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Gatica-Garcia B, Bannon MJ, Martínez-Dávila IA, Soto-Rojas LO, Reyes-Corona D, Escobedo L, Maldonado-Berny M, Gutierrez-Castillo ME, Espadas-Alvarez AJ, Fernandez-Parrilla MA, Mascotte-Cruz JU, Rodríguez-Oviedo CP, Valenzuela-Arzeta IE, Luna-Herrera C, Lopez-Salas FE, Santoyo-Salazar J, Martinez-Fong D. Unilateral rNurr1-V5 transgene expression in nigral dopaminergic neurons mitigates bilateral neuropathology and behavioral deficits in parkinsonian rats with α-synucleinopathy. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2057-2067. [PMID: 38227536 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.391190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202409000-00039/figure1/v/2024-01-16T170235Z/r/image-tiff Parkinsonism by unilateral, intranigral β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside administration in rats is distinguished in that the α-synuclein insult begins unilaterally but spreads bilaterally and increases in severity over time, thus replicating several clinical features of Parkinson's disease, a typical α-synucleinopathy. As Nurr1 represses α-synuclein, we evaluated whether unilateral transfected of rNurr1-V5 transgene via neurotensin-polyplex to the substantia nigra on day 30 after unilateral β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside lesion could affect bilateral neuropathology and sensorimotor deficits on day 30 post-transfection. This study found that rNurr1-V5 expression but not that of the green fluorescent protein (the negative control) reduced β-sitosterol β-D-glucoside-induced neuropathology. Accordingly, a bilateral increase in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells and arborization occurred in the substantia nigra and increased tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ramifications in the striatum. In addition, tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells displayed less senescence marker β-galactosidase and more neuron-cytoskeleton marker βIII-tubulin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. A significant decrease in activated microglia (positive to ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1) and neurotoxic astrocytes (positive to glial fibrillary acidic protein and complement component 3) and increased neurotrophic astrocytes (positive to glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 calcium-binding protein A10) also occurred in the substantia nigra. These effects followed the bilateral reduction in α-synuclein aggregates in the nigrostriatal system, improving sensorimotor behavior. Our results show that unilateral rNurr1-V5 transgene expression in nigral dopaminergic neurons mitigates bilateral neurodegeneration (senescence and loss of neuron-cytoskeleton and tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cells), neuroinflammation (activated microglia, neurotoxic astrocytes), α-synuclein aggregation, and sensorimotor deficits. Increased neurotrophic astrocytes and brain-derived neurotrophic factor can mediate the rNurr1-V5 effect, supporting its potential clinical use in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bismark Gatica-Garcia
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Michael J Bannon
- Department of Pharmacology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Irma Alicia Martínez-Dávila
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Luis O Soto-Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patogénesis Molecular, Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
- Red de Medicina para la Educación y Desarrollo y la Investigación Científica de Iztacala (Red MEDICI), Carrera Médico Cirujano, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla de Baz, México
| | | | - Lourdes Escobedo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Minerva Maldonado-Berny
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - M E Gutierrez-Castillo
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando J Espadas-Alvarez
- Departamento de Biociencias e Ingeniería, Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Juan U Mascotte-Cruz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Irais E Valenzuela-Arzeta
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Claudia Luna-Herrera
- Departamento de Fisiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco E Lopez-Salas
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Santoyo-Salazar
- Departamento de Física, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Daniel Martinez-Fong
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
- Nanoparticle Therapy Institute, Aguascalientes, México
- Programa de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
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Park HY, Lee GS, Go J, Ryu YK, Lee CH, Moon JH, Kim KS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition prevents l-dopa-induced dyskinesia in a 6-ohda-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 973:176573. [PMID: 38642669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by severe movement defects and the degeneration of dopaminergic neurones in the midbrain. The symptoms of PD can be managed with dopamine replacement therapy using L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), which is the gold standard therapy for PD. However, long-term treatment with L-dopa can lead to motor complications. The central renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with the development of neurodegenerative diseases in the brain. However, the role of the RAS in dopamine replacement therapy for PD remains unclear. Here, we tested the co-treatment of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) with L-dopa altered L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned mouse model of PD. Perindopril, captopril, and enalapril were used as ACEIs. The co-treatment of ACEI with L-dopa significantly decreased LID development in 6-OHDA-lesioned mice. In addition, the astrocyte and microglial transcripts involving Ccl2, C3, Cd44, and Iigp1 were reduced by co-treatment with ACEI and L-dopa in the 6-OHDA-lesioned striatum. In conclusion, co-treatment with ACEIs and L-dopa, such as perindopril, captopril, and enalapril, may mitigate the severity of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in a mouse model of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeon Park
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga Seul Lee
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Go
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyoung Ryu
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Moon
- Core Research Facility & Analysis Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Shim Kim
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Zhang X, Wang Y, Lv J. STAT4 targets KISS1 to inhibit the oxidative damage, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in experimental PD models by inactivating the MAPK pathway. Neurochem Int 2024; 175:105683. [PMID: 38341034 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2024.105683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are proven to play critical roles in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). As reported, patients with PD have lower level of STAT4 compared with healthy subjects. However, the biological functions and mechanisms of STAT4 in PD pathogenesis remain uncertain. This study aimed to investigate the roles and related mechanisms of STAT4 in PD development. METHODS The intraperitoneal injection of MPTP (20 mg/kg) dissolved in physiological saline was performed to mimic PD-like conditions in vivo. MPP + solution was prepared for cell model of PD. Cell viability was measured by CCK-8. Griess reaction was conducted to measure NO concentrations. The mRNA and protein levels were evaluated by RT-qPCR and western blotting. ROS generation was assessed by DCFH-DA. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured by ELISA. Cell apoptosis was examined by flow cytometry and western blotting. Moreover, the SH-SY5Y cells were treated with conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated microglia and subjected to CCK-8 assays and ELISA. Mechanistically, CHIP assays and luciferase reporter assays were performed to verify the binding relationship between KISS1 and STAT4. For in vivo analysis, the histological changes of midbrain tissues of mice were determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. Iba-1 positive microglial cells in the striatum were assessed by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS For in vitro analysis, STAT4 level was downregulated after MPP+ treatment, and STAT4 upregulation inhibited the oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. STAT4 bound at +215-228 region of KISS1, and KISS1 upregulation counteracted the protection of STAT4 upregulation against cell damage. Moreover, STAT4 upregulation inhibited cell viability loss and inflammation induced by conditioned medium from LPS-treated microglia, whereas KISS1 upregulation had the opposite effect. For in vivo analysis, the protective effects of STAT4 upregulation against inflammatory response, oxidative stress, dopaminergic neuronal loss and microglia activation were attenuated by KISS1 upregulation. Moreover, the inactivation of MAPK pathway caused by STAT4 upregulation was reversed by KISS1 upregulation, and MAPK inhibition attenuated the MPP+-induced inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. CONCLUSION STAT4 inhibits KISS1 to attenuate the oxidative damage, inflammation and neuronal apoptosis in PD by inactivating the MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- XiaoLei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Shanxi People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Jia Lv
- Department of Neurology, Fifth Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030012, China
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Perdaens O, Bottemanne P, van Pesch V. MicroRNAs dysregulated in multiple sclerosis affect the differentiation of CG-4 cells, an oligodendrocyte progenitor cell line. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1336439. [PMID: 38486710 PMCID: PMC10937391 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1336439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Demyelination is one of the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS). While remyelination occurs during the disease, it is incomplete from the start and strongly decreases with its progression, mainly due to the harm to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), causing irreversible neurological deficits and contributing to neurodegeneration. Therapeutic strategies promoting remyelination are still very preliminary and lacking within the current treatment panel for MS. Methods In a previous study, we identified 21 microRNAs dysregulated mostly in the CSF of relapsing and/or remitting MS patients. In this study we transfected the mimics/inhibitors of several of these microRNAs separately in an OPC cell line, called CG-4. We aimed (1) to phenotypically characterize their effect on OPC differentiation and (2) to identify corroborating potential mRNA targets via immunocytochemistry, RT-qPCR analysis, RNA sequencing, and Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. Results We observed that the majority of 13 transfected microRNA mimics decreased the differentiation of CG-4 cells. We demonstrate, by RNA sequencing and independent RT-qPCR analyses, that miR-33-3p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-124-5p arrest OPC differentiation at a late progenitor stage and miR-145-5p at a premyelinating stage as evidenced by the downregulation of premyelinating oligodendrocyte (OL) [Tcf7l2, Cnp (except for miR-145-5p)] and mature OL (Plp1, Mbp, and Mobp) markers, whereas only miR-214-3p promotes OPC differentiation. We further propose a comprehensive exploration of their change in cell fate through Gene Ontology enrichment analysis. We finally confirm by RT-qPCR analyses the downregulation of several predicted mRNA targets for each microRNA that possibly support their effect on OPC differentiation by very distinctive mechanisms, of which some are still unexplored in OPC/OL physiology. Conclusion miR-33-3p, miR-34c-5p, and miR-124-5p arrest OPC differentiation at a late progenitor stage and miR-145-5p at a premyelinating stage, whereas miR-214-3p promotes the differentiation of CG-4 cells. We propose several potential mRNA targets and hypothetical mechanisms by which each microRNA exerts its effect. We hereby open new perspectives in the research on OPC differentiation and the pathophysiology of demyelination/remyelination, and possibly even in the search for new remyelinating therapeutic strategies in the scope of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Océane Perdaens
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pauline Bottemanne
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent van Pesch
- Neurochemistry Group, Institute of NeuroScience, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc, Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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5
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Sai M, Vietor J, Kornmayer M, Egner M, López-García Ú, Höfner G, Pabel J, Marschner JA, Wein T, Merk D. Structure-Guided Design of Nurr1 Agonists Derived from the Natural Ligand Dihydroxyindole. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13556-13567. [PMID: 37751901 PMCID: PMC10578347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The neuroprotective transcription factor Nurr1 was recently found to bind the dopamine metabolite 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI) providing access to Nurr1 ligand design from a natural template. We screened a custom set of 14 k extended DHI analogues in silico for optimized descendants to select 24 candidates for microscale synthesis and in vitro testing. Three out of six primary hits were validated as novel Nurr1 agonists with up to sub-micromolar binding affinity, highlighting the druggability of the Nurr1 surface region lining helix 12. In vitro profiling confirmed cellular target engagement of DHI descendants and demonstrated remarkable additive effects of combined Nurr1 agonist treatment, indicating diverse binding sites mediating Nurr1 activation, which may open new avenues in Nurr1 modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Moritz Kornmayer
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Egner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Úrsula López-García
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pabel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A. Marschner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Wein
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Siwecka N, Saramowicz K, Galita G, Rozpędek-Kamińska W, Majsterek I. Inhibition of Protein Aggregation and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress as a Targeted Therapy for α-Synucleinopathy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2051. [PMID: 37631265 PMCID: PMC10459316 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15082051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
α-synuclein (α-syn) is an intrinsically disordered protein abundant in the central nervous system. Physiologically, the protein regulates vesicle trafficking and neurotransmitter release in the presynaptic terminals. Pathologies related to misfolding and aggregation of α-syn are referred to as α-synucleinopathies, and they constitute a frequent cause of neurodegeneration. The most common α-synucleinopathy, Parkinson's disease (PD), is caused by abnormal accumulation of α-syn in the dopaminergic neurons of the midbrain. This results in protein overload, activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and, ultimately, neural cell apoptosis and neurodegeneration. To date, the available treatment options for PD are only symptomatic and rely on dopamine replacement therapy or palliative surgery. As the prevalence of PD has skyrocketed in recent years, there is a pending issue for development of new disease-modifying strategies. These include anti-aggregative agents that target α-syn directly (gene therapy, small molecules and immunization), indirectly (modulators of ER stress, oxidative stress and clearance pathways) or combine both actions (natural compounds). Herein, we provide an overview on the characteristic features of the structure and pathogenic mechanisms of α-syn that could be targeted with novel molecular-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, 92-215 Lodz, Poland; (N.S.); (K.S.); (G.G.); (W.R.-K.)
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7
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Vietor J, Gege C, Stiller T, Busch R, Schallmayer E, Kohlhof H, Höfner G, Pabel J, Marschner JA, Merk D. Development of a Potent Nurr1 Agonist Tool for In Vivo Applications. J Med Chem 2023; 66:6391-6402. [PMID: 37127285 PMCID: PMC10184128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c00415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a neuroprotective transcription factor and an emerging target in neurodegenerative diseases. Despite strong evidence for a role in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, pharmacological control and validation of Nurr1 are hindered by a lack of suitable ligands. We have discovered considerable Nurr1 activation by the clinically studied dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitor vidofludimus calcium and systematically optimized this scaffold to a Nurr1 agonist with nanomolar potency, strong activation efficacy, and pronounced preference over the highly related receptors Nur77 and NOR1. The optimized compound induced Nurr1-regulated gene expression in astrocytes and exhibited favorable pharmacokinetics in rats, thus emerging as a superior chemical tool to study Nurr1 activation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vietor
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Tanja Stiller
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Romy Busch
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Espen Schallmayer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Georg Höfner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jörg Pabel
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Julian A Marschner
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, 81377 Munich, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Aminochrome Induces Neuroinflammation and Dopaminergic Neuronal Loss: A New Preclinical Model to Find Anti-inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drugs for Parkinson's Disease. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:265-281. [PMID: 34988761 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-021-01173-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies have suggested aminochrome as an endogenous neurotoxin responsible for the dopaminergic neuron degeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, neuroinflammation, an important alteration in PD pathogenesis, has been strictly induced in vitro by aminochrome. The aim of this study was to characterize the neuroinflammation induced in vivo by aminochrome. Wistar rats (male, 250-270 g) received a unilateral single dose by stereotaxic injection of saline into three sites in the striatum in the negative control group, or 32 nmol 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the positive control, or 6 nmol aminochrome. After 14 days, histological and molecular analyses were performed. We observed by immunofluorescence that aminochrome, as well as 6-OHDA, induced an increase in the number of Iba-1+ cells and in the number of activated (Iba-1+/ CD68+) microglia. An increase in the number of S100b+ cells and in the GFAP expression were also evidenced in the striatum and the SNpc of animals from aminochrome and positive control group. Dopaminergic neuronal loss was marked by reduction of TH+ cells and confirmed with reduction in the number of Nissl-stained neurons in the SNpc of rats from aminochrome and positive control groups. In addition, we observed by qPCR that aminocrhome induced an increase in the levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, NLRP3, CCL5 and CCR2 mRNA in the SNpc. This work provides the first evidence of microgliosis, astrogliosis and neuroinflammation induced by aminochrome in an in vivo model. Since aminochrome is an endogenous molecule derived from dopamine oxidation present in the targeted neurons in PD, these results reinforce the potential of aminochrome as a useful preclinical model to find anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective drugs for PD. Aminochrome induced dopaminergic neuronal loss, microglial activation, astroglial activation and neuroinflammation marked by an increase in NLRP3, IL1β, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL5 and CCR2.
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Han QW, Shao QH, Wang XT, Ma KL, Chen NH, Yuan YH. CB2 receptor activation inhibits the phagocytic function of microglia through activating ERK/AKT-Nurr1 signal pathways. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2253-2266. [PMID: 35132190 PMCID: PMC9433450 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is closely related to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Activation of microglia, the resident immune cells in CNS, induces inflammatory responses, resulting in the release of neurotoxic molecules, which favors neuronal death and neurodegeneration. Nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1) protein, one of the orphan nuclear receptor superfamilies, is an emerging target for neuroprotective therapy. In addition, the anti-inflammatory function of cannabinoid (CB) receptors has attracted increasing interest. As both CB receptors (especially CB2 receptor) and Nurr1 exist in microglia, and regulate a number of same molecular points such as NF-κB, we herein explored the interplay between the CB2 receptor and Nurr1 as well as the regulatory mechanisms in microglial cells. We showed that the application of CB2 receptor agonists JWH015 (1, 10 μM) significantly increased the nuclear Nurr1 protein in BV-2 cells and primary midbrain microglia. Overexpression of Nurr1 or application of Nurr1 agonist C-DIM12 (10 μM) significantly increased the mRNA level of CB2 receptor in BV-2 cells, suggesting that positive expression feedback existing between the CB2 receptor and Nurr1. After 2-AG and JWH015 activated the CB2 receptors, the levels of p-ERK, p-AKT, p-GSK-3β in BV-2 cells were significantly increased. Using ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 and PI3K/AKT inhibitor LY294002, we revealed that the amount of Nurr1 in the nucleus was upregulated through β-arrestin2/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signaling pathways. With these inhibitors, we found a cross-talk interaction between the two pathways, and the ERK1/2 signaling pathway played a more dominant regulatory role. Furthermore, we demonstrated that when the CB2 receptor was activated, the phagocytic function of BV-2 cells was significantly weakened; the activation of Nurr1 also inhibited the phagocytic function of BV-2 cells. Pretreatment with the signaling pathway inhibitors, especially U0126, reversed the inhibitory effect of 2-AG on phagocytosis, suggesting that CB2 receptor may regulate the phagocytic function of microglia by activating Nurr1. In conclusion, CB2 receptor or/and Nurr1-mediated signal pathways play instrumental roles in the progress of phagocytosis, which are expected to open up new treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Han
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qian-Hang Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Kai-Li Ma
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, 650118, China
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Willems S, Merk D. Medicinal Chemistry and Chemical Biology of Nurr1 Modulators: An Emerging Strategy in Neurodegeneration. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9548-9563. [PMID: 35797147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is a transcription factor with neuroprotective and antineuroinflammatory properties. Observations from genetic studies and human patients support potential of Nurr1 as a therapeutic target in neurodegeneration, but due to a lack of high-quality chemical tools for pharmacological control of Nurr1, its target validation is pending. Nevertheless, considerable progress has recently been made in elucidating structural and functional characteristics of Nurr1, and several ligand scaffolds have been discovered. Here, we analyze Nurr1's structure and mechanisms compared to other nuclear receptors, summarize the known small molecule Nurr1 ligands, and discuss the available evidence for the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 81377 Munich, Germany
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Ye F, Alvarez-Carbonell D, Nguyen K, Leskov K, Garcia-Mesa Y, Sreeram S, Valadkhan S, Karn J. Recruitment of the CoREST transcription repressor complexes by Nerve Growth factor IB-like receptor (Nurr1/NR4A2) mediates silencing of HIV in microglial cells. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010110. [PMID: 35797416 PMCID: PMC9295971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection in the brain leads to chronic neuroinflammation due to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which in turn promotes HIV transcription in infected microglial cells. However, powerful counteracting silencing mechanisms in microglial cells result in the rapid shutdown of HIV expression after viral reactivation to limit neuronal damage. Here we investigated whether the Nerve Growth Factor IB-like nuclear receptor Nurr1 (NR4A2), which is a repressor of inflammation in the brain, acts directly to restrict HIV expression. HIV silencing following activation by TNF-α, or a variety of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, in both immortalized human microglial cells (hμglia) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC)-derived human microglial cells (iMG) was enhanced by Nurr1 agonists. Similarly, overexpression of Nurr1 led to viral suppression, while conversely, knock down (KD) of endogenous Nurr1 blocked HIV silencing. The effect of Nurr1 on HIV silencing is direct: Nurr1 binds directly to the specific consensus binding sites in the U3 region of the HIV LTR and mutation of the Nurr1 DNA binding domain blocked its ability to suppress HIV-1 transcription. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays also showed that after Nurr1 binding to the LTR, the CoREST/HDAC1/G9a/EZH2 transcription repressor complex is recruited to the HIV provirus. Finally, transcriptomic studies demonstrated that in addition to repressing HIV transcription, Nurr1 also downregulated numerous cellular genes involved in inflammation, cell cycle, and metabolism, further promoting HIV latency and microglial homoeostasis. Nurr1 therefore plays a pivotal role in modulating the cycles of proviral reactivation by potentiating the subsequent proviral transcriptional shutdown. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of Nurr1 agonists for inducing HIV silencing and microglial homeostasis and ultimately for the amelioration of the neuroinflammation associated with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengchun Ye
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David Alvarez-Carbonell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Konstantin Leskov
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yoelvis Garcia-Mesa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sheetal Sreeram
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Saba Valadkhan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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The role of NURR1 in metabolic abnormalities of Parkinson's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:46. [PMID: 35761385 PMCID: PMC9235236 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00544-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A constant metabolism and energy supply are crucial to all organs, particularly the brain. Age-dependent neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), are associated with alterations in cellular metabolism. These changes have been recognized as a novel hot topic that may provide new insights to help identify risk in the pre-symptomatic phase of the disease, understand disease pathogenesis, track disease progression, and determine critical endpoints. Nuclear receptor-related factor 1 (NURR1), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of PD, and changes in NURR1 expression can have a detrimental effect on cellular metabolism. In this review, we discuss recent evidence that suggests a vital role of NURR1 in dopaminergic (DAergic) neuron development and the pathogenesis of PD. The association between NURR1 and cellular metabolic abnormalities and its implications for PD therapy have been further highlighted.
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Willems S, Marschner JA, Kilu W, Faudone G, Busch R, Duensing‐Kropp S, Heering J, Merk D. Nurr1 Modulation Mediates Neuroprotective Effects of Statins. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2104640. [PMID: 35488520 PMCID: PMC9218776 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202104640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ligand-sensing transcription factor Nurr1 emerges as a promising therapeutic target for neurodegenerative pathologies but Nurr1 ligands for functional studies and therapeutic validation are lacking. Here pronounced Nurr1 modulation by statins for which clinically relevant neuroprotective effects are demonstrated, is reported. Several statins directly affect Nurr1 activity in cellular and cell-free settings with low micromolar to sub-micromolar potencies. Simvastatin as example exhibits anti-inflammatory effects in astrocytes, which are abrogated by Nurr1 knockdown. Differential gene expression analysis in native and Nurr1-silenced cells reveals strong proinflammatory effects of Nurr1 knockdown while simvastatin treatment induces several neuroprotective mechanisms via Nurr1 involving changes in inflammatory, metabolic and cell cycle gene expression. Further in vitro evaluation confirms reduced inflammatory response, improved glucose metabolism, and cell cycle inhibition of simvastatin-treated neuronal cells. These findings suggest Nurr1 involvement in the well-documented but mechanistically elusive neuroprotection by statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9Frankfurt60438Germany
| | - Julian A. Marschner
- Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5‐13Munich81377Germany
| | - Whitney Kilu
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9Frankfurt60438Germany
| | - Giuseppe Faudone
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9Frankfurt60438Germany
| | - Romy Busch
- Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5‐13Munich81377Germany
| | - Silke Duensing‐Kropp
- Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5‐13Munich81377Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMPTheodor‐Stern‐Kai 7Frankfurt60596Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical ChemistryGoethe University FrankfurtMax‐von‐Laue‐Str. 9Frankfurt60438Germany
- Department of PharmacyLudwig‐Maximilians‐Universität MünchenButenandtstr. 5‐13Munich81377Germany
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Willems S, Müller M, Ohrndorf J, Heering J, Proschak E, Merk D. Scaffold hopping from amodiaquine to novel Nurr1 agonist chemotypes via microscale analogue libraries. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202200026. [PMID: 35132775 PMCID: PMC9305750 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202200026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest the ligand‐sensing transcription factor Nurr1 as a promising target to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Nurr1 modulators to validate and exploit this therapeutic potential are rare, however. To identify novel Nurr1 agonist chemotypes, we have employed the Nurr1 activator amodiaquine as template for microscale analogue library synthesis. The first set of analogues was based on the 7‐chloroquiolin‐4‐amine core fragment of amodiaquine and revealed superior N‐substituents compared to diethylaminomethylphenol contained in the template. A second library of analogues was subsequently prepared to replace the chloroquinolineamine scaffold. The two sets of analogues enabled a full scaffold hop from amodiaquine to a novel Nurr1 agonist sharing no structural features with the lead but comprising superior potency on Nurr1. Additionally, pharmacophore modeling based on the entire set of active and inactive analogues suggested key features for Nurr1 agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Goethe University Frankfurt: Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Marcel Müller
- Goethe University Frankfurt: Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Julia Ohrndorf
- Goethe University Frankfurt: Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME Division Translational Medicine Branch Lab ScreeningPort: Fraunhofer-Institut fur Translationale Medizin und Pharmakologie ITMP Drug Discovery Research ScreeningPort, ITMP, GERMANY
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Goethe University Frankfurt: Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Daniel Merk
- Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt am Main, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, GERMANY
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BMS-470539 Attenuates Oxidative Stress and Neuronal Apoptosis via MC1R/cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 Signaling Pathway in a Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Rat Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4054938. [PMID: 35140838 PMCID: PMC8820941 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4054938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Previous studies reported that activation of melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) exerts antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective effects in various neurological diseases. However, whether MC1R activation can attenuate oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis after hypoxic-ischemic- (HI-) induced brain injury remains unknown. Herein, we have investigated the role of MC1R activation with BMS-470539 in attenuating oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis induced by HI and the underlying mechanisms. 159 ten-day-old unsexed Sprague-Dawley rat pups were used. HI was induced by right common carotid artery ligation followed by 2.5 h of hypoxia. The novel-selective MC1R agonist BMS-470539 was administered intranasally at 1 h after HI induction. MC1R CRISPR KO plasmid and Nurr1 CRISPR KO plasmid were administered intracerebroventricularly at 48 h before HI induction. Percent brain infarct area, short-term neurobehavioral tests, Western blot, immunofluorescence staining, Fluoro-Jade C staining, and MitoSox Staining were performed. We found that the expression of MC1R and Nurr1 increased, peaking at 48 h post-HI. MC1R and Nurr1 were expressed on neurons at 48 h post-HI. BMS-470539 administration significantly attenuated short-term neurological deficits and infarct area, accompanied by a reduction in cleaved caspase-3-positive neurons at 48 h post-HI. Moreover, BMS-470539 administration significantly upregulated the expression of MC1R, cAMP, p-PKA, Nurr1, HO-1, and Bcl-2. However, it downregulated the expression of 4-HNE and Bax, as well as reduced FJC-positive cells, MitoSox-positive cells, and 8-OHdG-positive cells at 48 h post-HI. MC1R CRISPR and Nurr1 CRISPR abolished the antioxidative stress, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective effects of BMS-470539. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that BMS-470539 administration attenuated oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis and improved neurological deficits in a neonatal HI rat model, partially via the MC1R/cAMP/PKA/Nurr1 signaling pathway. Early administration of BMS-470539 may be a novel therapeutic strategy for infants with HIE.
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Gao J, Zhang W, Chai X, Tan X, Yang Z. Asparagine endopeptidase deletion ameliorates cognitive impairments by inhibiting proinflammatory microglial activation in MPTP mouse model of Parkinson disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 178:120-130. [PMID: 34838642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In addition to motor dysfunction, cognitive impairments have been reported to occur in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we examined a PD mouse model induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). This treatment led to the degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in mice, a phenomenon that is consistent with previous studies. Besides, spatial memory and object recognition of MPTP-treated mice were impaired, as denoted by the Morris water maze (MWM) and novel object recognition (NOR) tests, respectively. Moreover, hippocampal synaptic plasticity (long-term potentiation and depotentiation) and the levels of synaptic proteins in hippocampus were decreased after MPTP treatment. We also found that MPTP resulted in the microglial activation and an inflammatory response in the striatum and hippocampus. Mammalian asparagine endopeptidase (AEP), a cysteine lysosomal protease, is involved in the cleavage and activation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The deletion of AEP can inhibit TLR4 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and TLR4 is upregulated in PD, inducing microglial activation and inflammation. We found that AEP deletion provided greater resistance to the toxic effects of MPTP. AEP knockout ameliorated the cognition and the synaptic plasticity defects in the hippocampus. Furthermore, AEP deletion decreased the expression of TLR4 and reduced microglial activation and the levels of several proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, we suggest that AEP plays a role in the inflammation induced by MPTP, and TLR4 might also involve in this process. AEP deletion could be a possible treatment strategy for the cognitive deficits of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China; School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xueqing Chai
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoyue Tan
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Zaienne D, Willems S, Schierle S, Heering J, Merk D. Development and Profiling of Inverse Agonist Tools for the Neuroprotective Transcription Factor Nurr1. J Med Chem 2021; 64:15126-15140. [PMID: 34633810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ligand-sensing transcription factor nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) evolves as an appealing target to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Despite its therapeutic potential observed in various rodent models, potent modulators for Nurr1 are lacking as pharmacological tools. Here, we report the structure-activity relationship and systematic optimization of indole-based inverse Nurr1 agonists. Optimized analogues decreased the receptor's intrinsic transcriptional activity by up to more than 90% and revealed preference for inhibiting Nurr1 monomer activity. In orthogonal cell-free settings, we detected displacement of NCoRs and disruption of the Nurr1 homodimer as molecular modes of action. The inverse Nurr1 agonists reduced the expression of Nurr1-regulated genes in T98G cells, and treatment with an inverse Nurr1 agonist mimicked the effect of Nurr1 silencing on interleukin-6 release from LPS-stimulated human astrocytes. The indole-based inverse Nurr1 agonists valuably extend the toolbox of Nurr1 modulators to further probe the role of Nurr1 in neuroinflammation, cancer, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, D-60596 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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Dodat F, Mader S, Lévesque D. Minireview: What is Known about SUMOylation Among NR4A Family Members? J Mol Biol 2021; 433:167212. [PMID: 34437889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
NR4A receptors, including NUR77 (NR4A1), NURR1 (NR4A2) and NOR-1 (NR4A3), form a family of nuclear receptors that act as transcription factors to regulate many physiological and pathological processes such as cell cycle and apoptosis, lipid metabolism, inflammation, carcinogenesis, vascular and neuronal functions. In the absence of known endogenous ligand modulating their physiological functions, the NR4A family remains a class of orphan receptors. However, several post-translational modifications (PTMs), including SUMOylation, have been shown to regulate the expression and/or activity of these receptors. Addition of Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) proteins is a dynamic and reversible enzymatic process that regulates multiple essential functions of proteins, including nuclear receptors. This review aims at summarizing what is known about the impact of SUMOylation on NR4A family member transcriptional activities and physiological functions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinogenesis/metabolism
- Carcinogenesis/pathology
- Cell Cycle/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Eukaryotic Cells/cytology
- Eukaryotic Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Inflammation
- Lipid Metabolism/genetics
- Multigene Family
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
- Receptors, Steroid/genetics
- Receptors, Steroid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/genetics
- Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins/metabolism
- Sumoylation
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéma Dodat
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada; Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Sylvie Mader
- Institut de Recherche en Immunologie et Cancérologie (IRIC) and Département de biochimie et de médecine moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Daniel Lévesque
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Willems S, Zaienne D, Merk D. Targeting Nuclear Receptors in Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9592-9638. [PMID: 34251209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors, also known as ligand-activated transcription factors, regulate gene expression upon ligand signals and present as attractive therapeutic targets especially in chronic diseases. Despite the therapeutic relevance of some nuclear receptors in various pathologies, their potential in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation is insufficiently established. This perspective gathers preclinical and clinical data for a potential role of individual nuclear receptors as future targets in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis, and concomitantly evaluates the level of medicinal chemistry targeting these proteins. Considerable evidence suggests the high promise of ligand-activated transcription factors to counteract neurodegenerative diseases with a particularly high potential of several orphan nuclear receptors. However, potent tools are lacking for orphan receptors, and limited central nervous system exposure or insufficient selectivity also compromises the suitability of well-studied nuclear receptor ligands for functional studies. Medicinal chemistry efforts are needed to develop dedicated high-quality tool compounds for the therapeutic validation of nuclear receptors in neurodegenerative pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Willems
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Zaienne
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Cerebrospinal fluid monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 correlates with progression of Parkinson's disease. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2020; 6:21. [PMID: 32944649 PMCID: PMC7471278 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-020-00124-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA) have overlapping symptoms, challenging a correct early diagnosis. Prognostic information is needed to predict disease progression and provide appropriate counseling. Neuroinflammation plays a role in the pathology of both disorders, as shown in genetic and postmortem tissue studies. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and neuroleukin (NLK) are two inflammatory proteins with potential to serve as biomarkers of the neuroinflammatory process. Here, we aimed to study the biomarker potential of both MCP-1 and NLK protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a longitudinal cohort study (Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands), consisting of PD patients (n = 46), MSA patients (n = 17) and control subjects (n = 52) using ELISA. We also correlated MCP-1 and NLK levels in CSF to several parameters of disease. We showed that MCP-1 levels in CSF positively correlate with PD progression (ρ = 0.363; p = 0.017) but could not differentiate between PD, MSA, and controls. NLK levels in CSF neither differentiated between PD, MSA, and controls, nor correlated with disease progression. Our results indicate that MCP-1 levels in CSF cannot distinguish between PD, MSA, and controls but correlate with disease progression in PD patients, suggesting that neuroinflammation is associated with clinical progression in PD. The correlation with disease progression was only moderate, so MCP-1 levels in CSF should be included in a larger battery of prognostic biomarkers that also tackle different pathophysiological processes.
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Li W, Liu X, Tu Y, Ding D, Yi Q, Sun X, Wang Y, Wang K, Zhu M, Mao J. Dysfunctional Nurr1 promotes high glucose-induced Müller cell activation by up-regulating the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis. Neuropeptides 2020; 82:102057. [PMID: 32461025 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus (DM). During DR, high glucose levels induce Müller cell gliosis, and the dysfunction of Müller cells further promotes the pathogenesis of DR. Transcription factor nuclear receptor subfamily 4 group A member 2 (Nurr1) inhibits the inflammatory response by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and downregulating the downstream NACHT, LRR and PYD domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. This study aimed to investigate whether Nurr1 dysfunction in Müller cells promoted the NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis during DR. In vitro, Nurr1 expression and nuclear translocation decreased in Müller cells exposed to high glucose levels; therefore, p65 was activated, and the downstream NLRP3 inflammasome was up-regulated via the interaction of p65 with its promoter. These phenomena promoted Müller cell activation and proliferation. Moreover, in vivo, gavage of the Nurr1 agonist C-DIM12 reduced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in a mouse model of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. Together, these results showed that Nurr1 played important anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective roles in Müller cells during DR, suggesting that Nurr1 may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Laizhou City People's Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Quanyong Yi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaolei Sun
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lixiang Eye Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Jinghai Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ningbo Eye Hospital, Ningbo, China..
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The orphan nuclear receptor Nurr1 is responsive to non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Commun Chem 2020; 3:85. [PMID: 36703399 PMCID: PMC9814838 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-0331-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1) is an orphan ligand-activated transcription factor and considered as neuroprotective transcriptional regulator with great potential as therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. However, the collection of available Nurr1 modulators and mechanistic understanding of Nurr1 are limited. Here, we report the discovery of several structurally diverse non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as inverse Nurr1 agonists demonstrating that Nurr1 activity can be regulated bidirectionally. As chemical tools, these ligands enable unraveling the co-regulatory network of Nurr1 and the mode of action distinguishing agonists from inverse agonists. In addition to its ability to dimerize, we observe an ability of Nurr1 to recruit several canonical nuclear receptor co-regulators in a ligand-dependent fashion. Distinct dimerization states and co-regulator interaction patterns arise as discriminating factors of Nurr1 agonists and inverse agonists. Our results contribute a valuable collection of Nurr1 modulators and relevant mechanistic insights for future Nurr1 target validation and drug discovery.
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23
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Oh M, Kim SY, Gil JE, Byun JS, Cha DW, Ku B, Lee W, Kim WK, Oh KJ, Lee EW, Bae KH, Lee SC, Han BS. Nurr1 performs its anti-inflammatory function by regulating RasGRP1 expression in neuro-inflammation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10755. [PMID: 32612143 PMCID: PMC7329810 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67549-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurr1, a transcription factor belonging to the orphan nuclear receptor, has an essential role in the generation and maintenance of dopaminergic neurons and is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’ disease (PD). In addition, Nurr1 has a non-neuronal function, and it is especially well known that Nurr1 has an anti-inflammatory function in the Parkinson’s disease model. However, the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 have not been elucidated. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism of Nurr1 function. To provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of Nurr1 in the inflammatory response, we performed Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) on LPS-induced inflammation in BV2 cells and finally identified the RasGRP1 gene as a novel target of Nurr1. Here, we show that Nurr1 directly binds to the RasGRP1 intron to regulate its expression. Moreover, we also identified that RasGRP1 regulates the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascade in LPS-induced inflammation signaling. Finally, we conclude that RasGRP1 is a novel regulator of Nurr1’s mediated inflammation signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihee Oh
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Kim
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Gil
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Su Byun
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Cha
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Won-Kon Kim
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Oh
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hee Bae
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Chul Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Baek-Soo Han
- Biodefense Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Functional Genomics, University of Science and Technology (UST) of Korea, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Lee CH. Change of Nurr1 expression in mouse hippocampal CA3 region following excitotoxic neuronal damage. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 23:202-205. [PMID: 32405363 PMCID: PMC7211359 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.38712.9177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective(s): Nuclear receptor-related protein 1 (Nurr1), one of immediate-early genes, is a member of orphan nuclear receptor family. The aim of this study was to investigate the time-dependent change of Nurr1 protein expression in the mouse hippocampal CA3 region following kainic acid (KA)-induced excitotoxic neuronal damage. Materials and Methods: Male ICR mice were used as experimental animals, and 30 mg/kg KA was administered intraperitoneally. To confirm the KA-induced neuronal damage in the hippocampal CA3 region, Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining was performed. In addition, the time-dependent change of Nurr1 protein expression was also examined using immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results: Marked neuronal damage was observed in the hippocampal CA3 region at 24 hr after KA injection. In addition, both Nurr1 immunoreactivity and protein level were significantly increased at 6 hr and 12 hr after KA injection, and then decreased at 24 hr after KA injection. Conclusion: This result indicates that KA-induced alteration of Nurr1 protein expression may be associated with the neuronal degeneration in the hippocampal CA3 region after KA injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
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25
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Xiao Y, Chen W, Zhong Z, Ding L, Bai H, Chen H, Zhang H, Gu Y, Lu S. Electroacupuncture preconditioning attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by inhibiting mitophagy mediated by the mTORC1-ULK1-FUNDC1 pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110148. [PMID: 32344255 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is an important complication of reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction, and trimetazidine is used successfully for treatment of ischemic cardiomyopathy by regulating mitochondrial function. Moreover, electroacupuncture (EA) preconditioning was demonstrated to be cardioprotective in both in vivo rodent models and in patients undergoing heart valve replacement surgery. However, the mechanisms have not been well elucidated. Mitophagy, mediated by the mTORC1-ULK1-FUNDC1 (mTOR complex 1-unc-51-like autophagy-activating kinase 1-FUN14 domain-containing 1) pathway, can regulate mitochondrial mass and cell survival effectively to restrain the development of myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). In this study, we hypothesized that EA preconditioning ameliorated MIRI via mitophagy. To test this, rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor, was used. The results showed that EA preconditioning could reduce the infarct size and risk size, and decrease the ventricular arrhythmia score and serum creatine kinase-myocardial band isoenzyme (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in MIRI rats. Moreover, it also attenuated MIRI-induced apoptosis and mitophagy accompanied by elevated mTORC1 level and decreased ULK1 and FUNDC1 levels. However, these effects of EA preconditioning were blocked by rapamycin, which aggravated MIRI, reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, and antagonized infarct size reduction. In conclusion, our results indicated that EA preconditioning protected the myocardium against I/R injury by inhibiting mitophagy mediated by the mTORC1-ULK1-FUNDC1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Wanying Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Zehao Zhong
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Liang Ding
- Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, 39 Xiashatang Road, Wuzhong District, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215101, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yihuang Gu
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| | - Shengfeng Lu
- Acupuncture and Tuina College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
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26
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Santaella A, Kuiperij HB, van Rumund A, Esselink RAJ, van Gool AJ, Bloem BR, Verbeek MM. Inflammation biomarker discovery in Parkinson's disease and atypical parkinsonisms. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:26. [PMID: 31952511 PMCID: PMC6967088 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-1608-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonisms (APD) have overlapping symptoms challenging an early diagnosis. Diagnostic accuracy is important because PD and APD have different prognosis and response to treatment. We aimed to identify diagnostic inflammatory biomarkers of PD and APD in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) using the multiplex proximity extension assay (PEA) technology and to study possible correlations of biomarkers with disease progression. Methods CSF from a longitudinal cohort study consisting of PD and APD patients (PD, n = 44; multiple system atrophy (MSA), n = 14; vascular parkinsonism (VaP), n = 9; and PD with VaP, n = 7) and controls (n = 25) were analyzed. Results Concentrations of CCL28 were elevated in PD compared to controls (p = 0.0001). Five other biomarkers differentiated both MSA and PD from controls (p < 0.05) and 10 biomarkers differentiated MSA from controls, of which two proteins, i.e. beta nerve growth factor (β-NGF) and Delta and Notch like epidermal growth factor-related receptor (DNER), were also present at lower levels in MSA compared to PD (both p = 0.032). Two biomarkers (MCP-1 and MMP-10) positively correlated with PD progression (rho > 0.650; p < 0.01). Conclusions PEA technique identified potential new CSF biomarkers to help to predict the prognosis of PD. Also, we identified new candidate biomarkers to distinguish MSA from PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Santaella
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Center Nijmegen, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - H Bea Kuiperij
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Anouke van Rumund
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne A J Esselink
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Center Nijmegen, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alain J van Gool
- Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Parkinson Center Nijmegen, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel M Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Laboratory Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Parkinson Center Nijmegen, Radboud University Medical Center, and Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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27
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Wirth T, Mariani LL, Bergant G, Baulac M, Habert M, Drouot N, Ollivier E, Hodžić A, Rudolf G, Nitschke P, Rudolf G, Chelly J, Tranchant C, Anheim M, Roze E. Loss‐of‐Function Mutations in
NR4A2
Cause Dopa‐Responsive Dystonia Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2020; 35:880-885. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.27982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wirth
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital de HautepierreHôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Louise Laure Mariani
- Sorbonne UniversitéInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 F‐75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of NeurologyHôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière F‐75013 Paris France
| | - Gaber Bergant
- Clinical Institute of Medical GeneticsUniversity Medical Centre Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Michel Baulac
- Sorbonne UniversitéInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 F‐75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of NeurologyHôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière F‐75013 Paris France
| | - Marie‐Odile Habert
- Sorbonne UniversitéCNRS, INSERM, Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale, LIB F‐75006 Paris France
- AP‐HPHôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière, Médecine Nucléaire F‐75013 Paris France
| | - Nathalie Drouot
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch France
| | - Emmanuelle Ollivier
- Institut IMAGINE, Bioinformatics PlatformUniversité Paris Descartes Paris France
| | - Alenka Hodžić
- Clinical Institute of Medical GeneticsUniversity Medical Centre Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Rudolf
- Clinical Institute of Medical GeneticsUniversity Medical Centre Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - Patrick Nitschke
- Institut IMAGINE, Bioinformatics PlatformUniversité Paris Descartes Paris France
| | - Gabrielle Rudolf
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital de HautepierreHôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital de HautepierreHôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch France
- Laboratoire de Diagnostic Génétique, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital de HautepierreHôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de neurologie, Hôpital de HautepierreHôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Illkirch France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS)Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
| | - Emmanuel Roze
- Sorbonne UniversitéInstitut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, Inserm U 1127, CNRS UMR 7225 F‐75013 Paris France
- Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of NeurologyHôpital Pitié‐Salpêtrière F‐75013 Paris France
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28
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Zhang J, Dongwei Zhou, Zhang Z, Xinhui Qu, Kunwang Bao, Guohui Lu, Jian Duan. miR-let-7a suppresses α-Synuclein-induced microglia inflammation through targeting STAT3 in Parkinson's disease. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:740-746. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Gottschalk CG, Roy A, Jana M, Kundu M, Pahan K. Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-α Increases the Expression of Nuclear Receptor Related 1 Protein (Nurr1) in Dopaminergic Neurons. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:7872-7887. [PMID: 31127527 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01649-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1) is an important transcription factor required for differentiation and maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons. Since decrease in Nurr1 function either due to diminished expression or rare mutation is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), upregulation of Nurr1 may be beneficial for PD. However, such mechanisms are poorly understood. This study underlines the importance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α in controlling the transcription of Nurr1. Our mRNA analyses followed by different immunoassays clearly indicated that PPARα agonist gemfibrozil strongly upregulated the expression of Nurr1 in wild-type, but not PPARα-/-, DA neurons. Moreover, identification of conserved PPRE in the promoter of Nurr1 gene followed by chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis, PPRE luciferase assay, and manipulation of Nurr1 gene by viral transduction of different PPARα plasmids confirmed that PPARα was indeed involved in the expression of Nurr1. Finally, oral administration of gemfibrozil increased Nurr1 expression in vivo in nigra of wild-type, but not PPARα-/-, mice identifying PPARα as a novel regulator of Nurr1 expression and associated protection of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl G Gottschalk
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Malabendu Jana
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Madhuchhanda Kundu
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1735 West Harrison St, Suite Cohn 310, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA. .,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.
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30
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Jones MK, Nair A, Gupta M. Mast Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:171. [PMID: 31133804 PMCID: PMC6524694 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of people worldwide, yet there are currently no effective treatments. Because risk of neurodegenerative disease substantially increases with age, greater life expectancy with a concomitant aging population means more individuals will be affected in the coming decades. Thus, there is an urgent need for understanding the mechanisms driving neurodegenerative diseases in order to develop improved treatment strategies. Inflammation in the nervous system, termed “neuroinflammation,” has become increasingly recognized as being associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Early attention focused primarily on morphological changes in astrocytes and microglia; however, brain and CNS resident mast cells are now receiving attention as a result of being “first responders” to injury. Mast cells also exert profound effects on their microenvironment and neighboring cells including behavior and/or activation of astrocytes, microglia, and neurons, which, in turn, are implicated in neuroinflammation, neurogenesis and neurodegeneration. Mast cells also affect disruption/permeability of the blood brain barrier enabling toxin and immune cell entry exacerbating an inflammatory microenvironment. Here, we discuss the roles of mast cells in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration with a focus on development and progression of four prominent neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, and Huntington’s Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Jones
- Department of Medicine, Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Archana Nair
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mihir Gupta
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
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31
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Jiao Z, Zhang W, Chen C, Zhu X, Chen X, Zhou M, Peng G, Liu H, Qiu J, Lin Y, Huang S, Mo M, Yang X, Qu S, Xu P. Gene Dysfunction Mediates Immune Response to Dopaminergic Degeneration in Parkinson's Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:803-811. [PMID: 30289236 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many publications reported that genetic dysfunction mediates abnormal immune responses in the brain, which is important for the development of neurodegenerative diseases, especially for Parkinson's disease (PD). This immune disorder results in subsequent inflammatory reaction, which stimulates microglia or other immune cells to secrete cytokines and chemokines and disturbs the proportion of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets contributing to dopaminergic (DA) neuron apoptosis. Furthermore, the abnormal immune related signal pathways caused by genetic variants promote chronic inflammation destroying the blood-brain barrier, which allows infiltration of different molecules and blood cells into the central nervous system (CNS) exerting toxicity on DA neurons. As a result, the inflammatory reaction in the CNS accelerates the progression of Parkinson's disease and promotes α-synuclein aggregation and diffusion among DA neurons in the procession of Parkinson's disease. Thus, for disease evaluation, the genetic mediated abnormal immune response in PD may be assessed based on the multiple immune molecules and inflammatory factors, as well as the ratio of lymphocyte subsets from PD patient's peripheral blood as potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Jiao
- Central Laboratory, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Wenlong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Chaojun Chen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou Chinese Medical Integrated Hospital (Huadu), Guangdong 510800, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhu
- Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Guoyou Peng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Hanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jiewen Qiu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Yuwan Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuxuan Huang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Mingshu Mo
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Xinling Yang
- Department of Neurology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Shaogang Qu
- Central Laboratory, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Foshan 528300, China
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China
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Shen R, Lin S, He L, Zhu X, Zhou Z, Chen S, Wang Y, Ding J. Association of Two Polymorphisms in CCL2 With Parkinson's Disease: A Case-Control Study. Front Neurol 2019; 10:35. [PMID: 30761072 PMCID: PMC6362632 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disorder that is known to be related to neuro-inflammation. Chemokines participate in this process usually through upregulation of expression levels, which are closely related to the polymorphisms in their genes. Recent studies have further revealed the association between these polymorphisms and the risk of PD in multiple populations, but not the Chinese Han population. Methods:The promoter region of CCL2 was sequenced in 411 PD patients and 422 gender-age matched control from a Chinese Han population using PCR-RFLP method. Their genotype frequencies were analyzed statistically. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted in neuroblastoma cells to assess the promoter transcriptional activity of the rs1024611 variants (T>C) and the GRCh38.p12chr17:34252593 G>C alleles in CCL2. Results:We found that the frequency of the CCL2 genotype of rs1024611 was significantly different between the PD and control groups (p = 0.021), while the C allele was associated with a significantly increased risk in the PD group (p = 0.004). Moreover, C allele of this newly identified alteration in CCL2 (GRCh38.p12chr17:34252593 G>C) was also found to be associated with an increased risk of PD (P genotype = 0.006, P allele = 0.006). Dual-luciferase reporter assay results indicated that rs1024611 C allele and GRCh38.p12chr17:.34252593 C allele increased the transcriptional activity of the CCL2 promoter. Conclusions: We, for the first time, report a risk polymorphism (rs1024611) and a new locus (GRCh38.p12chr17:.34252593 G>C) on CCL2, both of which are suggested as risk factors for PD in a Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruinan Shen
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Suzhen Lin
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu He
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue Zhu
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhekun Zhou
- Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengdi Chen
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Ding
- Institute of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Jakaria M, Haque ME, Cho DY, Azam S, Kim IS, Choi DK. Molecular Insights into NR4A2(Nurr1): an Emerging Target for Neuroprotective Therapy Against Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5799-5814. [PMID: 30684217 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NR4A2 is a nuclear receptor and a transcription factor, with distinctive physiological features. In the cell nuclei of the central nervous system, it is widely expressed and identified as a crucial regulator of dopaminergic (DA) neuronal differentiation, survival, and maintenance. Importantly, it has regulated different genes crucial for dopaminergic signals, and its expression has been diminished in both aged and PD post-mortem brains and reduced in PD patients. In microglia and astrocytes, the expression of NR4A2 has been found where it can be capable of inhibiting the expression of proinflammatory mediators; hence, it protected inflammation-mediated DA neuronal death. In addition, NR4A2 plays neuroprotective role via regulating different signals. However, NR4A2 has been mainly focused on Parkinson's research, but, in recent times, it has been studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD), multiple sclerosis (MS), and stroke. Altered expression of NR4A2 is connected to AD progression, and activation of its may improve cognitive function. It is downregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients; nonetheless, its role in MS has not been fully clear. miR-145-5p known as a putative regulator of NR4A2 and in a middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion model, anti-miR-145-5p administration promoted neurological outcomes in rat. To date, various activators and modulators of NR4A2 have been discovered and investigated as probable therapeutic drugs in neuroinflammatory and neuronal cell death models. The NR4A2 gene and cell-based therapy are described as promising drug candidates for neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, microRNA might have a crucial role in neurodegeneration via affecting NR4A2 expression. Herein, we present the role of NR4A2 in neuroinflammation and neuronal cell death focusing on neurodegenerative conditions and display NR4A2 as a promising therapeutic target for the therapy of neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Duk-Yeon Cho
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shofiul Azam
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences and Integrated Bioscience, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea. .,Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences and Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea.
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Zhang K, Luo J. Role of MCP-1 and CCR2 in alcohol neurotoxicity. Pharmacol Res 2019; 139:360-366. [PMID: 30472461 PMCID: PMC6360095 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse causes profound damage to both the developing brain and the adult brain. Prenatal exposure to alcohol results in a wide range of deficits known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Alcohol abuse in adults is associated with brain shrinkage, memory and attention deficits, communication disorders and physical disabilities. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) is one of the key chemokines that regulate the recruitment and activation of monocytes and microglia. Both MCP-1 and its receptor C-C chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) expressed in the brain are involved in various neuroinflammatory disorders, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the role of MCP-1/CCR2 in alcohol-induced brain damage is unclear. Recent evidence indicates that alcohol exposure increased the activity of MCP-1/CCR2 in both mature and developing central nervous systems (CNS). MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in the brain was involved in alcohol drinking behavior. MCP-1/CCR2 inhibition alleviated alcohol neurotoxicity by reducing microglia activation/neuroinflammation in the developing brain and spinal cord. In this review, we discussed the role of MCP-1/CCR2 signaling in alcohol-induced neuroinflammation and brain damage. We also discussed the signaling cascades that are involved in the activation of MCP-1/CCR2 in response to alcohol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Jia Luo
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; Lexington VA Health Care System, Research & Development, 1101 Veterans Drive, Lexington, KY 40502, USA.
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Popichak KA, Afzali MF, Kirkley KS, Tjalkens RB. Glial-neuronal signaling mechanisms underlying the neuroinflammatory effects of manganese. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:324. [PMID: 30463564 PMCID: PMC6247759 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1349-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to increased manganese (Mn) causes inflammation and neuronal injury in the cortex and basal ganglia, resulting in neurological symptoms resembling Parkinson's disease. The mechanisms underlying neuronal death from exposure to Mn are not well understood but involve inflammatory activation of microglia and astrocytes. Expression of neurotoxic inflammatory genes in glia is highly regulated through the NF-κB pathway, but factors modulating neurotoxic glial-glial and glial-neuronal signaling by Mn are not well understood. METHODS We examined the role of NF-κB in Mn-induced neurotoxicity by exposing purified microglia, astrocytes (from wild-type and astrocyte-specific IKK knockout mice), and mixed glial cultures to varying Mn concentrations and then treating neurons with the conditioned media (GCM) of each cell type. We hypothesized that mixed glial cultures exposed to Mn (0-100 μM) would enhance glial activation and neuronal death compared to microglia, wild-type astrocytes, or IKK-knockout astrocytes alone or in mixed cultures. RESULTS Mixed glial cultures treated with 0-100 μM Mn for 24 h showed the most pronounced effect of increased expression of inflammatory genes including inducible nitric oxide synthase (Nos2), Tnf, Ccl5, Il6, Ccr2, Il1b, and the astrocyte-specific genes, C3 and Ccl2. Gene deletion of IKK2 in astrocytes dramatically reduced cytokine release in Mn-treated mixed glial cultures. Measurement of neuronal viability and apoptosis following exposure to Mn-GCM demonstrated that mixed glial cultures induced greater neuronal death than either cell type alone. Loss of IKK in astrocytes also decreased neuronal death compared to microglia alone, wild-type astrocytes, or mixed glia. CONCLUSIONS This suggests that astrocytes are a critical mediator of Mn neurotoxicity through enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including those most associated with a reactive phenotype such as CCL2 but not C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriana A. Popichak
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Physiology Building, Room 101, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680 USA
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Kelly S. Kirkley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO USA
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery, Physiology Building, Room 101, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1680 USA
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Paliga D, Raudzus F, Leppla SH, Heumann R, Neumann S. Lethal Factor Domain-Mediated Delivery of Nurr1 Transcription Factor Enhances Tyrosine Hydroxylase Activity and Protects from Neurotoxin-Induced Degeneration of Dopaminergic Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3393-3403. [PMID: 30121937 PMCID: PMC6476859 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1311-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The orphan transcription factor nuclear receptor-related 1 protein (Nurr1, also known as NR4A2) plays a key role in embryonic development and maintenance of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Nurr1 deficiency is associated with Parkinson’s disease where dopaminergic neurons degenerate suggesting that counter-regulation of Nurr1 activity may have therapeutic effects. Here, we bacterially expressed and isolated a human Nurr1 fusion protein containing a N-terminal cell delivery domain derived from detoxified anthrax lethal factor followed by wild type ubiquitin with deubiquitinating enzyme recognition site for intracellular cleavage. Addition of the Nurr1 fusion protein to dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells generated a cleaved, cytosolic Nurr1-containing fragment which was associated with increased levels of tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis. Promoter-activity assays confirmed that exposure of cells to full-length Nurr1 fusion protein activated not only its cognate human tyrosine hydroxylase promoter but also the corresponding mouse sequence, although at a reduced efficiency. Using 6-hydroxydopamine as a dopaminergic cell specific neurotoxin, we demonstrate that full-length Nurr1 fusion protein promotes a concentration-dependent protection from this toxic insult. Altogether, the enhancement of tyrosine hydroxylase in naïve dopaminergic cells and the protective effects in a cellular model of Parkinson’s disease suggest that full-length Nurr1 fusion protein may contribute to the development of a novel concept of protein-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Paliga
- Department of Biochemistry II - Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Fabian Raudzus
- Department of Biochemistry II - Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephen H Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rolf Heumann
- Department of Biochemistry II - Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Neumann
- Department of Biochemistry II - Molecular Neurobiochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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Zhang L, Tan J, Jiang X, Qian W, Yang T, Sun X, Chen Z, Zhu Q. Neuron-derived CCL2 contributes to microglia activation and neurological decline in hepatic encephalopathy. Biol Res 2017; 50:26. [PMID: 28870240 PMCID: PMC5584513 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-017-0130-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background CCL2 was up-regulated in neurons and involved in microglia activation and neurological decline in mice suffering from hepatic encephalopathy (HE). However, no data exist concerning the effect of neuron-derived CCL2 on microglia activation in vitro. Methods The rats were pretreated with CCL2 receptor inhibitors (INCB or C021, 1 mg/kg/day i.p.) for 3 days prior to thioacetamide (TAA) administration (300 mg/kg/day i.p.) for inducing HE model. At 8 h following the last injection (and every 4 h after), the grade of encephalopathy was assessed. Blood and whole brains were collected at coma for measuring CCL2 and Iba1 expression. In vitro, primary neurons were stimulated with TNF-α, and then the medium were collected for addition to microglia cultures with or without INCB or C021 pretreatment. The effect of the medium on microglia proliferation and activation was evaluated after 24 h. Results CCL2 expression and microglia activation were elevated in the cerebral cortex of rats received TAA alone. CCL2 receptors inhibition improved neurological score and reduced cortical microglia activation. In vitro, TNF-α treatment induced CCL2 release by neurons. Medium from TNF-α stimulated neurons caused microglia proliferation and M1 markers expression, including iNOS, COX2, IL-6 and IL-1β, which could be suppressed by INCB or C021 pretreatment. The medium could also facilitate p65 nuclear translocation and IκBα phosphorylation, and NF-κB inhibition reduced the increased IL-6 and IL-1β expression induced by the medium. Conclusion Neuron-derived CCL2 contributed to microglia activation and neurological decline in HE. Blocking CCL2 or inhibiting microglia excessive activation may be potential strategies for HE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Jinyun Tan
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xiaoping Jiang
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China.
| | - Weiwei Qian
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Xijun Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Zhaohui Chen
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
| | - Qiwen Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The Second People's Hospital of Lanzhou, No. 388 Jingyuan Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, 730046, China
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Wang R, Yang S, Nie T, Zhu G, Feng D, Yang Q. Transcription Factors: Potential Cell Death Markers in Parkinson's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2017; 33:552-560. [PMID: 28791585 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-017-0168-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease with a long preclinical phase. The continuous loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons is one of the pathogenic hallmarks of PD. Diagnosis largely depends on clinical observation, but motor dysfunctions do not emerge until 70%-80% of the nigrostriatal nerve terminals have been destroyed. Therefore, a biomarker that indicates the degeneration of DA neurons is urgently needed. Transcription factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that regulate RNA synthesis from a DNA template. The precise control of gene expression plays a critical role in the development, maintenance, and survival of cells, including DA neurons. Deficiency of certain transcription factors has been associated with DA neuron loss and PD. In this review, we focus on some transcription factors and discuss their structure, function, mechanisms of neuroprotection, and their potential for use as biomarkers indicating the degeneration of DA neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronglin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Shaosong Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tiejian Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Gang Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Dayun Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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