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Nagaya M, Yamaoka R, Kanada F, Sawa T, Takashima M, Takamura Y, Inatani M, Oki M. Histone acetyltransferase inhibition reverses opacity in rat galactose-induced cataract. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273868. [PMID: 36417410 PMCID: PMC9683626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cataract, a disease that causes opacity of the lens, is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Cataracts secondary to diabetes are common, even in young patients, so they are of significant clinical importance. Here, we used an ex vivo model of galactose-induced cataracts in the rat lens to investigate the therapeutic effects of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) inhibitors. Among the tested HAT inhibitors, TH1834 was the only one that could reverse most of the opacity once it had formed in the lens. Combination treatment with C646/CPTH2 and CBP30/CPTH2 also had therapeutic effects. In lens cross-sections, vacuoles were present in the tissue of the cortical equatorial region of untreated cataract samples. In treated cataract samples, lens tissue regenerated to fill the vacuoles. To identify the genes regulated by HAT inhibitors, qRT-PCR was performed on treated and untreated cataract samples to determine candidate genes. Expression of Acta1 and Stmn4, both of which are involved in the cytoskeleton, were altered significantly in C646+CPTH2 samples. Expression of Emd, a nuclear membrane protein, and Prtfdc1, which is involved in cancer cell proliferation, were altered significantly in CBP30+CPTH2 samples. Acta1, Acta2, Arrdc3, Hebp2, Hist2h2ab, Pmf1, Ppdpf, Rbm3, RGD1561694, Slc16a6, Slfn13, Tagln, Tgfb1i1, and Tuba1c in TH1834 samples were significantly altered. These genes were primarily related to regulation of cell proliferation, the cytoskeleton, and cell differentiation. Expression levels increased with the onset of cataracts and was suppressed in samples treated with HAT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Nagaya
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Risa Yamaoka
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Fumito Kanada
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Sawa
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaru Takashima
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Takamura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaru Inatani
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Masaya Oki
- Department of Industrial Creation Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- Life Science Innovation Center, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Knezovic A, Osmanovic Barilar J, Virag D, Joja M, Salkovic-Petrisic M. The Effect of Acute Oral Galactose Administration on the Redox System of the Rat Small Intestine. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:37. [PMID: 35052541 PMCID: PMC8773155 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Galactose is a ubiquitous monosaccharide with important yet incompletely understood nutritive and physiological roles. Chronic parenteral d-galactose administration is used for modeling aging-related pathophysiological processes in rodents due to its ability to induce oxidative stress (OS). Conversely, chronic oral d-galactose administration prevents and alleviates cognitive decline in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease, indicating that galactose may exert beneficial health effects by acting in the gut. The present aim was to explore the acute time-response of intestinal redox homeostasis following oral administration of d-galactose. Male Wistar rats were euthanized at baseline (n = 6), 30 (n = 6), 60 (n = 6), and 120 (n = 6) minutes following orogastric administration of d-galactose (200 mg/kg). The overall reductive capacity, lipid peroxidation, the concentration of low-molecular-weight thiols (LMWT) and protein sulfhydryls (SH), the activity of Mn and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (SOD), reduced and oxidized fractions of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates (NADPH/NADP), and the hydrogen peroxide dissociation rate were analyzed in duodenum and ileum. Acute oral administration of d-galactose increased the activity of SODs and decreased intestinal lipid peroxidation and nucleophilic substrates (LMWT, SH, NADPH), indicating activation of peroxidative damage defense pathways. The redox system of the small intestine can acutely tolerate even high luminal concentrations of galactose (0.55 M), and oral galactose treatment is associated with a reduction rather than the increment of the intestinal OS. The ability of oral d-galactose to modulate intestinal OS should be further explored in the context of intestinal barrier maintenance, and beneficial cognitive effects associated with long-term administration of low doses of d-galactose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Virag
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihovil Joja
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; (A.B.P.); (A.K.); (J.O.B.); (D.V.); (M.J.); (M.S.-P.)
- Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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3
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Homolak J, Babic Perhoc A, Knezovic A, Kodvanj I, Virag D, Osmanovic Barilar J, Riederer P, Salkovic-Petrisic M. Is Galactose a Hormetic Sugar? An Exploratory Study of the Rat Hippocampal Redox Regulatory Network. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100400. [PMID: 34453395 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Galactose, a ubiquitous monosaccharide with incompletely understood physiology is often exploited for inducing oxidative-stress mediated aging in animals. Recent research demonstrates that galactose can conserve cellular function during periods of starvation and prevent/alleviate cognitive deficits in a rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. The present aim is to examine the acute effects of oral galactose on the redox regulatory network (RRN). METHODS AND RESULTS Rat plasma and hippocampal RRNs are analyzed upon acute orogastric gavage of galactose (200 mg kg-1 ). No systemic RRN disbalance is observed; however, a mild pro-oxidative shift accompanied by a paradoxical increment in tissue reductive capacity suggesting overcompensation of endogenous antioxidant systems is observed in the hippocampus. Galactose-induced increment of reductive capacity is accompanied by inflation of the hippocampal pool of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphates indicating ROS detoxification through disinhibition of the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway flux, reduced neuronal activity, and upregulation of Leloir pathway gatekeeper enzyme galactokinase-1. CONCLUSION Based on the observed findings, and in the context of previous work on galactose, a hormetic hypothesis of galactose is proposed suggesting that the protective effects may be inseparable from its pro-oxidative action at the biochemical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Homolak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Babic Perhoc
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Knezovic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kodvanj
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Virag
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jelena Osmanovic Barilar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter Riederer
- Clinic and Polyclinic for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.,University of Southern Denmark Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Melita Salkovic-Petrisic
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia.,Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
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Thakur S, Gupta SK, Ali V, Singh P, Verma M. Aldose Reductase: a cause and a potential target for the treatment of diabetic complications. Arch Pharm Res 2021; 44:655-667. [PMID: 34279787 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-021-01343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, a disorder of metabolism, results in the elevation of glucose level in the blood. In this hyperglycaemic condition, aldose reductase overexpresses and leads to further complications of diabetes through the polyol pathway. Glucose metabolism-related disorders are the accumulation of sorbitol, overproduction of NADH and fructose, reduction in NAD+, and excessive NADPH usage, leading to diabetic pathogenesis and its complications such as retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy. Accumulation of sorbitol results in the alteration of osmotic pressure and leads to osmotic stress. The overproduction of NADH causes an increase in reactive oxygen species production which leads to oxidative stress. The overproduction of fructose causes cell death and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Apart from these disorders, many other complications have also been discussed in the literature. Therefore, the article overviews the aldose reductase as the causative agent and a potential target for the treatment of diabetic complications. So, aldose reductase inhibitors have gained much importance worldwide right now. Several inhibitors, like derivatives of carboxylic acid, spirohydantoin, phenolic derivatives, etc. could prevent diabetic complications are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Thakur
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Sonu Kumar Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Villayat Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Priyanka Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Basic & Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Ghudda, Bathinda, Punjab, 151401, India
| | - Malkhey Verma
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India.
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Aldose Reductase Differential Inhibitors in Green Tea. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071003. [PMID: 32640594 PMCID: PMC7407822 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AKR1B1), the first enzyme in the polyol pathway, is likely involved in the onset of diabetic complications. Differential inhibition of AKR1B1 has been proposed to counteract the damaging effects linked to the activity of the enzyme while preserving its detoxifying ability. Here, we show that epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), one of the most representative catechins present in green tea, acts as a differential inhibitor of human recombinant AKR1B1. A kinetic analysis of EGCG, and of its components, gallic acid (GA) and epigallocatechin (EGC) as inhibitors of the reduction of L-idose, 4-hydroxy2,3-nonenal (HNE), and 3-glutathionyl l-4-dihydroxynonanal (GSHNE) revealed for the compounds a different model of inhibition toward the different substrates. While EGCG preferentially inhibited L-idose and GSHNE reduction with respect to HNE, gallic acid, which was still active in inhibiting the reduction of the sugar, was less active in inhibiting HNE and GSHNE reduction. EGC was found to be less efficient as an inhibitor of AKR1B1 and devoid of any differential inhibitory action. A computational study defined different interactive modes for the three substrates on the AKR1B1 active site and suggested a rationale for the observed differential inhibition. A chromatographic fractionation of an alcoholic green tea extract revealed that, besides EGCG and GA, other components may exhibit the differential inhibition of AKR1B1.
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Wahlig S, Lovatt M, Mehta JS. Functional role of peroxiredoxin 6 in the eye. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:210-220. [PMID: 30120980 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6) is the only mammalian 1-Cys member of the Prdx family, a group of enzymes which share the ability to reduce peroxides. In addition to its peroxidase function, Prdx6 also demonstrates phospholipase A2 and lysophosphatidylcholine acyl transferase (LPCAT) activities. These enzymatic activities play an important role in regenerating oxidized membrane phospholipids and maintaining an appropriate balance of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Development of clinical pathologies, including those within the eye, have been linked to dysregulation of Prdx6 function. Interplay between external stressors like exposure to UV light, transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and hyperglycemia in conjunction with diminished Prdx6 levels and loss of redox balance is associated with cellular changes in a variety of ophthalmic pathologies including cataracts, glaucoma, and retinal degeneration. Many of these cellular abnormalities can be rescued through supplementation with exogenous Prdx6. Additionally, corneal endothelial cells have been found to express high levels of Prdx6 in the plasma membrane. These findings highlight the importance of Prdx6 as an essential regulator of oxidative stress in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wahlig
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore; Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Matthew Lovatt
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore
| | - Jodhbir S Mehta
- Tissue Engineering and Stem Cell Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore; Singapore National Eye Center (SNEC), Singapore; Eye-ACP, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore.
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Wu S, Tong N, Pan L, Jiang X, Li Y, Guo M, Li H. Retrospective Analyses of Potential Risk Factors for Posterior Capsule Opacification after Cataract Surgery. J Ophthalmol 2018; 2018:9089285. [PMID: 30174947 PMCID: PMC6098918 DOI: 10.1155/2018/9089285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the potential risk factors of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) after cataract surgery. METHODS Data on PCO patients diagnosed from September 2015 to May 2017 were obtained from the Department of Ophthalmology at Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China. The factors associated with PCO were assessed using Pearson's χ2 test for univariate analyses and logistic regression for multivariate analyses. RESULTS Eyes (652) from 550 patients were enrolled in this study. All patients were diagnosed with PCO/non-PCO and had <3 years of follow-up after surgery. The numbers of PCO and non-PCO were 108 eyes and 544 eyes, respectively. Statistically significant associations with PCO were found for age at the time of surgery (χ2 = 78.504; p < 0.001), diabetes (χ2 = 4.829; p=0.028), immune diseases (χ2 = 4.234; p=0.004), high myopia (χ2 = 5.753; p=0.016), lens nucleus hardness (χ2 = 11.046; p=0.026), surgery type (χ2 = 11.354; p=0.001), a history of vitrectomy (χ2 = 4.212; p=0.004), ocular inflammation (χ2 = 6.01; p=0.009), and the intraocular lens (IOL) type (χ2 = 8.696; p=0.003). Multivariable data analyses using logistic regression analyses of the variables showed that age at the time of surgery <60 years, diabetes, lens nucleus hardness of III-V, extracapsular cataract extraction (ECCE), postvitrectomy, and hydrophilic IOLs were significant independent risk factors associated with PCO. CONCLUSIONS Age <60 years, diabetes, lens nucleus hardness of III-V, ECCE, postvitrectomy, and a hydrophilic IOL were significantly associated with the formation of PCO. Estimation of the incidence of and risk factors for PCO should help in patients counseling and in the design of treatment protocols to reduce or prevent its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wu
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Nianting Tong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Lin Pan
- Dalian Medical University, No. 9 Lushunnan Road, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaohui Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - MeiLing Guo
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Hehuan Li
- Qingdao Municipal Hospital Affiliated to Qingdao University, No. 5 Donghaizhong Road, Shinan District, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Kubo E, Chhunchha B, Singh P, Sasaki H, Singh DP. Sulforaphane reactivates cellular antioxidant defense by inducing Nrf2/ARE/Prdx6 activity during aging and oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14130. [PMID: 29074861 PMCID: PMC5658327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14520-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Upon oxidative stress and aging, Nrf2 (NFE2-related factor2) triggers antioxidant defense genes to defends against homeostatic failure. Using human(h) or rat(r) lens epithelial cells (LECs) and aging human lenses, we showed that a progressive increase in oxidative load during aging was linked to a decline in Prdx6 expression. DNA binding experiments using gel-shift and ChIP assays demonstrated a progressive reduction in Nrf2/ARE binding (-357/-349) of Prdx6 promoter. The promoter (-918) with ARE showed a marked reduction in young vs aged hLECs, which was directly correlated to decreased Nrf2/ARE binding. A Nrf2 activator, Sulforaphane (SFN), augmented Prdx6, catalase and GSTπ expression in dose-dependent fashion, and halted Nrf2 dysregulation of these antioxidants. SFN reinforced Nrf2/DNA binding and increased promoter activities by enhancing expression and facilitating Nrf2 translocalization in nucleus. Conversely, promoter mutated at ARE site did not respond to SFN, validating the SFN-mediated restoration of Nrf2/ARE signaling. Furthermore, SFN rescued cells from UVB-induced toxicity in dose-dependent fashion, which was consistent with SFN's dose-dependent activation of Nrf2/ARE interaction. Importantly, knockdown of Prdx6 revealed that Prdx6 expression was prerequisite for SFN-mediated cytoprotection. Collectively, our results suggest that loss of Prdx6 caused by dysregulation of ARE/Nrf2 can be attenuated through a SFN, to combat diseases associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan.
| | - Bhavana Chhunchha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, Omaha, USA
| | - Prerna Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, Omaha, USA
| | - Hiroshi Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kanazawa Medical University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Dhirendra P Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, Omaha, USA.
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Winges A, Garcia TB, Prager P, Wiedemann P, Kohen L, Bringmann A, Hollborn M. Osmotic expression of aldose reductase in retinal pigment epithelial cells: involvement of NFAT5. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:2387-2400. [PMID: 27628063 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is associated with osmotic stress resulting from hyperglycemia and intracellular sorbitol accumulation. Systemic hypertension is a risk factor of diabetic retinopathy. High intake of dietary salt increases extracellular osmolarity resulting in systemic hypertension. We determined the effects of extracellular hyperosmolarity, chemical hypoxia, and oxidative stress on the gene expression of enzymes involved in sorbitol production and conversion in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Alterations in the expression of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were examined with real-time RT-PCR. Protein levels were determined with Western blot analysis. Nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5) was knocked down with siRNA. RESULTS AR gene expression in RPE cells was increased by high (25 mM) extracellular glucose, CoCl2 (150 μM)-induced chemical hypoxia, H2O2 (20 μM)-induced oxidative stress, and extracellular hyperosmolarity induced by addition of NaCl or sucrose. Extracellular hyperosmolarity (but not hypoxia) also increased AR protein level. SDH gene expression was increased by hypoxia and oxidative stress, but not extracellular hyperosmolarity. Hyperosmolarity and hypoxia did not alter the SDH protein level. The hyperosmotic AR gene expression was dependent on activation of metalloproteinases, autocrine/paracrine TGF-β signaling, activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and PI3K signal transduction pathways, and the transcriptional activity of NFAT5. Knockdown of NAFT5 or inhibition of AR decreased the cell viability under hyperosmotic (but not hypoxic) conditions and aggravated the hyperosmotic inhibition of cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that sorbitol accumulation in RPE cells occurs under hyperosmotic, but not hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions. NFAT5- and AR-mediated sorbitol accumulation may protect RPE cells under conditions of osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Winges
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tarcyane Barata Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Prager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leon Kohen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Helios Klinikum Aue, Aue, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Aldose reductase, ocular diabetic complications and the development of topical Kinostat®. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 54:1-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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The role of Prdx6 in the protection of cells of the crystalline lens from oxidative stress induced by UV exposure. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2016; 60:408-18. [PMID: 27379999 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-016-0461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The immediate aim of this study was to investigate alterations in peroxiredoxin (Prdx) 6 at posttranslational levels, and the levels of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lens epithelial cells (LECs) after exposure to severe oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet-B (UV-B). Our ultimate aim was to provide new information on antioxidant defenses in the lens and their regulation, thereby broadening existing knowledge of the role of Prdx6 in lens physiology and pathophysiology. METHODS The expression of the hyperoxidized form of Prdx6 and oxidation of protein were analyzed by western blotting and the OxyBlot assay in human LECs (hLECs). ROS levels were quantified using DCFH-DA dye, and cell viability was quantified by the MTS and TUNEL assays. To evaluate the protective effect of Prdx6, we cultured lenses with or without the TAT transduction domain (TAT-HA-Prdx6) and observed (and photographed) the cultures at specified time-points after the exposure to UV-B for the development of opacity. RESULTS Prdx6 in hLECs was hyperoxidized after exposure to high amounts of UV-B. UV-B treatment of hLECs increased the levels of cell death, protein oxidation, and ROS. hLECs exposed to UV-B showed higher levels of ROS, which could be reduced by the application of extrinsic TAT-HA-Prdx6, attenuating UV-B-induced lens opacity and apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION Excessive oxidative stress induces the hyperoxidation of Prdx6 and may reduce the ability of Prdx6 to protect LECs against ROS or stresses. Because extrinsic Prdx6 could attenuate UV-B-induced abuse, this molecule may have a potential in preventing cataractogenesis.
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Carrillo JA, He Y, Li Y, Liu J, Erdman RA, Sonstegard TS, Song J. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptome analyses reveal finishing forage affects metabolic pathways related to beef quality and animal welfare. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25948. [PMID: 27185157 PMCID: PMC4869019 DOI: 10.1038/srep25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef represents a major dietary component and source of protein in many countries. With an increasing demand for beef, the industry is currently undergoing changes towards naturally produced beef. However, the true differences between the feeding systems, especially the biochemical and nutritional aspects, are still unclear. Using transcriptome and metabolome profiles, we identified biological pathways related to the differences between grass- and grain-fed Angus steers. In the latissimus dorsi muscle, we have recognized 241 differentially expressed genes (FDR < 0.1). The metabolome examinations of muscle and blood revealed 163 and 179 altered compounds in each tissue (P < 0.05), respectively. Accordingly, alterations in glucose metabolism, divergences in free fatty acids and carnitine conjugated lipid levels, and altered β-oxidation have been observed. The anti-inflammatory n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are enriched in grass finished beef, while higher levels of n6 PUFAs in grain finished animals may promote inflammation and oxidative stress. Furthermore, grass-fed animals produce tender beef with lower total fat and a higher omega3/omega6 ratio than grain-fed ones, which could potentially benefit consumer health. Most importantly, blood cortisol levels strongly indicate that grass-fed animals may experience less stress than the grain-fed individuals. These results will provide deeper insights into the merits and mechanisms of muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A Carrillo
- Department of Animal &Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yanghua He
- Department of Animal &Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Yaokun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China, 712100
| | - Jianan Liu
- Department of Animal &Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Richard A Erdman
- Department of Animal &Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Tad S Sonstegard
- Recombinetics Inc., 1246 University Ave. W, St. Paul, MN 55104, USA
| | - Jiuzhou Song
- Department of Animal &Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Propolis, a Constituent of Honey, Inhibits the Development of Sugar Cataracts and High-Glucose-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species in Rat Lenses. J Ophthalmol 2016; 2016:1917093. [PMID: 27242920 PMCID: PMC4875996 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1917093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose. This study investigated the effects of oral propolis on the progression of galactose-induced sugar cataracts in rats and the in vitro effects of propolis on high-glucose-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in cultured rat lens cells (RLECs). Methods. Galactose-fed rats and RLECs cultured in high glucose (55 mM) medium were treated with propolis or vehicle control. Relative lens opacity was assessed by densitometry and changes in lens morphology by histochemical analysis. Intracellular ROS levels and cell viability were measured. Results. Oral administration of propolis significantly inhibited the onset and progression of cataract in 15% and 25% of galactose-fed rats, respectively. RLECs cultured with high glucose showed a significant increase in ROS expression with reduced cell viability. Treatment of these RLECs with 5 and 50 μg/mL propolis cultured significantly reduced ROS levels and increased cell viability, indicating that the antioxidant activity of propolis protected cells against ROS-induced damage. Conclusion. Propolis significantly inhibited the onset and progression of sugar cataract in rats and mitigated high-glucose-induced ROS production and cell death. These effects may be associated with the ability of propolis to inhibit hyperglycemia-evoked oxidative or osmotic stress-induced cellular insults.
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Malaspina T, Abreu LM, Fonseca TL, Fileti E. Assessing the hydration free energy of a homologous series of polyols with classical and quantum mechanical solvation models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:17863-8. [PMID: 25042536 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02493a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations associated with the thermodynamic integration (TI) scheme and the polarizable continuum model (PCM) in combination with the SMD solvation model were used to study the hydration free energy of the homologous series of polyols, C(n)H(n+2)(OH)n (1 ≤ n ≤ 7). Both solvation models predict a nonlinear behavior for the hydration free energy with the increase of the number of hydroxyl groups. This study also indicates that there is a sizable solute polarization in aqueous solution and that the inclusion of the polarization effect is important for a reliable description of the free energy differences considered here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaciana Malaspina
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, 12231-280, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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16
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Gong X, Zhang Q, Tan S. Inhibitory effect of r-hirudin variant III on streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataracts in rats. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:630651. [PMID: 24391466 PMCID: PMC3874310 DOI: 10.1155/2013/630651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo inhibitory effect of r-hirudin variant III (rHV3) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic cataracts in rats was investigated. SD-rats were firstly made diabetic by a single intraperitoneal injection of 2% (W/V) STZ (65 mg/kg). Two weeks later, cataract formation was examined by slit lamp microscope, and the cataracted animals were randomly grouped. The animals in the treated groups received rHV3 drops administration to the eyes with various doses. After 4 weeks treatment, the animals were sacrificed to evaluate the biochemical changes of aldose reductase (AR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the eye lens. Meanwhile, the cataract progression was monitored by slit lamp microscope. As a result, rHV3 drops treatment significantly increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the lens in a dose-dependent manner, whereas AR activity and MDA level in the lens were dramatically decreased. Also, the morphological observation further confirmed the inhibition of the development of STZ-induced diabetic cataracts by the rHV3 drops treatment. Thus, our data suggest that rHV3 drops are pharmacologically effective for the protection against STZ-induced diabetic cataracts in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qiuyan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shuhua Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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17
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Ye P, Lin K, Li Z, Liu J, Yao K, Xu W. (-)-Epigallocatechin gallate regulates expression of apoptotic genes and protects cultured human lens epithelial cells under hyperglycemia. Mol Biol 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893313020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Huntjens B, Charman WN, Workman H, Hosking SL, O’Donnell C. Short-term stability in refractive status despite large fluctuations in glucose levels in diabetes mellitus type 1 and 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e52947. [PMID: 23285232 PMCID: PMC3532445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0052947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This work investigates how short-term changes in blood glucose concentration affect the refractive components of the diabetic eye in patients with long-term Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. METHODS Blood glucose concentration, refractive error components (mean spherical equivalent MSE, J0, J45), central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), crystalline lens thickness (LT), axial length (AL) and ocular aberrations were monitored at two-hourly intervals over a 12-hour period in: 20 T1DM patients (mean age ± SD) 38±14 years, baseline HbA1c 8.6±1.9%; 21 T2DM patients (mean age ± SD) 56±11 years, HbA1c 7.5±1.8%; and in 20 control subjects (mean age ± SD) 49±23 years, HbA1c 5.5±0.5%. The refractive and biometric results were compared with the corresponding changes in blood glucose concentration. RESULTS Blood glucose concentration at different times was found to vary significantly within (p<0.0005) and between groups (p<0.0005). However, the refractive error components and ocular aberrations were not found to alter significantly over the day in either the diabetic patients or the control subjects (p>0.05). Minor changes of marginal statistical or optical significance were observed in some biometric parameters. Similarly there were some marginally significant differences between the baseline biometric parameters of well-controlled and poorly-controlled diabetic subjects. CONCLUSION This work suggests that normal, short-term fluctuations (of up to about 6 mM/l on a timescale of a few hours) in the blood glucose levels of diabetics are not usually associated with acute changes in refractive error or ocular wavefront aberrations. It is therefore possible that factors other than refractive error fluctuations are sometimes responsible for the transient visual problems often reported by diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byki Huntjens
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Neil Charman
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Workman
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Hosking
- Division of Optometry and Visual Science, City University London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Clare O’Donnell
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, London, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Optegra Eye Sciences, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Tulsawani R, Kelly LS, Fatma N, Chhunchha B, Kubo E, Kumar A, Singh DP. Neuroprotective effect of peroxiredoxin 6 against hypoxia-induced retinal ganglion cell damage. BMC Neurosci 2010; 11:125. [PMID: 20923568 PMCID: PMC2964733 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-11-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to respond to changes in the extra-intracellular environment is prerequisite for cell survival. Cellular responses to the environment include elevating defense systems, such as the antioxidant defense system. Hypoxia-evoked reactive oxygen species (ROS)-driven oxidative stress is an underlying mechanism of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death that leads to blinding disorders. The protein peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) plays a pleiotropic role in negatively regulating death signaling in response to stressors, and thereby stabilizes cellular homeostasis. Results We have shown that RGCs exposed to hypoxia (1%) or hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride display reduced expression of PRDX6 with higher ROS expression and activation of NF-κB. These cells undergo apoptosis, while cells with over-expression of PRDX6 demonstrate resistance against hypoxia-driven RGC death. The RGCs exposed to hypoxia either with 1% oxygen or cobalt chloride (0-400 μM), revealed ~30%-70% apoptotic cell death after 48 and 72 h of exposure. Western analysis and real-time PCR showed elevated expression of PRDX6 during hypoxia at 24 h, while PRDX6 protein and mRNA expression declined from 48 h onwards following hypoxia exposure. Concomitant with this, RGCs showed increased ROS expression and activation of NF-κB with IkB phosphorylation/degradation, as examined with H2DCF-DA and transactivation assays. These hypoxia-induced adverse reactions could be reversed by over-expression of PRDX6. Conclusion Because an abundance of PRDX6 in cells was able to attenuate hypoxia-induced RGC death, the protein could possibly be developed as a novel therapeutic agent acting to postpone RGC injury and delay the progression of glaucoma and other disorders caused by the increased-ROS-generated death signaling related to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Tulsawani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68 198, USA
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Yadav UCS, Srivastava SK, Ramana KV. Understanding the role of aldose reductase in ocular inflammation. Curr Mol Med 2010; 10:540-9. [PMID: 20642441 PMCID: PMC2912437 DOI: 10.2174/1566524011009060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aldose reductase, although identified initially as a glucose-reducing enzyme via polyol pathway, is believed to be an important component of antioxidant defense system as well as a key mediator of oxidative stress-induced molecular signaling. The dual role played by AR has made it a very important enzyme for the regulation of not only the cellular redox state by detoxifying the reactive lipid-aldehydes generated by lipid peroxidation which is crucial in the cellular homeostasis, but also in the regulation of molecular signaling cascade that may regulate oxidative stress-induced cytotoxic events. Search for the new molecular targets to restrain the oxidative stress-induced inflammation has resulted in the identification of AR as an unanticipated mediator of oxidative stress-induced signaling. Although, in last one decade or so AR has been implicated in various inflammation-related diseases conditions ranging from diabetes, sepsis, cancer, cardiovascular and ocular inflammation, however, a critical evaluation of the clinical efficacy of AR inhibitors awaits a better understanding of the role of AR in regulating inflammation, especially in ocular inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- U C S Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA.
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21
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Fei F, Britz-McKibbin P. Direct analysis of polyols using 3-nitrophenylboronic acid in capillary electrophoresis: thermodynamic and electrokinetic principles of molecular recognition. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4038-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2010] [Revised: 06/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
In most organisms, productive utilization of galactose requires the highly conserved Leloir pathway of galactose metabolism. Yet, if this metabolic pathway is perturbed due to congenital deficiencies of the three associated enzymes, or an overwhelming presence of galactose, this monosaccharide which is abundantly present in milk and many non-dairy foodstuffs, will become highly toxic to humans and animals. Despite more than four decades of intense research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of galactose toxicity in human patients and animal models. In this contemporary review, we take a unique approach to present an overview of galactose toxicity resulting from the three known congenital disorders of galactose metabolism and from experimental hypergalactosemia. Additionally, we update the reader about research progress on animal models, as well as advances in clinical management and therapies of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Lai
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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23
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Patra JC, Singh O. Artificial neural networks-based approach to design ARIs using QSAR for diabetes mellitus. J Comput Chem 2009; 30:2494-508. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.21240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kubo E, Hasanova N, Tanaka Y, Fatma N, Takamura Y, Singh DP, Akagi Y. Protein expression profiling of lens epithelial cells from Prdx6-depleted mice and their vulnerability to UV radiation exposure. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C342-54. [PMID: 19889963 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00336.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the causative factors in progression and etiology of age-related cataract. Peroxiredoxin 6 (Prdx6), a savior for cells from internal or external environmental stresses, plays a role in cellular signaling by detoxifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby controlling gene regulation. Using targeted inactivation of the Prdx6 gene, we show that Prdx6-deficient lens epithelial cells (LECs) are more vulnerable to UV-triggered cell death, a major cause of skin disorders including cataractogenesis, and these cells display abnormal protein profiles. PRDX6-depleted LECs showed phenotypic changes and formed lentoid body, a characteristic of terminal cell differentiation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Prdx6(-/-) LECs exposed to UV-B showed higher ROS expression and were prone to apoptosis compared with wild-type LECs, underscoring a protective role for Prdx6. Comparative proteomic analysis using fluorescence-based difference gel electrophoresis along with mass spectrometry and database searching revealed a total of 13 proteins that were differentially expressed in Prdx6(-/-) cells. Six proteins were upregulated, whereas expression of seven proteins was decreased compared with Prdx6(+/+) LECs. Among the cytoskeleton-associated proteins that were highly expressed in Prdx6-deficient LECs was tropomyosin (Tm)2beta. Protein blot and real-time PCR validated dramatic increase of Tm2beta and Tm1alpha expression in these cells. Importantly, Prdx6(+/+) LECs showed a similar pattern of Tm2beta protein expression after transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta or H(2)O(2) treatment. An extrinsic supply of PRDX6 could restore Tm2beta expression, demonstrating that PRDX6 may attenuate adverse signaling in cells and thereby maintain cellular homeostasis. Exploring redox-proteomics (Prdx6(-/-)) and characterization and identification of abnormally expressed proteins and their attenuation by PRDX6 delivery should provide a basis for development of novel therapeutic interventions to postpone ROS-mediated abnormal signaling deleterious to cells or tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, 23-3 Shimoaiduki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.
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25
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Seifert A, Clarke PR. p38alpha- and DYRK1A-dependent phosphorylation of caspase-9 at an inhibitory site in response to hyperosmotic stress. Cell Signal 2009; 21:1626-33. [PMID: 19586613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/26/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The cysteine aspartyl protease caspase-9 is a critical component of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. Activation of caspase-9 is inhibited by phosphorylation at Thr125, which is catalysed by the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) ERK1/2 in response to growth factors, by the cyclin-dependent protein kinase CDK1-cyclin B1 during mitosis, and at a basal level by the dual-specificity tyrosine-phosphorylation regulated protein kinase DYRK1A. Here we show that inhibitory phosphorylation of caspase-9 at Thr125 is induced in mammalian cells by hyperosmotic stress. This response does not require ERK1/2 or ERK5, but it is diminished by ablation of DYRK1A expression by siRNA or chemical inhibition of DYRK1A by harmine. Phosphorylation of Thr125 in response to hyperosmotic stress is also reduced by chemical inhibition of p38 MAPK and is abolished in p38 alpha(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These results show that both DYRK1A and p38 alpha play roles in the inhibitory phosphorylation of caspase-9 following hyperosmotic stress and suggest a functional interaction between these protein kinases. Phosphorylation of caspase-9 at Thr125 may restrain apoptosis during the acute response to hyperosmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Seifert
- Biomedical Research Institute, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, UK
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Tomomatsu T, Takamura Y, Kubo E, Akagi Y. Aldose reductase inhibitor counteracts the attenuated adhesion of human corneal epithelial cells induced by high glucose through modulation of MMP-10 expression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2009; 86:16-23. [PMID: 19682763 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2009.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the preventive effect of aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) on the adhesion of SV40-transformed human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) exposed to high glucose, and the underlying mechanism focusing on the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-10. METHODS HCECs were cultured in medium containing a normal (5.5 mM) or high (31.2 mM) concentration of D-glucose in the presence or absence of ARI, fidarestat. Cell attachment ability was evaluated by short-term adhesion assay. The levels of intracellular polyol were measured by liquid-gas chromatography. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blotting were used to determine the expression levels. RESULTS Decreased attachment activity and increased accumulation of polyol induced by exposure to high glucose were abrogated by ARI. Supply of recombinant MMP-10 decreased integrin alpha3beta1-expression and cell adhesion. The expression level of MMP-10 was enhanced at both protein and mRNA levels by exposure to high glucose, while that of integrin alpha3beta1 was decreased at the protein level, but remained unchanged at the mRNA level. These alterations in the expression levels of MMP-10 and integrin alpha3beta1 were normalized by ARI. CONCLUSIONS ARI counteracts the decreased adhesion of HCECs induced by high glucose exposure, through the modulation of the expression of MMP-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Tomomatsu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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Li N, Long Y, Fan X, Liu H, Li C, Chen L, Wang Z. Proteomic analysis of differentially expressed proteins in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma tissues. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2009; 28:122. [PMID: 19715608 PMCID: PMC2743659 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-28-122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a major cause of cancer death in China, is preceded by chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis (LC). Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been regarded as a clear etiology of human hepatocarcinogenesis, the mechanism is still needs to be further clarified. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to identify the differential expression protein profiles between HCC and the adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues. METHODS Eighteen cases of HBV-related HCC including 12 cases of LC-developed HCC and 6 cases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-developed HCC were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS), and the results were compared to those of paired adjacent non-tumorous liver tissues. RESULTS A total of 17 differentially expressed proteins with diverse biological functions were identified. Among these, 10 proteins were up-regulated, whereas the other 7 proteins were down-regulated in cancerous tissues. Two proteins, c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 and ADP/ATP carrier protein were found to be up-regulated only in CHB-developed HCC tissues. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 and Rho-GTPase-activating protein 4 were down-regulated in LC-developed and CHB-developed HCC tissues, respectively. Although 11 out of these 17 proteins have been already described by previous studies, or are already known to be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, this study revealed 6 new proteins differentially expressed in HBV-related HCC. CONCLUSION These findings elucidate that there are common features between CHB-developed HCC and LC-developed HCC. The identified proteins are valuable for studying the hepatocarcinogenesis, and may be potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets for HBV-related HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- Department of Blood transfusion, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China.
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28
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Nikapitiya C, De Zoysa M, Whang I, Kim CG, Lee YH, Kim SJ, Lee J. Molecular cloning, characterization and expression analysis of peroxiredoxin 6 from disk abalone Haliotis discus discus and the antioxidant activity of its recombinant protein. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 27:239-249. [PMID: 19460442 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/07/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) play an important role against various oxidative stresses and intra-cellular signal transduction. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PrxVI) was identified from the disk abalone Haliotis discus discus cDNA library and named HdPrxVI. The full length cDNA of HdPrxVI was 1457 bp with a 654 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 218 amino acids. The predicted molecular mass and estimated isoelectric point (pI) of HdPrxVI were 24 kDa and 7.3, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence demonstrated the greatest degree (72.4%) of identity with Crassostrea gigas PrxVI. The conserved peroxidase catalytic center (42PVCTTE47) with a conserved cysteine residue (Cys44) and a catalytic center for PLA2 activity (27GGSWA31) were observed in the sequence, indicating that it is a member of 1-Cys Prx. Real time PCR results revealed that HdPrxVI mRNA is constitutively expressed in all tissues in a tissue-specific manner. During exposure to haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV), HdPrxVI mRNA transcription was down-regulated in the gill, suggesting that the abalone responded to the viral infection quickly, and HdPrxVI played a physiological role against virus-induced oxidative stress. The purified recombinant HdPrxVI, together with dithiothreitol (DTT), was shown to scavenge H2O2 in human leukemia THP-1 cells and provided protection against H2O2-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamilani Nikapitiya
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, Jeju National University, 66 Jejudaehakno, Ara-Dong, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
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Fatma N, Kubo E, Takamura Y, Ishihara K, Garcia C, Beebe DC, Singh DP. Loss of NF-kappaB control and repression of Prdx6 gene transcription by reactive oxygen species-driven SMAD3-mediated transforming growth factor beta signaling. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22758-72. [PMID: 19553668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.016071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Fatma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
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Kubo E, Singh DP, Fatma N, Akagi Y. TAT-mediated peroxiredoxin 5 and 6 protein transduction protects against high-glucose-induced cytotoxicity in retinal pericytes. Life Sci 2009; 84:857-64. [PMID: 19351539 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 03/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is implicated in pericyte apoptosis seen in diabetic retinopathy. The six mammalian Peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) comprise a novel family of antioxidative proteins that negatively regulate oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. MAIN METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were used to detect the retinal expressions of PRDXs1-6. Pig pericytes cultured in high-glucose medium were used to monitor the protective effect of PRDX5 and 6 against high-glucose-associated change. Recombinant PRDX5 and 6 proteins were linked to the Trans-Activating Transduction (TAT) domain from HIV-1 TAT protein for their efficient delivery into cells/tissues. KEY FINDINGS We found higher expression of PRDX5 and 6 mRNAs and PRDX5 and 6 proteins in retina than the other Prdxs (Prdx1-4). Western blotting affirmed the intracellular presence of TAT-linked proteins and revealed the efficient transduction of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 in these cells. Extrinsic supply of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 proteins inhibited the oxidative stress-induced DNA damage after high-glucose exposure in pig pericytes. The cell survival and apoptosis assay revealed that extrinsic supply of TAT-HA-PRDX5 and 6 proteins was responsible for inhibiting hyperglycemia-induced pericyte apoptosis. SIGNIFICANCE Results suggest that delivery of PRDX5 and 6 might protect hyperglycemia-induced pericyte loss to inhibit oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.
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Nambu H, Kubo E, Takamura Y, Tsuzuki S, Tamura M, Akagi Y. Attenuation of aldose reductase gene suppresses high-glucose-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in rat lens epithelial cells. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2008; 82:18-24. [PMID: 18835019 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A major contributory factor to diabetic cataract formation is increased aldose reductase (AR) activity in the polyol pathway. We investigated the effects of aldose reductase inhibition by RNA interference (RNAi) of the aldose reductase gene and administration of an aldose reductase inhibitor (ARI) on the changes induced by high glucose levels in rat lens epithelial cells (RLECs). METHODS Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were designed to target the coding sequence of rat AR-siRNA. RLECs were cultured in either normal or high d-glucose. Western analysis was performed to monitor AR expression. MTS (3-(4-5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium salt) and TUNEL assays were used to detect apoptotic cell death. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were assessed by using DCFH-DA. Activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) was measured by an ELISA-based detection method. RESULTS Both siRNA and ARI suppressed increased levels of ROS, activation of NF-kappaB, and apoptotic cell death induced by high glucose levels. Inhibition of rAR expression by siRNA and inhibition of AR activity by ARI also suppressed sorbitol accumulation. CONCLUSIONS Both inhibition of rAR expression by rAR siRNA and inhibition of rAR activity by an ARI appeared effective in diminishing the changes of RLECs associated with high glucose levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotaka Nambu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, 23-3 Shimoaizuki, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Fatma N, Kubo E, Sen M, Agarwal N, Thoreson WB, Camras CB, Singh DP. Peroxiredoxin 6 delivery attenuates TNF-alpha-and glutamate-induced retinal ganglion cell death by limiting ROS levels and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Brain Res 2008; 1233:63-78. [PMID: 18694738 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2008] [Revised: 07/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Higher expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in neurological disorders. A major event in glaucoma, the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), has been associated with elevated levels of glutamate and TNF-alpha in the RGCs' local microenvironment. Herein we show that the transduction of Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6) attenuates TNF-alpha- and glutamate-induced RGC death, by limiting ROS and maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis. Immunohistochemical staining of rat retina disclosed the presence of PRDX6 in RGCs, and Western and real-time PCR analysis revealed an abundance of PRDX6 protein and mRNA. RGCs treated with glutamate and/or TNF-alpha displayed elevated levels of ROS and reduced expression of PRDX6, and underwent apoptosis. A supply of PRDX6 protected RGCs from glutamate and TNF-alpha induced cytotoxicity by reducing ROS level and NF-kappaB activation, and limiting increased intracellular Ca2+ influx. Results provide a rationale for use of PRDX6 for blocking ROS-mediated pathophysiology in glaucoma and other neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigar Fatma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Raju TN, Kanth VR, Lavanya K. Effect of methanolic extract of Allium sativum (AS) in delaying cataract in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor 2008; 1:46-54. [PMID: 20072634 DOI: 10.1007/s12177-008-9003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycemic-induced stress is a major culprit contributing to oxidative insult that has far-reaching effects in diabetic cataract worldwide. In an attempt to prevent/delay cataract, many therapeutic agents have been identified, and among these, natural dietary sources have gained pharmacological significance. Hence, we investigated the efficacy of the methanolic garlic extract against diabetic cataract in Wistar rats. Methanolic garlic extract scavenged the transition metal ion-generated H(2)O(2) with an IC(50) of 768.8 +/- 1.76 mug/ml, showing its potential ability as an antioxidant. We have noticed lenticular opacity and oxidative damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats. This is evident by the elevation of Ca(2+), Cu(2+), Na(+), Mg(2+), thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS), and carbonyl content and increased activities of polyol enzymes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and up regulation of iNOS transcript and protein aggregation/cross-linking followed by a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH), K(+) content, and tryptophan fluorescence in the cataractous lenses of STZ-induced diabetic rats. Garlic administration in a dose-dependent manner attenuated the glycemia-mediated oxidative stress as all the parameters have been found normalized more or less to that of control rats and thus delaying the progression of the lens opacity. We conclude that garlic extract has hypoglycemic and anti oxidant properties that can delay the progression of cataract as revealed in this study.
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Kubo E, Fatma N, Akagi Y, Beier DR, Singh SP, Singh DP. TAT-mediated PRDX6 protein transduction protects against eye lens epithelial cell death and delays lens opacity. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2008; 294:C842-55. [PMID: 18184874 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00540.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A diminished level of endogenous antioxidant in cells/tissues is associated with reduced resistance to oxidative stress. Peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), a protective molecule, regulates gene expression/function by controlling reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Using PRDX6 protein linked to TAT, the transduction domain from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAT protein, we demonstrated that PRDX6 was transduced into lens epithelial cells derived from rat or mouse lenses. The protein was biologically active, negatively regulating apoptosis and delaying progression of cataractogenesis by attenuating deleterious signaling. Lens epithelial cells from cataractous lenses bore elevated levels of ROS and were susceptible to oxidative stress. These cells harbored increased levels of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and of alpha-smooth muscle actin and beta ig-h3, markers for cataractogenesis. Importantly, cataractous lenses showed a 10-fold reduction in PRDX6 expression, whereas TGF-beta1 mRNA and protein levels were elevated. The changes were reversed, and cataractogenesis was delayed when PRDX6 was supplied. Results suggest that delivery of PRDX6 can postpone cataractogenesis, and this should be an effective approach to delaying cataracts and other degenerative diseases that are associated with increased ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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35
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Abstract
In humans, deficiency of galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GALT) activity can lead to a potentially lethal disease called Classic Galactosemia. Although a galactose-restricted diet can prevent the acute lethality associated with the disorder, chronic complications persist in many well-treated patients. Approximately 85% of young women with Classic Galactosemia experience hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and premature ovarian failure (POF). Others suffer from mental retardation, growth restriction, speech dyspraxia, and ataxia. Despite decades of intense biochemical characterization, little is known about the molecular etiology, as well as the chronology of the pathological events leading to the poor outcomes. Several hypotheses have been proposed, most of which involved the accumulation of the intermediates and/or the deficit of the products, of the blocked GALT pathway. However, none of these hypotheses satisfactorily explained the absence of patient phenotypes in the GALT-knockout mice. Here we proposed that the gene encoded the human tumor suppressor gene aplysia rashomolog I (ARHI) is a target of toxicity in Classic Galactosemia, and because ARHI gene is lost in rodents in through evolution, it thus accounts for the lack of clinical phenotypes in the GALT-knockout mice.
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36
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Quin GJ, Len ACL, Billson FA, Gillies MC. Proteome map of normal rat retina and comparison with the proteome of diabetic rat retina: new insight in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Proteomics 2007; 7:2636-50. [PMID: 17647246 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have employed proteomics to establish a proteome map of the normal rat retina. This baseline map was then used for comparison with the early diabetic rat retinal proteome. Diabetic rat retinae were obtained from Dark Agouti rats after 10 wk of streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia. Extracted proteins from normal and diabetic rat retinae were separated and compared using 2-DE. A total of 145 protein spots were identified in the normal rat retina using MALDI-MS and database matching. LC-coupled ESI-MS increased the repertoire of identified proteins by 23 from 145 to 168. Comparison with early diabetic rat retinae revealed 24 proteins unique to the diabetic gels, and 37 proteins absent from diabetic gels. Uniquely expressed proteins identified included the HSPs 70.1A and 8, and platelet activating factor. There were eight spots with increased expression and 27 with decreased expression on diabetic gels. Beta catenin, phosducin and aldehyde reductase were increased in expression in diabetes whilst succinyl coA ligase and dihydropyrimidase-related protein were decreased. Identification of such changes in protein expression has given new insights and a more comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, widening the scope of potential avenues for new therapies for this common cause of blindness.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blood Glucose/analysis
- Databases, Protein
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetic Retinopathy/etiology
- Diabetic Retinopathy/pathology
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- Male
- Peptide Mapping/methods
- Proteome/analysis
- Proteomics/methods
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Retina/chemistry
- Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey J Quin
- Save Sight Institute, Department of Clinical Ophthalmology, University of Sydney, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney NSW, Australia.
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Fu J, Tay SSW, Ling EA, Dheen ST. Aldose reductase is implicated in high glucose-induced oxidative stress in mouse embryonic neural stem cells. J Neurochem 2007; 103:1654-65. [PMID: 17727625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04880.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress caused by hyperglycemia is one of the key factors responsible for maternal diabetes-induced congenital malformations, including neural tube defects in embryos. However, mechanisms by which maternal diabetes induces oxidative stress during neurulation are not clear. The present study was aimed to investigate whether high glucose induces oxidative stress in neural stem cells (NSCs), which compose the neural tube during development. We also investigated the mechanism by which high glucose disturbs the growth and survival of NSCs in vitro. NSCs were exposed to physiological d-glucose concentration (PG, 5 mmol/L), PG with l-glucose (25 mmol/L), or high d-glucose concentration (HG, 30 or 45 mmol/l). HG induced reactive oxygen species production and mRNA expression of aldose reductase (AR), which catalyzes the glucose reduction through polyol pathway, in NSCs. Expression of glucose transporter 1 (Glut1) mRNA and protein which regulates glucose uptake in NSCs was increased at early stage (24 h) and became down-regulated at late stage (72 h) of exposure to HG. Inhibition of AR by fidarestat, an AR inhibitor, decreased the oxidative stress, restored the cell viability and proliferation, and reduced apoptotic cell death in NSCs exposed to HG. Moreover, inhibition of AR attenuated the down-regulation of Glut1 expression in NSCs exposed to HG for 72 h. These results suggest that the activation of polyol pathway plays a role in the induction of oxidative stress which alters Glut1 expression and cell cycle in NSCs exposed to HG, thereby resulting in abnormal patterning of the neural tube in embryos of diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Fu
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Kumamoto Y, Takamura Y, Kubo E, Tsuzuki S, Akagi Y. Epithelial cell density in cataractous lenses of patients with diabetes: association with erythrocyte aldose reductase. Exp Eye Res 2007; 85:393-9. [PMID: 17655844 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2007.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the cell density of lens epithelium and its relation to the degree of erythrocyte aldose reductase (AR) in patients with type 2 diabetes. This prospective clinical study included 46 eyes of patients with type 2 diabetes and 48 eyes of patients without diabetes mellitus (DM). Flat preparations of lens epithelial cells (LECs) attached to the anterior capsule were studied. Multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between lens cell density and age, gender, type of cataract, duration of diabetes, diabetic retinopathy (DR), the levels of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and erythrocyte AR. The mean density of LECs of patients with type 2 diabetes was 4,141+/-508cells/mm(2), which was significantly lower than that of patients without DM (4,560+/-458cells/mm(2); p<0.0001). Multiple regression analysis revealed that the level of erythrocyte AR was correlated with the reduction of LECs in the eyes of patients with type 2 diabetes. The correlation between the density of LECs and the amount of erythrocyte AR was significant in the diabetic group with a high value of HbA1c (>6.5%) or with DR. These results suggest that the polyol pathway via AR may be associated with the reduction of epithelial cell density in the eyes of patients with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Kumamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
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Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the diabetic population and is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure in the Western World. Despite current therapeutics including intensified glycemic control and blood pressure lowering agents, renal disease continues to progress relentlessly in diabetic patients, albeit at a lower rate. It is well recognized that metabolic and hemodynamic factors play a central role in accelerating renal disease in diabetes. However, recent experimental studies have suggested that increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a result of the diabetic milieu may play a central role in the progression of diabetic microvascular complications. These ROS appear to be generated primarily from mitochondrial sources and via the enzyme, NADPH oxidase. This review focuses on how ROS play a deleterious role in the diabetic kidney and how they are involved in crosstalk among various signaling pathways, ultimately leading to renal dysfunction and structural injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda T Coughlan
- Albert Einstein Centre for Diabetes Complications, Wynn Domain, Baker Heart Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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40
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Elgohary MA, Dowler JG. Incidence and risk factors of Nd:YAG capsulotomy after phacoemulsification in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 34:526-34. [PMID: 16925699 DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2006.01263.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To estimate the cumulative incidence and identify the risk factors of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) that required Nd:YAG capsulotomy in non-diabetic and diabetic patients. METHODS Retrospective case-note review of 806 consecutive patients that underwent phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, 327 (40.6%) of whom were diabetic. RESULTS The cumulative incidence of Nd:YAG capsulotomy were 10.6%, 14.8%, 21.2% and 28.6% in non-diabetic patients; and 9%, 9.4%, 15.3% and 5.3% in diabetic patients after 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. A multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that, over the follow-up period, diabetes mellitus was associated with a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy (hazard ratio [HR]=0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.99; P=0.047), whereas age of 65 years or younger (HR=1.58; 95% CI 1.09-2.27; P=0.02), polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (HR=3.98; 95% CI 1.60-9.95; P=0.003) or plate-haptic silicone IOLs (HR=3.75; 95% CI 1.60-8.80; P=0.002) in comparison with three-piece silicone IOLs, postoperative inflammation (HR=2.62; 95% CI 1.56-4.42; P<0.001) and pars plana vitrectomy (HR=1.85; 95% CI 1.20-2.83; P=0.005) were associated with an increased risk. Subgroup analysis showed that in non-diabetic patients, male gender (HR=1.63; 95% CI 1.04-2.57; P=0.03) was an additional risk factor and in diabetic patients there was no significant association between diabetes type, duration or retinopathy grade and the risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy. CONCLUSION Although diabetes mellitus appears to be associated with a lower long-term incidence and a decreased risk of Nd:YAG capsulotomy, younger age, pars plana vitrectomy, postoperative inflammation, plate-haptic silicone and PMMA IOLs in addition to male gender in non-diabetic patients appear to be associated with a greater risk. Estimation of the incidence and risk factors of PCO should help in patient counselling and to design methods to reduce or prevent its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A Elgohary
- Medical Retina Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK, and Tanta Ophthalmology University Hospital, Egypt.
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Lee WH, Akatsuka S, Shirase T, Dutta KK, Jiang L, Liu YT, Onuki J, Yamada Y, Okawa K, Wada Y, Watanabe A, Kohro T, Noguchi N, Toyokuni S. α-Tocopherol induces calnexin in renal tubular cells: Another protective mechanism against free radical-induced cellular damage. Arch Biochem Biophys 2006; 453:168-78. [PMID: 16908007 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2006.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Pre-administration of alpha-tocopherol is protective against oxidative renal tubular damage and subsequent carcinogenesis by ferric nitrilotriacetate (Fe-NTA) in rats. We searched for mechanisms other than the scavenging effect of alpha-tocopherol with microarray analyses, which implicated calnexin, a chaperone for glycoproteins. Renal mRNA levels of calnexin significantly increased 3h after an injection of Fe-NTA in rats fed a standard diet whereas those fed an alpha-tocopherol-supplemented diet showed an increase prior to injection, but after injection showed a decrease in renal calnexin mRNA levels, with unaltered protein levels. In experiments using LLC-PK1 cells, addition of alpha-tocopherol was protective against oxidative stress by H2O2, concomitant with calnexin induction. Knockdown of calnexin by siRNA significantly reduced this protection. Furthermore, COS-7 cells transfected with the calnexin gene were more resistant to H2O2. Together with the fact that alpha-tocopherol induced N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 3, our data suggest that alpha-tocopherol modifies glycoprotein metabolism partially by conferring mild ER stress. This adds another molecular mechanism of alpha-tocopherol toward cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hua Lee
- Department of Pathology and Biology of Diseases, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Abstract
The ocular lens is a distinct system to study cell death for the following reasons. First, during animal development, the ocular lens is crafted into its unique shape. The crafting processes include cell proliferation, cell migration, and apoptosis. Moreover, the lens epithelial cells differentiate into lens fiber cells through a process, which utilizes the same regulators as those in apoptosis at multiple signaling steps. In addition, introduction of exogenous wild-type or mutant genes or knock-out of the endogenous genes leads to apoptosis of the lens epithelial cells followed by absence of the ocular lens or formation of abnormal lens. Finally, both in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that treatment of adult lens with stress factors induces apoptosis of lens epithelial cells, which is followed by cataractogenesis. The present review summarizes the current knowledge on apoptosis in the ocular lens with emphasis on its role in lens development and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan 410081, China
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Ola MS, Berkich DA, Xu Y, King MT, Gardner TW, Simpson I, LaNoue KF. Analysis of glucose metabolism in diabetic rat retinas. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006; 290:E1057-67. [PMID: 16380392 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00323.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This study was conceived in an effort to understand cause and effect relationships between hyperglycemia and diabetic retinopathy. Numerous studies show that hyperglycemia leads to oxidative stress in the diabetic retinas, but the mechanisms that generate oxidative stress have not been resolved. Increased electron pressure on the mitochondrial electron transfer chain, increased generation of cytosolic NADH, and decreases in cellular NADPH have all been cited as possible sources of reactive oxygen species and nitrous oxide. In the present study, excised retinas from control and diabetic rats were exposed to euglycemic and hyperglycemic conditions. Using a microwave irradiation quenching technique to study retinas of diabetic rats in vivo, glucose, glucose-derived metabolites, and NADH oxidation/reduction status were measured. Studying excised retinas in vitro, glycolytic flux, lactate production, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux were evaluated. Enzymatically assayed glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate were only slightly elevated by hyperglycemia and/or diabetes, but polyols were increased dramatically. Cytosolic NADH-to-NAD ratios were not elevated by hyperglycemia nor by diabetes in vivo or in vitro. Tricarboxylic acid cycle flux was not increased by the diabetic state nor by hyperglycemia. On the other hand, small increases in glycolytic flux were observed with hyperglycemia, but glycolytic flux was always lower in diabetic compared with control animals. An observed decrease in activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase may be partially responsible for slow glycolytic flux for retinas of diabetic rats. Therefore, it is concluded that glucose metabolism, downstream of hexokinase, is not elevated by hyperglycemia or diabetes. Metabolites upstream of glucose such as the sorbitol pathway (which decreases NADPH) and polyol synthesis are increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Shamsul Ola
- Dept. of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Brady SC, Allan LA, Clarke PR. Regulation of caspase 9 through phosphorylation by protein kinase C zeta in response to hyperosmotic stress. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:10543-55. [PMID: 16287866 PMCID: PMC1291226 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.23.10543-10555.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase 9 is a critical component of the mitochondrial or intrinsic apoptotic pathway and is activated by Apaf-1 following release of cytochrome c from mitochondria in response to a variety of stimuli. Caspase 9 cleaves and activates effector caspases, mainly caspase 3, leading to the demise of the cell. Survival signaling pathways can impinge on this pathway to restrain apoptosis. Here, we have identified Ser144 of human caspase 9as an inhibitory site that is phosphorylated in a cell-free system and in cells in response to the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. Inhibitor sensitivity and interactions with caspase 9 indicate that the predominant kinase that targets Ser144 is the atypical protein kinase C isoform zeta (PKCzeta). Prevention of Ser144 phosphorylation by inhibition of PKCzeta or mutation of caspase 9 promotes caspase 3 activation. Phosphorylation of serine 144 in cells is also induced by hyperosmotic stress, which activates PKCzeta and regulates its interaction with caspase 9, but not by growth factors, phorbol ester, or other cellular stresses. These results indicate that phosphorylation and inhibition of caspase 9 by PKCzeta restrain the intrinsic apoptotic pathway during hyperosmotic stress. This work provides further evidence that caspase 9 acts as a focal point for multiple protein kinase signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Brady
- Biomedical Research Centre, Level 5, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland, United Kingdom
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45
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Obrosova IG. Increased sorbitol pathway activity generates oxidative stress in tissue sites for diabetic complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005; 7:1543-52. [PMID: 16356118 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2005.7.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic complications, in particular, nephropathy, peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, "diabetic foot," retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease, remain the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with diabetes mellitus. Growing evidence indicates that both increased activity of the sorbitol pathway of glucose metabolism and enhanced oxidative stress are the leading factors in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications. The relation between the two mechanisms remains the area of controversy. One group has reported that increased sorbitol pathway activity has a protective rather than detrimental role in complication-prone tissues because the pathway detoxifies toxic lipid peroxidation products. Others put forward a so-called "unifying hypothesis" suggesting that activation of several major pathways implicated in diabetic complications (e.g., sorbitol pathway) occurs due to increased production of superoxide anion radicals in mitochondria and resulting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation. This review (a) presents findings supporting a key role for the sorbitol pathway in oxidative stress and oxidative stress-initiated downstream mechanisms of diabetic complications, and (b) summarizes experimental evidence against a detoxifying role of the sorbitol pathway, as well as the "unifying concept."
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Obrosova
- Divison of Nutrition and Chronic Disease, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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46
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Fatma N, Kubo E, Sharma P, Beier DR, Singh DP. Impaired homeostasis and phenotypic abnormalities in Prdx6-/-mice lens epithelial cells by reactive oxygen species: increased expression and activation of TGFbeta. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:734-50. [PMID: 15818411 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PRDX6, a member of the peroxiredoxins (PRDXs) family, is a key player in the removal of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Using targeted inactivation of the Prdx6 gene, we present evidence that the corresponding protein offsets the deleterious effects of ROS on lens epithelial cells (LECs) and regulates gene expression by limiting its levels. PRDX6-depleted LECs displayed phenotypic alterations and elevated alpha-smooth muscle actin and betaig-h3 expression (markers for cataractogenesis), indistinguishable from transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-induced changes. Biochemical assays disclosed enhanced levels of ROS, as well as high expression and activation of TGFbeta1 in Prdx6-/- LECs. A CAT assay revealed transcriptional repression of lens epithelium-derived growth factor (LEDGF), HSP27, and alphaB-crystallin promoter activities in these cells. A gel mobility shift assay demonstrated the attenuation of LEDGF binding to heat shock or stress response elements present in these genes. A supply of PRDX6 toPrdx6-/- LECs reversed these changes. Based on the above data, we propose a rheostat role for PRDX6 in regulating gene expression by controlling the ROS level to maintain cellular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fatma
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Kubo E, Singh DP, Akagi Y. Gene expression profiling of diabetic and galactosaemic cataractous rat lens by microarray analysis. Diabetologia 2005; 48:790-8. [PMID: 15761720 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-005-1687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Osmotic and oxidative stress is associated with the progression and advancement of diabetic cataract. In the present study, we used a cDNA microarray method to analyse gene expression patterns in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and galactose-fed cataractous lenses. In addition, we investigated the regulation and interaction(s) of anti-oxidant protein 2 and lens epithelium-derived growth factor in these models. METHODS To identify differential gene expression patterns, one group of Sprague-Dawley rats was made diabetic with streptozotocin and a second group was made galactosaemic. Total RNA was extracted from the lenses of both groups and their controls. Labelled cDNA was hybridised to Atlas Rat Arrays. Changes in gene expression level were analysed. Real-time PCR and western analysis were used to validate the microarray results. RESULTS The expression of 31 genes was significantly modulated in hyperglycaemic lenses compared with galactosaemic lenses. Notably, transcript and protein levels of B-cell leukaemia/lymphoma protein 2 and nuclear factor-kappaB were significantly elevated in rat lenses at 4 weeks after injection of streptozotocin. At a later stage, mRNA and protein levels of TGF-beta were elevated. However, levels of mRNA for IGF-1, lens epithelium-derived growth factor and anti-oxidant protein 2 were diminished in streptozotocin-induced diabetic cataract. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATIONS These results provide evidence that progression of sugar cataract involves oxidative- and TGF-beta-mediated signalling. These pathways may promote abnormal gene expression in the hyperglycaemic and galactosaemic states and thus may contribute to the symptoms associated with these conditions. Since oxidative stress seems to be a major event in cataract formation, supply of anti-oxidant may postpone the progression of such disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kubo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Fukui, 23-3 Shimoaiduki, Matsuoka, Fukui, 910-1193, Japan
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