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Abstract
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions and is a major contributor to insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Importantly, IR and T2D substantially increase the risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Although there are successful approaches to maintain glycemic control, there continue to be increased CV morbidity and mortality associated with metabolic disease. Therefore, there is an urgent need to understand the cellular and molecular processes that underlie cardiometabolic changes that occur during obesity so that optimal medical therapies can be designed to attenuate or prevent the sequelae of this disease. The vascular endothelium is in constant contact with the circulating milieu; thus, it is not surprising that obesity-driven elevations in lipids, glucose, and proinflammatory mediators induce endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, and vascular remodeling in all segments of the vasculature. As cardiometabolic disease progresses, so do pathological changes in the entire vascular network, which can feed forward to exacerbate disease progression. Recent cellular and molecular data have implicated the vasculature as an initiating and instigating factor in the development of several cardiometabolic diseases. This Review discusses these findings in the context of atherosclerosis, IR and T2D, and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. In addition, novel strategies to therapeutically target the vasculature to lessen cardiometabolic disease burden are introduced.
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Czech MP. Mechanisms of insulin resistance related to white, beige, and brown adipocytes. Mol Metab 2020; 34:27-42. [PMID: 32180558 PMCID: PMC6997501 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diminished glucose lowering effect of insulin in obesity, called "insulin resistance," is associated with glucose intolerance, type 2 diabetes, and other serious maladies. Many publications on this topic have suggested numerous hypotheses on the molecular and cellular disruptions that contribute to the syndrome. However, significant uncertainty remains on the mechanisms of its initiation and long-term maintenance. SCOPE OF REVIEW To simplify insulin resistance analysis, this review focuses on the unifying concept that adipose tissue is a central regulator of systemic glucose homeostasis by controlling liver and skeletal muscle metabolism. Key aspects of adipose function related to insulin resistance reviewed are: 1) the modes by which specific adipose tissues control hepatic glucose output and systemic glucose disposal, 2) recently acquired understanding of the underlying mechanisms of these modes of regulation, and 3) the steps in these pathways adversely affected by obesity that cause insulin resistance. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Adipocyte heterogeneity is required to mediate the multiple pathways that control systemic glucose tolerance. White adipocytes specialize in sequestering triglycerides away from the liver, muscle, and other tissues to limit toxicity. In contrast, brown/beige adipocytes are very active in directly taking up glucose in response to β adrenergic signaling and insulin and enhancing energy expenditure. Nonetheless, white, beige, and brown adipocytes all share the common feature of secreting factors and possibly exosomes that act on distant tissues to control glucose homeostasis. Obesity exerts deleterious effects on each of these adipocyte functions to cause insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Subcellular Chemical Imaging: New Avenues in Cell Biology. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 30:173-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Song A, Dai W, Jang MJ, Medrano L, Li Z, Zhao H, Shao M, Tan J, Li A, Ning T, Miller MM, Armstrong B, Huss JM, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Gradinaru V, Wu X, Jiang L, Scherer PE, Wang QA. Low- and high-thermogenic brown adipocyte subpopulations coexist in murine adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:247-257. [PMID: 31573981 PMCID: PMC6934193 DOI: 10.1172/jci129167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT), as the main site of adaptive thermogenesis, exerts beneficial metabolic effects on obesity and insulin resistance. BAT has been previously assumed to contain a homogeneous population of brown adipocytes. Utilizing multiple mouse models capable of genetically labeling different cellular populations, as well as single-cell RNA sequencing and 3D tissue profiling, we discovered a brown adipocyte subpopulation with low thermogenic activity coexisting with the classical high-thermogenic brown adipocytes within the BAT. Compared with the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, these low-thermogenic brown adipocytes had substantially lower Ucp1 and Adipoq expression, larger lipid droplets, and lower mitochondrial content. Functional analyses showed that, unlike the high-thermogenic brown adipocytes, the low-thermogenic brown adipocytes have markedly lower basal mitochondrial respiration, and they are specialized in fatty acid uptake. Upon changes in environmental temperature, the 2 brown adipocyte subpopulations underwent dynamic interconversions. Cold exposure converted low-thermogenic brown adipocytes into high-thermogenic cells. A thermoneutral environment had the opposite effect. The recruitment of high-thermogenic brown adipocytes by cold stimulation is not affected by high-fat diet feeding, but it does substantially decline with age. Our results revealed a high degree of functional heterogeneity of brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anying Song
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Wenting Dai
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Min Jee Jang
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Leonard Medrano
- Department of Translational Research & Cellular Therapeutics, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, and
| | - Zhuo Li
- Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Hu Zhao
- Department of Restorative Sciences, School of Dentistry, Texas A&M University, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Mengle Shao
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jiayi Tan
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Aimin Li
- Pathology Core of Shared Resources and
| | - Tinglu Ning
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Marcia M. Miller
- Electron Microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Brian Armstrong
- Light Microscopy Digital Imaging Core, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Janice M. Huss
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Yi Zhu
- Children’s Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yong Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Lei Jiang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Philipp E. Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Qiong A. Wang
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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Symonds ME, Farhat G, Aldiss P, Pope M, Budge H. Brown adipose tissue and glucose homeostasis - the link between climate change and the global rise in obesity and diabetes. Adipocyte 2019; 8:46-50. [PMID: 30463471 PMCID: PMC6768202 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1551689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the global rise in temperature is contributing to the onset of diabetes, which could be mediated by a concomitant reduction in brown fat activity. Brown (and beige) fat are characterised as possessing a unique mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein (UCP)1 that when activated can rapidly generate large amounts of heat. Primary environmental stimuli of UCP1 include cold-exposure and diet, leading to increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system and large amounts of lipid and glucose being oxidised by brown fat. The exact contribution remains controversial, although recent studies indicate that the amount of brown and beige fat in adult humans has been greatly underestimated. We therefore review the potential mechanisms by which glucose could be utilised within brown and beige fat in adult humans and the extent to which these are sensitive to temperature and diet. This includes the potential contribution from the peridroplet and cytoplasmic mitochondrial sub-fractions recently identified in brown fat, and whether a proportion of glucose oxidation could be UCP1-independent. It is thus predicted that as new methods are developed to assess glucose metabolism by brown fat, a more accurate determination of the thermogenic and non-thermogenic functions could be feasible in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E. Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Nottingham Digestive Disease Centre and Biomedical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Grace Farhat
- School of Health Sciences, Liverpool Hope University, Hope Park, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter Aldiss
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mark Pope
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Helen Budge
- Early Life Research Unit, Division of Child Health, Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Gyngard F, Steinhauser ML. Biological explorations with nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL ATOMIC SPECTROMETRY 2019; 34:1534-1545. [PMID: 34054180 PMCID: PMC8158666 DOI: 10.1039/c9ja00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of biological processes at the single cell or subcellular level is critical in order to better understand heterogenous cell populations. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) enables multiplexed, quantitative imaging of the elemental composition of a sample surface at high resolution (< 50 nm). Through measurement of two different isotopic variants of any given element, NanoSIMS provides nanoscale isotope ratio measurements. When coupled with stable isotope tracer methods, the measurement of isotope ratios functionally illuminates biochemical pathways at suborganelle resolution. In this review, we describe the practical application of NanoSIMS to study biological processes in organisms ranging from microbes to humans, highlighting experimental applications that have provided insight that is largely unattainable by other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Gyngard
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Matthew L Steinhauser
- Center for NanoImaging, Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Hu X, Matsumoto K, Jung RS, Weston TA, Heizer PJ, He C, Sandoval NP, Allan CM, Tu Y, Vinters HV, Liau LM, Ellison RM, Morales JE, Baufeld LJ, Bayley NA, He L, Betsholtz C, Beigneux AP, Nathanson DA, Gerhardt H, Young SG, Fong LG, Jiang H. GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas promotes utilization of lipoprotein-derived nutrients. eLife 2019; 8:e47178. [PMID: 31169500 PMCID: PMC6594755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
GPIHBP1, a GPI-anchored protein of capillary endothelial cells, binds lipoprotein lipase (LPL) within the subendothelial spaces and shuttles it to the capillary lumen. GPIHBP1-bound LPL is essential for the margination of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) along capillaries, allowing the lipolytic processing of TRLs to proceed. In peripheral tissues, the intravascular processing of TRLs by the GPIHBP1-LPL complex is crucial for the generation of lipid nutrients for adjacent parenchymal cells. GPIHBP1 is absent from the capillaries of the brain, which uses glucose for fuel; however, GPIHBP1 is expressed in the capillaries of mouse and human gliomas. Importantly, the GPIHBP1 in glioma capillaries captures locally produced LPL. We use NanoSIMS imaging to show that TRLs marginate along glioma capillaries and that there is uptake of TRL-derived lipid nutrients by surrounding glioma cells. Thus, GPIHBP1 expression in gliomas facilitates TRL processing and provides a source of lipid nutrients for glioma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuchen Hu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Ken Matsumoto
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
| | - Rachel S Jung
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Thomas A Weston
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Patrick J Heizer
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Cuiwen He
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Norma P Sandoval
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Christopher M Allan
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Yiping Tu
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Linda M Liau
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (JCCC), David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Rochelle M Ellison
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Jazmin E Morales
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Lynn J Baufeld
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Nicholas A Bayley
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck LaboratoryUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
- Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre (ICMC)Karolinska InstitutetHuddingeSweden
| | - Anne P Beigneux
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - David A Nathanson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Ahmanson Translational Imaging Division, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Holger Gerhardt
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Cancer Biology (CCB)LeuvenBelgium
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlinGermany
| | - Stephen G Young
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Loren G Fong
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
| | - Haibo Jiang
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- School of Molecular SciencesUniversity of Western AustraliaPerthAustralia
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Marsh JM, Huang S, Whitaker S, Guagliardo P, Lucas RL, Arca HC, Jiang H. High-resolution visualization of cosmetic active compounds in hair using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 174:563-568. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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