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Park HJ, Hong H, Thangam R, Song MG, Kim JE, Jo EH, Jang YJ, Choi WH, Lee MY, Kang H, Lee KB. Static and Dynamic Biomaterial Engineering for Cell Modulation. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12081377. [PMID: 35458085 PMCID: PMC9028203 DOI: 10.3390/nano12081377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In the biological microenvironment, cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM), with which they dynamically interact during various biological processes. Specifically, the physical and chemical properties of the ECM work cooperatively to influence the behavior and fate of cells directly and indirectly, which invokes various physiological responses in the body. Hence, efficient strategies to modulate cellular responses for a specific purpose have become important for various scientific fields such as biology, pharmacy, and medicine. Among many approaches, the utilization of biomaterials has been studied the most because they can be meticulously engineered to mimic cellular modulatory behavior. For such careful engineering, studies on physical modulation (e.g., ECM topography, stiffness, and wettability) and chemical manipulation (e.g., composition and soluble and surface biosignals) have been actively conducted. At present, the scope of research is being shifted from static (considering only the initial environment and the effects of each element) to biomimetic dynamic (including the concepts of time and gradient) modulation in both physical and chemical manipulations. This review provides an overall perspective on how the static and dynamic biomaterials are actively engineered to modulate targeted cellular responses while highlighting the importance and advance from static modulation to biomimetic dynamic modulation for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Joon Park
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Hyunsik Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
| | - Ramar Thangam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
- Institute for High Technology Materials and Devices, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Min-Gyo Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Ju-Eun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
| | - Eun-Hae Jo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
| | - Yun-Jeong Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Armour College of Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA;
| | - Won-Hyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Min-Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (H.H.); (R.T.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (K.-B.L.)
| | - Kyu-Back Lee
- Department of Interdisciplinary Biomicrosystem Technology, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Health Science, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (M.-G.S.); (W.-H.C.); (M.-Y.L.)
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea; (J.-E.K.); (E.-H.J.)
- Correspondence: (H.K.); (K.-B.L.)
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Nagase K. Thermoresponsive interfaces obtained using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based copolymer for bioseparation and tissue engineering applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 295:102487. [PMID: 34314989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2021.102487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) is the most well-known and widely used stimuli-responsive polymer in the biomedical field owing to its ability to undergo temperature-dependent hydration and dehydration with temperature variations, causing hydrophilic and hydrophobic alterations. This temperature-dependent property of PNIPAAm provides functionality to interfaces containing PNIPAAm. Notably, the hydrophilic and hydrophobic alterations caused by the change in the temperature-responsive property of PNIPAAm-modified interfaces induce temperature-modulated interactions with biomolecules, proteins, and cells. This intrinsic property of PNIPAAm can be effectively used in various biomedical applications, particularly in bioseparation and tissue engineering applications, owing to the functionality of PNIPAAm-modified interfaces based on the temperature modulation of the interaction between PNIPAAm-modified interfaces and biomolecules and cells. This review focuses on PNIPAAm-modified interfaces in terms of preparation method, properties, and their applications. Advances in PNIPAAm-modified interfaces for existing and developing applications are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan.
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Kuboki T, Ebata H, Matsuda T, Arai Y, Nagai T, Kidoaki S. Hierarchical Development of Motile Polarity in Durotactic Cells Just Crossing an Elasticity Boundary. Cell Struct Funct 2020; 45:33-43. [PMID: 31902938 PMCID: PMC10739161 DOI: 10.1247/csf.19040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular durotaxis has been extensively studied in the field of mechanobiology. In principle, asymmetric mechanical field of a stiffness gradient generates motile polarity in a cell, which is a driving factor of durotaxis. However, the actual process by which the motile polarity in durotaxis develops is still unclear. In this study, to clarify the details of the kinetics of the development of durotactic polarity, we investigated the dynamics of both cell-shaping and the microscopic turnover of focal adhesions (FAs) for Venus-paxillin-expressing fibroblasts just crossing an elasticity boundary prepared on microelastically patterned gels. The Fourier mode analysis of cell-shaping based on a persistent random deformation model revealed that motile polarity at a cell-body scale was established within the first few hours after the leading edges of a moving cell passed through the boundary from the soft to the stiff regions. A fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis showed that the mobile fractions of paxillin at FAs in the anterior part of the cells exhibited an asymmetric increase within several tens of minutes after cells entered the stiff region. The results demonstrated that motile polarity in durotactic cells is established through the hierarchical step-wise development of different types of asymmetricity in the kinetics of FAs activity and cell-shaping with a several-hour time lag.Key words: Microelasticity patterned gel, durotaxis, cell polarity, focal adhesions, paxillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasaneeya Kuboki
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ebata
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuda
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering. The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Arai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering. The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeharu Nagai
- Department of Biomolecular Science and Engineering. The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoru Kidoaki
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Moriyama K, Kidoaki S. Cellular Durotaxis Revisited: Initial-Position-Dependent Determination of the Threshold Stiffness Gradient to Induce Durotaxis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7478-7486. [PMID: 30230337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Directional cell movement from a softer to a stiffer region on a culture substrate with a stiffness gradient, so-called durotaxis, has attracted considerable interest in the field of mechanobiology. Although the strength of a stiffness gradient has been known to influence durotaxis, the precise manipulation of durotactic cells has not been established due to the limited knowledge available on how the threshold stiffness gradient (TG) for durotaxis is determined. In the present study, to clarify the principles for the manipulation of durotaxis, we focused on the absolute stiffness of the soft region and evaluated its effect on the determination of TG required to induce durotaxis. Microelastically patterned gels that differed with respect to both the absolute stiffness of the soft region and the strength of the stiffness gradient were photolithographically prepared using photo-cross-linkable gelatins, and the TG for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) was examined systematically for each stiffness value of the soft region. As a result, the TG values for soft regions with stiffnesses of 2.5, 5, and 10 kPa were 0.14, 1.0, and 1.4 kPa/μm, respectively, i.e., TG markedly increased with an increase in the absolute stiffness of the soft region. An analysis of the area and long-axis length for focal adhesions revealed that the adhesivity of MSCs was more stable on a stiffer soft region. These results suggested that the initial location of cells starting durotaxis plays an essential role in determining the TG values and furthermore that the relationship between the position-dependent TG and intrinsic stiffness gradient (IG) of the culture substrate should be carefully reconsidered for inducing durotaxis; IG must be higher than TG (IG ≥ TG). This principle provides a fundamental guide for designing biomaterials to manipulate cellular durotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousuke Moriyama
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi ku , Fukuoka , Japan
| | - Satoru Kidoaki
- Laboratory of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi ku , Fukuoka , Japan
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Kobayashi J, Okano T. Design of Temperature-Responsive Polymer-Grafted Surfaces for Cell Sheet Preparation and Manipulation. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kobayashi
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
- Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center and Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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6
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Fabrication of 3D Capillary Vessel Models with Circulatory Connection Ports. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9030101. [PMID: 30424035 PMCID: PMC6187555 DOI: 10.3390/mi9030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bionic microscopic vessel models can contribute to the development of vascular treatment skills and techniques for clinical training. Most microscopic vessel models are limited to two dimensions, but three-dimensional (3D) models are important for surgery, such as on retina microscopic vessels, for the observation of colon microvessels, for measuring the deformability of red blood cell (RBC), and so on. Therefore, bionic 3D blood vessel models are increasingly in demand. For this reason, it is necessary to establish 3D fabrication techniques for microchannels. In this study, we established two fabrication methods for 3D microfluidic devices for the development of microscopic vessel models. First, we employed an exposure method using photolithographic technology. Second, we employed a 3D method using femtosecond laser and mask hybrid exposure (FMEx). Both methods made it possible to fabricate a millimeter-scale 3D structure with a submicrometer resolution and achieve an easy injection of solution. This is because it was possible to fabricate typical microfluidic channels used for model inlet and outlet ports. Furthermore, in the FMEx method, we employed an acid-diffusion effect using a chemically amplified resist to form a circular channel cross-section. The acid-diffusion effect made it realizable to fabricate a smooth surface independent of the laser scanning line width. Thus, we succeeded in establishing two methods for the fabrication of bionic 3D microfluidic devices with microfluidic channels having diameters of 15⁻16 µm for mimicking capillary vessels.
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7
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Gupta D, Grant DM, Zakir Hossain KM, Ahmed I, Sottile V. Role of geometrical cues in bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell survival, growth and osteogenic differentiation. J Biomater Appl 2017; 32:906-919. [DOI: 10.1177/0885328217745699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanak Gupta
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - David M Grant
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Kazi M Zakir Hossain
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Ifty Ahmed
- Advanced Materials Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, UK
| | - Virginie Sottile
- Wolfson Centre for Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering and Modelling (STEM), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Laurent J, Blin G, Chatelain F, Vanneaux V, Fuchs A, Larghero J, Théry M. Convergence of microengineering and cellular self-organization towards functional tissue manufacturing. Nat Biomed Eng 2017; 1:939-956. [DOI: 10.1038/s41551-017-0166-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Nagase K, Yamato M, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-based thermoresponsive surfaces provide new types of biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2017; 153:27-48. [PMID: 29096399 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive surfaces, prepared by grafting of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) or its copolymers, have been investigated for biomedical applications. Thermoresponsive cell culture dishes that show controlled cell adhesion and detachment following external temperature changes, represent a promising application of thermoresponsive surfaces. These dishes can be used to fabricate cell sheets, which are currently used as effective therapies for patients. Thermoresponsive microcarriers for large-scale cell cultivation have also been developed by taking advantage of the thermally modulated cell adhesion and detachment properties of thermoresponsive surfaces. Furthermore, thermoresponsive bioseparation systems using thermoresponsive surfaces for separating and purifying pharmaceutical proteins and therapeutic cells have been developed, with the separation systems able to maintain their activity and biological potency throughout the procedure. These applications of thermoresponsive surfaces have been improved with progress in preparation techniques of thermoresponsive surfaces, such as polymerization methods, and surface modification techniques. In the present review, the various types of PIPAAm-based thermoresponsive surfaces are summarized by describing their preparation methods, properties, and successful biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan; Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Yamato
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan; Cell Sheet Tissue Engineering Center (CSTEC) and Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, 30 South 2000 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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10
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11
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Wei YB, Tang Q, Gong CB, Lam MHW. Review of the recent progress in photoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymers containing azobenzene chromophores. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 900:10-20. [PMID: 26572835 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Photoresponsive molecularly imprinted polymers (PMIPs) containing azobenzene have received wide research attention in recent years and made notable achievements. This article reviews the recent developments on PMIPs containing azobenzene. Topics include the following: (i) brief introduction of azobenzene, molecularly imprinted polymers, and PMIPs containing azobenzene; (ii) progress in functional monomers, cross-linkers, and polymerization conditions; (iii) preparation methods, properties, applications, as well as advantages and disadvantages of conventional PMIPs; (iv) substrate, preparation method, and applications of photoresponsive surface molecularly imprinted polymers; and (v) some perspectives for further development of PMIPs containing azobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-bo Wei
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Qian Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Cheng-bin Gong
- The Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
| | - Michael Hon-Wah Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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12
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Wang C, Hamid Q, Snyder J, Ayan H, Sun W. Localized surface functionalization of polycaprolactone with atmospheric-pressure microplasma jet. Biomed Phys Eng Express 2015. [DOI: 10.1088/2057-1976/1/2/025002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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13
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Tompkins N, Cambria MC, Wang AL, Heymann M, Fraden S. Creation and perturbation of planar networks of chemical oscillators. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2015; 25:064611. [PMID: 26117136 PMCID: PMC4457659 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Methods for creating custom planar networks of diffusively coupled chemical oscillators and perturbing individual oscillators within the network are presented. The oscillators consist of the Belousov-Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction contained in an emulsion. Networks of drops of the BZ reaction are created with either Dirichlet (constant-concentration) or Neumann (no-flux) boundary conditions in a custom planar configuration using programmable illumination for the perturbations. The differences between the observed network dynamics for each boundary condition are described. Using light, we demonstrate the ability to control the initial conditions of the network and to cause individual oscillators within the network to undergo sustained period elongation or a one-time phase delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Tompkins
- Physics Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | | | - Adam L Wang
- Physics Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - Michael Heymann
- Physics Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
| | - Seth Fraden
- Physics Department, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, USA
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14
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Ueki A, Kidoaki S. Manipulation of cell mechanotaxis by designing curvature of the elasticity boundary on hydrogel matrix. Biomaterials 2015; 41:45-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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He Y, Wu WB, Fu JZ. Rapid fabrication of paper-based microfluidic analytical devices with desktop stereolithography 3D printer. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra12165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we developed a novel and facile method for fabricating paper-based microfluidic analytical devices (μPADs) with dynamic mask photo curing (DMPC), generated by a desktop stereolithography (SL) three-dimensional printer (3DP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Wen-bin Wu
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Jian-zhong Fu
- The State Key Lab of Fluid Power Transmission and Control Systems
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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Tang Z, Okano T. Recent development of temperature-responsive surfaces and their application for cell sheet engineering. Regen Biomater 2014; 1:91-102. [PMID: 26816628 PMCID: PMC4669004 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbu011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell sheet engineering, which fabricates sheet-like tissues without biodegradable scaffolds, has been proposed as a novel approach for tissue engineering. Cells have been cultured and proliferate to confluence on a temperature-responsive cell culture surface at 37°C. By decreasing temperature to 20°C, an intact cell sheet can be harvested from the culture surface without enzymatic treatment. This new approach enables cells to keep their cell–cell junction, cell surface proteins and extracellular matrix. Therefore, recovered cell sheet can be easily not only transplanted to host tissue, but also constructed a three-dimensional (3D) tissue by layering cell sheets. Moreover, cell sheet manipulation technology and bioreactor have been combined with the cell sheet technology to fabricate a complex and functional 3D tissue in vitro. So far, cell sheet technology has been applied in regenerative medicine for several tissues, and a number of clinical studies have been performed. In this review, recent advances in the preparation of temperature-responsive cell culture surface, the fabrication of organ-like tissue and the clinical application of cell sheet engineering are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglan Tang
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
| | - Teruo Okano
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Brandt J, Oehlenschlaeger KK, Schmidt FG, Barner-Kowollik C, Lederer A. State-of-the-art analytical methods for assessing dynamic bonding soft matter materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5758-5785. [PMID: 24782412 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic bonding materials are of high interest in a variety of fields in material science. The reversible nature of certain reaction classes is frequently employed for introducing key material properties such as the capability to self-heal. In addition to the synthetic effort required for designing such materials, their analysis is a highly complex--yet important--endeavor. Herein, we critically review the current state of the art analytical methods and their application in the context of reversible bonding on demand soft matter material characterization for an in-depth performance assessment. The main analytical focus lies on the characterization at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Brandt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung, Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany and Technische Universität Dresden, 01062, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Das UK, Banerjee S, Dastidar P. Remarkable Shape-Sustaining, Load-Bearing, and Self-Healing Properties Displayed by a Supramolecular Gel Derived from a Bis-pyridyl-bis-amide ofL-Phenyl Alanine. Chem Asian J 2014; 9:2475-82. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201402053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Abstract
Effective utilization of three-dimensional printing for tissue and organ engineering remains nontrivial. Here, Jordan Miller identifies key challenges and discusses conceptual targets on the horizon. How structure relates to function—across spatial scales, from the single molecule to the whole organism—is a central theme in biology. Bioengineers, however, wrestle with the converse question: will function follow form? That is, we struggle to approximate the architecture of living tissues experimentally, hoping that the structure we create will lead to the function we desire. A new means to explore the relationship between form and function in living tissue has arrived with three-dimensional printing, but the technology is not without limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S. Miller
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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20
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Kuboki T, Chen W, Kidoaki S. Time-dependent migratory behaviors in the long-term studies of fibroblast durotaxis on a hydrogel substrate fabricated with a soft band. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6187-96. [PMID: 24851722 PMCID: PMC4051246 DOI: 10.1021/la501058j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Durotaxis, biased cell movement up a stiffness gradient on culture substrates, is one of the useful taxis behaviors for manipulating cell migration on engineered biomaterial surfaces. In this study, long-term durotaxis was investigated on gelatinous substrates containing a soft band of 20, 50, and 150 μm in width fabricated using photolithographic elasticity patterning; sharp elasticity boundaries with a gradient strength of 300 kPa/50 μm were achieved. Time-dependent migratory behaviors of 3T3 fibroblast cells were observed during a time period of 3 days. During the first day, most of the cells were strongly repelled by the soft band independent of bandwidth, exhibiting the typical durotaxis behavior. However, the repellency by the soft band diminished, and more cells crossed the soft band or exhibited other mixed migratory behaviors during the course of the observation. It was found that durotaxis strength is weakened on the substrate with the narrowest soft band and that adherent affinity-induced entrapment becomes apparent on the widest soft band with time. Factors, such as changes in surface topography, elasticity, and/or chemistry, likely contributing to the apparent diminishing durotaxis during the extended culture were examined. Immunofluorescence analysis indicated preferential collagen deposition onto the soft band, which is derived from secretion by fibroblast cells, resulting in the increasing contribution of haptotaxis toward the soft band over time. The deposited collagen did not affect surface topography or surface elasticity but did change surface chemistry, especially on the soft band. The observed time-dependent durotaxis behaviors are the result of the mixed mechanical and chemical cues. In the studies and applications of cell migratory behavior under a controlled stimulus, it is important to thoroughly examine other (hidden) compounding stimuli in order to be able to accurately interpret data and to design suitable biomaterials to manipulate cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasaneeya Kuboki
- Laboratory
of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Wei Chen
- Chemistry
Department, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, Massachusetts 01075, United States
- E-mail ; tel 413-538-2224; fax 413-538-2327 (W.C.)
| | - Satoru Kidoaki
- Laboratory
of Biomedical and Biophysical Chemistry, Institute for Materials Chemistry
and Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- E-mail ; tel 81-92-802-2507; fax 81-92-802-2509 (S.K.)
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Micropatterning with a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Projector. Methods Cell Biol 2014; 119:141-58. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416742-1.00008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Grogan SP, Chung PH, Soman P, Chen P, Lotz MK, Chen S, D’Lima DD. Digital micromirror device projection printing system for meniscus tissue engineering. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7218-26. [PMID: 23523536 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Meniscus degeneration due to age or injury can lead to osteoarthritis. Although promising, current cell-based approaches show limited success. Here we present three-dimensional methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) scaffolds patterned via projection stereolithography to emulate the circumferential alignment of cells in native meniscus tissue. Cultured human avascular zone meniscus cells from normal meniscus were seeded on the scaffolds. Cell viability was monitored, and new tissue formation was assessed by gene expression analysis and histology after 2weeks in serum-free culture with transforming growth factor β1 (10ngml(-1)). Light, confocal and scanning electron microscopy were used to observe cell-GelMA interactions. Tensile mechanical testing was performed on unseeded, fresh scaffolds and 2-week-old cell-seeded and unseeded scaffolds. 2-week-old cell-GelMA constructs were implanted into surgically created meniscus defects in an explant organ culture model. No cytotoxic effects were observed 3weeks after implantation, and cells grew and aligned to the patterned GelMA strands. Gene expression profiles and histology indicated promotion of a fibrocartilage-like meniscus phenotype, and scaffold integration with repair tissue was observed in the explant model. We show that micropatterned GelMA scaffolds are non-toxic, produce organized cellular alignment, and promote meniscus-like tissue formation. Prefabrication of GelMA scaffolds with architectures mimicking the meniscus collagen bundle organization shows promise for meniscal repair. Furthermore, the technique presented may be scaled up to repair larger defects.
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Exploring the Future of Hydrogels in Rapid Prototyping: A Review on Current Trends and Limitations. SPRINGER SERIES IN BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-4328-5_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
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Tang Z, Akiyama Y, Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Shear stress-dependent cell detachment from temperature-responsive cell culture surfaces in a microfluidic device. Biomaterials 2012; 33:7405-11. [PMID: 22818649 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new approach to quantitatively estimate the interaction between cells and material has been proposed by using a microfluidic system, which was made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) chip bonding on a temperature-responsive cell culture surface consisted of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) grafted tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) (PIPAAm-TCPS) having five parallel test channels for cell culture. This construction allows concurrently generating five different shear forces to apply to cells in individual microchannels having various resistance of each channel and simultaneously gives an identical cell incubation condition to all test channels. NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblast cells (MFCs) and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) were well adhered and spread on all channels of PIPAAm-TCPS at 37 °C. In our previous study, reducing culture temperature below the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of PIPAAm (32 °C), cells detach themselves from hydrated PIPAAm grafted surfaces spontaneously. In this study, cell detachment process from hydrated PIPAAm-TCPS was promoted by shear forces applied to cells in microchannels. Shear stress-dependent cell detachment process from PIPAAm-TCPS was evaluated at various shear stresses. Either MFCs or BAECs in the microchannel with the strongest shear stress were found to be detached from the substrate more quickly than those in other microchannels. A cell transformation rate constant C(t) and an intrinsic cell detachment rate constant k(0) were obtained through studying the effect of shear stress on cell detachment with a peeling model. The proposed device and quantitative analysis could be used to assess the possible interaction between cells and PIPAAm layer with a potential application to design a cell sheet culture surface for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglan Tang
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, TWIns, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Billiet T, Vandenhaute M, Schelfhout J, Van Vlierberghe S, Dubruel P. A review of trends and limitations in hydrogel-rapid prototyping for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2012; 33:6020-41. [PMID: 22681979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 680] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The combined potential of hydrogels and rapid prototyping technologies has been an exciting route in developing tissue engineering scaffolds for the past decade. Hydrogels represent to be an interesting starting material for soft, and lately also for hard tissue regeneration. Their application enables the encapsulation of cells and therefore an increase of the seeding efficiency of the fabricated structures. Rapid prototyping techniques on the other hand, have become an elegant tool for the production of scaffolds with the purpose of cell seeding and/or cell encapsulation. By means of rapid prototyping, one can design a fully interconnected 3-dimensional structure with pre-determined dimensions and porosity. Despite this benefit, some of the rapid prototyping techniques are not or less suitable for the generation of hydrogel scaffolds. In this review, we therefore give an overview on the different rapid prototyping techniques suitable for the processing of hydrogel materials. A primary distinction will be made between (i) laser-based, (ii) nozzle-based, and (iii) printer-based systems. Special attention will be addressed to current trends and limitations regarding the respective techniques. Each of these techniques will be further discussed in terms of the different hydrogel materials used so far. One major drawback when working with hydrogels is the lack of mechanical strength. Therefore, maintaining and improving the mechanical integrity of the processed scaffolds has become a key issue regarding 3-dimensional hydrogel structures. This limitation can either be overcome during or after processing the scaffolds, depending on the applied technology and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Billiet
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4 Bis, Ghent 9000, Belgium
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Reversal of diabetes by the creation of neo-islet tissues into a subcutaneous site using islet cell sheets. Transplantation 2012; 92:1231-6. [PMID: 22124282 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3182375835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There remains a paucity of therapeutic approaches to completely treat diabetes mellitus. This study was designed to develop a dispersed islet cell-based tissue engineering approach to engineer functional neo-islet tissues in the absence of traditional bioabsorbable scaffold matrices. METHODS Specialized coated plastic dishes were prepared by covalently immobilizing a temperature-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), onto the plastic followed by coating with laminin-5. Dispersed rat islet cells were plated on the laminin-5-poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) dishes. After 2 days of culturing, islet cells were harvested as a uniformly connected tissue sheet by lowering the culture temperature from 37°C to 20°C for 30 min. Two harvested islet cell sheets were transplanted into the subcutaneous space of streptozotocin-induced diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice to engineer neo-islet tissues in vivo. Therapeutic effects were investigated after the tissue engineering procedures. RESULTS In all of the diabetic SCID mice transplanted with the islet sheets, serum hyperglycemia was successfully reverted to a steady normoglycemic level. The recipient SCID mice demonstrated positive for serum rat C-peptide and elevated serum insulin levels. Moreover, the islet cell sheet-transplanted SCID mice demonstrated rapid glucose clearance and return of serum glucose levels after intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Histological examination revealed that the transplanted islet cell sheets were structured as flat clusters of islet tissues in which an active vascular network manifested within and surrounding the newly formed tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study describes a new proof-of-concept therapeutic approach to engineer functional neo-islet tissues for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.
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Stirman JN, Crane MM, Husson SJ, Gottschalk A, Lu H. A multispectral optical illumination system with precise spatiotemporal control for the manipulation of optogenetic reagents. Nat Protoc 2012; 7:207-20. [PMID: 22240583 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2011.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics is an excellent tool for noninvasive activation and silencing of neurons and muscles. Although they have been widely adopted, illumination techniques for optogenetic tools remain limited and relatively nonstandardized. We present a protocol for constructing an illumination system capable of dynamic multispectral optical targeting of micrometer-sized structures in both stationary and moving objects. The initial steps of the protocol describe how to modify an off-the-shelf video projector by insertion of optical filters and modification of projector optics. Subsequent steps involve altering the microscope's epifluorescence optical train as well as alignment and characterization of the system. When fully assembled, the illumination system is capable of dynamically projecting multispectral patterns with a resolution better than 10 μm at medium magnifications. Compared with other custom-assembled systems and commercially available products, this protocol allows a researcher to assemble the illumination system for a fraction of the cost and can be completed within a few days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey N Stirman
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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28
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Abstract
Our ability to create precise, predesigned, spatially patterned biochemical and physical microenvironments inside polymer scaffolds could provide a powerful tool in studying progenitor cell behavior and differentiation under biomimetic, three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions. The development of freeform fabrication technology has become a promising tool for the manufacturing of biological scaffolds for tissue regeneration and stem cell engineering. Freeform fabrication is a very promising technology due to the efficient and simple process for creating bona fide 3D microstructures, such as closed channels and cavities. It is also capable of encapsulating biomolecules and even living cells. This chapter describes direct projection printing of 3D tissue engineering scaffolds by using a digital micromirror-array device (DMD) in a layer-by-layer process. This simple and fast microstereolithography system consists of an ultraviolet (UV) light source, a digital micromirror masking device, imaging optics, and controlling devices. Images of UV light are projected onto the photocurable resin by creating the "dynamic photomask" design with graphic software. Multilayered scaffolds are microfabricated through a photopolymerization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Nakahata M, Takashima Y, Yamaguchi H, Harada A. Redox-responsive self-healing materials formed from host-guest polymers. Nat Commun 2011; 2:511. [PMID: 22027591 PMCID: PMC3207205 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 918] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Expanding the useful lifespan of materials is becoming highly desirable, and self-healing and self-repairing materials may become valuable commodities. The formation of supramolecular materials through host-guest interactions is a powerful method to create non-conventional materials. Here we report the formation of supramolecular hydrogels and their redox-responsive and self-healing properties due to host-guest interactions. We employ cyclodextrin (CD) as a host molecule because it is environmentally benign and has diverse applications. A transparent supramolecular hydrogel quickly forms upon mixing poly(acrylic acid) (pAA) possessing β-CD as a host polymer with pAA possessing ferrocene as a guest polymer. Redox stimuli induce a sol-gel phase transition in the supramolecular hydrogel and can control self-healing properties such as re-adhesion between cut surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Nakahata
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Takashima
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Yamaguchi
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Akira Harada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama 1-1, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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Endothelial cell micropatterning: methods, effects, and applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:2329-45. [PMID: 21761242 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0352-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effects of flow on endothelial cells (ECs) have been widely examined for the ability of fluid shear stress to alter cell morphology and function; however, the effects of EC morphology without flow have only recently been observed. An increase in lithographic techniques in cell culture spurred a corresponding increase in research aiming to confine cell morphology. These studies lead to a better understanding of how morphology and cytoskeletal configuration affect the structure and function of the cells. This review examines EC micropatterning research by exploring both the many alternative methods used to alter EC morphology and the resulting changes in cellular shape and phenotype. Micropatterning induced changes in EC proliferation, apoptosis, cytoskeletal organization, mechanical properties, and cell functionality. Finally, the ways these cellular manipulation techniques have been applied to biomedical engineering research, including angiogenesis, cell migration, and tissue engineering, are discussed.
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31
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Yamanishi Y, Nakano T, Sawada Y, Itoga K, Okano T, Arai F. Maskless Gray Scale Lithography and its 3D Microfluidic Applications. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2011. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2011.p0426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the novel three-dimensional fabrication using maskless exposure equipment and threedimensional (3D) microfluidic cell manipulation uses grayscale data to directly control the exposed photoresist height without using a mask. The 3D microchannel and microvalve were fabricated simply using lowcost exposure and height ranging from 0 to 200 µm. The 3D microvalve prevents liquid leakage when the membrane is closed – difficult to do using conventional 2D photolithography. We removed the oocyte zona pellucida passing through the 3D microchannel whose cross-section is gradually restricted along the path to provide mechanical stimulation omnidirectionally on the oocyte surface. The microfluidic chip may contribute to make high peeled-oocyte throughput effective without damaging the oocytes.
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Fu CY, Lin CY, Chu WC, Chang HY. A simple cell patterning method using magnetic particle-containing photosensitive poly (ethylene glycol) hydrogel blocks: a technical note. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 17:871-7. [PMID: 21486199 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2010.0690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
All human organs consist of multiple types of cells organized in a complex pattern to meet specific functional needs. One possible approach for reconstructing human organs in vitro is to generate cell sheets of a specific pattern and later stack them systematically by layer into a three-dimensional organoid. However, many commonly used cell patterning techniques suffer drawbacks such as dependence on sophisticated instruments and manipulation of cells under suboptimal growth conditions. Here, we describe a simple cell patterning method that may overcome these problems. This method is based on magnetic force and photoresponsive poly (ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEG-DA) hydrogels. The PEG-DA hydrogel was magnetized by mixing with iron ferrous microparticles and then fabricated into blocks with a specific pattern by photolithography. The resolution of the hydrogel empty space pattern was approximately 150 μm and the generated hydrogel blocks can be remotely manipulated with a magnet. The magnetic PEG-DA blocks were used as a stencil to define the area for cell adhesion in the cell culture dish, and the second types of cells could be seeded after the magnetic block was removed to create heterotypic cell patterns. Cell viability assay has demonstrated that magnetic PEG-DA and the patterning process produced negligible effects on cell growth. Together, our results indicate that this magnetic hydrogel-based cell patterning method is simple to perform and is a useful tool for tissue surrogate assembly for disease mechanism study and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Yu Fu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Lee HJ, Kim DN, Park S, Lee Y, Koh WG. Micropatterning of a nanoporous alumina membrane with poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel to create cellular micropatterns on nanotopographic substrates. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:1281-9. [PMID: 21056702 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 09/28/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe a simple method for fabricating micropatterned nanoporous substrates that are capable of controlling the spatial positioning of mammalian cells. Micropatterned substrates were prepared by fabricating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microstructures on alumina membranes with 200 nm nanopores using photolithography. Because hydrogel precursor solution could infiltrate and become crosslinked within the nanopores, the resultant hydrogel micropatterns were firmly anchored on the substrate without the use of adhesion-promoting monolayers, thereby allow tailoring of the surface properties of unpatterned nanoporous areas. For mammalian cell patterning, arrays of microwells of different dimensions were fabricated. These microwells were composed of hydrophilic PEG hydrogel walls surrounding nanoporous bottoms that were modified with cell-adhesive Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides. Because the PEG hydrogel was non-adhesive towards proteins and cells, cells adhered selectively and remained viable within the RGD-modified nanoporous regions, thereby creating cellular micropatterns. Although the morphology of cell clusters and the number of cells inside one microwell were dependent on the lateral dimension of the microwells, adhered cells that were in direct contact with nanopores were able to penetrate into the nanopores by small extensions (filopodia) for all the different sizes of microwells evaluated.
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Pan T, Wang W. From cleanroom to desktop: emerging micro-nanofabrication technology for biomedical applications. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 39:600-20. [PMID: 21161384 PMCID: PMC3033514 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-010-0218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This review is motivated by the growing demand for low-cost, easy-to-use, compact-size yet powerful micro-nanofabrication technology to address emerging challenges of fundamental biology and translational medicine in regular laboratory settings. Recent advancements in the field benefit considerably from rapidly expanding material selections, ranging from inorganics to organics and from nanoparticles to self-assembled molecules. Meanwhile a great number of novel methodologies, employing off-the-shelf consumer electronics, intriguing interfacial phenomena, bottom-up self-assembly principles, etc., have been implemented to transit micro-nanofabrication from a cleanroom environment to a desktop setup. Furthermore, the latest application of micro-nanofabrication to emerging biomedical research will be presented in detail, which includes point-of-care diagnostics, on-chip cell culture as well as bio-manipulation. While significant progresses have been made in the rapidly growing field, both apparent and unrevealed roadblocks will need to be addressed in the future. We conclude this review by offering our perspectives on the current technical challenges and future research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingrui Pan
- Micro-Nano Innovations (MiNI) Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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Nakano T, Itoyama T, Yoshida K, Sawada Y, Ikeda S, Fukuda T, Matsuda T, Negoro M, Arai F. Multiscale fabrication of a transparent circulation type blood vessel simulator. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2010; 4:46505. [PMID: 21264060 PMCID: PMC3025498 DOI: 10.1063/1.3523471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and fabricated multiscale transparent arteriole and capillary vessel models with circular cross sections of 10-500 μm using photolithography. The circularities of the fabricated 10, 50, and 500 μm diameter microchannels were 84.0%, 61.5%, and 82.3%, respectively. Next, we connected these different models to realize a circulation type blood vessel model simulating arteriole networks. We proposed a novel connection method using an intermediate connector made of wax, which we used to connect these models to make a circulation model. In flow experiments, the fabricated models showed no leakage and circulation models with seamless connections were achieved.
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Development of Microfabrication Technology with Maskless Photolithography Device Using LCD Projector. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2010. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2010.p0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The maskless photolithography device we developed requires no photomask, by modifying Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) projector optics from magnified to reduced projection. The second-generation device we developed produces a practical centimeter-scale micropattern by dividing a large mask pattern and divisionally exposing it synchronized with an auto-XY stage, applying it to cellmicropattern and microfluidic device production. Although advantageous in producing maskless micropatterns, problems arise in jagged pattern boundaries due to the liquid crystal panel structure and collapse pattern of the boundary divided on divisional exposure using the auto-XY stage. The third-generation maskless photolithography device we developed had a more accurate auto-XY stage and solved problems caused by hardware through software such as control of the auto-XY stage.
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Fukumori K, Akiyama Y, Kumashiro Y, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Sakai K, Okano T. Characterization of Ultra-Thin Temperature-Responsive Polymer Layer and Its Polymer Thickness Dependency on Cell Attachment/Detachment Properties. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:1117-29. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201000043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Kobayashi J, Okano T. Fabrication of a thermoresponsive cell culture dish: a key technology for cell sheet tissue engineering. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2010; 11:014111. [PMID: 27877326 PMCID: PMC5090553 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/11/1/014111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/28/2010] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the properties and characterization of an intelligent thermoresponsive surface, which is a key technology for cell sheet-based tissue engineering. Intelligent thermoresponsive surfaces grafted with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) exhibit hydrophilic/hydrophobic alteration in response to temperature change. Cultured cells are harvested on thermoresponsive cell culture dishes by decreasing the temperature without the use of digestive enzymes or chelating agents. Our group has developed cell sheet-based tissue engineering for therapeutic uses with single layer or multilayered cell sheets, which were recovered from the thermoresponsive cell culture dish. Using surface derivation techniques, we developed a new generation of thermoresponsive cell culture dishes to improve culture conditions. We also designed a new methodology for constructing well-defined organs using microfabrication techniques.
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Itoga K, Okano T. The high functionalization of temperature-responsive culture dishes for establishing advanced cell sheet engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01064b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Elloumi Hannachi I, Itoga K, Kumashiro Y, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Fabrication of transferable micropatterned-co-cultured cell sheets with microcontact printing. Biomaterials 2009; 30:5427-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 06/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Mass preparation of size-controlled mouse embryonic stem cell aggregates and induction of cardiac differentiation by cell patterning method. Biomaterials 2009; 30:4384-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Hannachi IE, Yamato M, Okano T. Cell sheet technology and cell patterning for biofabrication. Biofabrication 2009; 1:022002. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/1/2/022002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Zhao S, Cong H, Pan T. Direct projection on dry-film photoresist (DP(2)): do-it-yourself three-dimensional polymer microfluidics. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:1128-32. [PMID: 19350095 DOI: 10.1039/b817925e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a novel rapid-prototyping process for out-of-cleanroom microfabrication of three-dimensional multilayer microfluidic structures with a 10 microm resolution, referred to as the Direct Projection on Dry-film Photoresist (DP(2)). A commercially available digital projector is customized to function as a direct mask generation and photo exposure system, while easy-processing photosensitive dry films are used as the microfluidic constructs. Multilayer alignments among maskless-patterned layers are reliably achieved by using a Software Alignment technique with less than 10 microm precision, which eliminates the use of mechanical travelling stage. The bonding between different layers of dry film, simply enabled by a plasma-assisted thermal lamination, offers an easy implementation for suspended multilayer microstructures. Development of a complex microfluidic chip from computer layout can thus be accomplished within an hour in a regular chemical or biological lab environment using this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Nagase K, Kobayashi J, Okano T. Temperature-responsive intelligent interfaces for biomolecular separation and cell sheet engineering. J R Soc Interface 2009; 6 Suppl 3:S293-309. [PMID: 19324682 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2008.0499.focus] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature-responsive intelligent surfaces, prepared by the modification of an interface with poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and its derivatives, have been used for biomedical applications. Such surfaces exhibit temperature-responsive hydrophilic/hydrophobic alterations with external temperature changes, which, in turn, result in thermally modulated interactions with biomolecules and cells. In this review, we focus on the application of these intelligent surfaces to chromatographic separation and cell cultures. Chromatographic separations using several types of intelligent surfaces are mentioned briefly, and various effects related to the separation of bioactive compounds are discussed, including wettability, copolymer composition and graft polymer architecture. Similarly, we also summarize temperature-responsive cell culture substrates that allow the recovery of confluent cell monolayers as contiguous living cell sheets for tissue-engineering applications. The key factors in temperature-dependent cell adhesion/detachment control are discussed from the viewpoint of grafting temperature-responsive polymers, and new methodologies for effective cell sheet culturing and the construction of thick tissues are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, TWIns, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Edahiro JI, Sumaru K, Ooshima Y, Kanamori T. Selective separation and co-culture of cells by photo-induced enhancement of cell adhesion (PIECA). Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1278-82. [PMID: 18949751 DOI: 10.1002/bit.22124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Taking advantage of the phenomenon that animal cells adhering to a culture substrate are temporarily immobilized by light irradiation, we established a technique to manipulate the cells adhering to a culture substrate under microscopic observation. Using this technique, we demonstrated a separation of cells adhering to a culture substrate and fabrication of an elaborately patterned co-culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Edahiro
- Research Center of Advanced Bionics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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Wada KI, Taniguchi A, Kobayashi J, Yamato M, Okano T. Live cells-based cytotoxic sensorchip fabricated in a microfluidic system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2008; 99:1513-7. [PMID: 18080341 DOI: 10.1002/bit.21718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We report here a live cells-based sensorchip fabricated in microfluidic channels in which several laminar flows were achieved. In addition, we established a cytotoxic sensor cell line, which was transfected with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) plasmid derived from the heat shock protein 70B' (HSP70B') promoter, which is induced by cytotoxic reagents. The fluorescence in the sensor cells increased in a CdCl(2) dose-dependent manner in the microfluidic channels. In this system, cytotoxic reagents can be quantitatively detected in a quick, sensitive and high-throughput manner. The combination of sensor cells and microfluidic systems will provide an important basis for the development of micro-total analysis systems (micro-TAS) technology, and can be applied to toxicology, environmental assessment and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Wada
- Cell-Sensing Group, Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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Itoga K, Kobayashi J, Tsuda Y, Yamato M, Okano T. Second-generation maskless photolithography device for surface micropatterning and microfluidic channel fabrication. Anal Chem 2008; 80:1323-7. [PMID: 18211096 DOI: 10.1021/ac702208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported on a maskless photolithography device for surface micropatterning and microfabrication by modifying a commercially available liquid crystal display projector. For the prototype, 10-microm resolution was achieved by downsizing the image on a 0.7-in. liquid crystal display panel to an area of 8 x 6 mm and projecting it on a fixed stage. Here, we report on a second-generation maskless photolithography device having two novel features. First, the sliding lens system with variable focal distances and exchangeable objective lenses achieves a variable resolution of 2-8 mum. Second, the synchronous control of displayed images generated by a personal computer and the movement of a XY-positioning stage allows for the fabrication of micropatterns over a larger area (over 50 x 50 mm). Here, we show examples fabricated with the two novel features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Itoga
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Arai F, Nakano T, Tada M, Lin YC, Ikeda S, Uchida T, Oura H, Fukuda T, Matsuda T, Negoro M. Fabrication of Cell-Adhesion Surface and Arteriole Model by Photolithography. JOURNAL OF ROBOTICS AND MECHATRONICS 2007. [DOI: 10.20965/jrm.2007.p0535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have been developing scaffolds of three-dimensional (3D) synthetic vascular prosthesis in tailor-made. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) attached on the inner surface of the scaffold have anticoagulant effects. Asperity structures of the inner surface are important to cell adhesion. It is important to quantify the inner surface asperity condition of the scaffold by observing HUVECs behavior and morphology. For this purpose, we recreated the inner surface profile of the scaffold on a poly(dimethilsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate by microfabrication. We made semiround convex patterns of resist that had 8 µm in diameter and 5 µm high using photolithography, and the concave pattern on the PDMS substrate by printing. We observed HUVECs adhering to the PDMS substrate having concave pattern on it surface. The distribution density of the concaves of the tested pattern is 1600 /mm2or 40,000 in a 25 mm2area. In addition, we fabricated an arteriole model by photolithography, creating an arteriole tube model that had 1.1 cm long and 300-400 µm in diameter. We confirmed that the arteriole model had no leakage using a methylene blue solution flow in the channel.
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Sumaru K, Edahiro JI, Ooshima Y, Kanamori T, Shinbo T. Manipulation of living cells by using PC-controlled micro-pattern projection system. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2356-9. [PMID: 17045471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2006] [Revised: 09/01/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to meet the diversifying demand for the cell manipulation in the rapid progress of cell engineering, we developed a novel technique to capture the living cells on a culture substrate by irradiating light in a multiple manner. In clear contrast to the conventional cell patterning using the previously patterned substrate, the cell-retaining area can be defined even after cell seeding, and the captured cells can continue to grow freely beyond the defined area afterwards. After the light irradiation in arbitrary micropattern by using a newly developed apparatus and the process to remove non-captured cells including EDTA treatment, the highly contrasted cell patterns were formed with the precision of single cell size. Moreover, it was determined that the cell capturing arose just after light irradiation and diminished gradually in a time scale of 10h. It was confirmed that the cells maintained their viability well after the manipulation process including photo-induced cell capturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimio Sumaru
- Research Center of Advanced Bionics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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