpes simplex virus, human endogenous retroviruses, human immunodeficiency virus, human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6), human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, influenza viruses, measles virus, Mycoplasma, Plasmodium, rubella virus, Group A Streptococcus (PANDAS), Taenia solium, Toxoplasma gondii, Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Trypanosoma, and West Nile virus. Recognition of the microbe and mental illness association with the development of greater interdisciplinary research, education, and treatment options may prevent and reduce mental illness morbidity, disability, and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Bransfield
- Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutey, NJ 07110, USA
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9
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Shi L, Ju P, Meng X, Wang Z, Yao L, Zheng M, Cheng X, Li J, Yu T, Xia Q, Yan J, Zhu C, Zhang X. Intricate role of intestinal microbe and metabolite in schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:856. [PMID: 37978477 PMCID: PMC10657011 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05329-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain-gut axis has gained increasing attention due to its contribution to the etiology of various central nervous system disorders. This study aims to elucidate the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with disturbances in intestinal microflora and imbalance in intestinal metabolites. By exploring the intricate relationship between the gut and the brain, with the goal of offering fresh perspectives and valuable insights into the potential contribution of intestinal microbial and metabolites dysbiosis to the etiology of schizophrenia. METHODS In this study, we used a 16S ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene sequence-based approach and an untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolic profiling approach to measure the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites from 44 healthy controls, 41 acute patients, and 39 remission patients, to evaluate whether microbial dysbiosis and microbial metabolite biomarkers were linked with the severity of schizophrenic symptoms. RESULTS Here, we identified 20 dominant disturbances in the gut microbial composition of patients compared with healthy controls, with 3 orders, 4 families, 9 genera, and 4 species. Several unique bacterial taxa associated with schizophrenia severity. Compared with healthy controls, 145 unusual microflora metabolites were detected in the acute and remission groups, which were mainly involved in environmental information processing, metabolism, organismal systems, and human diseases in the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway. The Sankey diagram showed that 4 abnormal intestinal and 4 anomalous intestinal microbial metabolites were associated with psychiatric clinical symptoms. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a possible interactive influence of the gut microbiota and their metabolites on the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shi
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Peijun Ju
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201108, China
| | - Xiaojing Meng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | | | - Lihui Yao
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Mingming Zheng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Xialong Cheng
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Qingrong Xia
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China
| | - Cuizhen Zhu
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China.
| | - Xulai Zhang
- Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
- Anhui Clinical Center for mental and psychological diseases, Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, 316 Mei shan Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.
- Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, China.
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10
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Schneider A, Zeiler M, Kopp K, Wagner G, Karwautz A. [The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 51:441-450. [PMID: 37070434 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
The Therapeutic Potential of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders Abstract: This short review summarizes the literature available on therapeutic interventions with prebiotics and probiotics and their potential use in psychiatric disorders in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Most studies of children and adolescents are done on ADHD and autism spectrum disorders, whereas single reports exist largely on positive effects on cognitive symptoms and quality of life. Initial studies regarding anorexia nervosa point to a potential effect of weight gain and reduction of gastrointestinal symptoms. To date, the effects of prebiotics and probiotics in depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia have been mainly investigated in adults. The best reported evidence exists for depression, whereas the effects on depressive symptomatology are small. Positive effects are seen on gastrointestinal symptoms in these disorders. Given these positive effects, the mixed literature reports may result from very heterogeneous study designs. Nevertheless, the high potential of prebiotics and probiotics may be seen for minors with mental health problems. Further studies that include child and adolescent psychiatric populations and reflect the complexity of the gut-brain axis are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schneider
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Michael Zeiler
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Konstantin Kopp
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Gudrun Wagner
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
| | - Andreas Karwautz
- Universitätsklinik für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie, Medizinische Universität Wien, Österreich
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11
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Ağagündüz D, Çelik E, Cemali Ö, Bingöl FG, Özenir Ç, Özoğul F, Capasso R. Probiotics, Live Biotherapeutic Products (LBPs), and Gut-Brain Axis Related Psychological Conditions: Implications for Research and Dietetics. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1014-1031. [PMID: 37222849 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-023-10092-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
It is well-known that probiotics have key roles in the crosstalk between the gut and brain in terms of nutrition and health. However, when investigating their role in nutrition and health, it can be important to discriminate probiotics used as foods, food supplements, or drugs. For clarification of this terminology, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has established a new "live biotherapeutic products" (LBP) category, expressing pharmaceutical expectations and to reduce confusion in the literature. Growing evidence advises that the community of microorganisms found in the gut microbiota is associated with psychological conditions. Hence, it is thought that LBPs may positively affect depression, anxiety, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia by reducing inflammation, improving gut microbiota, and balancing gut neurometabolites. This review focuses on the specific position of probiotics as LBPs in psychological conditions. Condition-specific potential pathways and mechanisms of LBPs and the prominent strains are discussed in the light of novel studies for future research, dietetic and pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey.
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey
| | - Özge Cemali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Emek, Ankara, 06490, Turkey
| | - Feray Gençer Bingöl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, Burdur, 15030, Turkey
| | - Çiler Özenir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kırıkkale University, Merkez, Kırıkkale, 71100, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Balcali, Adana, 01330, Turkey
- Biotechnology Research and Application Center, Cukurova University, Adana, 01330, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy
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12
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Drljača J, Milošević N, Milanović M, Abenavoli L, Milić N. When the microbiome helps the brain-current evidence. CNS Neurosci Ther 2023; 29 Suppl 1:43-58. [PMID: 36601680 PMCID: PMC10314113 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota-brain axis has been recognized as a network of connections that provides communication between the gut microflora and both central and autonomic nervous system. The gut microbiota alteration has been targeted for therapy in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric disbalances. Psychobiotics are probiotics that contribute beneficially to the brain function and the host mental health as a result of an interaction with the commensal gut bacteria, although their mechanism of action has not been completely revealed. In this state-of-art review, the findings about the potential therapeutic effects of the psychobiotics alone or in combination with conventional medicine in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, as well as in some psychiatric diseases like depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, have been summarized. The evidence of the psychobiotics therapeutic outcomes obtained in preclinical and clinical trials have been given respectively for the observed neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Drljača
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of PharmacyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of PharmacyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Maja Milanović
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of PharmacyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health SciencesUniversity Magna Graecia Campus “Salvatore Venuta”CatanzaroItaly
| | - Nataša Milić
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of PharmacyUniversity of Novi SadNovi SadSerbia
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13
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Ben-Azu B, del Re EC, VanderZwaag J, Carrier M, Keshavan M, Khakpour M, Tremblay MÈ. Emerging epigenetic dynamics in gut-microglia brain axis: experimental and clinical implications for accelerated brain aging in schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1139357. [PMID: 37256150 PMCID: PMC10225712 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1139357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain aging, which involves a progressive loss of neuronal functions, has been reported to be premature in probands affected by schizophrenia (SCZ). Evidence shows that SCZ and accelerated aging are linked to changes in epigenetic clocks. Recent cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging analyses have uncovered reduced brain reserves and connectivity in patients with SCZ compared to typically aging individuals. These data may indicate early abnormalities of neuronal function following cyto-architectural alterations in SCZ. The current mechanistic knowledge on brain aging, epigenetic changes, and their neuropsychiatric disease association remains incomplete. With this review, we explore and summarize evidence that the dynamics of gut-resident bacteria can modulate molecular brain function and contribute to age-related neurodegenerative disorders. It is known that environmental factors such as mode of birth, dietary habits, stress, pollution, and infections can modulate the microbiota system to regulate intrinsic neuronal activity and brain reserves through the vagus nerve and enteric nervous system. Microbiota-derived molecules can trigger continuous activation of the microglial sensome, groups of receptors and proteins that permit microglia to remodel the brain neurochemistry based on complex environmental activities. This remodeling causes aberrant brain plasticity as early as fetal developmental stages, and after the onset of first-episode psychosis. In the central nervous system, microglia, the resident immune surveillance cells, are involved in neurogenesis, phagocytosis of synapses and neurological dysfunction. Here, we review recent emerging experimental and clinical evidence regarding the gut-brain microglia axis involvement in SCZ pathology and etiology, the hypothesis of brain reserve and accelerated aging induced by dietary habits, stress, pollution, infections, and other factors. We also include in our review the possibilities and consequences of gut dysbiosis activities on microglial function and dysfunction, together with the effects of antipsychotics on the gut microbiome: therapeutic and adverse effects, role of fecal microbiota transplant and psychobiotics on microglial sensomes, brain reserves and SCZ-derived accelerated aging. We end the review with suggestions that may be applicable to the clinical setting. For example, we propose that psychobiotics might contribute to antipsychotic-induced therapeutic benefits or adverse effects, as well as reduce the aging process through the gut-brain microglia axis. Overall, we hope that this review will help increase the understanding of SCZ pathogenesis as related to chronobiology and the gut microbiome, as well as reveal new concepts that will serve as novel treatment targets for SCZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria
| | - Elisabetta C. del Re
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Brockton, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jared VanderZwaag
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Micaël Carrier
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marie-Ève Tremblay
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
- Axe Neurosciences, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
- Centre for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC), Institute on Aging and Lifelong Health (IALH), University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
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14
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Medina-Rodriguez EM, Cruz AA, De Abreu JC, Beurel E. Stress, inflammation, microbiome and depression. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2023:173561. [PMID: 37148918 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2023.173561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric disorders are mental illnesses involving changes in mood, cognition and behavior. Their prevalence has rapidly increased in the last decades. One of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders is major depressive disorder (MDD), a debilitating disease lacking efficient treatments. Increasing evidence shows that microbial and immunological changes contribute to the pathophysiology of depression and both are modulated by stress. This bidirectional relationship constitutes the brain-gut axis involving various neuroendocrine, immunological, neuroenterocrine and autonomic pathways. The present review covers the most recent findings on the relationships between stress, the gut microbiome and the inflammatory response and their contribution to depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Medina-Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Miami, FL 33125, United States of America.
| | - Alyssa A Cruz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
| | | | - Eléonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, United States of America
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15
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Jach ME, Serefko A, Szopa A, Sajnaga E, Golczyk H, Santos LS, Borowicz-Reutt K, Sieniawska E. The Role of Probiotics and Their Metabolites in the Treatment of Depression. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073213. [PMID: 37049975 PMCID: PMC10096791 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a common and complex mental and emotional disorder that causes disability, morbidity, and quite often mortality around the world. Depression is closely related to several physical and metabolic conditions causing metabolic depression. Studies have indicated that there is a relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the brain, known as the gut–brain axis. While this microbiota–gut–brain connection is disturbed, dysfunctions of the brain, immune system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal tract occur. Numerous studies show that intestinal dysbiosis characterized by abnormal microbiota and dysfunction of the microbiota–gut–brain axis could be a direct cause of mental and emotional disorders. Traditional treatment of depression includes psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, and it mainly targets the brain. However, restoration of the intestinal microbiota and functions of the gut–brain axis via using probiotics, their metabolites, prebiotics, and healthy diet may alleviate depressive symptoms. Administration of probiotics labeled as psychobiotics and their metabolites as metabiotics, especially as an adjuvant to antidepressants, improves mental disorders. It is a new approach to the prevention, management, and treatment of mental and emotional illnesses, particularly major depressive disorder and metabolic depression. For the effectiveness of antidepressant therapy, psychobiotics should be administered at a dose higher than 1 billion CFU/day for at least 8 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Elżbieta Jach
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Serefko
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Szopa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Care, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Sajnaga
- Department of Biomedicine and Environmental Research, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1J, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Hieronim Golczyk
- Department of Molecular Biology, The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów Street 1I, 20-708 Lublin, Poland
| | - Leandro Soares Santos
- Department of Animal and Rural Technology, State University of Southwest Bahia, Itapetinga 45700-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Kinga Borowicz-Reutt
- Independent Unit of Experimental Neuropathophysiology, Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8b, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Elwira Sieniawska
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki Street 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Pramanik S, Venkatraman S, Karthik P, Vaidyanathan VK. A systematic review on selection characterization and implementation of probiotics in human health. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:423-440. [PMID: 36911328 PMCID: PMC9992678 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-022-01210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are live bacteria found in food that assist the body's defence mechanisms against pathogens by reconciling the gut microbiota. Probiotics are believed to aid with gut health, the immune system, and brain function, among other factors. They've furthermore been shown to help with constipation, high blood pressure, and skin issues. The global probiotics market has been incrementally growing in recent years, as consumers' demand for healthy diets and wellness has continued to increase. This has prompted the food industry to develop new probiotic-containing food products, as well as researchers to explore their specific characteristics and impacts on human health. Although most probiotics are fastidious microorganisms that are nutritionally demanding and sensitive to environmental conditions, they become less viable as they are processed and stored. In this review we studied the current literature on the fundamental idea of probiotic bacteria, their medical benefits, and their selection, characterization, and implementations. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Pramanik
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Swethaa Venkatraman
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Pothiyappan Karthik
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Karpagam Academic of Higher Education, Coimbatore, India
| | - Vinoth Kumar Vaidyanathan
- Integrated Bioprocessing Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology (SRM IST), 603 203, Kattankulathur, India
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17
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Protective Effect of Anthocyanins against Neurodegenerative Diseases through the Microbial-Intestinal-Brain Axis: A Critical Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030496. [PMID: 36771208 PMCID: PMC9922026 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increase in human mean age, the prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) also rises. This negatively affects mental and physiological health. In recent years, evidence has revealed that anthocyanins could regulate the functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) through the microbiome-gut-brain axis, which provides a new perspective for treating NDs. In this review, the protective effects and mechanisms of anthocyanins against NDs are summarized, especially the interaction between anthocyanins and the intestinal microbiota, and the microbial-intestinal-brain axis system is comprehensively discussed. Moreover, anthocyanins achieve the therapeutic purpose of NDs by regulating intestinal microflora and certain metabolites (protocateic acid, vanillic acid, etc.). In particular, the inhibitory effect of tryptophan metabolism on some neurotransmitters and the induction of blood-brain barrier permeability by butyrate production has a preventive effect on NDs. Overall, it is suggested that microbial-intestinal-brain axis may be a novel mechanism for the protective effect of anthocyanins against NDs.
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18
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Abstract
There is increasingly compelling evidence that microorganisms may play an etiological role in the emergence of mental illness in a subset of the population. Historically, most work has focused on the neurotrophic herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as well as the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii. In this chapter, we provide an umbrella review of this literature and additionally highlight prospective studies that allow more mechanistic conclusions to be drawn. Next, we focus on clinical trials of anti-microbial medications for the treatment of psychiatric disorders. We critically evaluate six trials that tested the impact of anti-herpes medications on inflammatory outcomes in the context of a medical disorder, nine clinical trials utilizing anti-herpetic medications for the treatment of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) or schizophrenia, and four clinical trials utilizing anti-parasitic medications for the treatment of schizophrenia. We then turn our attention to evidence for a gut dysbiosis and altered microbiome in psychiatric disorders, and the potential therapeutic effects of probiotics, including an analysis of more than 10 randomized controlled trials of probiotics in the context of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder (BD), and major depressive disorder (MDD).
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Misera A, Łoniewski I, Palma J, Kulaszyńska M, Czarnecka W, Kaczmarczyk M, Liśkiewicz P, Samochowiec J, Skonieczna-Żydecka K. Clinical significance of microbiota changes under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An updated narrative review. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1125022. [PMID: 36937257 PMCID: PMC10014913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1125022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Relationship between drugs and microbiota is bilateral. Proper composition thus function of microbiota is a key to some medications used in modern medicine. However, there is also the other side of the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can modify the microbiota significantly, which consequently affects its function. A recently published study showed that nearly 25% of drugs administered to humans have antimicrobial effects. Multiple antidepressants are antimicrobials,. and antibiotics with proven antidepressant effects do exist. On the other hand, antibiotics (e.g., isoniaside, minocycline) confer mental phenotype changes, and adverse effects caused by some antibiotics include neurological and psychological symptoms which further supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may affect the function of the central nervous system. Here we gathered comprehensively data on drugs used in psychiatry regarding their antimicrobial properties. We believe our data has strong implications for the treatment of psychiatric entities. Nevertheless the study of ours highlights the need for more well-designed trials aimed at analysis of gut microbiota function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Misera
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Igor Łoniewski
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- Sanprobi sp. z o.o. sp.k., Szczecin, Poland
| | - Joanna Palma
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Kulaszyńska
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Czarnecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Paweł Liśkiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Science, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
- *Correspondence: Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka,
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The Role of the Gut Microbiome in Psychiatric Disorders. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122436. [PMID: 36557689 PMCID: PMC9786082 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the gut microbiome in mental health has been of great interest in the past years, with several breakthroughs happening in the last decade. Its implications in several psychiatric disorders, namely anxiety, depression, autism and schizophrenia, are highlighted. In this review were included relevant studies on rodents, as well as human studies. There seems to be a connection between the gut microbiome and these pathologies, the link being emphasized both in rodents and humans. The results obtained in murine models align with the results acquired from patients; however, fewer studies regarding anxiety were conducted on humans. The process of sequencing and analyzing the microbiome has been conducted in humans for several other pathologies mentioned above. Additionally, the possible beneficial role of probiotics and postbiotics administered as an aid to the psychiatric medication was analyzed.
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21
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Exposure to Antibiotics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Could Probiotics Modulate the Gut-Brain Axis? Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11121767. [PMID: 36551423 PMCID: PMC9774196 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11121767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to develop properly, the brain requires the intricate interconnection of genetic factors and pre-and postnatal environmental events. The gut-brain axis has recently raised considerable interest for its involvement in regulating the development and functioning of the brain. Consequently, alterations in the gut microbiota composition, due to antibiotic administration, could favor the onset of neurodevelopmental disorders. Literature data suggest that the modulation of gut microbiota is often altered in individuals affected by neurodevelopmental disorders. It has been shown in animal studies that metabolites released by an imbalanced gut-brain axis, leads to alterations in brain function and deficits in social behavior. Here, we report the potential effects of antibiotic administration, before and after birth, in relation to the risk of developing neurodevelopmental disorders. We also review the potential role of probiotics in treating gastrointestinal disorders associated with gut dysbiosis after antibiotic administration, and their possible effect in ameliorating neurodevelopmental disorder symptoms.
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Gut mycobiota dysbiosis in drug-naïve, first-episode schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2022; 250:76-86. [PMID: 36370535 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial dysbiosis has been demonstrated in patients with schizophrenia (SCH). The aim of the present study was to investigate alterations in mycobiota composition and fungi-bacteria correlation network in drug-naïve, first episode SCH. We recruited 205 SCH patients and 125 healthy controls (HCs), whose gut bacterial and fungal compositions were characterized by 16S and 18S ribosomal RNA gene amplicon sequencing, respectively. Fungal-bacterial relative correlation network analysis was performed using the Spearman's test and distance correlation. We also computed relative networks connectedness, which represents the ratio of significant interactions (edges) and taxa (nodes) in the network. SCH patients showed lower fungal α-diversity compared with that of HCs. Furthermore, we identified 29 differential fungal markers at multiple taxonomies between SCH patients and HCs. SCH patients also showed a significantly lower fungi-to-bacteria α-diversity ratio compared with that of HCs (p = 1.81 × 10-8). In risk prediction models, we observed that combining bacterial and fungal markers achieved higher accuracy than that of bacterial markers alone (AUC = 0.847 vs AUC = 0.739; p = 0.043). Fungal-bacterial correlation network was denser in HCs than in SCH patients and was characterized by a high number of neighbors (p < 0.05). In addition, an increased abundance of Purpureocillium was associated with more severe psychiatric symptoms and poorer cognitive function in SCH patients (p < 0.05). Our study demonstrated a disrupted and weakened fungi-bacteria network in SCH patients, which might be associated with their clinical manifestations. Future research on fungal-bacterial correlation network is warranted to advance our understanding about the role of mycobiota in the etiology of SCH and to explore novel intervention approaches.
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Accettulli A, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia M, Speranza B, Campaniello D, Racioppo A, Altieri C, Bevilacqua A. Psycho-Microbiology, a New Frontier for Probiotics: An Exploratory Overview. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2141. [PMID: 36363733 PMCID: PMC9696884 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics are gradually gaining importance in the field of psychiatry in the form of psychobiotics. Psychobiotics' studies examine the existing relationship between gut microbiota and mental phenomena; the intake of certain strains of probiotics, such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, for example, allow the gut microbial system to be modified in order to provide benefits at the psychic, immune, hormonal, and mental levels. Those who suffer from forms of depression, anxiety disorders, chronic stress, low mood, but also people who do not suffer from such disorders, can therefore benefit from the use of psychobiotics. Thanks to probiotics, neurochemicals can in fact be produced within the gut microbiota and interact with receptors of the enteric nervous system that innervate the entire gastrointestinal tract. Once they enter the portal circulation, these substances go on to influence components of the nervous system and ultimately the brain, through what is called the gut-brain axis. This article proposes an exploratory overview of the proven effects of probiotics on brain activity and psycho-related diseases, focusing on clinical studies and measurable outcomes. The search was conducted using two different online tools: ClinicalTrials.gov and PubMed.
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Ağagündüz D, Gençer Bingöl F, Çelik E, Cemali Ö, Özenir Ç, Özoğul F, Capasso R. Recent developments in the probiotics as live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) as modulators of gut brain axis related neurological conditions. Lab Invest 2022; 20:460. [PMID: 36209124 PMCID: PMC9548122 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03609-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Probiotics have been defined as “living microorganisms that create health benefits in the host when taken in sufficient amounts. Recent developments in the understanding of the relationship between the microbiom and its host have shown evidence about the promising potential of probiotics to improve certain health problems. However, today, there are some confusions about traditional and new generation foods containing probiotics, naming and classifications of them in scientific studies and also their marketing. To clarify this confusion, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) declared that it has made a new category definition called "live biotherapeutic products" (LBPs). Accordingly, the FDA has designated LBPs as “a biological product that: i)contains live organisms, such as bacteria; ii)is applicable to the prevention, treatment, or cure of a disease/condition of human beings; and iii) is not a vaccine”. The accumulated literature focused on LBPs to determine effective strains in health and disease, and often focused on obesity, diabetes, and certain diseases like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).However, microbiome also play an important role in the pathogenesis of diseases that age day by day in the modern world via gut-brain axis. Herein, we discuss the novel roles of LBPs in some gut-brain axis related conditions in the light of recent studies. This article may be of interest to a broad readership including those interested in probiotics as LBPs, their health effects and safety, also gut-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey.
| | - Feray Gençer Bingöl
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, İstiklal Yerleşkesi, 15030, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Elif Çelik
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Özge Cemali
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, 06490, Ankara, Emek, Turkey
| | - Çiler Özenir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Kırıkkale University, 71100, Kırıkkale, Merkez, Turkey
| | - Fatih Özoğul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330, Balcali, Adana, Turkey
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055, Portici, NA, Italy.
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25
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Psychobiotics: the Influence of Gut Microbiota on the Gut-Brain Axis in Neurological Disorders. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1952-1964. [PMID: 35849305 PMCID: PMC9289355 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nervous system disorders are one of the common problems that affect many people around the world every year. Regarding the beneficial effects of the probiotics on the gut and the gut-brain axis, their application along with current medications has been the subject of intense interest. Psychobiotics are a probiotic strain capable to affect the gut-brain axis. The effective role of Psychobiotics in several neurological disorders is documented. Consumption of the Psychobiotics containing nutrients has positive effects on the improvement of microbiota as well as alleviation of some symptoms of central nervous system (CNS) disorders. In the present study, the effects of probiotic strains on some CNS disorders in terms of controlling the disease symptoms were reviewed. Finding suggests that Psychobiotics can efficiently alleviate the symptoms of several CNS disorders such as autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, insomnia, depression, diabetic neuropathy, and anorexia nervosa. It can be concluded that functional foods containing psychotropic strains can help to improve mental health.
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Dwaib HS, AlZaim I, Ajouz G, Eid AH, El-Yazbi A. Sex Differences in Cardiovascular Impact of Early Metabolic Impairment: Interplay between Dysbiosis and Adipose Inflammation. Mol Pharmacol 2022; 102:481-500. [PMID: 34732528 DOI: 10.1124/molpharm.121.000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolving view of gut microbiota has shifted toward describing the colonic flora as a dynamic organ in continuous interaction with systemic physiologic processes. Alterations of the normal gut bacterial profile, known as dysbiosis, has been linked to a wide array of pathologies. Of particular interest is the cardiovascular-metabolic disease continuum originating from positive energy intake and high-fat diets. Accumulating evidence suggests a role for sex hormones in modulating the gut microbiome community. Such a role provides an additional layer of modulation of the early inflammatory changes culminating in negative metabolic and cardiovascular outcomes. In this review, we will shed the light on the role of sex hormones in cardiovascular dysfunction mediated by high-fat diet-induced dysbiosis, together with the possible involvement of insulin resistance and adipose tissue inflammation. Insights into novel therapeutic interventions will be discussed as well. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Increasing evidence implicates a role for dysbiosis in the cardiovascular complications of metabolic dysfunction. This minireview summarizes the available data on the sex-based differences in gut microbiota alterations associated with dietary patterns leading to metabolic impairment. A role for a differential impact of adipose tissue inflammation across sexes in mediating the cardiovascular detrimental phenotype following diet-induced dysbiosis is proposed. Better understanding of this pathway will help introduce early approaches to mitigate cardiovascular deterioration in metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haneen S Dwaib
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., I.A., G.A., A.E.-Y.), Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences (H.S.D.), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (I.A.); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine (A.H.E.), Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health (A.H.E.), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.E.-Y.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt (A.E.-Y.)
| | - Ibrahim AlZaim
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., I.A., G.A., A.E.-Y.), Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences (H.S.D.), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (I.A.); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine (A.H.E.), Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health (A.H.E.), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.E.-Y.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt (A.E.-Y.)
| | - Ghina Ajouz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., I.A., G.A., A.E.-Y.), Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences (H.S.D.), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (I.A.); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine (A.H.E.), Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health (A.H.E.), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.E.-Y.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt (A.E.-Y.)
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., I.A., G.A., A.E.-Y.), Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences (H.S.D.), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (I.A.); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine (A.H.E.), Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health (A.H.E.), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.E.-Y.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt (A.E.-Y.)
| | - Ahmed El-Yazbi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine (H.S.D., I.A., G.A., A.E.-Y.), Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences (H.S.D.), American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon (I.A.); Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine (A.H.E.), Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Unit, QU Health (A.H.E.), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt (A.E.-Y.); and Faculty of Pharmacy, Alalamein International University, Alalamein, Egypt (A.E.-Y.)
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immunity are essential for neurodevelopment and central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis; however, the fragile equilibrium between immune and brain cells can be disturbed by any immune dysregulation and cause detrimental effects. Accumulating evidence indicates that, despite the blood-brain barrier (BBB), overactivation of the immune system leads to brain vulnerability that increases the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly upon subsequent exposure later in life. Disruption of microglial function in later life can be triggered by various environmental and psychological factors, including obesity-driven chronic low-grade inflammation and gut dysbiosis. Increased visceral adiposity has been recognized as an important risk factor for multiple neuropsychiatric conditions. The review aims to present our current understanding of the topic.
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Severance EG. Fungal Forces in Mental Health: Microbial Meddlers or Function Fixers? Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 61:163-179. [PMID: 35543867 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the mental health field, the gut-brain axis and associated pathways represent putative mechanisms by which gastrointestinal (GI) microbes and their gene products and metabolites can access and influence the central nervous system (CNS). These GI-centered investigations focus on bacteria, with significant information gaps existing for other microbial community members, such as fungi. Fungi are part of a complex and functionally diverse taxonomic kingdom whose interactions with hosts can be conversely deadly and beneficial. As serious sources of morbidity and mortality, fungal pathogens can quickly turn healthy microbiomes into toxic cycles of inflammation, gut permeability, and dysbiosis. Fungal commensals are also important human symbionts that provide a rich source of physiological functions to the host, such as protection against intestinal injuries, maintenance of epithelial structural integrities, and immune system development and regulation. Promising treatment compounds derived from fungi include antibiotics, probiotics, and antidepressants. Here I aim to illuminate the many attributes of fungi as they are applicable to overall improving our understanding of the mechanisms at work in psychiatric disorders. Healing the gut and its complex ecosystem is currently achievable through diet, probiotics, prebiotics, and other strategies, yet it is critical to recognize that the success of these interventions relies on a more precisely defined role of the fungal and other non-bacterial components of the microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Adam Yaple Z, Tolomeo S, Yu R. Spatial and chronic differences in neural activity in medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 35:103029. [PMID: 35569228 PMCID: PMC9112098 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The medicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster. The unmedicated schizophrenia group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. A neural compensatory mechanism in schizophrenia.
A major caveat with investigations on schizophrenic patients is the difficulty to control for medication usage across samples as disease-related neural differences may be confounded by medication usage. Following a thorough literature search (632 records identified), we included 37 studies with a total of 740 medicated schizophrenia patients and 367 unmedicated schizophrenia patients. Here, we perform several meta-analyses to assess the neurofunctional differences between medicated and unmedicated schizophrenic patients across fMRI studies to determine systematic regions associated with medication usage. Several clusters identified by the meta-analysis on the medicated group include three right lateralized frontal clusters and a left lateralized parietal cluster, whereas the unmedicated group yielded concordant activity among right lateralized frontal-parietal regions. We further explored the prevalence of activity within these regions across illness duration and task type. These findings suggest a neural compensatory mechanism across these regions both spatially and chronically, offering new insight into the spatial and temporal dynamic neural differences among medicated and unmedicated schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Serenella Tolomeo
- Social and Cognitive Computing Department, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rongjun Yu
- Department of Management, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Lin P, Sun J, Lou X, Li D, Shi Y, Li Z, Ma P, Li P, Chen S, Jin W, Liu S, Chen Q, Gao Q, Zhu L, Xu J, Zhu M, Wang M, Liang K, Zhao L, Xu H, Dong K, Li Q, Cheng X, Chen J, Guo X. Consensus on potential biomarkers developed for use in clinical tests for schizophrenia. Gen Psychiatr 2022; 35:e100685. [PMID: 35309241 PMCID: PMC8867318 DOI: 10.1136/gpsych-2021-100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundSchizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting approximately 20 million individuals globally. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the illness. If left undiagnosed and untreated, schizophrenia results in impaired social function, repeated hospital admissions, reduced quality of life and decreased life expectancy. Clinical diagnosis largely relies on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences, and reported behavioural abnormalities followed by psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychoses may occur along with other conditions, and the symptoms are often episodic and transient, posing a significant challenge to the precision of diagnosis. Therefore, objective, specific tests using biomarkers are urgently needed for differential diagnosis of schizophrenia in clinical practice.AimsWe aimed to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations, with a summary of laboratory measurements that could potentially be used as biomarkers for schizophrenia, and to discuss directions for future research.MethodsWe searched publications within the last 10 years with the following keywords: ‘schizophrenia’, ‘gene’, ‘inflammation’, ‘neurotransmitter’, ‘protein marker’, ‘gut microbiota’, ‘pharmacogenomics’ and ‘biomarker’. A draft of the consensus was discussed and agreed on by all authors at a round table session.ResultsWe summarised the characteristics of candidate diagnostic markers for schizophrenia, including genetic, inflammatory, neurotransmitter, peripheral protein, pharmacogenomic and gut microbiota markers. We also proposed a novel laboratory process for diagnosing schizophrenia in clinical practice based on the evidence summarised in this paper.ConclusionsFurther efforts are needed to identify schizophrenia-specific genetic and epigenetic markers for precise diagnosis, differential diagnosis and ethnicity-specific markers for the Chinese population. The development of novel laboratory techniques is making it possible to use these biomarkers clinically to diagnose disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Lin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyu Sun
- Department of Psychosis, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Xiaoyan Lou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenhua Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peijun Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuzi Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kangyi Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Huabin Xu
- Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of West Anhui Health Vocational College, Lu’an, Anhui, China
| | - Ke Dong
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunjia Cheng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Fudan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinghong Chen
- Editorial Office of General Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokui Guo
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Vasileva SS, Tucker J, Siskind D, Eyles D. Does the gut microbiome mediate antipsychotic-induced metabolic side effects in schizophrenia? Expert Opin Drug Saf 2022; 21:625-639. [PMID: 35189774 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2022.2042251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) are the most effective treatment for people with schizophrenia. Despite their effectiveness in treating psychotic symptoms, they have been linked to metabolic, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal side-effects. The gut microbiome has been implicated in potentiating symptoms of schizophrenia, response to treatment and medication-induced side effects and thus presents a novel target mediating second-generation antipsychotic-induced side effects in patients. AREAS COVERED This narrative review presents evidence from clinical and pre-clinical studies exploring the relationship between the gut microbiome, schizophrenia, second-generation antipsychotics and antipsychotic-induced side-effects. It also covers evidence for psychobiotic treatment as a potential supplementary therapy for people with schizophrenia. EXPERT OPINION The gut microbiome has the potential to mediate antipsychotic-induced side-effects in people with schizophrenia. Microbiome-focused treatments should be considered in combination with standard therapy in order to ameliorate debilitating drug-induced side effects, increase quality of life and potentially improve psychotic symptoms. Future studies should aim to collect not only microbiome data, but also metabolomic measures, dietary information and behavioral data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jack Tucker
- Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dan Siskind
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service, Metro South Health, Brisbane, Australia.,University of Queensland School of Clinical Medicine, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.,Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, Australia
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Song JG, Yu MS, Lee B, Lee J, Hwang SH, Na D, Kim HW. Analysis methods for the gut microbiome in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:1097-1110. [PMID: 35317228 PMCID: PMC8902474 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For a long time, the central nervous system was believed to be the only regulator of cognitive functions. However, accumulating evidence suggests that the composition of the microbiome is strongly associated with brain functions and diseases. Indeed, the gut microbiome is involved in neuropsychiatric diseases (e.g., depression, autism spectrum disorder, and anxiety) and neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease). In this review, we provide an overview of the link between the gut microbiome and neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders. We also introduce analytical methods used to assess the connection between the gut microbiome and the brain. The limitations of the methods used at present are also discussed. The accurate translation of the microbiome information to brain disorder could promote better understanding of neuronal diseases and aid in finding alternative and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Gwang Song
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Sang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Lee
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jingyu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Hwang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyun Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hyung Wook Kim
- Department of Bio-integrated Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
- Corresponding authors.
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Le Morvan de Sequeira C, Hengstberger C, Enck P, Mack I. Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14030621. [PMID: 35276981 PMCID: PMC8839125 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The gut microbiota impacts on central nervous system (CNS) function via the microbiota–gut–brain axis. Thus, therapeutics targeting the gut microbiota such as probiotics have the potential for improving mental health. This meta-analysis synthesizes the evidence regarding the impacts of probiotics on psychological well-being, psychiatric symptoms and CNS functioning. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were applied for executing this review using the databases PubMed, Web of Science and Cochrane Library. The data were summarized at qualitative and quantitative level. Results: Fifty-four randomized placebo-controlled studies were included, of which 30 were eligible for meta-analysis. If investigated, the probiotics mostly exerted effects on CNS function. Most probiotics did not affect mood, stress, anxiety, depression and psychiatric distress when compared to placebo at the qualitative level. At quantitative level, depression and psychiatric distress improved slightly in the probiotic condition (depression: mean difference −0.37 (95% CI: −0.55, −0.20); p ≤ 0.0001; psychiatric distress: mean difference −0.33 (95% CI: −0.53, −0.13); p = 0.001). Conclusions: To date it is unclear to which extent and in which specific areas next generation probiotics selected and developed for their ability to improve psychiatric condition and potentially other CNS functions are promising.
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Sorboni SG, Moghaddam HS, Jafarzadeh-Esfehani R, Soleimanpour S. A Comprehensive Review on the Role of the Gut Microbiome in Human Neurological Disorders. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0033820. [PMID: 34985325 PMCID: PMC8729913 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00338-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The human body is full of an extensive number of commensal microbes, consisting of bacteria, viruses, and fungi, collectively termed the human microbiome. The initial acquisition of microbiota occurs from both the external and maternal environments, and the vast majority of them colonize the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). These microbial communities play a central role in the maturation and development of the immune system, the central nervous system, and the GIT system and are also responsible for essential metabolic pathways. Various factors, including host genetic predisposition, environmental factors, lifestyle, diet, antibiotic or nonantibiotic drug use, etc., affect the composition of the gut microbiota. Recent publications have highlighted that an imbalance in the gut microflora, known as dysbiosis, is associated with the onset and progression of neurological disorders. Moreover, characterization of the microbiome-host cross talk pathways provides insight into novel therapeutic strategies. Novel preclinical and clinical research on interventions related to the gut microbiome for treating neurological conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and stroke, hold significant promise. This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the potential involvement of the human gut microbiome in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders, with a particular emphasis on the potential of microbe-based therapies and/or diagnostic microbial biomarkers. This review also discusses the potential health benefits of the administration of probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reza Jafarzadeh-Esfehani
- Blood Borne Infectious Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture and Research (ACECR)-Khorasan Razavi, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Centre, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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35
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Singh R, Stogios N, Smith E, Lee J, Maksyutynsk K, Au E, Wright DC, De Palma G, Graff-Guerrero A, Gerretsen P, Müller DJ, Remington G, Hahn M, Agarwal SM. Gut microbiome in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations: a scoping review. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2022; 12:20451253221096525. [PMID: 35600753 PMCID: PMC9118432 DOI: 10.1177/20451253221096525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe mental disorder with high morbidity and lifetime disability rates. Patients with SCZ have a higher risk of developing metabolic comorbidities such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, leading to increased mortality. Antipsychotics (APs), which are the mainstay in the treatment of SCZ, increase the risk of these metabolic perturbations. Despite extensive research, the mechanism underlying SCZ pathophysiology and associated metabolic comorbidities remains unclear. In recent years, gut microbiota (GMB) has been regarded as a 'chamber of secrets', particularly in the context of severe mental illnesses such as SCZ, depression, and bipolar disorder. In this scoping review, we aimed to investigate the underlying role of GMB in the pathophysiology of SCZ and metabolic alterations associated with APs. Furthermore, we also explored the therapeutic benefits of prebiotic and probiotic formulations in managing SCZ and AP-induced metabolic alterations. A systematic literature search yielded 46 studies from both preclinical and clinical settings that met inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis. Preliminary evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that GMB composition changes are associated with SCZ pathogenesis and AP-induced metabolic perturbations. Fecal microbiota transplantation from SCZ patients to mice has been shown to induce SCZ-like behavioral phenotypes, further supporting the plausible role of GMB in SCZ pathogenesis. This scoping review recapitulates the preclinical and clinical evidence suggesting the role of GMB in SCZ symptomatology and metabolic adverse effects associated with APs. Moreover, this scoping review also discusses the therapeutic potentials of prebiotic/probiotic formulations in improving SCZ symptoms and attenuating metabolic alterations related to APs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunath Singh
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nicolette Stogios
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Smith
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jiwon Lee
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kateryna Maksyutynsk
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emily Au
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Giada De Palma
- Farncombe Family Digestive Health Research Institute, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Ariel Graff-Guerrero
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Philip Gerretsen
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel J Müller
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary Remington
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Margaret Hahn
- Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sri Mahavir Agarwal
- Staff Psychiatrist and Clinician-Scientist, Medical Head, Clinical Research, Schizophrenia Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), 1051 Queen Street W, Toronto, ON M6J 1H3, Canada
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Begum N, Harzandi A, Lee S, Uhlen M, Moyes DL, Shoaie S. Host-mycobiome metabolic interactions in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2121576. [PMID: 36151873 PMCID: PMC9519009 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2121576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal communities (mycobiome) have an important role in sustaining the resilience of complex microbial communities and maintenance of homeostasis. The mycobiome remains relatively unexplored compared to the bacteriome despite increasing evidence highlighting their contribution to host-microbiome interactions in health and disease. Despite being a small proportion of the total species, fungi constitute a large proportion of the biomass within the human microbiome and thus serve as a potential target for metabolic reprogramming in pathogenesis and disease mechanism. Metabolites produced by fungi shape host niches, induce immune tolerance and changes in their levels prelude changes associated with metabolic diseases and cancer. Given the complexity of microbial interactions, studying the metabolic interplay of the mycobiome with both host and microbiome is a demanding but crucial task. However, genome-scale modelling and synthetic biology can provide an integrative platform that allows elucidation of the multifaceted interactions between mycobiome, microbiome and host. The inferences gained from understanding mycobiome interplay with other organisms can delineate the key role of the mycobiome in pathophysiology and reveal its role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neelu Begum
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Azadeh Harzandi
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sunjae Lee
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Mathias Uhlen
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David L. Moyes
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Saeed Shoaie
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH–Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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McGuinness AJ, Davis JA, Dawson SL, Loughman A, Collier F, O’Hely M, Simpson CA, Green J, Marx W, Hair C, Guest G, Mohebbi M, Berk M, Stupart D, Watters D, Jacka FN. A systematic review of gut microbiota composition in observational studies of major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1920-1935. [PMID: 35194166 PMCID: PMC9126816 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01456-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emerging understanding of gut microbiota as 'metabolic machinery' influencing many aspects of physiology has gained substantial attention in the field of psychiatry. This is largely due to the many overlapping pathophysiological mechanisms associated with both the potential functionality of the gut microbiota and the biological mechanisms thought to be underpinning mental disorders. In this systematic review, we synthesised the current literature investigating differences in gut microbiota composition in people with the major psychiatric disorders, major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), compared to 'healthy' controls. We also explored gut microbiota composition across disorders in an attempt to elucidate potential commonalities in the microbial signatures associated with these mental disorders. Following the PRISMA guidelines, databases were searched from inception through to December 2021. We identified 44 studies (including a total of 2510 psychiatric cases and 2407 controls) that met inclusion criteria, of which 24 investigated gut microbiota composition in MDD, seven investigated gut microbiota composition in BD, and 15 investigated gut microbiota composition in SZ. Our syntheses provide no strong evidence for a difference in the number or distribution (α-diversity) of bacteria in those with a mental disorder compared to controls. However, studies were relatively consistent in reporting differences in overall community composition (β-diversity) in people with and without mental disorders. Our syntheses also identified specific bacterial taxa commonly associated with mental disorders, including lower levels of bacterial genera that produce short-chain fatty acids (e.g. butyrate), higher levels of lactic acid-producing bacteria, and higher levels of bacteria associated with glutamate and GABA metabolism. We also observed substantial heterogeneity across studies with regards to methodologies and reporting. Further prospective and experimental research using new tools and robust guidelines hold promise for improving our understanding of the role of the gut microbiota in mental and brain health and the development of interventions based on modification of gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. McGuinness
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - J. A. Davis
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - S. L. Dawson
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - A. Loughman
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - F. Collier
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - M. O’Hely
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XMurdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, VIC Australia
| | - C. A. Simpson
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XMelbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - J. Green
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1002.30000 0004 1936 7857Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre (MAPcr), Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC Australia ,grid.466993.70000 0004 0436 2893Department of Psychiatry, Peninsula Health, Frankston, VIC Australia
| | - W. Marx
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - C. Hair
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.414257.10000 0004 0540 0062Department of Gastroenterology, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - G. Guest
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - M. Mohebbi
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - M. Berk
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XOrygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - D. Stupart
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - D. Watters
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079Deakin University, School of Medicine, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.415335.50000 0000 8560 4604Department of Surgery, University Hospital Geelong, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC Australia
| | - F. N. Jacka
- grid.1021.20000 0001 0526 7079The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation (IMPACT), Food & Mood Centre, School of Medicine and Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC Australia ,grid.1058.c0000 0000 9442 535XCentre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia ,grid.418393.40000 0001 0640 7766Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia ,grid.1011.10000 0004 0474 1797College of Public Health, Medical & Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD Australia
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Probiotic supplementation improves clinical outcomes and quality of life indicators in patients with plaque psoriasis: A randomized double-blind clinical trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2021; 46:33-39. [PMID: 34857215 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The impact of probiotics on psoriasis, a systemic inflammatory disease, remains obscure, thus we decided to evaluate quality of life (QOL), oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and clinical outcome in psoriasis patients. METHODS Fifty patients with plaque psoriasis randomized into two groups, group 1 received probiotic drink with Lactobacillus strains for 8 weeks while group 2 haven't received any probiotic supplements at this period. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and Beck's questionnaire (BDI) were used to investigate the quality of life and depression, respectively. The effects of supplementation on malondialdehyde (MDA), hs-CRP, IL-6, total antioxidant capacity (1) and psoriasis area and severity index (PASI), psoriasis symptom scale (PSS) were measured at the beginning of the study and after week 8th. RESULTS Total BDI scores significantly improved in the probiotic group in comparison with the placebo group (-6.15 ± 2.10 vs. 1.39 ± 1.80, P = 0.017) and DLQI (-9.50 ± 4.1 vs. 0.12 ± 0.6, P = 0.045) as well. Group 1 had a considerable reduction in PASI and PSS scores compared to the placebo group (-5.26 ± 3.75 vs. 0.48 ± 1.37, P = 0.049) and (-4.85 ± 3.10 vs. 0.43 ± 0.80, P = 0.047), respectively. In addition, the intervention group have shown increase in TAC levels (45.99 ± 23.33 vs -13.54 ± 30.7 mmol/L, P = 0.030), and decrease in hs-CRP levels (-1.55 ± 0.85 vs. -0.49 + 0.27 mg/L, P = 0.015), IL-6 levels (-4.04 ± 1.30 vs. -1.50 + 0.38 mg/L, P = 0.050) and MDA levels (-71.08 ± 35.73 vs. -9.8 + 15.6 nmol/mL, P = 0.013) compared to the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS Probiotics improve patients' quality of life and inflammatory biomarkers in psoriatic patients. Further studies are mandatory to propose probiotics as routinely prescribed therapy in inflammatory dermatoses. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial was registered at www.irct.ir as IRCT20180712040438N2.
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Jamilian H, Ghaderi A. The Effects of Probiotic and Selenium Co-supplementation on Clinical and Metabolic Scales in Chronic Schizophrenia: a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:4430-4438. [PMID: 33409919 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02572-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic symptoms in patients with chronic schizophrenia. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 60 people with chronic schizophrenia to receive either 8 × 109 CFU/day probiotic plus 200 μg/day selenium (n = 30) or placebo (n = 30) for 12 weeks. Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in the general Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) score (β - 1.29; 95% CI, - 2.48, - 0.10; P = 0.03) compared with the placebo. Compared with the placebo, probiotic and selenium co-supplementation resulted in a significant elevation in total antioxidant capacity (β 91.09 mmol/L; 95% CI, 35.89, 146.30; P = 0.002) and total glutathione (β 96.50 μmol/L; 95% CI, 26.13, 166.87; P = 0.008) and a significant reduction in high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels (β - 1.44 mg/L; 95% CI, - 2.22, - 0.66; P = 0.001). Additionally, co-supplementation significantly decreased fasting glucose (β - 7.40 mg/dL; 95% CI, - 10.15, - 4.64; P < 0.001), insulin levels (β - 1.46 μIU/mL; 95% CI, - 2.35, - 0.57; P = 0.002), and homeostasis model of assessment-insulin resistance (β - 0.51; 95% CI, - 0.72, - 0.29; P < 0.001) and a significant increase in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (β 0.01; 95% CI, 0.006, 0.01; P < 0.001) compared with the placebo. Probiotic and selenium co-supplementation for 12 weeks to patients with chronic schizophrenia had beneficial effects on the general PANSS score and some metabolic profiles. http://www.irct.ir , identifier IRCT20170513033941N41.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamidreza Jamilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaderi
- Clinical Research Development Unit-Matini/Kargarnejad Hospital, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, IR, Iran.
- Department of Addiction studies, School of Medical, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Kazlausky Esquivel M. Probiotics for Mental Health: A Review of Recent Clinical Trials. Am J Lifestyle Med 2021; 16:21-27. [DOI: 10.1177/15598276211049178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The digestive system is involved in providing both regulatory and biochemical signaling to the nervous system via the gut–brain axis. Major brain neurotransmitters within the enteric nervous system include acetylcholine, serotonin, and norepinephrine, which are triggered by various stimuli within the digestive system, including the microbiota. Associations between the gut microbiome and activation of neuroreceptors and neurotransmitters are related to factors such as appetite control, mood, and memory. This column presents the results of a brief review of recently published clinical trials related to gut microbiome interventions (n = 11) that aimed to address a variety of mental health outcomes. The impacts of probiotics on mental health and other clinical outcomes vary by the health of study participants. Continuing research on the mental health benefits of probiotics in healthy individuals is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Kazlausky Esquivel
- Department of Human Nutrition, Food and Animal Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii
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Alagiakrishnan K, Halverson T. Microbial Therapeutics in Neurocognitive and Psychiatric Disorders. J Clin Med Res 2021; 13:439-459. [PMID: 34691318 PMCID: PMC8510649 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr4575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial therapeutics, which include gut biotics and fecal transplantation, are interventions designed to improve the gut microbiome. Gut biotics can be considered as the administration of direct microbial populations. The delivery of this can be done through live microbial flora, certain food like fiber, microbial products (metabolites and elements) obtained through the fermentation of food products, or as genetically engineered substances, that may have therapeutic benefit on different health disorders. Dietary intervention and pharmacological supplements with gut biotics aim at correcting disruption of the gut microbiota by repopulating with beneficial microorganism leading to decrease in gut permeability, inflammation, and alteration in metabolic activities, through a variety of mechanisms of action. Our understanding of the pharmacokinetics of microbial therapeutics has improved with in vitro models, sampling techniques in the gut, and tools for the reliable identification of gut biotics. Evidence from human studies points out that prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics have the potential for treating and preventing mental health disorders, whereas with paraprobiotics, proteobiotics and postbiotics, the research is limited at this point. Some animal studies point out that gut biotics can be used with conventional treatments for a synergistic effect on mental health disorders. If future research shows that there is a possibility of synergistic effect of psychotropic medications with gut biotics, then a gut biotic or nutritional prescription can be given along with psychotropics. Even though the overall safety of gut biotics seems to be good, caution is needed to watch for any known and unknown side effects as well as the need for risk benefit analysis with certain vulnerable populations. Future research is needed before wide spread use of natural and genetically engineered gut biotics. Regulatory framework for gut biotics needs to be optimized. Holistic understanding of gut dysbiosis, along with life style factors, by health care providers is necessary for the better management of these conditions. In conclusion, microbial therapeutics are a new psychotherapeutic approach which offer some hope in certain conditions like dementia and depression. Future of microbial therapeutics will be driven by well-done randomized controlled trials and longitudinal research, as well as by replication studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannayiram Alagiakrishnan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tyler Halverson
- Division of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Deidda G, Biazzo M. Gut and Brain: Investigating Physiological and Pathological Interactions Between Microbiota and Brain to Gain New Therapeutic Avenues for Brain Diseases. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:753915. [PMID: 34712115 PMCID: PMC8545893 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.753915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain physiological functions or pathological dysfunctions do surely depend on the activity of both neuronal and non-neuronal populations. Nevertheless, over the last decades, compelling and fast accumulating evidence showed that the brain is not alone. Indeed, the so-called "gut brain," composed of the microbial populations living in the gut, forms a symbiotic superorganism weighing as the human brain and strongly communicating with the latter via the gut-brain axis. The gut brain does exert a control on brain (dys)functions and it will eventually become a promising valuable therapeutic target for a number of brain pathologies. In the present review, we will first describe the role of gut microbiota in normal brain physiology from neurodevelopment till adulthood, and thereafter we will discuss evidence from the literature showing how gut microbiota alterations are a signature in a number of brain pathologies ranging from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative disorders, and how pre/probiotic supplement interventions aimed to correct the altered dysbiosis in pathological conditions may represent a valuable future therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Deidda
- The BioArte Limited, Life Sciences Park, San Gwann, Malta
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
| | - Manuele Biazzo
- The BioArte Limited, Life Sciences Park, San Gwann, Malta
- SienabioACTIVE, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Ge T, Yao X, Zhao H, Yang W, Zou X, Peng F, Li B, Cui R. Gut microbiota and neuropsychiatric disorders: Implications for neuroendocrine-immune regulation. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105909. [PMID: 34543739 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, increasing evidence has shown gut microbiota dysbiosis might be implicated in the physiological mechanisms of neuropsychiatric disorders. Altered microbial community composition, diversity and distribution traits have been reported in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the exact pathways by which the intestinal microbiota contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders remain largely unknown. Given that the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric disorders are characterized with complicated alterations of neuroendocrine and immunology, both of which can be continually affected by gut microbiota via "microbiome-gut-brain axis". Thus, we assess the complicated crosstalk between neuroendocrine and immunological regulation might underlie the mechanisms of gut microbiota associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we summarized clinical and preclinical evidence on the role of the gut microbiota in neuropsychiatry disorders, especially in mood disorders and neurodevelopmental disorders. This review may elaborate the potential mechanisms of gut microbiota implicating in neuroendocrine-immune regulation and provide a comprehensive understanding of physiological mechanisms for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Ge
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Yao
- Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haisheng Zhao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaohan Zou
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fanzhen Peng
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bingjin Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ranji Cui
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Che mical Genetic, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Musumeci S, Coen M, Leidi A, Schrenzel J. The human gut mycobiome and the specific role of Candida albicans: where do we stand, as clinicians? Clin Microbiol Infect 2021; 28:58-63. [PMID: 34363944 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2021.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The so-called 'mycobiome' has progressively acquired interest and increased the complexity of our understanding of the human gut microbiota. Several questions are arising concerning the role of fungi (and in particular of Candida albicans), the so-called 'mycobiome', that has been neglected for a long time and only recently gained interest within the scientific community. There is no consensus on mycobiome normobiosis because of its instability and variability. This review aims to raise awareness about this interesting topic and provide a framework to guide physicians faced with such questions. OBJECTIVES To summarize current knowledge and discuss current and potential implications of the mycobiome in clinical practice. SOURCES We performed a review of the existing literature in Medline Pubmed. CONTENT This review identifies several studies showing associations between specific mycobiome profiles and health. Fungi represent a significant biomass within the microbiota and several factors, such as diet, sex, age, co-morbidities, medications, immune status and inter-kingdom interactions, can influence its structure and population. The human gut mycobiota is indeed a key factor for several physiological processes (e.g. training of the immune system against infections) and pathological processes (e.g. immunological/inflammatory disorders, inflammatory bowel diseases, metabolic syndromes). Moreover, the mycobiome (and C. albicans in particular) could influence an even broader spectrum of conditions such as psychiatric diseases (depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) or chronic viral infections (human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus); moreover, it could be implicated in tumorigenesis. IMPLICATIONS Candida albicans is a well-known opportunistic pathogen and a major component of the mycobiome but its role in the gastrointestinal tract is still poorly understood. From a potential screening biomarker to a key factor for several pathological processes, its presence could influence or even modify our clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Musumeci
- Service of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Coen
- Service of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Unit of Development and Research in Medical Education (UDREM), Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Antonio Leidi
- Service of Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Schrenzel
- Bacteriology Laboratory, Department of Diagnostics, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland; Genomic Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
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45
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Severance EG, Leister F, Lea A, Yang S, Dickerson F, Yolken RH. Complement C4 associations with altered microbial biomarkers exemplify gene-by-environment interactions in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:87-93. [PMID: 33632634 PMCID: PMC8373622 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex brain disorder with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. Complement C4 genes are schizophrenia susceptibility loci and are activated in response to infections and gut microbiome imbalances. We hypothesize that C4 genetic susceptibility predisposes individuals to neuropathological effects from pathogen exposures or a microbiome in dysbiosis. In 214 individuals with schizophrenia and 123 non-psychiatric controls, we examined C4 gene copy number and haplotype groups for associations with schizophrenia and microbial plasma biomarkers. C4A copy number and haplotypes containing HERV-K insertions (C4A-long; C4AL-C4AL) conferred elevated odds ratios for schizophrenia diagnoses (OR 1.58-2.56, p < 0.0001), while C4B-short (C4BS) haplogroups conferred decreased odds (OR 0.43, p < 0.0001). Haplogroup-microbe combinations showed extensive associations with schizophrenia including C4AL with Candida albicans IgG (OR 2.16, p < 0.0005), C4AL-C4BL with cytomegalovirus (CMV) IgG (OR 1.79, p < 0.008), C4BS with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) (OR 1.18, p < 0.0001), and C4AL-C4AL with Toxoplasma gondii IgG (OR = 17.67, p < 0.0001). In controls, only one haplogroup-microbe combination was significant: C4BS with CMV IgG (OR 0.52, p < 0.02). In schizophrenia only, LBP and CMV IgG levels were inversely correlated with C4A and C4S copy numbers, respectively (R2 = 0.13-0.16, p < 0.0001). C4 haplogroups were associated with altered scores of cognitive functioning in both cases and controls and with psychiatric symptom scores in schizophrenia. Our findings link complement C4 genes with a susceptibility to infections and a dysbiotic microbiome in schizophrenia. These results support immune system mechanisms by which gene-environmental interactions may be operative in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Severance
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Flora Leister
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ashley Lea
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shuojia Yang
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Robert H Yolken
- Stanley Division of Developmental Neurovirology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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46
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Gut microbial changes of patients with psychotic and affective disorders: A systematic review. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:1-10. [PMID: 31952911 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many diverse inflammatory pathophysiologic mechanisms have been linked to mental disorders, and through the past decade an increasing interest in the gut microbiota and its relation to mental health has been arising. We aimed to systematically review studies of alterations in gut microbiota of patients suffering from psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder or depression compared to healthy controls. METHODS We systematically searched the databases CENTRAL, PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO and LILACS. Primary outcome was to compare the gut microbiota of patients suffering from psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder or depression with healthy controls. RESULTS We identified 17 studies, covering 744 patients and 620 healthy controls. The most consistent microbiota changes were a tendency towards higher abundance of Actinobacteria and lower abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level, lower abundance of Lachnospiraceae at family level and lower abundance of Faecalibacterium at genus level for the mental disorders overall. However, we found that all studies had risk of bias and that the included studies displayed great variability in methods of storage, analysis of the fecal samples, reporting of results and statistics used. CONCLUSION Due to the many limitations of the included studies the findings should be interpreted with caution. Larger studies (especially of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder) are needed, but it is also of great importance to gather information of and control for factors that influence the result of a microbiota analysis including body mass index (BMI), smoking, alcohol consumption, diet habits, antibiotics, sample handling, wet laboratory methods and statistics.
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47
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Kelly JR, Minuto C, Cryan JF, Clarke G, Dinan TG. The role of the gut microbiome in the development of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:4-23. [PMID: 32336581 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder involving the convergence of a complex and dynamic bidirectional interaction of genetic expression and the accumulation of prenatal and postnatal environmental risk factors. The development of the neural circuitry underlying social, cognitive and emotional domains requires precise regulation from molecular signalling pathways, especially during critical periods or "windows", when the brain is particularly sensitive to the influence of environmental input signalling. Many of the brain regions involved, and the molecular substrates sub-serving these domains are responsive to life-long microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis signalling. This intricate microbial signalling system communicates with the brain via the vagus nerve, immune system, enteric nervous system, enteroendocrine signalling and production of microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids. Preclinical data has demonstrated that MGB axis signalling influences neurotransmission, neurogenesis, myelination, dendrite formation and blood brain barrier development, and modulates cognitive function and behaviour patterns, such as, social interaction, stress management and locomotor activity. Furthermore, preliminary clinical studies suggest altered gut microbiota profiles in schizophrenia. Unravelling MGB axis signalling in the context of an evolving dimensional framework in schizophrenia may provide a more complete understanding of the neurobiological architecture of this complex condition and offers the possibility of translational interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Kelly
- Department of Psychiatry, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chiara Minuto
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - John F Cryan
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerard Clarke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Science, University College Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Ireland.
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48
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Gut microbiome in serious mental illnesses: A systematic review and critical evaluation. Schizophr Res 2021; 234:24-40. [PMID: 31495702 PMCID: PMC7056547 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and bipolar disorder (BD) are associated with debilitating psychiatric and cognitive dysfunction, worse health outcomes, and shorter life expectancies. The pathophysiological understanding of and therapeutic resources for these neuropsychiatric disorders are still limited. Humans harbor over 1000 unique bacterial species in our gut, which have been linked to both physical and mental/cognitive health. The gut microbiome is a novel and promising avenue to understand the attributes of psychiatric diseases and, potentially, to modify them. Building upon our previous work, this systematic review evaluates the most recent evidence of the gut microbiome in clinical populations with serious mental illness (SMI). Sixteen articles that met our selection criteria were reviewed, including cross-sectional cohort studies and longitudinal treatment trials. All studies reported alterations in the gut microbiome of patients with SMI compared to non-psychiatric comparison subjects (NCs), and beta-diversity was consistently reported to be different between schizophrenia and NCs. Ruminococcaceae and Faecalibacterium were relatively decreased in BD, and abundance of Ruminococcaceae was reported across several investigations of SMI to be associated with better clinical characteristics. Lactic acid bacteria were relatively more abundant in SMI and associated with worse clinical outcomes. There was very limited evidence for the efficacy of probiotic or prebiotic interventions in SMI. As microbiome research in psychiatry is still nascent, the extant literature has several limitations. We critically evaluate the current data, including experimental approaches. There is a need for more unified methodological standards in order to arrive at robust biological understanding of microbial contributions to SMI.
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49
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Goswami A, Wendt FR, Pathak GA, Tylee DS, De Angelis F, De Lillo A, Polimanti R. Role of microbes in the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 62:100917. [PMID: 33957173 PMCID: PMC8364482 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microbes inhabit different anatomical sites of the human body including oral cavity, gut, and skin. A growing literature highlights how microbiome variation is associated with human health and disease. There is strong evidence of bidirectional communication between gut and brain mediated by neurotransmitters and microbial metabolites. Here, we review the potential involvement of microbes residing in the gut and in other body sites in the pathogenesis of eight neuropsychiatric disorders, discussing findings from animal and human studies. The data reported provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of the microbiome research in neuropsychiatry, including hypotheses about the mechanisms underlying the associations reported and the translational potential of probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranyak Goswami
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Gita A Pathak
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Daniel S Tylee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Flavio De Angelis
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Antonella De Lillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine and VA CT Healthcare Center, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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50
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Generoso JS, Giridharan VV, Lee J, Macedo D, Barichello T. The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 43:293-305. [PMID: 32667590 PMCID: PMC8136391 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-0987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota-gut-brain axis is a bidirectional signaling mechanism between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The complexity of the intestinal ecosystem is extraordinary; it comprises more than 100 trillion microbial cells that inhabit the small and large intestine, and this interaction between microbiota and intestinal epithelium can cause physiological changes in the brain and influence mood and behavior. Currently, there has been an emphasis on how such interactions affect mental health. Evidence indicates that intestinal microbiota are involved in neurological and psychiatric disorders. This review covers evidence for the influence of gut microbiota on the brain and behavior in Alzheimer disease, dementia, anxiety, autism spectrum disorder, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. The primary focus is on the pathways involved in intestinal metabolites of microbial origin, including short-chain fatty acids, tryptophan metabolites, and bacterial components that can activate the host’s immune system. We also list clinical evidence regarding prebiotics, probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation as adjuvant therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S Generoso
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil
| | - Vijayasree V Giridharan
- Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Juneyoung Lee
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, UTHealth, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Danielle Macedo
- Laboratório de Neuropsicofarmacologia, Núcleo de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Translacional em Medicina (INCT-TM), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Barichello
- Laboratório de Fisiopatologia Experimental, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense (UNESC), Criciúma, SC, Brazil.,Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
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