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Schäfer M, Reisch F, Labuz D, Machelska H, Stehling S, Püschel GP, Rothe M, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Humanization of the Reaction Specificity of Mouse Alox15b Inversely Modified the Susceptibility of Corresponding Knock-In Mice in Two Different Animal Inflammation Models. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11034. [PMID: 37446212 PMCID: PMC10341735 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian arachidonic acid lipoxygenases (ALOXs) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and its pro- and anti-inflammatory effects have been reported for different ALOX-isoforms. Human ALOX15B oxygenates arachidonic acid to its 15-hydroperoxy derivative, whereas the corresponding 8-hydroperoxide is formed by mouse Alox15b (Alox8). This functional difference impacts the biosynthetic capacity of the two enzymes for creating pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids. To explore the functional consequences of the humanization of the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b in vivo, we tested Alox15b knock-in mice that express the arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenating Tyr603Asp and His604Val double mutant of Alox15b, instead of the arachidonic acid 8-lipoxygenating wildtype enzyme, in two different animal inflammation models. In the dextran sodium sulfate-induced colitis model, female Alox15b-KI mice lost significantly more bodyweight during the acute phase of inflammation and recovered less rapidly during the resolution phase. Although we observed significant differences in the colonic levels of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory eicosanoids during the time-course of inflammation, there were no differences between the two genotypes at any time-point of the disease. In Freund's complete adjuvant-induced paw edema model, Alox15b-KI mice were less susceptible than outbred wildtype controls, though we did not observe significant differences in pain perception (Hargreaves-test, von Frey-test) when the two genotypes were compared. our data indicate that humanization of the reaction specificity of mouse Alox15b (Alox8) sensitizes mice for dextran sodium sulfate-induced experimental colitis, but partly protects the animals in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced paw edema model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjann Schäfer
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (F.R.); (S.S.); (D.H.)
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Florian Reisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (F.R.); (S.S.); (D.H.)
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Dominika Labuz
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, D-12203 Berlin, Germany; (D.L.); (H.M.)
| | - Sabine Stehling
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (F.R.); (S.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Gerhard P. Püschel
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences, University Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114–116, D-14558 Nuthetal, Germany;
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipidomix GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Straße 10, D-13125 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (F.R.); (S.S.); (D.H.)
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany; (M.S.); (F.R.); (S.S.); (D.H.)
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Biswas P, Datta C, Rathi P, Bhattacharjee A. Fatty acids and their lipid mediators in the induction of cellular apoptosis in cancer cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2022; 160:106637. [PMID: 35341977 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2022.106637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic and linoleic acid through enzymes like lipoxygenases (LOXs) are common and often leads to the production of various bioactive lipids that are important both in acute inflammation and its resolution and thus in disease progression. Amongst the several isoforms of LOX that are expressed in mammals, 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX) has shown to be crucial in the context of inflammation. Moreover, being expressed in cells of the immune system, as well as in epithelial cells; the enzyme has been shown to crosstalk with a number of important signalling pathways. Mounting evidences from recent reports suggest that 15-LOX has anti-cancer activities which are dependent or independent of its metabolites, and is executed through several downstream pathways like cGMP, PPAR, p53, p21 and NAG-1. However, it is still unclear whether the up-regulation of 15-LOX is associated with cancer cell apoptosis. Monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), on the other hand, is a mitochondrial flavoenzyme which is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and inflammation and in many other neurological disorders. MAO-A has also been reported as a potential therapeutic target in different types of cancers like prostate cancer, lung cancer etc. In this review, we discussed about the role of fatty acids and their lipid mediators in cancer cell apoptosis. Here we particularly focused on the contribution of oxidative enzymes like 15-LOX and MAO-A in mediating apoptosis in lung cancer cell after fatty acid induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Biswas
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Chandreyee Datta
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Parul Rathi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India.
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Yoshikawa C, Ishida H, Ohashi N, Itoh T. Synthesis of a Coumarin-Based PPARγ Fluorescence Probe for Competitive Binding Assay. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4034. [PMID: 33919837 PMCID: PMC8070791 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) is a molecular target of metabolic syndrome and inflammatory disease. PPARγ is an important nuclear receptor and numerous PPARγ ligands were developed to date; thus, efficient assay methods are important. Here, we investigated the incorporation of 7-diethylamino coumarin into the PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone and used the compound in a binding assay for PPARγ. PPARγ-ligand-incorporated 7-methoxycoumarin, 1, showed weak fluorescence intensity in a previous report. We synthesized PPARγ-ligand-incorporating coumarin, 2, in this report, and it enhanced the fluorescence intensity. The PPARγ ligand 2 maintained the rosiglitazone activity. The obtained partial agonist 6 appeared to act through a novel mechanism. The fluorescence intensity of 2 and 6 increased by binding to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARγ and the affinity of reported PPARγ ligands were evaluated using the probe.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Toshimasa Itoh
- Laboratory of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, 3-3165 Higashi-Tamagawagakuen, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan; (C.Y.); (H.I.); (N.O.)
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Molecular, chemical, and structural characterization of prostaglandin A2 as a novel agonist for Nur77. Biochem J 2020; 476:2757-2767. [PMID: 31492735 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nur77 is a transcription factor belonging to the NR4A subfamily of nuclear hormone receptors. Upon induction, Nur77 modulates the expression of its target genes and controls a variety of biological and pathophysiological processes. Prior research that revealed a structurally atypical ligand-binding domain (LBD) and failed to locate an endogenous ligand had led to a classification of Nur77 as an orphan receptor. However, several more recent studies indicate that small synthetic molecules and unsaturated fatty acids can bind to Nur77. Discovery of additional endogenous ligands will facilitate our understanding of the receptor's functions and regulatory mechanisms. Our data have identified prostaglandin A2 (PGA2), a cyclopentenone prostaglandin (PG), as such a ligand. Cyclopentenone PGs exert their biological effects primarily by forming protein adducts via the characteristic electrophilic β-carbon(s) located in their cyclopentenone rings. Our data show that PGA2 induces Nur77 transcriptional activity by forming a covalent adduct between its endocyclic β-carbon, C9, and Cys566 in the receptor's LBD. The importance of this endocyclic β-carbon was substantiated by the failure of PGs without such electrophilic properties to react with Nur77. Calculated chemical properties and data from reactive molecular dynamic simulations, intrinsic reaction co-ordinate modeling, and covalent molecular docking also corroborate the selectivity of PGA2's C9 β-carbon towards Nur77's Cys. In summary, our molecular, chemical, and structural characterization of the PGA2-Nur77 interaction provides the first evidence that PGA2 is an endogenous Nur77 agonist.
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Xi Y, Zhang Y, Zhu S, Luo Y, Xu P, Huang Z. PPAR-Mediated Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020352. [PMID: 32028670 PMCID: PMC7072218 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), members of the nuclear hormone receptor family, attract wide attention as promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of multiple diseases, and their target selective ligands were also intensively developed for pharmacological agents such as the approved drugs fibrates and thiazolidinediones (TZDs). Despite their potent pharmacological activities, PPARs are reported to be involved in agent- and pollutant-induced multiple organ toxicity or protective effects against toxicity. A better understanding of the protective and the detrimental role of PPARs will help to preserve efficacy of the PPAR modulators but diminish adverse effects. The present review summarizes and critiques current findings related to PPAR-mediated types of toxicity and protective effects against toxicity for a systematic understanding of PPARs in toxicology and applied pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Xi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Sirui Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuping Luo
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +1-412-708-4694(P.X.); +86-20-39943092 (Z.H.)
| | - Zhiying Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: (P.X.); (Z.H.); Tel.: +1-412-708-4694(P.X.); +86-20-39943092 (Z.H.)
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Li J, Stoltz BM, Grubbs RH. Enantioselective Synthesis of 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-Prostaglandin J 2. Org Lett 2019; 21:10139-10142. [PMID: 31808699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 is reported. The synthesis begins with the preparation of enantiopure 3-oxodicyclopentadiene by a lipase-mediated kinetic resolution. A three-component coupling followed by a retro-Diels-Alder reaction provides the C8 stereochemistry of the prostaglandin skeleton with high enantioselectivity. Stereoretentive olefin metathesis followed by a Pinnick oxidation affords 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 in high enantiopurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Li
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Brian M Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , 1200 East California Boulevard, MC 101-20 , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
| | - Robert H Grubbs
- The Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , California Institute of Technology , Pasadena , California 91125 , United States
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Ju Z, Su M, Li D, Hong J, Im DS, Kim S, Kim EL, Jung JH. An Algal Metabolite-Based PPAR-γ Agonist Displayed Anti-Inflammatory Effect via Inhibition of the NF-κB Pathway. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17060321. [PMID: 31151271 PMCID: PMC6627743 DOI: 10.3390/md17060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, a synthetic compound, (+)-(R,E)-6a1, that incorporated the key structures of anti-inflammatory algal metabolites and the endogenous peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ) ligand 15-deoxy-∆12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), exerted significant PPAR-γ transcriptional activity. Because PPAR-γ expressed in macrophages has been postulated as a negative regulator of inflammation, this study was designed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of the PPAR-γ agonist, (+)-(R,E)-6a1. Compound (+)-(R,E)-6a1 displayed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophages. Compound (+)-(R,E)-6a1 suppressed the expression of proinflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (NO), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), possibly by the inhibition of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway. In macrophages, (+)-(R,E)-6a1 suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of NF-κB, inhibitor of NF-κB α (IκBα), and IκB kinase (IKK). These results indicated that PPAR-γ agonist, (+)-(R,E)-6a1, exerts anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Mingzhi Su
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Dandan Li
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyunghee University, Seoul 02447, Korea.
| | - Dong-Soon Im
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Center for Proteome Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Eun La Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
| | - Jee H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea.
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Martín-Sierra C, Laranjeira P, Domingues MR, Paiva A. Lipoxidation and cancer immunity. Redox Biol 2019; 23:101103. [PMID: 30658904 PMCID: PMC6859558 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoxidation is a well-known reaction between electrophilic carbonyl species, formed during oxidation of lipids, and specific proteins that, in most cases, causes an alteration in proteins function. This can occur under physiological conditions but, in many cases, it has been associated to pathological process, including cancer. Lipoxidation may have an effect in cancer development through their effects in tumour cells, as well as through the alteration of immune components and the consequent modulation of the immune response. The formation of protein adducts affects different proteins in cancer, triggering different mechanism, such as proliferation, cell differentiation and apoptosis, among others, altering cancer progression. The divergent results obtained documented that the formation of lipoxidation adducts can have either anti-carcinogenic or pro-carcinogenic effects, depending on the cell type affected and the specific adduct formed. Moreover, lipoxidation adducts may alter the immune response, consequently causing either positive or negative alterations in cancer progression. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the effects of lipoxidation adducts in cancer cells and immune components and their consequences in the evolution of different types of cancer. Lipoxidation in tumour cells may lead to mechanism that interfere with cancer. Lipoxidation adducts can have either anti-carcinogenic or pro-carcinogenic effects. The triggered effects depend on the affected cell and the specific adduct formed. Lipoxidation affecting immune components may influence cancer progression. Lipoxidation may inhibit tumour progression through the inhibition of NFκB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Martín-Sierra
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Laranjeira
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - M R Domingues
- Mass Spectrometry Centre, Department of Chemistry & QOPNA, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Paiva
- Unidade de Gestão Operacional em Citometria, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Biomédicas Laboratoriais, Portugal.
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9
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Identification and Molecular Characterization of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor δ as a Novel Target for Covalent Modification by 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-prostaglandin J 2. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:3269-3278. [PMID: 30398845 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PPARδ belongs to the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family of nuclear receptors. Upon activation by an agonist, PPARδ controls a variety of physiological processes via regulation of its target genes. 15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a cyclopentenone prostaglandin that features an electrophilic, α,β-unsaturated ketone (an enone) in the cyclopentenone ring. Many of 15d-PGJ2's biological effects result from covalent interaction between C9 and the thiol group of a catalytic cysteine (Cys) in target proteins. In this study, we investigated whether 15d-PGJ2 activates PPARδ by forming a covalent adduct. Our data show that 15d-PGJ2 activates PPARδ's transcriptional activity through formation of a covalent adduct between its endocyclic enone at C9 and Cys249 in the receptor's ligand-binding domain. As expected, no adduct formation was seen following a Cys-to-Ser mutation at residue 249 (C249S) of PPARδ or with a PGD2/PGJ2 analogue that lacks the electrophilic C9. Furthermore, the PPARδ C249S mutation weakened induction of the receptor's DNA binding activity by 15d-PGJ2, which highlights the biological significance of our findings. Calculated chemical properties as well as data from molecular orbital calculations, reactive molecular dynamics simulations, and intrinsic reaction coordinate modeling also supported the selectivity of 15d-PGJ2's C9 toward PPARδ's Cys thiol. In summary, our results provide the molecular, chemical, and structural basis of 15d-PGJ2-mediated PPARδ activation, designating 15d-PGJ2 as the first covalent PPARδ ligand to be identified.
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Ju Z, Su M, Hong J, Ullah S, La Kim E, Zhao CH, Moon HR, Kim S, Jung JH. Design of PPAR-γ agonist based on algal metabolites and the endogenous ligand 15-deoxy-Δ 12, 14-prostaglandin J 2. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:1192-1201. [PMID: 30193217 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we synthesized endocyclic enone jasmonate derivatives that function as anti-inflammatory and PPAR-γ-activating entities by using key functional moieties of anti-inflammatory algal metabolites. Herein, we designed additional derivatives containing an exocyclic enone moiety that resembles the key structure of the natural PPAR-γ ligand, 15-deoxy-Δ12, 14-prostaglandin J2 (15 d-PGJ2). The exocyclic enone moiety of 15 d-PGJ2 is essential for covalent bonding with the Cys285 residue in the PPAR-γ ligand-binding domain (LBD). In silico analysis of the designed compounds indicated that they may form hydrogen bonds with key amino acid residues in the PPAR-γ LBD, and thus, secure a position in the bioactive cavity in a similar fashion as does rosiglitazone and 15 d-PGJ2. By a luciferase reporter assay on rat liver Ac2F cells, the synthesized compounds were evaluated for PPAR-γ transcriptional activity. The differential PPAR-γ transcriptional activities of the geometric and enantiomeric isomers of the selected analog were also evaluated; based on our results, the enantiopure compound (+)-(R,E)-6a1 was suggested as a potential PPAR-γ ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiran Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mingzhi Su
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongki Hong
- College of Pharmacy, Kyunghee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Ullah
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun La Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hao Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Center for Proteome Biophysics, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee H Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea.
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Ladin DA, Soliman E, Escobedo R, Fitzgerald TL, Yang LV, Burns C, Van Dross R. Synthesis and Evaluation of the Novel Prostamide, 15-Deoxy, Δ 12,14-Prostamide J 2, as a Selective Antitumor Therapeutic. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:838-849. [PMID: 28292936 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2-ethanolamide, also known as 15-deoxy, Δ12,14-prostamide J2 (15d-PMJ2) is a novel product of the metabolism of arachidonoyl ethanolamide (AEA) by COX-2. 15d-PMJ2 preferentially induced cell death and apoptosis in tumorigenic A431 keratinocytes and B16F10 melanoma cells compared with nontumorigenic HaCaT keratinocytes and Melan-A melanocytes. Activation of the ER stress execution proteins, PERK and CHOP10, was evaluated to determine whether this process was involved in 15d-PMJ2 cell death. 15d-PMJ2 increased the phosphorylation of PERK and expression of CHOP10 in tumorigenic but not nontumorigenic cells. The known ER stress inhibitors, salubrinal and 4-phenylbutaric acid, significantly inhibited 15d-PMJ2-mediated apoptosis, suggesting ER stress as a primary apoptotic mediator. Furthermore, the reactive double bond present within the cyclopentenone structure of 15d-PMJ2 was identified as a required moiety for the induction of ER stress apoptosis. The effect of 15d-PMJ2 on B16F10 melanoma growth was also evaluated by dosing C57BL/6 mice with 0.5 mg/kg 15d-PMJ2 Tumors of animals treated with 15d-PMJ2 exhibited significantly reduced growth and mean weights compared with vehicle and untreated animals. TUNEL and IHC analysis of tumor tissues showed significant cell death and ER stress in tumors of 15d-PMJ2-treated compared with control group animals. Taken together, these findings suggest that the novel prostamide, 15d-PMJ2, possesses potent antitumor activity in vitro and in vivoMol Cancer Ther; 16(5); 838-49. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Ladin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Eman Soliman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Egypt
| | - Rene Escobedo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | | | - Li V Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Colin Burns
- Department of Chemistry, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Rukiyah Van Dross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina.
- Center for Health Disparities, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
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12
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Liu H, Li W, Rose ME, Hickey RW, Chen J, Uechi GT, Balasubramani M, Day BW, Patel KV, Graham SH. The point mutation UCH-L1 C152A protects primary neurons against cyclopentenone prostaglandin-induced cytotoxicity: implications for post-ischemic neuronal injury. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1966. [PMID: 26539913 PMCID: PMC4670930 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentenone prostaglandins (CyPGs), such as 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2), are reactive prostaglandin metabolites exerting a variety of biological effects. CyPGs are produced in ischemic brain and disrupt the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS). Ubiquitin-C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1) is a brain-specific deubiquitinating enzyme that has been linked to neurodegenerative diseases. Using tandem mass spectrometry (MS) analyses, we found that the C152 site of UCH-L1 is adducted by CyPGs. Mutation of C152 to alanine (C152A) inhibited CyPG modification and conserved recombinant UCH-L1 protein hydrolase activity after 15dPGJ2 treatment. A knock-in (KI) mouse expressing the UCH-L1 C152A mutation was constructed with the bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) technique. Brain expression and distribution of UCH-L1 in the KI mouse was similar to that of wild type (WT) as determined by western blotting. Primary cortical neurons derived from KI mice were resistant to 15dPGJ2 cytotoxicity compared with neurons from WT mice as detected by the WST-1 cell viability assay and caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. This protective effect was accompanied with significantly less ubiquitinated protein accumulation and aggregation as well as less UCH-L1 aggregation in C152A KI primary neurons after 15dPGJ2 treatment. Additionally, 15dPGJ2-induced axonal injury was also significantly attenuated in KI neurons as compared with WT. Taken together, these studies indicate that UCH-L1 function is important in hypoxic neuronal death, and the C152 site of UCH-L1 has a significant role in neuronal survival after hypoxic/ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Liu
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - W Li
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M E Rose
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R W Hickey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - G T Uechi
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M Balasubramani
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - B W Day
- Genomics and Proteomics Core Laboratories, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K V Patel
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - S H Graham
- Geriatric Research Educational and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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13
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Pace-Asciak CR. Pathophysiology of the hepoxilins. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:383-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Hughes TS, Giri PK, de Vera IMS, Marciano DP, Kuruvilla DS, Shin Y, Blayo AL, Kamenecka TM, Burris TP, Griffin PR, Kojetin DJ. An alternate binding site for PPARγ ligands. Nat Commun 2014; 5:3571. [PMID: 24705063 PMCID: PMC4070320 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PPARγ is a target for insulin-sensitizing drugs such as glitazones, which improve plasma glucose maintenance in patients with diabetes. Synthetic ligands have been designed to mimic endogenous ligand binding to a canonical ligand-binding pocket to hyperactivate PPARγ. Here we reveal that synthetic PPARγ ligands also bind to an alternate site, leading to unique receptor conformational changes that impact coregulator binding, transactivation and target gene expression. Using structure-function studies we show that alternate site binding occurs at pharmacologically relevant ligand concentrations, and is neither blocked by covalently bound synthetic antagonists nor by endogenous ligands indicating non-overlapping binding with the canonical pocket. Alternate site binding likely contributes to PPARγ hyperactivation in vivo, perhaps explaining why PPARγ full and partial or weak agonists display similar adverse effects. These findings expand our understanding of PPARγ activation by ligands and suggest that allosteric modulators could be designed to fine tune PPARγ activity without competing with endogenous ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travis S Hughes
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Pankaj Kumar Giri
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Ian Mitchelle S de Vera
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - David P Marciano
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Dana S Kuruvilla
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Youseung Shin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Anne-Laure Blayo
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Theodore M Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Thomas P Burris
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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15
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The eicosapentaenoic acid metabolite 15-deoxy-δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J3 increases adiponectin secretion by adipocytes partly via a PPARγ-dependent mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63997. [PMID: 23734181 PMCID: PMC3666990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which are abundant in marine fish meat and oil, has been shown to exert many beneficial effects. The mechanisms behind those effects are numerous, including interference with the arachidonic acid cascade that produces pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, formation of novel bioactive lipid mediators, and change in the pattern of secreted adipocytokines. In our study, we show that eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increases secreted adiponectin from 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in plasma of mice as early as 4 days after initiation of an EPA-rich diet. Using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, we report for the first time that 15-deoxy-δ12,14-PGJ3 (15d-PGJ3), a product of EPA, also increases the secretion of adiponectin. We demonstrate that the increased adiponectin secretion induced by 15d-PGJ3 is partially peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ)-mediated. Finally, we show that 3T3-L1 adipocytes can synthesize 15d-PGJ3 from EPA. 15d-PGJ3 was also detected in adipose tissue from EPA-fed mice. Thus, these studies provide a novel mechanism(s) for the therapeutic benefits of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids dietary supplementation.
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16
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Sibille E, Bana E, Chaouni W, Diederich M, Bagrel D, Chaimbault P. Development of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–mass spectrometry screening test to evidence reversible and irreversible inhibitors of CDC25 phosphatases. Anal Biochem 2012; 430:83-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Davidson J, Rotondo D, Rizzo MT, Leaver HA. Therapeutic implications of disorders of cell death signalling: membranes, micro-environment, and eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1193-210. [PMID: 22364602 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01900.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruptions of cell death signalling occur in pathological processes, such as cancer and degenerative disease. Increased knowledge of cell death signalling has opened new areas of therapeutic research, and identifying key mediators of cell death has become increasingly important. Early triggering events in cell death may provide potential therapeutic targets, whereas agents affecting later signals may be more palliative in nature. A group of primary mediators are derivatives of the highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), particularly oxygenated metabolites such as prostaglandins. HUFAs, esterified in cell membranes, act as critical signalling molecules in many pathological processes. Currently, agents affecting HUFA metabolism are widely prescribed in diseases involving disordered cell death signalling. However, partly due to rapid metabolism, their role in cell death signalling pathways is poorly characterized. Recently, HUFA-derived mediators, the resolvins/protectins and endocannabinoids, have added opportunities to target selective signals and pathways. This review will focus on the control of cell death by HUFA, eicosanoid (C20 fatty acid metabolites) and docosanoid (C22 metabolites), HUFA-derived lipid mediators, signalling elements in the micro-environment and their potential therapeutic applications. Further therapeutic approaches will involve cell and molecular biology, the multiple hit theory of disease progression and analysis of system plasticity. Advances in the cell biology of eicosanoid and docosanoid metabolism, together with structure/function analysis of HUFA-derived mediators, will be useful in developing therapeutic agents in pathologies characterized by alterations in cell death signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davidson
- SIPBS, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, UK
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18
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Zhao J, Lu Y, Shen HM. Targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy in sensitizing TRAIL-induced apoptosis in cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2011; 314:8-23. [PMID: 22030255 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 09/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) has been intensively studied as a cancer therapeutic agent due to its unique ability to induce apoptosis in malignant cells but not in normal cells. However, as more human cancer cells are reported to be resistant to TRAIL treatment, it is important to develop new therapeutic strategies to overcome this resistance. p53 is an important tumor suppressor that is widely involved in cellular responses to various stresses. In this mini-review, we aim to provide an overview of the intricate relationship between p53 and the TRAIL-mediated apoptosis pathway, and to summarize the current approaches of targeting p53 as a therapeutic strategy to sensitize TRAIL-induced apoptosis in human cancer cells. Although in some cases TRAIL kills cancer cells in a p53-independent manner, it is believed that in cancers with wild-type and functional p53, targeting p53 may be an important strategy for overcoming TRAIL-resistance in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 16 Medical Drive, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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19
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Garzón B, Oeste CL, Díez-Dacal B, Pérez-Sala D. Proteomic studies on protein modification by cyclopentenone prostaglandins: Expanding our view on electrophile actions. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2243-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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20
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Jiang M, Strand DW, Franco OE, Clark PE, Hayward SW. PPARγ: a molecular link between systemic metabolic disease and benign prostate hyperplasia. Differentiation 2011; 82:220-36. [PMID: 21645960 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2011.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergent epidemic of metabolic syndrome and its complex list of sequelae mandate a more thorough understanding of benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS) in the context of systemic metabolic disease. Here we discuss the nature and origins of BPH, examine its role as a component of LUTS and review retrospective clinical studies that have drawn associations between BPH/LUTS and type II diabetes, inflammation and dyslipidemia. PPARγ signaling, which sits at the nexus of systemic metabolic disease and BPH/LUTS through its regulation of inflammation and insulin resistance, is proposed as a candidate for molecular manipulation in regard to BPH/LUTS. Finally, we introduce new cell and animal models that are being used to study the consequences of obesity, diabetes and inflammation on benign prostatic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jiang
- Department of Urologic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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21
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Katsukawa M, Nakata R, Takizawa Y, Hori K, Takahashi S, Inoue H. Citral, a component of lemongrass oil, activates PPARα and γ and suppresses COX-2 expression. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2010; 1801:1214-20. [PMID: 20656057 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2010] [Revised: 06/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Lemongrass is a widely used herb as a food flavoring, as a perfume, and for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory purposes; however, the molecular mechanisms of these effects have not been elucidated. Previously, we identified carvacrol from the essential oil of thyme as a suppressor of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, a key enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis, and also an activator of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), a molecular target for "lifestyle-related" diseases. In this study, we evaluated the essential oil of lemongrass using our established assays for COX-2 and PPARs. We found that COX-2 promoter activity was suppressed by lemongrass oil in cell-based transfection assays, and we identified citral as a major component in the suppression of COX-2 expression and as an activator of PPARα and γ. PPARγ-dependent suppression of COX-2 promoter activity was observed in response to citral treatment. In human macrophage-like U937 cells, citral suppressed both LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA and protein expression, dose-dependently. Moreover, citral induced the mRNA expression of the PPARα-responsive carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 gene and the PPARγ-responsive fatty acid binding protein 4 gene, suggesting that citral activates PPARα and γ, and regulates COX-2 expression. These results are important for understanding the anti-inflammatory and anti-lifestyle-related disease properties of lemongrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Katsukawa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Kitauoyanishi-machi, Nara-City, Nara, Japan
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22
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Subra C, Grand D, Laulagnier K, Stella A, Lambeau G, Paillasse M, De Medina P, Monsarrat B, Perret B, Silvente-Poirot S, Poirot M, Record M. Exosomes account for vesicle-mediated transcellular transport of activatable phospholipases and prostaglandins. J Lipid Res 2010; 51:2105-20. [PMID: 20424270 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m003657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are bioactive vesicles released from multivesicular bodies (MVB) by intact cells and participate in intercellular signaling. We investigated the presence of lipid-related proteins and bioactive lipids in RBL-2H3 exosomes. Besides a phospholipid scramblase and a fatty acid binding protein, the exosomes contained the whole set of phospholipases (A2, C, and D) together with interacting proteins such as aldolase A and Hsp 70. They also contained the phospholipase D (PLD) / phosphatidate phosphatase 1 (PAP1) pathway leading to the formation of diglycerides. RBL-2H3 exosomes also carried members of the three phospholipase A2 classes: the calcium-dependent cPLA(2)-IVA, the calcium-independent iPLA(2)-VIA, and the secreted sPLA(2)-IIA and V. Remarkably, almost all members of the Ras GTPase superfamily were present, and incubation of exosomes with GTPgammaS triggered activation of phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2))and PLD(2). A large panel of free fatty acids, including arachidonic acid (AA) and derivatives such as prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandinJ(2) (15-d PGJ(2)), were detected. We observed that the exosomes were internalized by resting and activated RBL cells and that they accumulated in an endosomal compartment. Endosomal concentrations were in the micromolar range for prostaglandins; i.e., concentrations able to trigger prostaglandin-dependent biological responses. Therefore exosomes are carriers of GTP-activatable phospholipases and lipid mediators from cell to cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Subra
- Metabolism, Oncogenesis and Cell Differentiation Group, INSERM Research Center 563, Pathophysiology Center of Toulouse Purpan, Hôpital Purpan, Toulouse, France
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23
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Otero MP, Pérez Santín E, Rodríguez-Barrios F, Vaz B, de Lera AR. Selective, potent PPARgamma agonists with cyclopentenone core structure. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:1883-6. [PMID: 19275963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogues of the PPARgamma ligand 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) have been synthesized by functionalization of a 5-alkyl-4-hydroxycyclopentenone core structure obtained by Piancatelli rearrangement of precursor furylcarbinol. Transient transactivation assays indicate that analogues 18 and 20 are selective nanomolar agonists of PPARgamma. This subtype selectivity is lost in derivatives (23, 24) with an alkynyl (oct-1-yn) chain at the C3 position, although the cyclopentenone derivative with cis relative configuration (23) showed greater affinity for PPARalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paz Otero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
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24
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Fehrenbacher JC, Loverme J, Clarke W, Hargreaves KM, Piomelli D, Taylor BK. Rapid pain modulation with nuclear receptor ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:114-24. [PMID: 19162071 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We discuss and present new data regarding the physiological and molecular mechanisms of nuclear receptor activation in pain control, with a particular emphasis on non-genomic effects of ligands at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), GPR30, and classical estrogen receptors. PPARalpha agonists rapidly reduce both acute and chronic pain in a number of pain assays. These effects precede transcriptional anti-inflammatory actions, and are mediated in part by IK(ca) and BK(ca) channels on DRG neurons. In contrast to the peripheral site of action of PPARalpha ligands, the dorsal horn supports the expression of PPARgamma. Intrathecal administration of PPARgamma ligands rapidly (< or =5 min) attenuated mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity associated with nerve injury in a dose-dependent manner that could be blocked with PPARgamma antagonists. By contrast, a PPARgamma antagonist itself rapidly increased the mechanical allodynia associated with nerve injury. These data suggest that ligand-dependent, non-genomic activation of spinal PPARgamma decreases behavioral signs of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We also report that the GPR30 is expressed on cultured sensory neurons, that activation of the receptor elicits signaling to increase calcium accumulation. This signaling may contribute to increased neuronal sensitivity as treatment with the GPR30 agonist induces hyperalgesia. Finally, application of the membrane-impermeable 17beta-E(2)-BSA rapidly (within 15 min) enhanced BK-stimulated inositol phosphate (IP) accumulation and PGE(2)-mediated cAMP accumulation in trigeminal ganglion cultures. We conclude that nuclear receptor ligands may operate through rapid, non-genomic mechanisms to modulate inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Fehrenbacher
- Department of Endodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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25
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Stucky CL, Dubin AE, Jeske NA, Malin SA, McKemy DD, Story GM. Roles of transient receptor potential channels in pain. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 60:2-23. [PMID: 19203589 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2008.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Pain perception begins with the activation of primary sensory nociceptors. Over the past decade, flourishing research has revealed that members of the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) ion channel family are fundamental molecules that detect noxious stimuli and transduce a diverse range of physical and chemical energy into action potentials in somatosensory nociceptors. Here we highlight the roles of TRP vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), TRP melastatin 8 (TRPM8) and TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) in the activation of nociceptors by heat and cold environmental stimuli, mechanical force, and by chemicals including exogenous plant and environmental compounds as well as endogenous inflammatory molecules. The contribution of these channels to pain and somatosensation is discussed at levels ranging from whole animal behavior to molecular modulation by intracellular signaling proteins. An emerging theme is that TRP channels are not simple ion channel transducers of one or two stimuli, but instead serve multidimensional roles in signaling sensory stimuli that are exceptionally diverse in modality and in their environmental milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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26
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Su RY, Chi KH, Huang DY, Tai MH, Lin WW. 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 up-regulates death receptor 5 gene expression in HCT116 cells: involvement of reactive oxygen species and C/EBP homologous transcription factor gene transcription. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:3429-40. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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27
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Nagata D, Yoshihiro H, Nakanishi M, Naruyama H, Okada S, Ando R, Tozawa K, Kohri K. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and growth inhibition by its ligands in prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 32:259-66. [PMID: 18789607 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdp.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) is expressed in certain human cancers. Ligand-induced PPAR-gamma activation can result in growth inhibition and differentiation in these cancer cells; however, the precise mechanism for the anti-proliferative effect of PPAR-gamma ligands is not clear. METHODS In this study, we examined the expression of PPAR-gamma in human prostate cancer and the effect of two PPAR-gamma ligands, 15 deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) and troglitazone, on prostate cancer cell growth. RESULTS PPAR-gamma is frequently over-expressed in androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines and human prostate cancer tissues (22 of 47; 47%). Both 15d-PGJ2 and troglitazone inhibited proliferation and DNA synthesis of prostate cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, and slightly increased the proportion of cells with S-phase DNA content. Prostate specific antigen (PSA) promoter reporter assays showed that troglitazone and 15d-PGJ2 down-regulated androgen stimulated reporter gene activity in prostate cancer cell lines LNCaP. Interestingly, LNCaP with troglitazone dramatically suppressed PSA protein expression without suppressing AR expression. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these results suggest that PPAR-gamma ligands may be a useful therapeutic agent for the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nagata
- Department of Nephro-urology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, 1 Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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28
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29
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Cruz-Orengo L, Dhaka A, Heuermann RJ, Young TJ, Montana MC, Cavanaugh EJ, Kim D, Story GM. Cutaneous nociception evoked by 15-delta PGJ2 via activation of ion channel TRPA1. Mol Pain 2008; 4:30. [PMID: 18671867 PMCID: PMC2515828 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-4-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of prostaglandins (PGs) sensitize dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons and contribute to inflammatory hyperalgesia by signaling through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). One mechanism whereby PGs sensitize these neurons is through modulation of "thermoTRPs," a subset of ion channels activated by temperature belonging to the Transient Receptor Potential ion channel superfamily. Acrid, electrophilic chemicals including cinnamaldehyde (CA) and allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), derivatives of cinnamon and mustard oil respectively, activate thermoTRP member TRPA1 via direct modification of channel cysteine residues. RESULTS Our search for endogenous chemical activators utilizing a bioactive lipid library screen identified a cyclopentane PGD2 metabolite, 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), as a TRPA1 agonist. Similar to CA and AITC, this electrophilic molecule is known to modify cysteines of cellular target proteins. Electophysiological recordings verified that 15d-PGJ2 specifically activates TRPA1 and not TRPV1 or TRPM8 (thermoTRPs also enriched in DRG). Accordingly, we identified a population of mouse DRG neurons responsive to 15d-PGJ2 and AITC that is absent in cultures derived from TRPA1 knockout mice. The irritant molecules that activate TRPA1 evoke nociceptive responses. However, 15d-PGJ2 has not been correlated with painful sensations; rather, it is considered to mediate anti-inflammatory processes via binding to the nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). Our in vivo studies revealed that 15d-PGJ2 induced acute nociceptive responses when administered cutaneously. Moreover, mice deficient in the TRPA1 channel failed to exhibit such behaviors. CONCLUSION In conclusion, we show that 15d-PGJ2 induces acute nociception when administered cutaneously and does so via a TRPA1-specific mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Cruz-Orengo
- Washington University Pain Center, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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Cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin synthases in atherosclerosis: Recent insights and future perspectives. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 118:161-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 11/26/2007] [Accepted: 01/18/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Intrathecal rosiglitazone acts at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to rapidly inhibit neuropathic pain in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2008; 9:639-49. [PMID: 18387855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In this report, we demonstrate the transcription, expression, and DNA-binding properties of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma subtype of the peroxisome proliferator-activated nuclear receptor family to the spinal cord with real-time PCR, Western blot, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. To test the hypothesis that activation of spinal PPAR-gamma decreases nerve injury-induced allodynia, we intrathecally administered PPAR-gamma agonists and/or antagonists in rats after transection of the tibial and common peroneal branches of the sciatic nerve. Single injection of either a natural (15-deoxy-prostaglandin J2, 15d-PGJ2) or synthetic (rosiglitazone) PPAR-gamma agonist dose-dependently decreased mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. These effects were maximal at a dose of 100 microg and peaked at approximately 60 minutes after injection, a rapid time course suggestive of transcription-independent mechanisms of action. Concurrent administration of a PPAR-gamma antagonist (bisphenol A diglycidyl ether, BADGE) reversed the effects of 15d-PGJ2 and rosiglitazone, further indicating a receptor-mediated effect. In animals without nerve injury, rosiglitazone did not alter motor coordination, von Frey threshold, or withdrawal response to a cool stimulus. Intraperitoneal and intracerebroventricular administration of PPAR-gamma agonists (100 microg) did not decrease mechanical and cold hypersensitivity, arguing against effects subsequent to diffusion from the intrathecal space. We conclude that ligand-induced activation of spinal PPAR-gamma rapidly reverses nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia. New or currently available drugs targeted at spinal PPAR-gamma may yield important therapeutic effects for the management of neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE PPAR-gamma receptor agonists such as rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are approved as insulin sensitizers by the United States Food and Drug Administration. We demonstrate PPAR-gamma expression in the spinal cord and report that activation of these receptors inhibits allodynia. BBB-permeant PPAR-gamma agonists may yield important therapeutic effects for the management of neuropathic pain.
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Penning TM, Drury JE. Human aldo-keto reductases: Function, gene regulation, and single nucleotide polymorphisms. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:241-50. [PMID: 17537398 PMCID: PMC2025677 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Revised: 04/24/2007] [Accepted: 04/24/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) are a superfamily of NAD(P)H linked oxidoreductases that are generally monomeric 34-37kDa proteins present in all phyla. The superfamily consists of 15 families, which contains 151 members (www.med.upenn.edu/akr). Thirteen human AKRs exist that use endogenous substrates (sugar and lipid aldehydes, prostaglandins, retinals and steroid hormones), and in many instances they regulate nuclear receptor signaling. Exogenous substrates include metabolites implicated in chemical carcinogenesis: NNK (4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon trans-dihydrodiols, and aflatoxin dialdehyde. Promoter analysis of the human genes identifies common elements involved in their regulation which include osmotic response elements, anti-oxidant response elements, xenobiotic response elements, AP-1 sites and steroid response elements. The human AKRs are highly polymorphic, and in some instances single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of high penetrance exist. This suggests that there will be inter-individual variation in endogenous and xenobiotic metabolism which in turn affect susceptibility to nuclear receptor signaling and chemical carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Penning
- Center of Excellence in Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 130 C John Morgan Bldg., 3620 Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6084, USA.
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Michalik L, Auwerx J, Berger JP, Chatterjee VK, Glass CK, Gonzalez FJ, Grimaldi PA, Kadowaki T, Lazar MA, O'Rahilly S, Palmer CNA, Plutzky J, Reddy JK, Spiegelman BM, Staels B, Wahli W. International Union of Pharmacology. LXI. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2007; 58:726-41. [PMID: 17132851 DOI: 10.1124/pr.58.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 705] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The three peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily. They share a high degree of structural homology with all members of the superfamily, particularly in the DNA-binding domain and ligand- and cofactor-binding domain. Many cellular and systemic roles have been attributed to these receptors, reaching far beyond the stimulation of peroxisome proliferation in rodents after which they were initially named. PPARs exhibit broad, isotype-specific tissue expression patterns. PPARalpha is expressed at high levels in organs with significant catabolism of fatty acids. PPARbeta/delta has the broadest expression pattern, and the levels of expression in certain tissues depend on the extent of cell proliferation and differentiation. PPARgamma is expressed as two isoforms, of which PPARgamma2 is found at high levels in the adipose tissues, whereas PPARgamma1 has a broader expression pattern. Transcriptional regulation by PPARs requires heterodimerization with the retinoid X receptor (RXR). When activated by a ligand, the dimer modulates transcription via binding to a specific DNA sequence element called a peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) in the promoter region of target genes. A wide variety of natural or synthetic compounds was identified as PPAR ligands. Among the synthetic ligands, the lipid-lowering drugs, fibrates, and the insulin sensitizers, thiazolidinediones, are PPARalpha and PPARgamma agonists, respectively, which underscores the important role of PPARs as therapeutic targets. Transcriptional control by PPAR/RXR heterodimers also requires interaction with coregulator complexes. Thus, selective action of PPARs in vivo results from the interplay at a given time point between expression levels of each of the three PPAR and RXR isotypes, affinity for a specific promoter PPRE, and ligand and cofactor availabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Centre "Frontiers in Genetics," University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Hastings KL. The use of hepatotoxic signals to predict the safety of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:489-92. [PMID: 16859399 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.4.489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Yu X, Egner PA, Wakabayashi J, Wakabayashi N, Yamamoto M, Kensler TW. Nrf2-mediated induction of cytoprotective enzymes by 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 is attenuated by alkenal/one oxidoreductase. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:26245-52. [PMID: 16857669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m604620200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-dependent alkenal/one oxidoreductase (Aor) was discovered to be highly inducible in rat liver following treatment with the cancer chemopreventive agent 3H-1, 2-dithiole-3-thione. Aor was further characterized as an Nrf2-regulated antioxidative enzyme that reduces carbon-carbon double bonds in a variety of alpha, beta-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. 15-Deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is a reactive membrane lipid metabolite that activates multiple pathways, including Nrf2-mediated induction of cytoprotective enzymes. Physiologically, it is postulated that 15d-PGJ2 alkylates key regulatory proteins via the electrophilic carbon centers found in two alpha, beta-unsaturated ketone moieties. This current study addresses the metabolism of 15d-PGJ2 by rat Aor (rAor) and subsequent deactivation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway by both rat and human AOR. We demonstrate that induction of NADPH-dependent quinone oxidoreductase activity by 15d-PGJ2 is markedly attenuated in mouse embryonic fibroblasts that overexpress rAor. Luciferase reporter assay and quantitative real-time PCR confirmed these findings. Concentrations required for doubling the NADPH-dependent quinone oxidoreductase response are increased from 1.8 microm in wild-type to >10 microm in rat Aor transgenic fibroblasts. 15d-PGJ2 is metabolized by recombinant rAor with a Km of 9.6 microm and k(cat) of 18.5 min(-1). The major product is 12,13-dihydro-15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (dihydro-15d-PGJ2). The reduction of C=C by Aor yielding dihydro-15d-PGJ2 abolishes the inducibility in an antioxidant response element-driven luciferase assay. Collectively, these results demonstrate that 15d-PGJ2 can be catabolized by Aor, thereby attenuating subsequent Nrf2 signaling and possibly inflammatory and apoptotic processes also influenced by 15d-PGJ2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, MD, USA
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Sasson S, Eckel J. Disparate effects of 12-lipoxygenase and 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and in cardiomyocytes. Arch Physiol Biochem 2006; 112:119-29. [PMID: 16931454 DOI: 10.1080/13813450600712035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The expression and activity of the arachidonic acid-metabolizing enzyme leukocyte-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LO) are augmented in cultured vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells exposed to high glucose concentrations and in blood vessels of diabetic animals. The product of this enzyme, 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE), evokes two types of interactions in these cells: on one hand it acts as a pro-inflammatory factor that contributes to the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Yet on the other, it protects the same cells against deleterious effects of high levels of intracellular glucose by downregulating the glucose transport system in the cells. In addition, it has been shown that 12-LO and 12-HETE support insulin-dependent glucose transporter-4 translocation to the plasma membrane by maintaining intact actin fiber network in the cardiomyocytes. Here we focus on the disparate cellular interactions by which 12-LO and 12-HETE affect the glucose transport system in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells and in cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sasson
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Lathion C, Michalik L, Wahli W. Physiological ligands of PPARs in inflammation and lipid homeostasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460875.1.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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