1
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Mountanea OG, Mantzourani C, Gkikas D, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Asymmetric Synthesis of Saturated and Unsaturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids (HFAs) and Study of Their Antiproliferative Activity. Biomolecules 2024; 14:110. [PMID: 38254710 PMCID: PMC10813182 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids (HFAs) constitute a class of lipids, distinguished by the presence of a hydroxyl on a long aliphatic chain. This study aims to expand our insights into HFA bioactivities, while also introducing new methods for asymmetrically synthesizing unsaturated and saturated HFAs. Simultaneously, a procedure previously established by us was adapted to generate new HFA regioisomers. An organocatalytic step was employed for the synthesis of chiral terminal epoxides, which either by alkynylation or by Grignard reagents resulted in unsaturated or saturated chiral secondary alcohols and, ultimately, HFAs. 7-(S)-Hydroxyoleic acid (7SHOA), 7-(S)-hydroxypalmitoleic acid (7SHPOA) and 7-(R)- and (S)-hydroxymargaric acids (7HMAs) were synthesized for the first time and, together with regioisomers of (R)- and (S)-hydroxypalmitic acids (HPAs) and hydroxystearic acids (HSAs), whose biological activity has not been tested so far, were studied for their antiproliferative activities. The unsaturation of the long chain, as well as an odd-numbered (C17) fatty acid chain, led to reduced activity, while the new 6-(S)-HPA regioisomer was identified as exhibiting potent antiproliferative activity in A549 cells. 6SHPA induced acetylation of histone 3 in A549 cells, without affecting acetylated α-tubulin levels, suggesting the selective inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) class I enzymes, and was found to inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G. Mountanea
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (P.K.P.)
| | - Panagiotis K. Politis
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou Str., 11527 Athens, Greece; (D.G.); (P.K.P.)
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia 2404, Cyprus
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece; (O.G.M.); (C.M.)
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece
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2
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Drius G, Bordoni S, Boga C, Monari M, Fiori J, Esposito E, Zalambani C, Pincigher L, Farruggia G, Calonghi N, Micheletti G. Synthesis and Antiproliferative Insights of Lipophilic Ru(II)-Hydroxy Stearic Acid Hybrid Species. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28104051. [PMID: 37241793 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28104051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallodrugs represent a combination of multifunctionalities that are present concomitantly and can act differently on diverse biotargets. Their efficacy is often related to the lipophilic features exhibited both by long carbo-chains and the phosphine ligands. Three Ru(II) complexes containing hydroxy stearic acids (HSAs) were successfully synthesized in order to evaluate possible synergistic effects between the known antitumor activity of HSA bio-ligands and the metal center. HSAs were reacted with [Ru(H)2CO(PPh3)3] selectively affording O,O-carboxy bidentate complexes. The organometallic species were fully characterized spectroscopically using ESI-MS, IR, UV-Vis, and NMR techniques. The structure of the compound Ru-12-HSA was also determined using single crystal X-ray diffraction. The biological potency of ruthenium complexes (Ru-7-HSA, Ru-9-HSA, and Ru-12-HSA) was studied on human primary cell lines (HT29, HeLa, and IGROV1). To obtain detailed information about anticancer properties, tests for cytotoxicity, cell proliferation, and DNA damage were performed. The results demonstrate that the new ruthenium complexes, Ru-7-HSA and Ru-9-HSA, possess biological activity. Furthermore, we observed that the Ru-9-HSA complex shows increased antitumor activity on colon cancer cells, HT29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Drius
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Bordoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
- Health Sciences and Technologies Interdepartmental Centre for Industrial Research (CIRI SDV), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Esposito
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
- IRCCS, Istituto Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 1/8, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Chiara Zalambani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Pincigher
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 15, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry 'Toso Montanari', Alma Mater Studiorum, Università di Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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3
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Effects of Regioisomerism on the Antiproliferative Activity of Hydroxystearic Acids on Human Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27082396. [PMID: 35458594 PMCID: PMC9029951 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27082396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of regioisomers of the hydroxystearic acid (HSA) was prepared, and the effect of the position of the hydroxyl group along the chain on a panel of human cancer cell lines was investigated. Among the various regioisomers, those carrying the hydroxyl at positions 5, 7, and 9 had growth inhibitor activity against various human tumor cell lines, including CaCo-2, HT29, HeLa, MCF7, PC3, and NLF cells. 10-HSA and 11-HSA showed a very weak effect. 8-HSA did not show inhibitory activity in all cell lines. The biological role of 7-HSA and 9-HSA is widely recognized, while little is known about the effects of 5-HSA. Therefore, the biological effects of 5-HSA in HeLa, HT29, MCF7, and NLF cell lines were investigated using the Livecyte's ptychography technology, which allows correlating changes in proliferation, motility, and morphology as a function of treatment at the same time. 5-HSA not only reduces cell proliferation but also induces changes in cell displacement, directionality, and speed. It is important to characterize the biological effects of 5-HSA, this molecule being an important component of fatty acyl esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFA), a class of endogenous mammalian lipids with noticeable anti-diabetic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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4
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Batsika CS, Mantzourani C, Gkikas D, Kokotou MG, Mountanea OG, Kokotos CG, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Saturated Oxo Fatty Acids (SOFAs): A Previously Unrecognized Class of Endogenous Bioactive Lipids Exhibiting a Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity. J Med Chem 2021; 64:5654-5666. [PMID: 33881857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of novel bioactive lipids that promote human health is of great importance. Combining "suspect" and targeted lipidomic liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) approaches, a previously unrecognized class of oxidized fatty acids, the saturated oxo fatty acids (SOFAs), which carry the oxo functionality at various positions of the long chain, was identified in human plasma. A library of SOFAs was constructed, applying a simple green photochemical hydroacylation reaction as the key synthetic step. The synthesized SOFAs were studied for their ability to inhibit in vitro the cell growth of three human cancer cell lines. Four oxostearic acids (OSAs) were identified to inhibit the cell growth of human lung carcinoma A549 cells. 6OSA and 7OSA exhibited the highest cell growth inhibitory potency, suppressing the expression of both STAT3 and c-myc, which are critical regulators of cell growth and proliferation. Thus, naturally occurring SOFAs may play a role in the protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia S Batsika
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Patras 26504, Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christoforos G Kokotos
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Center of Excellence for Drug Design and Discovery, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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5
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Sugimoto K, Kobayashi A, Kohyama A, Sakai H, Matsuya Y. Divinylcarbinol Desymmetrization Strategy: A Concise and Reliable Approach to Chiral Hydroxylated Fatty Acid Derivatives. J Org Chem 2021; 86:3970-3980. [PMID: 33567822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
By the aid of the catalytic desymmetrization of divinylcarbinol as one-pot asymmetric induction and protection of olefin, asymmetric total syntheses of two chiral hydroxylated fatty acid derivatives were successfully achieved. The desired stereoisomers could be concisely prepared in mild conditions in a highly convergent manner. Thus, this novel strategy can help stereochemical elucidations of natural products, which have difficulties in spectroscopic stereochemical analyses due to their local symmetries in the vicinities of the stereogenic secondary hydroxyl units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Sugimoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Ami Kobayashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Aki Kohyama
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Haruka Sakai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
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6
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Synthesis of Novel Tryptamine Derivatives and Their Biological Activity as Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26030683. [PMID: 33525621 PMCID: PMC7865355 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We synthesized five novel tryptamine derivatives characterized by the presence of an azelayl chain or of a 1,1,1-trichloroethyl group, in turn connected to another heterocyclic scaffold. The combination of tryptamin-, 1,1,1-trichloroethyl- and 2-aminopyrimidinyl- moieties produced compound 9 identified as the most active compound in hematological cancer cell lines (IC50 = 0.57-65.32 μM). Moreover, keeping constant the presence of the tryptaminic scaffold and binding it to the azelayl moiety, the compounds maintain biological activity. Compound 13 is still active against hematological cancer cell lines and shows a selective effect only on HT29 cells (IC50 = 0.006 µM) among solid tumor models. Compound 14 loses activity on all leukemic lines, while showing a high level of toxicity on all solid tumor lines tested (IC50 0.0015-0.469 µM).
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7
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Kokotou MG, Kokotos AC, Gkikas D, Mountanea OG, Mantzourani C, Almutairi A, Lei X, Ramanadham S, Politis PK, Kokotos G. Saturated Hydroxy Fatty Acids Exhibit a Cell Growth Inhibitory Activity and Suppress the Cytokine-Induced β-Cell Apoptosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12666-12681. [PMID: 33124824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The field of bioactive lipids is ever expanding with discoveries of novel lipid molecules that promote human health. Adopting a lipidomic-assisted approach, two new families of previously unrecognized saturated hydroxy fatty acids (SHFAs), namely, hydroxystearic and hydroxypalmitic acids, consisting of isomers with the hydroxyl group at different positions, were identified in milk. Among the various regio-isomers synthesized, those carrying the hydroxyl at the 7- and 9-positions presented growth inhibitory activities against various human cancer cell lines, including A549, Caco-2, and SF268 cells. In addition, 7- and 9-hydroxystearic acids were able to suppress β-cell apoptosis induced by proinflammatory cytokines, increasing the possibility that they can be beneficial in countering autoimmune diseases, such as type 1 diabetes. 7-(R)-Hydroxystearic acid exhibited the highest potency both in cell growth inhibition and in suppressing β-cell death. We propose that such naturally occurring SHFAs may play a role in the promotion and protection of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Alexandros C Kokotos
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Gkikas
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - Olga G Mountanea
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Abdulaziz Almutairi
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Xiaoyong Lei
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Sasanka Ramanadham
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States.,Comprehensive Diabetes Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Panagiotis K Politis
- Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens 11527, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
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8
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Micheletti G, Boga C, Telese D, Cassani MC, Boanini E, Nitti P, Ballarin B, Ghirri A, Barucca G, Rinaldi D. Magnetic Nanoparticles Coated with ( R)-9-Acetoxystearic Acid for Biomedical Applications. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:12707-12715. [PMID: 32548454 PMCID: PMC7288358 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The well-known ability to selectively drive nanomagnetic materials coated with anticancer drugs into tumor cells suggested the synthesis and the characterization of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) functionalized with (R)-9-acetoxystearic acid, the acetic ester of (R)-9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA), an antiproliferative agent active against different cancer cells. The acyl chloride of (R)-9-acetoxystearic acid, synthesized in two steps from 9-HSA, was reacted with (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane, chosen as a linker between MNPs and the stearyl moiety. In the last step, the novel amide was bound to magnetite NPs by reaction with silyl groups. A detailed structural, chemical, and magnetic characterization of the obtained material proved that it possesses properties in agreement with the requirements for drug delivery, opening the possibility to further insights focused on the 9-HSA biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Micheletti
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Dario Telese
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Cassani
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Boanini
- Department
of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nitti
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via Licio Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Barbara Ballarin
- Department
of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento, 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Ghirri
- Istituto
Nanoscienze—CNR, via G. Campi 213A, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gianni Barucca
- Department
of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Daniele Rinaldi
- Department
of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, 12, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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9
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Micheletti G, Calonghi N, Farruggia G, Strocchi E, Palmacci V, Telese D, Bordoni S, Frisco G, Boga C. Synthesis of Novel Structural Hybrids between Aza-Heterocycles and Azelaic Acid Moiety with a Specific Activity on Osteosarcoma Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020404. [PMID: 31963693 PMCID: PMC7024557 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine compounds bearing pyridinyl (or piperidinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzotriazolyl) groups bound to an azelayl moiety through an amide bond were synthesized. The structural analogy with some histone deacetylase inhibitors inspired their syntheses, seeking new selective histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi). The azelayl moiety recalls part of 9-hydroxystearic acid, a cellular lipid showing antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells with HDAC as a molecular target. Azelayl derivatives bound to a benzothiazolyl moiety further proved to be active as HDACi. The novel compounds were tested on a panel of both normal and tumor cell lines. Non-specific induction of cytotoxicity was observed in the normal cell line, while three of them induced a biological effect only on the osteosarcoma (U2OS) cell line. One of them induced a change in nuclear shape and size. Cell-cycle alterations are associated with post-transcriptional modification of both H2/H3 and H4 histones. In line with recent studies, revealing unexpected HDAC7 function in osteoclasts, molecular docking studies on the active molecules predicted their proneness to interact with HDAC7. By reducing side effects associated with the action of the first-generation inhibitors, the herein reported compounds, thus, sound promising as selective HDACi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-051-2093641 (G.M.); +39-051-2091231 (N.C.)
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48,40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.)
- Correspondence: (G.M.); (N.C.); Tel.: +39-051-2093641 (G.M.); +39-051-2091231 (N.C.)
| | - Giovanna Farruggia
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48,40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.)
- National Institute of Biostructures and Biosystems, Viale delle Medaglie d’Oro, 305, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Strocchi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Vincenzo Palmacci
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Dario Telese
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Silvia Bordoni
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
| | - Giulia Frisco
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48,40126 Bologna, Italy; (G.F.); (G.F.)
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry ‘Toso Montanari’, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna Viale Del Risorgimento, 4 402136 Bologna, Italy; (E.S.); (V.P.); (D.T.); (S.B.); (C.B.)
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10
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Synthesis of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid Derivatives and Their Antiproliferative Activity on HT 29 Cancer Cells. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24203714. [PMID: 31619025 PMCID: PMC6832665 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24203714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
9-Hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) is an endogenous cellular lipid that possesses antiproliferative and selective effects against cancer cells. A series of derivatives were synthesized in order to investigate the effect of the substituent in position 9 and on the methyl ester functionality on the biological activity. The two separate enantiomers of methyl 9-hydroxystearate and of methyl 9-aminostearate showed antiproliferative activity against the HT29 cell line. This indicates the importance of position 9 groups being able to make hydrogen bonding with the molecular target. Further, this effect must be preserved when the carboxy group of 9-HSA is esterified. The biological tests showed that the amines, contrarily to methyl esters, resulted in cytotoxicity. A deep investigation on the effect of methyl (R)-9-hydroxystearate on HT29 cells showed an antiproliferative effect acting through the CDKN1A and MYCBP gene expression.
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11
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Asaro F, Boga C, Demitri N, De Zorzi R, Drioli S, Gigli L, Micheletti G, Nitti P, Zangrando E. X-Ray Crystal Structures and Organogelator Properties of (R)-9-Hydroxystearic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 24:molecules24152854. [PMID: 31390777 PMCID: PMC6695734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
(R)-9-hydroxystearic acid, (R)-9-HSA, is a chiral nonracemic hydroxyacid of natural origin possessing interesting properties as an antiproliferative agent against different cancer types. Considering its potential application for medical and pharmaceutical purposes, the structures and rheological properties of (R)-9-HSA were investigated. Oscillatory rheology measurements reveal that (R)-9-HSA gels only paraffin oil, with less efficiency and thermal stability than its positional isomer (R)-12-HSA. Conversely, (R)-9-HSA affords crystals from methanol, acetonitrile, and carbon tetrachloride. The single crystal structures obtained both at 293 K and 100 K show non-centrosymmetric twisted carboxylic acid dimers linked at the midchain OHs into long, unidirectional chains of hydrogen bonds, owing to head-tail ordering of the molecules. Synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction experiments, performed on the solids obtained from different solvents, show the occurrence of polymorphism in paraffin oil and through thermal treatment of the solid from methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fioretta Asaro
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Rita De Zorzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Sara Drioli
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Gabriele Micheletti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Nitti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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12
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Redox Signaling via Lipid Peroxidation Regulates Retinal Progenitor Cell Differentiation. Dev Cell 2019; 50:73-89.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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13
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Rodríguez JP, Guijas C, Astudillo AM, Rubio JM, Balboa MA, Balsinde J. Sequestration of 9-Hydroxystearic Acid in FAHFA (Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids) as a Protective Mechanism for Colon Carcinoma Cells to Avoid Apoptotic Cell Death. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040524. [PMID: 31013768 PMCID: PMC6521239 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydroxy fatty acids are known to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The best studied of them, 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA), induces apoptosis in cell lines by acting through mechanisms involving different targets. Using mass spectrometry-based lipidomic approaches, we show in this study that 9-HSA levels in human colorectal tumors are diminished when compared with normal adjacent tissue. Since this decrease could be compatible with an escape mechanism of tumors from 9-HSA-induced apoptosis, we investigated different features of the utilization of this hydroxyfatty acid in colon. We show that in colorectal tumors and related cell lines such as HT-29 and HCT-116, 9-HSA is the only hydroxyfatty acid constituent of branched fatty acid esters of hydroxyfatty acids (FAHFA), a novel family of lipids with anti-inflammatory properties. Importantly, FAHFA levels in tumors are elevated compared with normal tissue and, unlike 9-HSA, they do not induce apoptosis of colorectal cell lines over a wide range of concentrations. Further, the addition of 9-HSA to colon cancer cell lines augments the synthesis of different FAHFA before the cells commit to apoptosis, suggesting that FAHFA formation may function as a buffer system that sequesters the hydroxyacid into an inactive form, thereby restricting apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rodríguez
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM), Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del Nordeste Argentino (IQUIBA-NEA), Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (UNNE-CONICET), Corrientes 3400, Argentina.
| | - Carlos Guijas
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alma M Astudillo
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio M Rubio
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María A Balboa
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Jesús Balsinde
- Instituto de Biología y Genética Molecular, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Valladolid, 47003 Valladolid, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Busi A, Aluigi A, Guerrini A, Boga C, Sartor G, Calonghi N, Sotgiu G, Posati T, Corticelli F, Fiori J, Varchi G, Ferroni C. Unprecedented Behavior of (9 R)-9-Hydroxystearic Acid-Loaded Keratin Nanoparticles on Cancer Cell Cycle. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:931-942. [PMID: 30702899 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases, HDACs, have been demonstrated to play a critical role in epigenetic signaling and were found to be overexpressed in several type of cancers; therefore, they represent valuable targets for anticancer therapy. 9-Hydroxystearic acid has been shown to bind the catalytic site of HDAC1, inducing G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and activation of the p21WAF1 gene, thus promoting cell growth inhibition and differentiation in many cancer cells. Despite the ( R) enantiomer of 9-hydroxystearic acid (9R) displaying a promising in vitro growth-inhibitory effect on the HT29 cell line, its scarce water solubility and micromolar activity require novel solutions for improving its efficacy and bioavailability. In this work, we describe the synthesis and in vitro biological profiling of 9R keratin nanoparticles (9R@ker) obtained through an in-water drug-induced aggregation process. The anticancer activity of 9R@ker was investigated in the HT29 cell line; the results indicate an increased fluidity of cell membrane and a higher intracellular ROS formation, resulting in an unexpected S phase cell cycle arrest (25% increase as compared to the control) induced by 9R@ker with respect to free 9R and an induction of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Busi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry , University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Annalisa Aluigi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Andrea Guerrini
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Carla Boga
- Department of Industrial Chemistry , University of Bologna , Viale Risorgimento 4 , 40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giorgio Sartor
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Via Irnerio 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology , University of Bologna , Via Irnerio 48 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Giovanna Sotgiu
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Tamara Posati
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Franco Corticelli
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician" , University of Bologna , Via Selmi 2 , 40126 Bologna , Italy
| | - Greta Varchi
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
| | - Claudia Ferroni
- Institute for the Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council , Via Gobetti 101 , 40129 Bologna , Italy
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15
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Enzymatic kinetic resolution of hydroxystearic acids: A combined experimental and molecular modelling investigation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2012.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Parolin C, Calonghi N, Presta E, Boga C, Caruana P, Naldi M, Andrisano V, Masotti L, Sartor G. Mechanism and stereoselectivity of HDAC I inhibition by (R)-9-hydroxystearic acid in colon cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2012; 1821:1334-40. [PMID: 22814230 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
9-Hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) belongs to the endogenous lipid peroxidation by-products that decrease in tumors, causing as a consequence the loss of one of the control mechanisms on cell division. It acts as a histone deacetylase (HDAC, E.C 3.5.1.98) inhibitor, and the interaction of the two enantiomers of 9-HSA with the catalytic site of the enzyme, investigated by using a molecular modelling approach, has been reported to be different. In this work we tested out this prediction by synthesizing the two enantiomers (R)-9-HSA (R-9) and (S)-9-HSA (S-9) starting from the natural source methyl dimorphecolate obtained from Dimorphotheca sinuata seeds and investigating their biological activity in HT29 cells. Both enantiomers inhibit the enzymatic activity of HDAC1, HDAC2 and HDAC3, R-9 being more active; R-9 and S-9 inhibitory effect induces an increase in histone H4 acetylation. We also demonstrate that the antiproliferative effect brought about by R-9 is more pronounced as well as we observe increase of p21 transcription and protein content, while the expression of cyclin D1 is decreased. Starting from these observations it can be hypothesized that the interaction of R-9 with HDAC1 induce conformational changes in the enzyme causing loss of its interaction with other proteins, like cyclin D1 itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola Parolin
- Department of Biochemistry "G. Moruzzi", Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Manda K, Kriesen S, Hildebrandt G, Fietkau R, Klautke G. Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation in Cancer Therapy. Strahlenther Onkol 2011; 187:127-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00066-010-2166-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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18
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Arakaki AK, Mezencev R, Bowen NJ, Huang Y, McDonald JF, Skolnick J. Identification of metabolites with anticancer properties by computational metabolomics. Mol Cancer 2008; 7:57. [PMID: 18559081 PMCID: PMC2453147 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-7-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Certain endogenous metabolites can influence the rate of cancer cell growth. For example, diacylglycerol, ceramides and sphingosine, NAD+ and arginine exert this effect by acting as signaling molecules, while carrying out other important cellular functions. Metabolites can also be involved in the control of cell proliferation by directly regulating gene expression in ways that are signaling pathway-independent, e.g. by direct activation of transcription factors or by inducing epigenetic processes. The fact that metabolites can affect the cancer process on so many levels suggests that the change in concentration of some metabolites that occurs in cancer cells could have an active role in the progress of the disease. Results CoMet, a fully automated Computational Metabolomics method to predict changes in metabolite levels in cancer cells compared to normal references has been developed and applied to Jurkat T leukemia cells with the goal of testing the following hypothesis: Up or down regulation in cancer cells of the expression of genes encoding for metabolic enzymes leads to changes in intracellular metabolite concentrations that contribute to disease progression. All nine metabolites predicted to be lowered in Jurkat cells with respect to lymphoblasts that were examined (riboflavin, tryptamine, 3-sulfino-L-alanine, menaquinone, dehydroepiandrosterone, α-hydroxystearic acid, hydroxyacetone, seleno-L-methionine and 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole), exhibited antiproliferative activity that has not been reported before, while only two (bilirubin and androsterone) of the eleven tested metabolites predicted to be increased or unchanged in Jurkat cells displayed significant antiproliferative activity. Conclusion These results: a) demonstrate that CoMet is a valuable method to identify potential compounds for experimental validation, b) indicate that cancer cell metabolism may be regulated to reduce the intracellular concentration of certain antiproliferative metabolites, leading to uninhibited cellular growth and c) suggest that many other endogenous metabolites with important roles in carcinogenesis are awaiting discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian K Arakaki
- Center for the Study of Systems Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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19
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Pagnotta E, Calonghi N, Boga C, Masotti L. N-methylformamide and 9-hydroxystearic acid: two anti-proliferative and differentiating agents with different modes of action in colon cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2007; 17:521-6. [PMID: 16702808 DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200606000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
N-methylformamide (NMF) is an anti-proliferative, differentiating agent studied in several cell lines as well as in preclinical and clinical trials, whose mechanisms of action are still unclear. 9-Hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) is an endogenous product of lipid peroxidation recently identified as a new histone deacetylase 1 inhibitor. Both agents show the same anti-proliferative effects by arresting colon cancer cell growth in G0/G1. We addressed two questions. (i) Do they act by regulating G0/G1 checkpoint proteins? (ii) Does 9-HSA have differentiating effects comparable to those of NMF? The effects of NMF and 9-HSA on growth, differentiation and invasiveness of HT29, a colon cancer cell line, have been compared by using immunoprecipitation analysis, confocal microscopy, enzyme assays and invasiveness tests. The results show that the G1 arrest caused by NMF is a cell cycle exit due to p27 induction, whereas 9-HSA has no effect on the induction of this inhibitor. Evidence is presented that the arrest in early G0/G1 induced by 9-HSA is associated with the conversion of HT29 characteristics to those of a more benign phenotype, whereas the arrest in the late G1 in response to NMF is not followed by a decrease in tumorigenicity. The failure of NMF in cancer therapy indicates that both anti-proliferative and differentiating characteristics are required for an anti-tumoral agent to be effective.
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20
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Calonghi N, Pagnotta E, Parolin C, Molinari C, Boga C, Dal Piaz F, Brusa GL, Santucci MA, Masotti L. Modulation of apoptotic signalling by 9-hydroxystearic acid in osteosarcoma cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2006; 1771:139-46. [PMID: 17234448 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 11/13/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) belongs to the class of endogenous lipid peroxidation by-products that greatly diminish in tumors, causing as a consequence the loss of one of the control mechanisms on cell division. We have previously shown that 9-HSA controls cell growth and differentiation by inhibiting histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) activity. In this paper our attention has not only been focused on HDAC1 inhibition but also on the hyperacetylation of other substrates such as p53, that is involved in inducing cell cycle arrest and/or apoptosis, and whose activity and stability are known to be regulated by posttranslational modifications, particularly by acetylation at the C-terminus region. 9-HSA administration to U2OS, an osteosarcoma cell line p53 wt, induces a growth arrest of the cells in G2/M and apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway. In particular hyperacetylation of p53 induced by the HDAC1 inhibitory activity of 9-HSA has been demonstrated to increase Bax synthesis both at the transcriptional and the translational level. The subsequent translocation of Bax to the mitochondria is associated to a significant increase in caspase 9 activity. Our data demonstrate that the effects of 9-HSA on U2OS correlate with posttranslational modifications of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Calonghi
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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21
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Kobori M, Yoshida M, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Takei T, Shinmoto H. 5alpha,8alpha-Epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol from an edible mushroom suppresses growth of HL60 leukemia and HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 29:755-9. [PMID: 16595913 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We purified a sterol with antitumor activity from the edible mushroom Sarcodon aspratus (BERK.) S. ITO and identified it as 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,9(11),22-trien-3beta-ol (9,11-dehydroergosterol peroxide (9(11)-DHEP)). Purified 9(11)-DHEP was a more effective inhibitor of HL60 leukemia cell growth and stronger apoptosis-inducer than 5alpha,8alpha-epidioxy-22E-ergosta-6,22-dien-3beta-ol (ergosterol peroxide (EP)) that we had previously identified as an apoptosis inducer. Moreover, 9(11)-DHEP selectively suppressed the growth of HT29 human colon adenocarcinoma cells but not WI38 normal human fibroblasts. After 5 d incubation of HT29 with 7 microM 9(11)-DHEP, the number of S phase cells decreased from 23 to 15% of total diploid cells and 17% became hypodiploid. Expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (p21, WAF1, Cip1) (CDKN1A), which has been shown to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HT29 cells, was induced by 9(11)-DHEP. These results suggest that 9(11)-DHEP inhibits HT29 cell growth by inducing CDKN1A expression, thus causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masuko Kobori
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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22
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Calonghi N, Pagnotta E, Parolin C, Tognoli C, Boga C, Masotti L. 9-Hydroxystearic acid interferes with EGF signalling in a human colon adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 342:585-8. [PMID: 16487928 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor has long been known to be strictly correlated with the highly proliferating activities of cancer cells and primary tumors. Moreover, in the nucleus, the epidermal growth factor/epidermal growth factor receptor complex (EGF/EGFR) functions as a transcriptional regulator that activates the cyclin D1 gene. 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA) induces cell proliferation arrest and differentiation in HT29 colon cancer cells by inhibiting histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1). 9-HSA-treated HT29, when stimulated with EGF, are not responsive and surprisingly undergo a further arrest. In order to understand the mechanisms of this effect, we analyzed the degree of internalization of the EGF/EGFR complex and its interactions with HDAC1. It appears that HDAC1, as modified by 9-HSA, is unable to associate with cyclin D1, interfering with the cell proliferation program, and sequesters the EGF/EGFR complex interrupting the transduction of the mitogenic signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Italy.
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23
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Boga C, Puggioli S, Gherpelli M, Farruggia G, Pagnotta E, Masotti L, Neyroz P. Fluorescein conjugates of 9- and 10-hydroxystearic acids: synthetic strategies, photophysical characterization, and confocal microscopy applications. Anal Biochem 2005; 335:196-209. [PMID: 15556558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Different strategies are presented to conjugate a fluorescein moiety to 9- and 10-hydroxystearic acids (HSAs). 5-Amino-fluorescein (5-AF) was used as a starting reagent. When reacted with acyl-chloride-modified HSAs, 5-AF gave rise to stable amide derivatives with a 75% reaction yield. These products exhibited the typical steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence properties of the fluorescein chromophore with absorption at 494 nm and emission at 519 nm. Flow cytometry studies confirmed the distinct proapoptotic effect of underivatized 9-HSA on Jurkat cells and revealed a comparable ability of its amide derivative. Confocal microscopy imaging studies showed that green fluorescence could stain intracellular membranous structures. Moreover, dual-dye labeling with Mito Tracker Red, followed by colocalization analysis, revealed that HSA can move to the mitochondria. Thus, fluorescent derivatives of HSA can be used to monitor the localization of these biologically active molecules in living cells and can provide a useful tool for linking biochemical investigation with optical visualization methods. In contrast, when unmodified HSAs were used, the reaction gave monoesterified and diesterified fluorescein derivatives. These products exhibited unusual steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence properties with the excitation wavelength at 342 nm and the emission wavelength at 432 nm. It is shown that the synthesized HSA amides of fluorescein provide all of the typical photophysical and instrumental advantages of this popular dye, whereas the unusual luminescence and excitation properties of the monoester and diester of the 5-aminofluorescein would make these dyes interesting to explore as potential candidates for two photon excitation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Boga
- Department of Organic Chemistry A. Mangini, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy
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24
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Calonghi N, Cappadone C, Pagnotta E, Boga C, Bertucci C, Fiori J, Tasco G, Casadio R, Masotti L. Histone deacetylase 1: a target of 9-hydroxystearic acid in the inhibition of cell growth in human colon cancer. J Lipid Res 2005; 46:1596-603. [PMID: 15716589 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400424-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have shown that an endogenous lipoperoxidation product, 9-hydroxystearic acid (9-HSA), acts in colon carcinoma cells (HT29) as a growth inhibitor by inducing p21(WAF1) in an immediate-early, p53-independent manner and that p21(WAF1) is required for 9-HSA-mediated growth arrest in HT29 cells. It is conceivable, therefore, to hypothesize that the cytostatic effect induced by this agent is at least partially associated with a molecular mechanism that involves histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) inhibition, as demonstrated for sodium butyrate and other specific inhibitors, such as trichostatin A and hydroxamic acids. Here, we show that, after administration, 9-HSA causes an accumulation of hyperacetylated histones and strongly inhibits the activity of HDAC1. The interaction of 9-HSA with the catalytic site of the enzyme has been highlighted by computational modeling of the human HDAC1, using its homolog from the hyperthermophilic Aquifex aeolicus as a template. Consistent with the experimental data, we find that 9-HSA can bind to the active site of the protein, showing that the inhibition of the enzyme can be explained at the molecular level by the ligand-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calonghi
- Department of Biochemistry G. Moruzzi, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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