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Wei B, Zheng J, Chai J, Huang J, Duan H, Han S, Yang X, Zhang W, Hu F, Qu Y, Liu X, Liu T, Wu Y, Chi Y. Metabolomic and proteomic profiling of a burn-hemorrhagic shock swine model reveals a metabolomic signature associated with fatal outcomes. Eur J Med Res 2025; 30:10. [PMID: 39773520 PMCID: PMC11706163 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-02245-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Burn-hemorrhagic shock combined injury, a severe condition causing complex stress responses and metabolic disturbances that significantly affect clinical outcomes in both military and civilian settings, was modeled in swine to investigate the associated metabolomic and proteomic changes and identify potential biomarkers for disease prognosis. METHODS Eight clean-grade adult male Landrace pigs (4-5 months, average weight 60-70 kg) were used to model burn-hemorrhagic shock combined injury. Serum samples collected at 0 h and 2 h post-injury were analyzed using metabolomic and proteomic measurements. The metabolomic and proteomic data were processed through partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and the KEGG enrichment etc. Furthermore, the integrate analysis of the metabolomic and proteomic data was generalized by canonical correlation discriminant analysis, and the correlation between metabolites and mortality of the swine model was predicted using a multiple linear regression model by Pearson analysis. RESULTS PLS-DA revealed a global shift in each of the metabolomic and proteomic profiles following injury. The levels of 87 signature metabolites including various types of amino acids, fatty acids and acyl-carnitines of different lengths, and many metabolites in the gluconeogenesis, glycolysis, and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle are generally increased (P < 0.05) after injury and can be used as biomarkers. Pathways related to amino acids metabolism and TCA cycle were significantly enriched (P < 0.01). In proteome analysis, we found dramatically altered (P < 0.05) levels of matrix and red blood cell-related proteins, such as type I collagen and hemoglobin. Most importantly, we found that the markedly elevated (P < 0.01) succinic acid, glutaric acid, and malic acid are closely associated (r = 0.863, 0.861, and 0.821, respectively) with injury severity by Pearson analysis, and can predict mortality using a multiple linear regression model. CONCLUSIONS The study provides compelling observations that burn-shock swine model undergoes dramatic changes in the acute phase and present a valuable panel for clinical use of prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
- The First Department of Surgery, Chinese People's Armed Police Force Hospital of Beijing, Beijing, 100027, China
| | - Jinguang Zheng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jiake Chai
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Jianxiang Huang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hongjie Duan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shaofang Han
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Wenjia Zhang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Fangchao Hu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yirui Qu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yushou Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yunfei Chi
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Orrico F, Laurance S, Lopez AC, Lefevre SD, Thomson L, Möller MN, Ostuni MA. Oxidative Stress in Healthy and Pathological Red Blood Cells. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1262. [PMID: 37627327 PMCID: PMC10452114 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Red cell diseases encompass a group of inherited or acquired erythrocyte disorders that affect the structure, function, or production of red blood cells (RBCs). These disorders can lead to various clinical manifestations, including anemia, hemolysis, inflammation, and impaired oxygen-carrying capacity. Oxidative stress, characterized by an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense mechanisms, plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of red cell diseases. In this review, we discuss the most relevant oxidant species involved in RBC damage, the enzymatic and low molecular weight antioxidant systems that protect RBCs against oxidative injury, and finally, the role of oxidative stress in different red cell diseases, including sickle cell disease, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and pyruvate kinase deficiency, highlighting the underlying mechanisms leading to pathological RBC phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Orrico
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sandrine Laurance
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Ana C. Lopez
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sophie D. Lefevre
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
| | - Leonor Thomson
- Laboratorio de Enzimología, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Matias N. Möller
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica Biológica, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay; (F.O.); (A.C.L.); (M.N.M.)
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Mariano A. Ostuni
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, UMR_S1134, BIGR, Inserm, F-75014 Paris, France; (S.L.); (S.D.L.)
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Mukherjee P, Kumar K, Babu B, Purkayastha J, Chandna S. Alterations in the expression pattern of RBC membrane associated proteins (RMAPs) in whole body γ-irradiated Sprague Dawley rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2023; 99:1724-1737. [PMID: 37315317 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2023.2219726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peripheral blood serum/plasma proteins are frequently studied for their potential use as radiation exposure biomarkers. Here we report RBC membrane associated proteins (RMAPs), which show alterations in expression level following whole-body γ-irradiation of rats at sub-lethal/lethal doses. MATERIALS AND METHODS RBCs from peripheral blood of Sprague Dawley rats were segregated using the Ficoll-Hypaque method, and membrane fractions were hypotonically isolated at various time points (6 h, 24 h, 48 h) after γ-irradiation at 2 Gy, 5 Gy, and 7.5 Gy doses. Following purification of proteins from these fractions, two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) was carried out. Treatment induced differentially expressed protein spots (≥2 fold increase/decrease) were picked up, trypsinized, and identified using LC-MS/MS analysis. Western immunoblots using protein specific antibodies were used to confirm the results. Gene ontology and interactions of these proteins were also studied. RESULTS From a number of differentially expressed radiation-responsive 2-DE protein spots detected, eight were identified unequivocally using LC-MS/MS. Out of these, actin, cytoplasmic 1 (ACTB) showed detectable yet insignificant variation (<50%) in expression. In contrast, peroxiredoxin-2 (PRDX2) and 26S proteasome regulatory subunit RPN11 (PSMD14) were the two most prominently over-expressed proteins. Five more proteins, namely tropomyosin alpha-3 chain (TPM3), exosome component 6 (EXOSC6), isoform 4 of tropomyosin alpha-1 chain (TPM1), serum albumin (ALB), and the 55 kDa erythrocyte membrane protein (P55) showed distinct alteration in their expression at different time-points and doses. ALB, EXOSC6, and PSMD14 were the most responsive at 2 Gy, albeit at different time-points. While EXOSC6 and PSMD14 showed maximum over-expression (5-12 fold) at 6 h post-irradiation, ALB expression increased progressively (4 up to 7 fold) from 6 h to 48 h. TPM1 showed over-expression (2-3 fold) at all doses and time-points tested. TPM3 showed a dose-dependent response at all time-points studied; with no variation at 2 Gy, ∼2 fold increase at 5 Gy, and 3-6 fold at the highest dose used (7.5 Gy). The p55 protein was over-expressed (∼2.5 fold) only transiently at 24 h following the lethal (7.5 Gy) dose. CONCLUSION This is the first study to report γ-radiation induced alterations in the RBC membrane associated proteins. We are further evaluating the potential of these proteins as radiation biomarkers. Due to the abundance and easy use of RBCs, this approach can prove very useful for detecting ionizing radiation exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabuddho Mukherjee
- Division of Molecular & Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Kamendra Kumar
- Division of Molecular & Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Bincy Babu
- Division of Molecular & Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Jubilee Purkayastha
- Division of Molecular & Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir Chandna
- Division of Molecular & Radiation Biosciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, DRDO, Brig. S K Majumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, India
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Sadowska-Bartosz I, Bartosz G. Peroxiredoxin 2: An Important Element of the Antioxidant Defense of the Erythrocyte. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051012. [PMID: 37237878 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2) is the third most abundant erythrocyte protein. It was known previously as calpromotin since its binding to the membrane stimulates the calcium-dependent potassium channel. Prdx2 is present mostly in cytosol in the form of non-covalent dimers but may associate into doughnut-like decamers and other oligomers. Prdx2 reacts rapidly with hydrogen peroxide (k > 107 M-1 s-1). It is the main erythrocyte antioxidant that removes hydrogen peroxide formed endogenously by hemoglobin autoxidation. Prdx2 also reduces other peroxides including lipid, urate, amino acid, and protein hydroperoxides and peroxynitrite. Oxidized Prdx2 can be reduced at the expense of thioredoxin but also of other thiols, especially glutathione. Further reactions of Prdx2 with oxidants lead to hyperoxidation (formation of sulfinyl or sulfonyl derivatives of the peroxidative cysteine). The sulfinyl derivative can be reduced by sulfiredoxin. Circadian oscillations in the level of hyperoxidation of erythrocyte Prdx2 were reported. The protein can be subject to post-translational modifications; some of them, such as phosphorylation, nitration, and acetylation, increase its activity. Prdx2 can also act as a chaperone for hemoglobin and erythrocyte membrane proteins, especially during the maturation of erythrocyte precursors. The extent of Prdx2 oxidation is increased in various diseases and can be an index of oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Sadowska-Bartosz
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bartosz
- Department of Bioenergetics, Food Analysis and Microbiology, Institute of Food Technology and Nutrition, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszów, 4 Zelwerowicza St., 35-601 Rzeszow, Poland
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5
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Specificity of Human Sulfiredoxin for Reductant and Peroxiredoxin Oligomeric State. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060946. [PMID: 34208049 PMCID: PMC8230665 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peroxiredoxins (Prx) are a family of antioxidant enzymes involved in a myriad of cellular functions and diseases. During the reaction with peroxides (e.g., H2O2), the typical 2-Cys Prxs change oligomeric structure between higher order (do)decamers and disulfide-linked dimers, with the hyperoxidized inactive state (-SO2H) favoring the multimeric structure of the reduced enzyme. Here, we present a study on the structural requirements for the repair of hyperoxidized 2-Cys Prxs by human sulfiredoxin (Srx) and the relative efficacy of physiological reductants hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and glutathione (GSH) in this reaction. The crystal structure of the toroidal Prx1-Srx complex shows an extended active site interface. The loss of this interface within engineered Prx2 and Prx3 dimers yielded variants more resistant to hyperoxidation and repair by Srx. Finally, we reveal for the first time Prx isoform-dependent use of and potential cooperation between GSH and H2S in supporting Srx activity.
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6
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Terán MM, Mónaco ME, Lazarte SS, Haro C, Ledesma Achem E, Asensio NA, Issé BA. Genetic Regulation of Redox Balance in β-Thalassemia Trait. Hemoglobin 2020; 44:122-127. [PMID: 32448013 DOI: 10.1080/03630269.2020.1765794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
β-Thalassemia (β-thal) trait is a heterogeneous group of genetic defects leading to decreased β-globin production, ineffective erythropoiesis, and oxidative stress. The aim is to evaluate the cytoprotective response, at transcriptional and systemic levels, of the variations of global redox balance in β-thal trait patients. Sixty-six subjects (40 healthy and 26 with β-thal trait) were analyzed at the Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina, between 2016 and 2017. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count, iron status, hemoglobin (Hb) electrophoresis, Hb A2, thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARS), serum catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, FOXO3a, NRF2, SOD, PRDX2, CAT, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) gene expression. The β-thal trait group showed a decrease in Hb levels, MCV, and MCH with higher TBARS levels. The SOD activity was significantly increased by 32.0% in β-thal trait patients respect to the control group. Relative expression of NRF2 was 4.7-fold higher in β-thal trait than in the control group, while FOXO3a expression was similar in both groups. The SOD, PRDX2, and proinflammatory cytokines transcriptional expression was significantly upregulated in β-thal trait patients. This is the first study on the genetic regulation of redox balance in β-thal trait patients in which interesting modifications were observed in the transcript levels of some redox regulators that could be associated with changes in the erythrocyte proteome in this disorder. A better understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms present in these heterozygous patients would allow adequate therapy in situations such as growth, pregnancy, or high performance sports, favoring a personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Terán
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnològicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Maria E Mónaco
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sandra S Lazarte
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Haro
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.,Instituto de Biotecnología Farmacéutica y Alimentaria (INBIOFAL), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnològicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Emilse Ledesma Achem
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Natalia A Asensio
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Blanca A Issé
- Instituto de Bioquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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Ishida YI, Ichinowatari Y, Nishimoto S, Koike S, Ishii K, Ogasawara Y. Differential oxidation processes of peroxiredoxin 2 dependent on the reaction with several peroxides in human red blood cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 518:685-690. [PMID: 31472963 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) detoxify hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxynitrite, and various organic hydroperoxides. However, the differential oxidative status of Prxs reacted with each peroxide remains unclear. In the present study, we focused on the oxidative alteration of Prxs and demonstrated that, in human red blood cells (RBCs), peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is readily reactive with H2O2, forming disulfide dimers, but was not easily hyperoxidized. In contrast, Prx2 was highly sensitive to the relatively hydrophobic oxidants, such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP) and cumene hydroperoxide. These peroxides hyperoxidized Prx2 into oxidatively damaged forms in RBCs. The t-BHP treatment formed hyperoxidized Prx2 in a dose-dependent manner. When organic hydroperoxide-treated RBC lysates were subjected to reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, two peaks derived from hyperoxidized Prx2 appeared along with the decrease of that corresponding to native Prx2. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis clearly showed that hyperoxidation to sulfonic acid (-SO3H) at Cys-51 residue was more advanced in a newfound hyperoxidized Prx2 compared to another hydrophobic hyperoxidized form previously identified. These results indicate that irreversible hyperoxidation of the Prx2 monomer in RBCs was easily caused by organic hydroperoxide but not H2O2. Thus, it is important to detect the hyperoxidation of Prx2 into sulfinic or sulfonic acid derivates of Cys-51 because hyperoxidized Prx2 is a potential marker of oxidative injury caused by organic hydroperoxides in human RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ichi Ishida
- Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yuko Ichinowatari
- Departments of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shoichi Nishimoto
- Departments of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Shin Koike
- Departments of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Ishii
- Departments of Hygienic Chemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogasawara
- Departments of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo, 204-8588, Japan.
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8
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Svistunova DM, Simon JN, Rembeza E, Crabtree M, Yue WW, Oliver PL, Finelli MJ. Oxidation resistance 1 regulates post-translational modifications of peroxiredoxin 2 in the cerebellum. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:151-162. [PMID: 30389497 PMCID: PMC6339520 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein aggregation, oxidative and nitrosative stress are etiological factors common to all major neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, identifying proteins that function at the crossroads of these essential pathways may provide novel targets for therapy. Oxidation resistance 1 (Oxr1) is a protein proven to be neuroprotective against oxidative stress, although the molecular mechanisms involved remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that Oxr1 interacts with the multifunctional protein, peroxiredoxin 2 (Prdx2), a potent antioxidant enzyme highly expressed in the brain that can also act as a molecular chaperone. Using a combination of in vitro assays and two animal models, we discovered that expression levels of Oxr1 regulate the degree of oligomerization of Prdx2 and also its post-translational modifications (PTMs), specifically suggesting that Oxr1 acts as a functional switch between the antioxidant and chaperone functions of Prdx2. Furthermore, we showed in the Oxr1 knockout mouse that Prdx2 is aberrantly modified by overoxidation and S-nitrosylation in the cerebellum at the presymptomatic stage; this in-turn affected the oligomerization of Prdx2, potentially impeding its normal functions and contributing to the specific cerebellar neurodegeneration in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria M Svistunova
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Jillian N Simon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Elzbieta Rembeza
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark Crabtree
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Wyatt W Yue
- Structural Genomics Consortium, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Peter L Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK; MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
| | - Mattéa J Finelli
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.
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9
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Peroxiredoxins (Prxs), a family of thiol-associated peroxidases, are purported to play a major role in sensing and managing hydrogen peroxide concentrations and transducing peroxide-derived signals. Recent Advances: Prxs can act as detoxifying factors and impart effects to cells that can be either sparing or suicidal. Advances have been made to address the qualitative changes in Prx function in response to quantitative changes in the signal level and to understand how Prx activity could be affected by their own substrates. Here we rationalize the basis for both positive and negative effects on signaling pathways and cell physiology, summarizing data from model organisms, including invertebrates. CRITICAL ISSUES Resolving the relationship between the promiscuous behavior of reactive oxygen species and the specificity of Prxs toward different targets in redox-sensitive signaling pathways is a key area of research. Attempts to understand Prx function and underlying mechanisms were conducted in vitro or in vivo under nonphysiological conditions, leaving the physiological relevance yet to be defined. Other issues: Why despite the high degree of homology and similarities in subcellular and tissue distribution between Prxs do they display differential effects on signaling? How is the specificity of post-translational protein modifications determined? Other than chaperone-like activity, how do hyperoxidized Prxs function? FUTURE DIRECTIONS Genetic models with mutated catalytic and resolving cysteines should be further exploited to dissect the functional significance of individual Prxs in their different states together with their alternative reducing partners. Such an analysis may then be extended to help identify Prx-specific targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana N Radyuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
| | - William C Orr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Methodist University , Dallas, Texas
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10
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Penzenstadler C, Zifko A, Jafarmadar M, Schulte J, Struck J, Stainer M, Kozlov A, Bahrami S. Organ-Specific Oxidative Events under Restrictive Versus Full Reperfusion Following Hemorrhagic Traumatic Shock in Rats. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092195. [PMID: 30200263 PMCID: PMC6225155 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background aim: Reperfusion after hemorrhagic traumatic shock (HTS) is often associated with complications that are partly ascribed to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of our study was to compare the effects of restrictive reperfusion (RR) to rapid full reperfusion (FR) on ROS formation and/or oxidative events. MATERIALS AND METHODS Anesthetized male rats were randomly subjected to HTS followed by FR (75 mL/kg/h) or RR (30 mL/kg/h for 40 min, followed by 75 mL/kg/h) with Ringer's solution (n = 8/group). Compartment-specific ROS formation was determined by infusion of ROS scavenger 1-hydroxy-3-carboxy-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-pyrrolidine hydrochloride (CP-H) during resuscitation, followed by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. Sham-operated animals (n = 8) served as controls. The experiment was terminated 100 min post-shock. RESULTS Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in the FR compared to the RR group during early reperfusion. Only RR animals, not FR animals, showed significantly higher ROS concentrations in erythrocytes (1951 ± 420 vs. 724 ± 75 AU) and in liver (474 ± 57 vs. 261 ± 21 AU) compared to sham controls. This was accompanied by elevated alanine aminotransferase and creatinine levels in RR animals compared to both shams and FR animals, while lipid peroxidation products (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were significantly increased only in the kidney in the FR group (p < 0.05). RR animals showed significantly higher plasma peroxiredoxin-4 values when compared to the FR group (20 ± 2 vs. 14 ± 0.5 RLU). CONCLUSION Restrictive reperfusion after HTS is associated with increased ROS formation in erythrocytes and liver compared to sham controls. Moreover, the restrictive reperfusion is associated with a more pronounced injury to the liver and kidney, which is likely mediated by other than lipid peroxidation process and/or oxidative stress reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Penzenstadler
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Anna Zifko
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Mohammad Jafarmadar
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Janin Schulte
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, BRAHMS Biomarkers, Research Department, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany.
| | - Joachim Struck
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, BRAHMS Biomarkers, Research Department, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany.
| | - Michaela Stainer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrey Kozlov
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Soheyl Bahrami
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, AUVA Research Center for Traumatology, 1200 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Attributes of lipid oxidation due to bovine myoglobin, hemoglobin and hemolysate. Food Chem 2017; 234:230-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Ishida YI, Aki M, Fujiwara S, Nagahama M, Ogasawara Y. Peroxidatic cysteine residue of peroxiredoxin 2 separated from human red blood cells treated by tert-butyl hydroperoxide is hyperoxidized into sulfinic and sulfonic acids. Hum Cell 2017; 30:279-289. [DOI: 10.1007/s13577-017-0171-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Angelucci F, Miele AE, Ardini M, Boumis G, Saccoccia F, Bellelli A. Typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in human parasites: Several physiological roles for a potential chemotherapy target. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2016; 206:2-12. [PMID: 27002228 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) are ubiquitary proteins able to play multiple physiological roles, that include thiol-dependent peroxidase, chaperone holdase, sensor of H2O2, regulator of H2O2-dependent signal cascades, and modulator of the immune response. Prxs have been found in a great number of human pathogens, both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Gene knock-out studies demonstrated that Prxs are essential for the survival and virulence of at least some of the pathogens tested, making these proteins potential drug targets. However, the multiplicity of roles played by Prxs constitutes an unexpected obstacle to drug development. Indeed, selective inhibitors of some of the functions of Prxs are known (namely of the peroxidase and holdase functions) and are here reported. However, it is often unclear which function is the most relevant in each pathogen, hence which one is most desirable to inhibit. Indeed there are evidences that the main physiological role of Prxs may not be the same in different parasites. We here review which functions of Prxs have been demonstrated to be relevant in different human parasites, finding that the peroxidase and chaperone activities figure prominently, whereas other known functions of Prxs have rarely, if ever, been observed in parasites, or have largely escaped detection thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Adriana Erica Miele
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Ardini
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Giovanna Boumis
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fulvio Saccoccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Bellelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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14
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Voskou S, Aslan M, Fanis P, Phylactides M, Kleanthous M. Oxidative stress in β-thalassaemia and sickle cell disease. Redox Biol 2015; 6:226-239. [PMID: 26285072 PMCID: PMC4543215 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease and β-thalassaemia are inherited haemoglobinopathies resulting in structural and quantitative changes in the β-globin chain. These changes lead to instability of the generated haemoglobin or to globin chain imbalance, which in turn impact the oxidative environment both intracellularly and extracellularly. The ensuing oxidative stress and the inability of the body to adequately overcome it are, to a large extent, responsible for the pathophysiology of these diseases. This article provides an overview of the main players and control mechanisms involved in the establishment of oxidative stress in these haemoglobinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Voskou
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Aslan
- Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Antalya, Turkey
| | - P Fanis
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - M Phylactides
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - M Kleanthous
- The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
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15
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Bayer SB, Hampton MB, Winterbourn CC. Accumulation of oxidized peroxiredoxin 2 in red blood cells and its prevention. Transfusion 2015; 55:1909-18. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone B. Bayer
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Mark B. Hampton
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Christine C. Winterbourn
- Department of Pathology, Centre for Free Radical Research; University of Otago; Christchurch New Zealand
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16
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Ishida Y, Takikawa M, Suzuki T, Nagahama M, Ogasawara Y. Irreversible hyperoxidation of peroxiredoxin 2 is caused by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in human red blood cells. FEBS Open Bio 2014; 4:848-52. [PMID: 25379381 PMCID: PMC4215121 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxiredoxin 2 (Prx2) is the third most abundant protein in red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, we have succeeded in implementing the rapid and simultaneous detection of the hyperoxidized (Prx2-SO2/3) and reduced (Prx2-SH) forms of Prx2 in human RBCs using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The detection of a peak corresponding to Prx2-SO2/3 was clearly observed following treatment of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP), but not H2O2, and was found to be dose-dependent. The identity of the peak was confirmed as Prx2 by immunoblotting and mass spectrometry analysis. Our results suggest that t-BHP hyperoxidizes cysteine residues in Prx2 more readily than H2O2, and that accumulation of hyperoxidized Prx2 might reflect disruption of redox homeostasis in RBCs.
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Key Words
- Biomarker
- DTPA, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography
- Hyperoxidation
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- MS, mass spectrometry
- Oxidative stress
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMF, peptide mass fingerprinting
- Peroxiredoxin 2
- RBC, red blood cell
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- Red blood cell
- SDS–PAGE, sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- TOF, time-of-flight
- t-BHP, tert-butyl hydroperoxide
- tert-Butyl hydroperoxide
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Affiliation(s)
- Y.I. Ishida
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - M. Takikawa
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - T. Suzuki
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - M. Nagahama
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
| | - Y. Ogasawara
- Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, 2-522-1 Noshio, Kiyose, Tokyo 204-8588, Japan
- Corresponding author.
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17
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Benfeitas R, Selvaggio G, Antunes F, Coelho PMBM, Salvador A. Hydrogen peroxide metabolism and sensing in human erythrocytes: a validated kinetic model and reappraisal of the role of peroxiredoxin II. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 74:35-49. [PMID: 24952139 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) metabolism in human erythrocytes has been thoroughly investigated, but unclear points persist. By integrating the available data into a mathematical model that accurately represents the current understanding and comparing computational predictions to observations we sought to (a) identify inconsistencies in present knowledge, (b) propose resolutions, and (c) examine their functional implications. The systematic confrontation of computational predictions with experimental observations of the responses of intact erythrocytes highlighted the following important discrepancy. The high rate constant (10(7)-10(8) M(-1) s(-1)) for H2O2 reduction determined for purified peroxiredoxin II (Prx2) and the high abundance of this protein indicate that under physiological conditions it consumes practically all the H2O2. However, this is inconsistent with extensive evidence that Prx2's contribution to H2O2 elimination is comparable to that of catalase. Models modified such that Prx2's effective peroxidase activity is just 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) agree near quantitatively with extensive experimental observations. This low effective activity is probably due to a strong but readily reversible inhibition of Prx2's peroxidatic activity in intact cells, implying that the main role of Prx2 in human erythrocytes is not to eliminate peroxide substrates. Simulations of the responses to physiological H2O2 stimuli highlight that a design combining abundant Prx2 with a low effective peroxidase activity spares NADPH while improving potential signaling properties of the Prx2/thioredoxin/thioredoxin reductase system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Benfeitas
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, 3030-789 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Gianluca Selvaggio
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Antunes
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica and Centro de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro M B M Coelho
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Armindo Salvador
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Chemistry Center, University of Coimbra, 3004-535 Coimbra, Portugal.
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18
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Eryptosis, the suicidal erythrocyte death, is characterized by cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, and phosphatidylserine translocation to the outer membrane leaflet. Phosphatidylserine at the erythrocyte surface binds endothelial CXCL16/SR-PSOX (CXC-Motiv-Chemokin-16/Scavenger-receptor-for-phosphatidylserine-and-oxidized-low-density-lipoprotein) and fosters engulfment of affected erythrocytes by phagocytosing cells. Eryptosis serves to eliminate infected or defective erythrocytes, but excessive eryptosis may lead to anemia and may interfere with microcirculation. Clinical conditions with excessive eryptosis include diabetes, chronic renal failure, hemolytic uremic syndrome, sepsis, malaria, iron deficiency, sickle cell anemia, thalassemia, glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, glutamate cysteine ligase modulator deficiency, and Wilson's disease. RECENT ADVANCES Eryptosis is triggered by a wide variety of xenobiotics and other injuries such as oxidative stress. Signaling of eryptosis includes prostaglandin E₂ formation with subsequent activation of Ca(2+)-permeable cation channels, Ca(2+) entry, activation of Ca(2+)-sensitive K(+) channels, and cell membrane scrambling, as well as phospholipase A2 stimulation with release of platelet-activating factor, sphingomyelinase activation, and ceramide formation. Eryptosis may involve stimulation of caspases and calpain with subsequent degradation of the cytoskeleton. It is regulated by AMP-activated kinase, cGMP-dependent protein kinase, Janus-activated kinase 3, casein kinase 1α, p38 kinase, and p21-activated kinase 2. It is inhibited by erythropoietin, antioxidants, and further small molecules. CRITICAL ISSUES It remains uncertain for most disorders whether eryptosis is rather beneficial because it precedes and thus prevents hemolysis or whether it is harmful because of induction of anemia and impairment of microcirculation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS This will address the significance of eryptosis, further mechanisms underlying eryptosis, and additional pharmacological tools fostering or inhibiting eryptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, University of Tübingen , Tübingen, Germany
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19
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van Zwieten R, Verhoeven AJ, Roos D. Inborn defects in the antioxidant systems of human red blood cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 67:377-86. [PMID: 24316370 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) contain large amounts of iron and operate in highly oxygenated tissues. As a result, these cells encounter a continuous oxidative stress. Protective mechanisms against oxidation include prevention of formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), scavenging of various forms of ROS, and repair of oxidized cellular contents. In general, a partial defect in any of these systems can harm RBCs and promote senescence, but is without chronic hemolytic complaints. In this review we summarize the often rare inborn defects that interfere with the various protective mechanisms present in RBCs. NADPH is the main source of reduction equivalents in RBCs, used by most of the protective systems. When NADPH becomes limiting, red cells are prone to being damaged. In many of the severe RBC enzyme deficiencies, a lack of protective enzyme activity is frustrating erythropoiesis or is not restricted to RBCs. Common hereditary RBC disorders, such as thalassemia, sickle-cell trait, and unstable hemoglobins, give rise to increased oxidative stress caused by free heme and iron generated from hemoglobin. The beneficial effect of thalassemia minor, sickle-cell trait, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency on survival of malaria infection may well be due to the shared feature of enhanced oxidative stress. This may inhibit parasite growth, enhance uptake of infected RBCs by spleen macrophages, and/or cause less cytoadherence of the infected cells to capillary endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob van Zwieten
- Laboratory of Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Blood Supply Organization, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Arthur J Verhoeven
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Roos
- Laboratory of Red Blood Cell Diagnostics, Department of Blood Cell Research, Sanquin Blood Supply Organization, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Christophersen OA. Should autism be considered a canary bird telling that Homo sapiens may be on its way to extinction? MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2012; 23:19008. [PMID: 23990819 PMCID: PMC3747741 DOI: 10.3402/mehd.v23i0.19008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been a dramatic enhancement of the reported incidence of autism in different parts of the world over the last 30 years. This can apparently not be explained only as a result of improved diagnosis and reporting, but may also reflect a real change. The causes of this change are unknown, but if we shall follow T.C. Chamberlin's principle of multiple working hypotheses, we need to take into consideration the possibility that it partly may reflect an enhancement of the average frequency of responsible alleles in large populations. If this hypothesis is correct, it means that the average germline mutation rate must now be much higher in the populations concerned, compared with the natural mutation rate in hominid ancestors before the agricultural and industrial revolutions. This is compatible with the high prevalence of impaired human semen quality in several countries and also with what is known about high levels of total exposure to several different unnatural chemical mutagens, plus some natural ones at unnaturally high levels. Moreover, dietary deficiency conditions that may lead to enhancement of mutation rates are also very widespread, affecting billions of people. However, the natural mutation rate in hominids has been found to be so high that there is apparently no tolerance for further enhancement of the germline mutation rate before the Eigen error threshold will be exceeded and our species will go extinct because of mutational meltdown. This threat, if real, should be considered far more serious than any disease causing the death only of individual patients. It should therefore be considered the first and highest priority of the best biomedical scientists in the world, of research-funding agencies and of all medical doctors to try to stop the express train carrying all humankind as passengers on board before it arrives at the end station of our civilization.
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