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Devi AM, Sankeshi V, Ravali A, Bandaru S, Theendra VK, Sagurthi SR. Inhibitory effect of Nifedipine on aldose reductase delays cataract progression. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:161-171. [PMID: 37395794 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02588-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Aldose reductase (ALR2) is a rate-limiting component of the polyol pathway, which is essential for the NADPH-mediated conversion from glucose to sorbitol. ALR2 dysregulation has been linked to α-crystallin aggregation, increased oxidative stress, and calcium inflow, all of which contribute to a diabetic cataract. Given its crucial role in occular pathologies, ALR2 has emerged as a promising target to treat oxidative stress and hyperglycaemic condition which form the underlying cause of diabetic cataracts. However, several of them had issues with sensitivity and specificity to ALR2, despite being screened as effective ALR2 inhibitors from a wide range of structurally varied molecules. The current study investigates the inhibitory potential of Nifedipine, an analog of the dihydro nicotinamide class of compounds against ALR2 activity. The enzyme inhibition studies were supported by in vitro biomolecular interactions, molecular modeling approaches, and in vivo validation in diabetic rat models. Nifedipine demonstrated appreciable inhibitory potential with the purified recombinant hAR (human aldose reductase; with an IC50 value of 2.5 µM), which was further supported by Nifedipine-hAR binding affinity (Kd = 2.91 ± 1.87 × 10-4 M) by ITC and fluorescence quenching assays. In the in vivo models of STZ-induced diabetic rats, Nifedipine delayed the onset progression of cataracts by preserving the antioxidant enzyme activity (SOD, CAT, and GPX GSH, TBARS, and protein carbonyls) and was shown to retain the α-crystallin chaperone activity by reducing the calcium levels in the diabetic rat lens. In conclusion, our results demonstrate effective inhibition of ALR2 by Nifedipine, resulting in amelioration of diabetic cataract conditions by lowering oxidative and osmotic stress while retaining the chaperone activity of α-crystallins. The present study could be envisaged to improve the eye condition in older adults upon Nifedipine treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaparthi Malini Devi
- Drug Design & Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Venu Sankeshi
- Drug Design & Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Arugonda Ravali
- Drug Design & Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India
| | - Srinivas Bandaru
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur, 522302, India
| | | | - Someswar Rao Sagurthi
- Drug Design & Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Department of Genetics & Biotechnology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, 500007, India.
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Jalili F, Jalili C, Jalalvand AR, Salari N, Pourmotabbed A, Adibi H. Synthesis, characterization and hypolipidemic effects of urazine derivatives on rat: Study of molecular modeling and enzyme inhibition. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106681. [PMID: 37385105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of hyperlipidemia has increased dramatically worldwide. It is a major public health threat, characterized by the presence of an abnormal lipid profile, primarily with elevated serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) levels, and reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level. Genetic factors, dietary and lifestyle habits play important roles in hyperlipidemia. It can increase the risk of chronic metabolic disorders, such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and type II diabetes. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of urazine derivatives on serum triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and nitric oxide (NO) levels in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced hyperlipidemic rats. Synthetic compounds were prepared and confirmed by spectroscopic methods. Then, 88 male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 11 groups: control, HFD-treated group, HFD plus atorvastatin-treated group, and HFD plus 8 synthetic compounds-treated groups. The body weight, triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, HDL, and NO levels were measured. The data with p < 0.05 were considered significant. The results indicated that HFD significantly increased cholesterol, triglyceride, and LDL levels and decreased NO concentration and HDL level compared to the control group (p < 0.05). However, HFD plus urazine derivatives significantly decreased NO, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels and increased HDL levels compared to the HFD-treated group (p < 0.05). Urazine derivatives may improve liver dysfunction in HFD-induced hyperlipidemic rats by modulation of detoxification enzymes and their anti-oxidant effects and also blood lipid profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faramarz Jalili
- Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Graduate Studies Student, School of Health Administration, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Cyrus Jalili
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali R Jalalvand
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nader Salari
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ali Pourmotabbed
- Deparment Of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hadi Adibi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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Miller C, Schildcrout S, Mettee H, Balendiran G. Molecular dynamics of fibric acids. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY (PRINT) 2022; 13:186-195. [PMID: 35991691 PMCID: PMC9387361 DOI: 10.5155/eurjchem.13.2.186-195.2275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
1H- and 13C-NMR chemical shifts were measured for four fibric acids (bezafibrate, clofibric acid, fenofibric acid, and gemfibrozil), which are lipid-lowering drugs. Correlation is found with DFT-computed chemical shifts from the conformational analysis. Equilibrium populations of optimized conformers at 298 K are very different when based on computed Gibbs energies rather than on potential energies. This is due to the significant entropic advantages of extended rather than bent conformational shapes. Abundant conformers with intramolecular hydrogen bonding via five-member rings are computed for three fibric acids, but not gemfibrozil, which lacks suitable connectivity of carboxyl and phenoxy groups. Trends in computed atom-positional deviations, molecular volumes, surface areas, and dipole moments among the fibric acids and their constituent conformations indicate that bezafibrate has the greatest hydrophilicity and fenofibric acid has the greatest flexibility. Theoretical and experimental comparison of chemical shifts of standards with sufficient overlap of fragments containing common atoms, groups, and connectivity may provide a reliable minimal set to benchmark and generate leads.
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A facile and chemoselectivity in synthesis of 4-chloro-N-(4-((1-hydroxy-2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy)phenethyl)benzamide, the alcohol derivative of Bezafibrate. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 4. [PMID: 35936959 PMCID: PMC9352152 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A facile method for the reduction of carboxylic acid group of Bezafibrate, an approved drug, is described. The selective reduction of carboxylic acid group to corresponding alcohol was carried out by activation of the carboxylic acid moiety via mixed anhydride followed by the addition of stoichiometric amount of NaBH4 and methanol to obtain the first alcohol variant of Bezafibrate. The reaction was completed in 5–10 min in excellent yield and purity. The new alcohol derivative was characterized by spectroscopic methods. This is the first report on this new molecule.
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Nellaiappan K, Preeti K, Khatri DK, Singh SB. Diabetic Complications: An Update on Pathobiology and Therapeutic Strategies. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e030821192146. [PMID: 33745424 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210309104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the advent of novel therapies which manage and control diabetes well, the increased risk of morbidity and mortality in diabetic subjects is associated with the devastating secondary complications it produces. Long-standing diabetes majorly drives cellular and molecular alterations, which eventually damage both small and large blood vessels. The complications are prevalent both in type I and type II diabetic subjects. The microvascular complications include diabetic neuropathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, while the macrovascular complications include diabetic heart disease and stroke. The current therapeutic strategy alleviates the complications to some extent but does not cure or prevent them. Also, the recent clinical trial outcomes in this field are disappointing. Success in the drug discovery of diabetic complications may be achieved by a better understanding of the underlying pathophysiology and by recognising the crucial factors contributing to the development and progression of the disease. In this review, we discuss the well-studied cellular mechanisms leading to the development and progression of diabetic complications. In addition, we also highlight the various therapeutic paradigms currently in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthika Nellaiappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Kumari Preeti
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Hyderabad, Telangana-500037,India
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Majethia GN, Haq W, Balendiran GK. Chemoselective Reduction of Fenofibric Acid to Alcohol in the Presence of Ketone by Mixed Anhydride and Sodium Borohydride. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022; 12:116-125. [PMID: 35919104 PMCID: PMC9328401 DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2022.122010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A highly efficient and facile protocol for the selective reduction of carboxylic acid of Fenofibric acid to corresponding alcohol was developed. The selective reduction was carried out by activation of carboxylic acid by mixed anhydride followed by the reaction of sodium borohydride in presence of methanol. This is the first example of chemoselective reduction of carboxylic acid to alcohol in presence of a ketone without any external catalyst or ligand in a single step. The reaction offers wide applicability for the selective carboxylic group reduction methodology. The chemoselective reduction was demonstrated by the reduction of Fenofibric acid, an active metabolite of the drug Fenofibrate, to corresponding alcohol in excellent selectivity, yield, and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greesha N Majethia
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, USA
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Kotheimer AE, Haq W, Balendiran GK. Fibrane the reduced derivative of fenofibrate. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2020; 2:100018. [PMID: 32844085 PMCID: PMC7444756 DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2019.100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Kotheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University, Plaza, Youngstown, OH, USA
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University, Plaza, Youngstown, OH, USA
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Prnova MS, Kovacikova L, Svik K, Bezek S, Elmazoğlu Z, Karasu C, Stefek M. Triglyceride-lowering effect of the aldose reductase inhibitor cemtirestat-another factor that may contribute to attenuation of symptoms of peripheral neuropathy in STZ-diabetic rats. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 393:651-661. [PMID: 31802170 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01769-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia is considered a key risk factor for development of diabetic complications including neuropathy. There is strong scientific evidence showing a primary role of aldose reductase, the first enzyme of the polyol pathway, in the cascade of metabolic imbalances responsible for the detrimental effects of hyperglycemia. Aldose reductase is thus considered a significant drug target. We investigated the effects of cemtirestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, in the streptozotocin-induced rat model of uncontrolled type 1 diabetes in a 4-month experiment. Markedly increased sorbitol levels were recorded in the erythrocytes and the sciatic nerve of diabetic animals. Osmotic fragility of red blood cells was increased in diabetic animals. Indices of thermal hypoalgesia were significantly increased in diabetic rats. Tactile allodynia, recorded in diabetic animals in the early stages, turned to mechanical hypoalgesia by the end of the experiment. Treatment of diabetic animals with cemtirestat (i) reduced plasma triglycerides and TBAR levels; (ii) did not affect the values of HbA1c and body weights; (iii) reversed erythrocyte sorbitol accumulation to near control values, while sorbitol in the sciatic nerve was not affected; (iv) ameliorated indices of the erythrocyte osmotic fragility; and (v) attenuated the symptoms of peripheral neuropathy more significantly in the middle of the experiment than at the end of the treatment. Taking into account the lipid metabolism as an interesting molecular target for prevention or treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy, the triglyceride-lowering effect of cemtirestat should be considered in future studies. The most feasible mechanisms of triglyceride-lowering action of cemtirestat were suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Soltesova Prnova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Kovacikova
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Karol Svik
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Stefan Bezek
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zübeyir Elmazoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06510, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cimen Karasu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, 06510, Beşevler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Milan Stefek
- Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, CEM, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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9
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Kotheimer AE, Haq W, Balendiran GK. Synthesis and Chiral Separation of Fibratol, Isopropyl 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(hydroxyl) methyl)-phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 8:201-206. [PMID: 30090690 PMCID: PMC6078423 DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2018.82015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Practical synthetic route for the formation of enantiomeric mixture of Isopropyl 2-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)(hydroxyl)methyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate (Fibratol 2a/b) from isopropyl 2-(4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate (Fenofibrate 1) has been developed. Method has also been established for the chiral separation of enantiomers of Fibratol 2a/b that is synthesized using the route mentioned above. The optical activity determined for enantiomerically separated Fibratol (2a) and Fibratol (2b) are −5.2° and 8.0° which reflect their ability to rotate plane polarized light counterclockwise (levo) and clockwise (dextro), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Kotheimer
- Department of Chemistry, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown, OH, USA
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Ballekova J, Soltesova-Prnova M, Majekova M, Stefek M. Does inhibition of aldose reductase contribute to the anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant? Physiol Res 2017; 66:687-693. [PMID: 28406694 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate aldose reductase inhibitory action of setipiprant as a potential additional mechanism contributing to its anti-inflammatory action. Aldose reductase activity was determined by spectrophotometric measuring of NADPH consumption. Setipiprant was found to inhibit aldose reductase/NADPH-mediated reduction of 4-hydroxynonenal, 4-hydroxynonenal glutathione and prostaglandin H2 substrates, all relevant to the process of inflammation. Molecular modeling simulations into the aldose reductase inhibitor binding site revealed an interaction pattern of setipiprant. Considering multifactorial etiology of inflammatory pathologies, it is suggested that, in addition to the antagonizing prostaglandin D2 receptor, inhibition of aldose reductase may contribute to the reported anti-inflammatory action of setipiprant.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ballekova
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Balendiran GK, Rath N, Kotheimer A, Miller C, Zeller M, Rath NP. Biomolecular chemistry of isopropyl fibrates. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:1555-69. [PMID: 22246648 PMCID: PMC3350796 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Isopropyl 2-[4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)-phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid and isopropyl 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropanoate, also known as fenofibrate and isopropyl (iPr) clofibrate, are hypolipidemic agents of the fibrate family. In a previously reported triclinic structure of fenofibrate (polymorph I), the methyl groups of the iPr moiety are located symmetrically about the carboxylate group. We report a new monoclinic form (polymorph II) of fenofibrate and a first structural description of iPr clofibrate, and in these the methyl groups are placed asymmetrically about the carboxylate group. In particular, the dihedral (torsion) angle between the hydrogen atom on the secondary C and the C atom of the carboxyl group makes a 2.74° angle about the ester O···C bond in the symmetric fenofibrate structure of polymorph I, whereas the same dihedral angle is 45.94° in polymorph II and -30.9° in the crystal structure of iPr clofibrate. Gas-phase density functional theory (DFT) geometry minimizations of fenofibrate and iPr clofibrate result in lowest energy conformations for both molecules with a value of about ±30° for this same angle between the OC-O-C plane and the C-H bond of the iPr group. A survey of crystal structures containing an iPr ester group reveals that the asymmetric conformation is predominant. Although the hydrogen atom on the secondary C atom of the iPr group is located at a comparable distance from the carbonyl oxygen in the symmetric and asymmetric fenofibrate (2.52 and 2.28 Å) and the iPr clofibrate (2.36 Å) structures, this hydrogen atom participates in a puckered five-membered ring arrangement in the latter two that is unlike the planar arrangement found in symmetric fenofibrate (polymorph I). Polar molecular surface area values indicate fenofibrate and iPr clofibrate are less able to act as acceptors of hydrogen bonds than their corresponding acid derivatives. Surface area calculations show that dynamic polar molecular surface area values of the iPr esters of the fibrates are lower than those of their acids, implying that the fibrates have better membrane permeability and a higher absorbability and hence are better prodrugs when these agents need to be orally administered.
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Balendiran GK, Sawaya MR, Schwarz FP, Ponniah G, Cuckovich R, Verma M, Cascio D. The role of Cys-298 in aldose reductase function. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6336-44. [PMID: 21084309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic tissues are enriched in an "activated" form of human aldose reductase (hAR), a NADPH-dependent oxidoreductase involved in sugar metabolism. Activated hAR has reduced sensitivity to potential anti-diabetes drugs. The C298S mutant of hAR reproduces many characteristics of activated hAR, although it differs from wild-type hAR only by the replacement of a single sulfur atom with oxygen. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements revealed that the binding constant of NADPH to the C298S mutant is decreased by a factor of two, whereas that of NADP(+) remains the same. Similarly, the heat capacity change for the binding of NADPH to the C298S mutant is twice increased; however, there is almost no difference in the heat capacity change for binding of the NADP(+) to the C298S. X-ray crystal structures of wild-type and C298S hAR reveal that the side chain of residue 298 forms a gate to the nicotinamide pocket and is more flexible for cysteine compared with serine. Unlike Cys-298, Ser-298 forms a hydrogen bond with Tyr-209 across the nicotinamide ring, which inhibits movements of the nicotinamide. We hypothesize that the increased polarity of the oxidized nicotinamide weakens the hydrogen bond potentially formed by Ser-298, thus, accounting for the relatively smaller effect of the mutation on NADP(+) binding. The effects of the mutant on catalytic rate constants and binding constants for various substrates are the same as for activated hAR. It is, thus, further substantiated that activated hAR arises from oxidative modification of Cys-298, a residue near the nicotinamide binding pocket.
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Balendiran GK, Martin HJ, El-Hawari Y, Maser E. Cancer biomarker AKR1B10 and carbonyl metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 178:134-7. [PMID: 19028477 PMCID: PMC6193474 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/22/2008] [Accepted: 10/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A member of the aldo-keto reductase (AKR) protein superfamily, AKR1B10, is overexpressed in human liver cancers as well as in many adenocarcinoma cases due to smoking. AKR1B10 is also detected in instances of cervical and endometrial cancer in uterine cancer patients. In addition, AKR1B10 has been identified as a biomarker for non-small-cell lung cancer by a combined bioinformatics and clinical analysis. Furthermore, in breast cancer cells, fatty acid biosynthesis is regulated by AKR1B10. AKR1B10 contains 316 residues, shares 70% sequence identity with aldose reductase (AKR1B1) and has the conserved Cys residue at position 299. Carbonyl groups in some anticancer drugs and dl-glyceraldehyde are converted by AKR1B10 to their corresponding alcohols. The anticancer drug daunorubicin, which is currently used in the clinical treatment of various forms of cancer, is converted by AKR1B10 to daunorubicinol with a K(m) and k(cat) of 1.1+/-0.18 mM and 1.4+/-0.16 min(-1), respectively. This carbonyl reducing activity of AKR1B10 decreases the anticancer effectiveness of daunorubicin. Similarly, kinetic parameters K(m) and k(cat) (NADPH, DL-glyceraldehyde) for the reduction of dl-glyceraldehyde by wild-type AKR1B10 are 2.2+/-0.2 mM and 0.71+/-0.05 sec(-1), respectively. Mutation of residue 299 from Cys to Ser in AKR1B10 reduces the protein affinity for dl-glyceraldehyde and enhances AKR1B10's catalytic activity but overall catalytic efficiency is reduced. For dl-glyceraldehyde reduction that is catalyzed by the Cys299Ser mutant AKR1B10, K(m) is 15.8+/-1.0mM and k(cat) (NADPH, DL-glyceraldehyde) is 2.8+/-0.2 sec(-1). This implies that the substrate specificity of AKR1B10 is drastically affected by mutation of residue 299 from Cys to Ser. In the present paper, we use this mutation in AKR1B10 to characterize a library of compounds regarding their different inhibitory potency on the carbonyl reducing activity of wild-type and the Cys299Ser mutant AKR1B10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Department of Chemistry, Ward Beecher Science Hall, Youngstown State University, One University Plaza, Youngstown State University, OH 44555, USA.
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Hagopian K, Ramsey JJ, Weindruch R. Caloric restriction counteracts age-related changes in the activities of sorbitol metabolizing enzymes from mouse liver. Biogerontology 2008; 10:471-9. [PMID: 18953666 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9191-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The influence of caloric restriction (CR) on hepatic sorbitol-metabolizing enzyme activities was investigated in young and old mice. Aldose reductase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities were significantly lower in old CR mice than in old controls. Young CR mice showed decreased aldose reductase activity and a trend towards decreased sorbitol dehydrogenase when compared to controls. Metabolites of the pathway, namely sorbitol, glucose and fructose were decreased by CR in young and old mice. Pyruvate levels were decreased by CR in both young and old mice, while lactate decreased only in old CR. Malate levels increased in old CR but remained unchanged in young CR, when compared with controls. Accordingly, the lactate/pyruvate and malate/pyruvate ratios in young and old CR mice were increased, indicating increased NADH/NAD and NADPH/NADP redox couples, respectively. The results indicate that decreased glucose levels under CR conditions lead to decreased sorbitol pathway enzyme activities and metabolite levels, and could contribute to the beneficial effects of long-term CR through decreased sorbitol levels and NADPH sparing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevork Hagopian
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Qiu L, Wu X, Chau JFL, Szeto IYY, Tam WY, Guo Z, Chung SK, Oates PJ, Chung SSM, Yang JY. Aldose reductase regulates hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha phosphorylation and activity to impact lipid homeostasis. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:17175-83. [PMID: 18445591 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m801791200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated in the development of a number of diabetic complications, but the underlying mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. We performed this study to determine whether and how AR might influence hepatic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) activity and lipid metabolism. Our results in mouse hepatocyte AML12 cells show that AR overexpression caused strong suppression of PPARalpha/delta activity (74%, p < 0.001) together with significant down-regulation of mRNA expression for acetyl-CoA oxidase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1. These suppressive effects were attenuated by the selective AR inhibitor zopolrestat. Furthermore, AR overexpression greatly increased the levels of phosphorylated PPARalpha and ERK1/2. Moreover, AR-induced suppression of PPARalpha activity was attenuated by treatment with an inhibitor for ERK1/2 but not that for phosphoinositide 3-kinase, p38, or JNK. Importantly, similar effects were observed for cells exposed to 25 mm glucose. In streptozotocin-diabetic mice, AR inhibitor treatment or genetic deficiency of AR resulted in significant dephosphorylation of both PPARalpha and ERK1/2. With the dephosphorylation of PPARalpha, hepatic acetyl-CoA oxidase and apolipoprotein C-III mRNA expression was greatly affected and that was associated with substantial reductions in blood triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid levels. These data indicate that AR plays an important role in the regulation of hepatic PPARalpha phosphorylation and activity and lipid homeostasis. A significant portion of the AR-induced modulation is achieved through ERK1/2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxin Qiu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering and Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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Verma M, Martin HJ, Haq W, Connor TRO, Maser E, Balendiran GK. Inhibiting wild-type and C299S mutant AKR1B10; a homologue of aldose reductase upregulated in cancers. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584:213-21. [PMID: 18325492 PMCID: PMC6193476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AKR1B10 is an aldose reductase (AR) homologue overexpressed in liver cancer and various forms of that enzyme in carcinomas catalyze the reduction of anticancer drugs, potential cytostatic drug, and dl-glyceraldehyde but do not catalyze the reduction of glucose. Kinetic parameters for wild-type and C299S mutant AKR1B10 indicate that substitution of serine for cysteine at position 299 reduces the affinity of this protein for dl-glyceraldehyde and enhances its catalytic activity. Fibrates suppress peroxisome proliferation and the development of liver cancer in human. Here we report the potency of fibrate-mediated inhibition of the carbonyl reduction catalyzed by wild-type and C299S mutant AKR1B10 and compare it with known AR inhibitors. Wild-type AKR1B10-catalyzed carbonyl reduction follows pure non-competitive inhibition kinetics using zopolrestat, EBPC or sorbinil, whereas fenofibrate, Wy 14,643, ciprofibrate and fenofibric acid follow mixed non-competitive inhibition kinetics. In contrast, catalysis of reaction by the C299S AKR1B10 mutant is not inhibited by sorbinil and EBPC. Despite these differences, the C299S AKR1B10 mutant still manifests kinetics similar to the wild-type protein with other fibrates including zopolrestat, fenofibrate, Wy 14,346, gemfibrozil and ciprofibrate that show mixed non-competitive inhibition kinetics. The reaction of the mutant AKR1B10 is inhibited by fenofibric acid, but manifests pure non-competitive inhibition kinetics that are different from those demonstrated for the wild-type enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malkhey Verma
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hans-Joerg Martin
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel,Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Wahajul Haq
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Timothy R. O. Connor
- Division of Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA
| | - Edmund Maser
- Institute of Toxicology and Pharmacology for Natural Scientists, University Medical School Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel,Brunswiker Str. 10, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Ganesaratnam K. Balendiran
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Davis TME, Yeap BB, Davis WA, Bruce DG. Lipid-lowering therapy and peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: the Fremantle Diabetes Study. Diabetologia 2008; 51:562-6. [PMID: 18193189 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0919-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between lipid-lowering therapy and the prevalence and incidence of peripheral sensory neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS We analysed data from an observational cohort study, the Fremantle Diabetes Study (FDS), specifically, (1) a cross-sectional sample comprising 1,237 FDS participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and (2) a longitudinal subgroup of 531 individuals who had attended six consecutive annual assessments. Neuropathy was identified using the clinical portion of the Michigan Neuropathy Screening Instrument. RESULTS At entry, the cross-sectional sample had a mean +/- SD age of 63.8+/-11.3 years, 48.7% were men, median (interquartile range) diabetes duration was 4.0 (1.0-9.0) years, and 30.9% had peripheral neuropathy. Fibrates and statins were used by 3.5 and 6.8%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that older age, longer diabetes duration, central adiposity, increased height, higher fasting serum glucose, albuminuria and aboriginality were significant independent positive predictors of prevalent neuropathy, while systolic blood pressure and fibrate use (odds ratio 0.30, 95% CI 0.10-0.86; p=0.025) were negatively associated. In the longitudinal subgroup, fibrate and statin use increased to 10.4 and 36.5%, respectively, over 5 years. In time-dependent Cox proportional hazards modelling, fibrate use [hazard ratio (HR) 0.52, 95% CI 0.27-0.98] and statin use (HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.46-0.93) were significant determinants of incident neuropathy (p <or= 0.042). CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These preliminary observational data suggest that therapy with a statin or a fibrate may protect against the development of diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy, but there is a need for additional confirmatory evidence, preferably from randomised clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M E Davis
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Fremantle Hospital, Fremantle, WA, Australia.
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Balendiran GK, Verma M, Perry E. Chemistory of Fibrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 1:311-316. [PMID: 34485047 DOI: 10.2174/187231307781662198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the synthetic chemical clofibrate in 1962, various derivatives of fibrates with a diversity of chemical structures have been developed. Several of these are used clinically to treat dyslipidemia because they are generally effective in lowering elevated plasma triglycerides and cholesterol. Studies suggest that several biochemical mechanisms underlie fibrate-mediated modulation of lipoprotein and related metabolites. These mechanisms are: 1) induced lipoprotein lipolysis; 2) induced hepatic fatty acid uptake and reduced hepatic triglyceride formation; 3) amplified removal of low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles; 4) reduced neutral lipid (cholesteryl ester and triglyceride) exchange between very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) resulting from decreased plasma levels of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL); and 5) increased HDL production and stimulation of reverse cholesterol transport. Recent studies of structure-based inhibitor design strategy revealed that an independent enzyme, aldose reductase (AR), is a target of fibrate activity, an additional biochemical mechanism. AR has been implicated as a major player in the development of diabetes and diabetic complications because of its ability to catalyze the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. This article discusses various targets of fibrate action, biochemical pathways and commonalities in potential molecular interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesaratnam K Balendiran
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Malkhey Verma
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Elise Perry
- Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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Klemin S, Calvo RY, Bond S, Dingess H, Rajkumar B, Perez R, Chow L, Balendiran GK. WY 14,643 inhibits human aldose reductase activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2006; 21:569-73. [PMID: 17194029 PMCID: PMC8447292 DOI: 10.1080/14756360600720887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldose reductase (AR) is implicated to play a critical role in diabetes and cardiovascular complications because of the reaction it catalyzes. Our data reveal that peroxisome proliferator WY 14,643, follows a pure non-competitive inhibition pattern in the aldehyde reduction activity as well as in the alcohol oxidation activity of AR. This finding communicates for the first time a novel feature of WY 14,643 in regulating AR activity. In addition, this observation indicates that AR, AR-like proteins and aldo-keto reductase (AKR) members may be involved in the WY 14,643 mechanism of action when it is administered as PPAR agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Klemin
- Division of Immunology, Beckman Research Institute and City of Hope National Medical Center, 1450 E. Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
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