1
|
Bonadio JD, Bashiri G, Halligan P, Kegel M, Ahmed F, Wang K. Delivery technologies for therapeutic targeting of fibronectin in autoimmunity and fibrosis applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 209:115303. [PMID: 38588958 PMCID: PMC11111362 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Fibronectin (FN) is a critical component of the extracellular matrix (ECM) contributing to various physiological processes, including tissue repair and immune response regulation. FN regulates various cellular functions such as adhesion, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and cytokine release. Alterations in FN expression, deposition, and molecular structure can profoundly impact its interaction with other ECM proteins, growth factors, cells, and associated signaling pathways, thus influencing the progress of diseases such as fibrosis and autoimmune disorders. Therefore, developing therapeutics that directly target FN or its interaction with cells and other ECM components can be an intriguing approach to address autoimmune and fibrosis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob D Bonadio
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ghazal Bashiri
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Patrick Halligan
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Kegel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Fatima Ahmed
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Karin Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kunisaki A, Kodama A, Ishikawa M, Ueda T, Lima MD, Kondo T, Adachi N. Oxidation-treated carbon nanotube yarns accelerate neurite outgrowth and induce axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve defect. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21799. [PMID: 38066058 PMCID: PMC10709329 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the potential to promote peripheral nerve regeneration, although with limited capacity and foreign body reaction. This study investigated whether CNTs hydrophilized by oxidation can improve peripheral nerve regeneration and reduce foreign body reactions and inflammation. Three different artificial nerve conduit models were created using CNTs treated with ozone (O group), strong acid (SA group), and untreated (P group). They were implanted into a rat sciatic nerve defect model and evaluated after 8 and 16 weeks. At 16 weeks, the SA group showed significant recovery in functional and electrophysiological evaluations compared with the others. At 8 weeks, histological examination revealed a significant increase in the density of regenerated neurofilament and decreased foreign body giant cells in the SA group compared with the others. Oxidation-treated CNTs improved biocompatibility, induced nerve regeneration, and inhibited foreign-body reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kunisaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Kodama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.
| | - Masakazu Ishikawa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ueda
- Nano-Science and Technology Center, LINTEC OF AMERICA, INC., Richardson, USA
| | - Marcio D Lima
- Nano-Science and Technology Center, LINTEC OF AMERICA, INC., Richardson, USA
| | - Takeshi Kondo
- Nano-Science and Technology Center, LINTEC OF AMERICA, INC., Richardson, USA
| | - Nobuo Adachi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang S, Chen Y, Ling Z, Li J, Hu J, He F, Chen Q. The role of dendritic cells in the immunomodulation to implanted biomaterials. Int J Oral Sci 2022; 14:52. [PMCID: PMC9636170 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00203-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the substantial role played by dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune system to bridge innate and adaptive immunity, studies on DC-mediated immunity toward biomaterials principally center on their adjuvant effects in facilitating the adaptive immunity of codelivered antigens. However, the effect of the intrinsic properties of biomaterials on dendritic cells has not been clarified. Recently, researchers have begun to investigate and found that biomaterials that are nonadjuvant could also regulate the immune function of DCs and thus affect subsequent tissue regeneration. In the case of proteins adsorbed onto biomaterial surfaces, their intrinsic properties can direct their orientation and conformation, forming “biomaterial-associated molecular patterns (BAMPs)”. Thus, in this review, we focused on the intrinsic physiochemical properties of biomaterials in the absence of antigens that affect DC immune function and summarized the underlying signaling pathways. Moreover, we preliminarily clarified the specific composition of BAMPs and the interplay between some key molecules and DCs, such as heat shock proteins (HSPs) and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1). This review provides a new direction for future biomaterial design, through which modulation of host immune responses is applicable to tissue engineering and immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Wang
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Yanqi Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Zhaoting Ling
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jia Li
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Jun Hu
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Fuming He
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| | - Qianming Chen
- grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XStomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310006 China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Integrative, In Silico and Comparative Analysis of Breast Cancer Secretome Highlights Invasive-Ductal-Carcinoma-Grade Progression Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14163854. [PMID: 36010848 PMCID: PMC9406168 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14163854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, BC is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women. The aim of this study was to identify novel secreted biomarkers that may indicate progression to high-grade BC malignancies and therefore predict metastatic potential. A total of 33 studies of breast cancer and 78 of other malignancies were screened via a systematic review for eligibility, yielding 26 datasets, 8 breast cancer secretome datasets, and 18 of other cancers that were included in the comparative secretome analysis. Sequential bioinformatic analysis using online resources enabled the identification of enriched GO_terms, overlapping clusters, and pathway reconstruction. This study identified putative predictors of IDC grade progression and their association with breast cancer patient mortality outcomes, namely, HSPG2, ACTG1, and LAMA5 as biomarkers of in silico pathway prediction, offering a putative approach by which the abovementioned proteins may mediate their effects, enabling disease progression. This study also identified ITGB1, FBN1, and THBS1 as putative pan-cancer detection biomarkers. The present study highlights novel, putative secretome biomarkers that may provide insight into the tumor biology and could inform clinical decision making in the context of IDC management in a non-invasive manner.
Collapse
|
5
|
Mijanović O, Pylaev T, Nikitkina A, Artyukhova M, Branković A, Peshkova M, Bikmulina P, Turk B, Bolevich S, Avetisov S, Timashev P. Tissue Engineering Meets Nanotechnology: Molecular Mechanism Modulations in Cornea Regeneration. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12111336. [PMID: 34832752 PMCID: PMC8618371 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, tissue engineering is one of the most promising approaches for the regeneration of various tissues and organs, including the cornea. However, the inability of biomaterial scaffolds to successfully integrate into the environment of surrounding tissues is one of the main challenges that sufficiently limits the restoration of damaged corneal tissues. Thus, the modulation of molecular and cellular mechanisms is important and necessary for successful graft integration and long-term survival. The dynamics of molecular interactions affecting the site of injury will determine the corneal transplantation efficacy and the post-surgery clinical outcome. The interactions between biomaterial surfaces, cells and their microenvironment can regulate cell behavior and alter their physiology and signaling pathways. Nanotechnology is an advantageous tool for the current understanding, coordination, and directed regulation of molecular cell-transplant interactions on behalf of the healing of corneal wounds. Therefore, the use of various nanotechnological strategies will provide new solutions to the problem of corneal allograft rejection, by modulating and regulating host-graft interaction dynamics towards proper integration and long-term functionality of the transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olja Mijanović
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Timofey Pylaev
- Saratov Medical State University N.A. V.I. Razumovsky, 112 Bolshaya Kazachya St., 410012 Saratov, Russia;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants and Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, 13 Prospekt Entuziastov, 410049 Saratov, Russia
| | - Angelina Nikitkina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Margarita Artyukhova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
| | - Ana Branković
- Department of Forensic Engineering, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 196 Cara Dušana St., Belgrade 11000, Serbia;
| | - Maria Peshkova
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Bikmulina
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Boris Turk
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Structural Biology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sergey Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Sergei Avetisov
- Department of Eye Diseases, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Research Institute of Eye Diseases, 11 Rossolimo St., 119021 Moscow, Russia
| | - Peter Timashev
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia; (A.N.); (M.A.); (M.P.); (P.B.); (B.T.); (P.T.)
- World-Class Research Center “Digital biodesign and personalized healthcare”, Sechenov University, 8-2 Trubetskaya St., 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory 1-3, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Whitaker R, Hernaez-Estrada B, Hernandez RM, Santos-Vizcaino E, Spiller KL. Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Tissue Repair. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11305-11335. [PMID: 34415742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All implanted biomaterials are targets of the host's immune system. While the host inflammatory response was once considered a detrimental force to be blunted or avoided, in recent years, it has become a powerful force to be leveraged to augment biomaterial-tissue integration and tissue repair. In this review, we will discuss the major immune cells that mediate the inflammatory response to biomaterials, with a focus on how biomaterials can be designed to modulate immune cell behavior to promote biomaterial-tissue integration. In particular, the intentional activation of monocytes and macrophages with controlled timing, and modulation of their interactions with other cell types involved in wound healing, have emerged as key strategies to improve biomaterial efficacy. To this end, careful design of biomaterial structure and controlled release of immunomodulators can be employed to manipulate macrophage phenotype for the maximization of the wound healing response with enhanced tissue integration and repair, as opposed to a typical foreign body response characterized by fibrous encapsulation and implant isolation. We discuss current challenges in the clinical translation of immunomodulatory biomaterials, such as limitations in the use of in vitro studies and animal models to model the human immune response. Finally, we describe future directions and opportunities for understanding and controlling the biomaterial-immune system interface, including the application of new imaging tools, new animal models, the discovery of new cellular targets, and novel techniques for in situ immune cell reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Whitaker
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Beatriz Hernaez-Estrada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.,NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Hernandez
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Edorta Santos-Vizcaino
- NanoBioCel Group, Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Vitoria-Gasteiz 01006, Spain
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fibrin polymer on the surface of biomaterial implants drives the foreign body reaction. Biomaterials 2021; 277:121087. [PMID: 34478933 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of biomaterials and medical devices in the body triggers the foreign body reaction (FBR) which is characterized by macrophage fusion at the implant surface leading to the formation of foreign body giant cells and the development of the fibrous capsule enveloping the implant. While adhesion of macrophages to the surface is an essential step in macrophage fusion and implanted biomaterials are known to rapidly acquire a layer of host proteins, a biological substrate that is responsible for this process in vivo is unknown. Here we show that mice with genetically imposed fibrinogen deficiency display a dramatic reduction of macrophage fusion on biomaterials implanted intraperitoneally and subcutaneously and are protected from the formation of the fibrin-containing fibrous capsule. Furthermore, macrophage fusion on biomaterials implanted in FibAEK mice that express a mutated form of fibrinogen incapable of thrombin-mediated polymerization was strongly reduced. Despite the lack of fibrin, the capsule was formed in FibAEK mice, although it had a different composition and distinct mechanical properties than that in wild-type mice. Specifically, while mononuclear α-SMA-expressing macrophages embedded in the capsule of both strains of mice secreted collagen, the amount of collagen and its density in the tissue of FibAEK mice was reduced. These data identify fibrin polymer as a key biological substrate driving the development of the FBR.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kharbikar BN, Chendke GS, Desai TA. Modulating the foreign body response of implants for diabetes treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 174:87-113. [PMID: 33484736 PMCID: PMC8217111 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes Mellitus is a group of diseases characterized by high blood glucose levels due to patients' inability to produce sufficient insulin. Current interventions often require implants that can detect and correct high blood glucose levels with minimal patient intervention. However, these implantable technologies have not reached their full potential in vivo due to the foreign body response and subsequent development of fibrosis. Therefore, for long-term function of implants, modulating the initial immune response is crucial in preventing the activation and progression of the immune cascade. This review discusses the different molecular mechanisms and cellular interactions involved in the activation and progression of foreign body response (FBR) and fibrosis, specifically for implants used in diabetes. We also highlight the various strategies and techniques that have been used for immunomodulation and prevention of fibrosis. We investigate how these general strategies have been applied to implants used for the treatment of diabetes, offering insights on how these devices can be further modified to circumvent FBR and fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhushan N Kharbikar
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Gauree S Chendke
- University of California Berkeley - University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tejal A Desai
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; University of California Berkeley - University of California San Francisco Graduate Program in Bioengineering, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hayashi K, Ishikawa K. Honeycomb scaffolds capable of ectopic osteogenesis: Histological evaluation of osteoinduction mechanism. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hayashi
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Higashi‐ku Fukuoka Japan
| | - Kunio Ishikawa
- Department of Biomaterials Faculty of Dental Science Kyushu University Higashi‐ku Fukuoka Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Witherel CE, Sao K, Brisson BK, Han B, Volk SW, Petrie RJ, Han L, Spiller KL. Regulation of extracellular matrix assembly and structure by hybrid M1/M2 macrophages. Biomaterials 2021; 269:120667. [PMID: 33450585 PMCID: PMC7870567 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.120667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) assembly surrounding implanted biomaterials is the hallmark of the foreign body response, in which implants become encapsulated in thick fibrous tissue that prevents their proper function. While macrophages are known regulators of fibroblast behavior, how their phenotype influences ECM assembly and the progression of the foreign body response is poorly understood. In this study, we used in vitro models with physiologically relevant macrophage phenotypes, as well as controlled release of macrophage-modulating cytokines from gelatin hydrogels implanted subcutaneously in vivo to investigate the role of macrophages in ECM assembly. Primary human macrophages were polarized to four distinct phenotypes, which have each been associated with fibrosis, including pro-inflammatory M1, pro-healing M2, and a hybrid M1/M2, generated by exposing macrophages to M1-and M2-promoting stimuli simultaneously. Additionally, macrophages were first polarized to M1 and then to M2 (M1→M2) to generate a phenotype typically observed during normal wound healing. Human dermal fibroblasts that were cultured in macrophage-conditioned media upregulated numerous genes involved in regulation of ECM assembly, especially in M2-conditioned media. Hybrid M1/M2 macrophage-conditioned media caused fibroblasts to produce a matrix with thicker and less aligned fibers, while M2 macrophage-conditioned media caused the formation of a more aligned matrix with thinner fibers. Gelatin methacrylate hydrogels containing interleukin-4 (IL4) and IL13-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles were designed to promote the M2 phenotype in a murine subcutaneous in vivo model. NanoString multiplex gene expression analysis of hydrogel explants showed that hydrogels without cytokines caused mostly M1 phenotype markers to be highly expressed at an early time point (3 days), but the release of IL4+IL13 promoted upregulation of M2 markers and genes associated with regulation of ECM assembly, such as Col5a1 and Col6a1. Biochemical analysis and second harmonic generation microscopy showed that the release of IL4+IL13 increased total sulfated glycosaminoglycan content and decreased fibril alignment, which is typically associated with less fibrotic tissue. Together, these results show that hybrid M1/M2 macrophages regulate ECM assembly, and that shifting the balance towards M2 may promote architectural and compositional changes in ECM with enhanced potential for downstream remodeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Witherel
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimheak Sao
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Becky K Brisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Biao Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ryan J Petrie
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lin Han
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kara L Spiller
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science, and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhu F, Tong Y, Wu Y, Dong N, Sheng Z, Yao Y. Immunomodulatory property and its regulatory mechanism of double network hydrogel on dendritic cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 109:1015-1026. [PMID: 32856407 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of the key immune cell subsets by biomaterial has emerged as a potential target to promote tissue repair and regeneration. Based on calcium alginate (Alg) and glycol chitosan (GC), an injectable double-network (DN) hydrogel has been developed as a scaffold for cell delivery and cell cocultured system. Previous studies have documented the interaction between dendritic cells (DCs) and GC or Alg hydrogel, but the potential effect of DN hydrogel on activation of DCs still remains unclear. This research was conducted to explore the immunomodulatory influence and underlying mechanisms of GC/Alg DN hydrogel on DCs in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation of DCs with DN hydrogel obviously induced the maturation of DCs in vitro. In vivo, DN hydrogel did not have obvious influence on the maturation of splenic DCs on postimplantation days 3, 10, and 30. Mechanistically, we found that DN hydrogel induced the maturation of DCs via phosphorylation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin in vitro. It provides a novel understanding of the immunomodulatory property of DN hydrogel on DCs, which may serve as potential target for designing immune-mediated regenerative strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fujun Zhu
- Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Department of Burns, Plastic, and Wound Repair Surgery, The 924th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Guilin, China
| | - Yalin Tong
- Department of Burns, Plastic, and Wound Repair Surgery, The 924th Hospital of the Joint Logistic Support Force of Chinese PLA, Guilin, China
| | - Yao Wu
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Dong
- Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Sheng
- Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongming Yao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China.,Trauma Research Center, Fourth Medical Center and Medical Innovation Research Department of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Labarrere CA, Dabiri AE, Kassab GS. Thrombogenic and Inflammatory Reactions to Biomaterials in Medical Devices. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:123. [PMID: 32226783 PMCID: PMC7080654 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood-contacting medical devices of different biomaterials are often used to treat various cardiovascular diseases. Thrombus formation is a common cause of failure of cardiovascular devices. Currently, there are no clinically available biomaterials that can totally inhibit thrombosis under the more challenging environments (e.g., low flow in the venous system). Although some biomaterials reduce protein adsorption or cell adhesion, the issue of biomaterial associated with thrombosis and inflammation still exists. To better understand how to develop more thrombosis-resistant medical devices, it is essential to understand the biology and mechano-transduction of thrombus nucleation and progression. In this review, we will compare the mechanisms of thrombus development and progression in the arterial and venous systems. We will address various aspects of thrombosis, starting with biology of thrombosis, mathematical modeling to integrate the mechanism of thrombosis, and thrombus formation on medical devices. Prevention of these problems requires a multifaceted approach that involves more effective and safer thrombolytic agents but more importantly the development of novel thrombosis-resistant biomaterials mimicking the biological characteristics of the endothelium and extracellular matrix tissues that also ameliorate the development and the progression of chronic inflammation as part of the processes associated with the detrimental generation of late thrombosis and neo-atherosclerosis. Until such developments occur, engineers and clinicians must work together to develop devices that require minimal anticoagulants and thrombolytics to mitigate thrombosis and inflammation without causing serious bleeding side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali E Dabiri
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Ghassan S Kassab
- California Medical Innovations Institute, San Diego, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Frazão LP, Vieira de Castro J, Neves NM. In Vivo Evaluation of the Biocompatibility of Biomaterial Device. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1250:109-124. [PMID: 32601941 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3262-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials are widely used to produce devices for regenerative medicine. After its implantation, an interaction between the host immune system and the implanted biomaterial occurs, leading to biomaterial-specific cellular and tissue responses. These responses may include inflammatory, wound healing responses, immunological and foreign-body reactions, and even fibrous encapsulation of the implanted biomaterial device. In fact, the cellular and molecular events that regulate the success of the implant and tissue regeneration are played at the interface between the foreign body and the host inflammation, determined by innate and adaptive immune responses. This chapter focuses on host responses that must be taken into consideration in determining the biocompatibility of biomaterial devices when implanted in vivo of animal models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Frazão
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J Vieira de Castro
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M Neves
- I3B's - Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics of University of Minho: 3Bs Research Group, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Amer LD, Saleh LS, Walker C, Thomas S, Janssen WJ, Alper S, Bryant SJ. Inflammation via myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 signaling mediates the fibrotic response to implantable synthetic poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels. Acta Biomater 2019; 100:105-117. [PMID: 31568879 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic hydrogels, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), are promising for a range of in vivo applications. However, like all non-biological biomaterials, synthetic hydrogels including PEG elicit a foreign body response (FBR). The FBR is thought to be initiated by adsorbed protein that is recognized by and subsequently activates inflammatory cells, notably macrophages, and culminates with fibrotic encapsulation. However, the molecular mechanisms that drive the FBR are not well understood. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors that recognize pathogens, but also recognize altered host proteins that display damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Thus TLRs may play a role in the FBR. Here, we investigated myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), a signaling adaptor protein that mediates inflammatory cytokine production induced by most TLRs. An in vitro model was used consisting of macrophages cultured on the surface of synthetic hydrogels, specifically PEG, with pre-adsorbed serum proteins. Our in vitro findings demonstrate that MyD88-dependent signaling is the predominant inflammatory pathway in macrophage activation to synthetic hydrogels. When stimulated with TLR agonists to mimic additional DAMPs present in vivo, MyD88-dependent signaling was also the predominant pathway in macrophage activation. An in vivo model of PEG hydrogels implanted subcutaneously in wild-type and MyD88-/- mice also demonstrated that MyD88 is the key contributor to the recruitment of inflammatory cells and formation of the fibrous capsule surrounding the implanted hydrogel. Taken together, findings from this study identify MyD88-mediated inflammation as being a critical pathway involved not only in the inflammatory response, but in formation of the fibrous capsule to PEG hydrogels. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Synthetic hydrogels are promising for in vivo applications but, like all non-biological biomaterials, synthetic hydrogels elicit a foreign body response (FBR). The molecular mechanisms that drive the FBR are not well understood. This work identifies the myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) as a central mediator to macrophage activation in response to a poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel with pre-adsorbed proteins in vitro. Moreover, MyD88 was also central to the recruitment of inflammatory cells, which included neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages, to implanted PEG hydrogels and to fibrous encapsulation. These findings demonstrate that MyD88-mediated inflammation is responsible in part for the formation of the fibrous capsule of the FBR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luke D Amer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Leila S Saleh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Cierra Walker
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Stacey Thomas
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States
| | - William J Janssen
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Scott Alper
- Department of Biomedical Research and Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, United States; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States
| | - Stephanie J Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Material Science and Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Faulón Marruecos D, Saleh LS, Kim HH, Bryant SJ, Schwartz DK, Kaar JL. Stabilization of Fibronectin by Random Copolymer Brushes Inhibits Macrophage Activation. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4698-4702. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
16
|
Fath‐Bayati L, Ai J. Assessment of mesenchymal stem cell effect on foreign body response induced by intraperitoneally implanted alginate spheres. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 108:94-102. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leyla Fath‐Bayati
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of MedicineQom University of Medical Sciences Qom Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Applied Cell SciencesSchool of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Implant surface micro and macro topography plays a key role in early osseointegration. The physicochemical features of the implant surface (ie, chemical composition, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity and roughness) influence the deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, the precipitation of bone mineral, and the stimulation of cells. Modification of the implant topography provides better primary stability and faster osseointegration, allowing for immediate placement or immediate loading. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to compare the response of osseointegration with various implant micro and macro surface topographies in people with various local or systemic risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Almas
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P O Box. 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Steph Smith
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P O Box. 1982, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Kutkut
- Division of Prosthodontics, University of Kentucky, College of Dentistry, D646, 800 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abebayehu D, Spence AJ, McClure MJ, Haque TT, Rivera KO, Ryan JJ. Polymer scaffold architecture is a key determinant in mast cell inflammatory and angiogenic responses. J Biomed Mater Res A 2019; 107:884-892. [PMID: 30615257 PMCID: PMC6551205 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Implanted polymer scaffolds can induce inflammation leading to the foreign body response (FBR), fibrosis, and implant failure. Thus, it is important to understand how immune cells interact with scaffolds to mitigate inflammation and promote a regenerative response. We previously demonstrated that macrophage phenotype is modulated by fiber and pore diameters of an electrospun scaffold. However, it is unclear if this effect is consistent among other innate immune cells. Mast cells are inflammatory sentinels that play a vital role in the FBR of implanted biomaterials, as well as angiogenesis. We determined if altering electrospun scaffold architecture modulates mast cell responses, with the goal of promoting regenerative cell-scaffold interactions. Polydioxanone (PDO) scaffolds were made from 60 mg/mL or 140 mg/mL PDO solutions, yielding structures with divergent fiber and pore diameters. Mouse mast cells plated on these scaffolds were activated with IL-33 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Relative to the 60 mg/mL scaffold, 140 mg/mL scaffolds yielded less IL-6 and TNF, and greater VEGF secretion. Pores >4-6 μm elicited less IL-6 and TNF secretion. IL-33-induced VEGF regulation was more complex, showing effects of both pore size and fiber diameter. These data indicate parameters that can predict mast cell responses to scaffolds, informing biomaterial design to increase wound healing and diminish implant rejection. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 884-892, 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Abebayehu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Andrew J Spence
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - Michael J McClure
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284
| | - Tamara T Haque
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - Kevin O Rivera
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| | - John J Ryan
- Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2012
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Biomaterials: Foreign Bodies or Tuners for the Immune Response? Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030636. [PMID: 30717232 PMCID: PMC6386828 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The perspectives of regenerative medicine are still severely hampered by the host response to biomaterial implantation, despite the robustness of technologies that hold the promise to recover the functionality of damaged organs and tissues. In this scenario, the cellular and molecular events that decide on implant success and tissue regeneration are played at the interface between the foreign body and the host inflammation, determined by innate and adaptive immune responses. To avoid adverse events, rather than the use of inert scaffolds, current state of the art points to the use of immunomodulatory biomaterials and their knowledge-based use to reduce neutrophil activation, and optimize M1 to M2 macrophage polarization, Th1 to Th2 lymphocyte switch, and Treg induction. Despite the fact that the field is still evolving and much remains to be accomplished, recent research breakthroughs have provided a broader insight on the correct choice of biomaterial physicochemical modifications to tune the reaction of the host immune system to implanted biomaterial and to favor integration and healing.
Collapse
|
20
|
Implantable biosensors and their contribution to the future of precision medicine. Vet J 2018; 239:21-29. [PMID: 30197105 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine can be defined as the prevention, investigation and treatment of diseases taking individual variability into account. There are multiple ways in which the field of precision medicine may be advanced; however, recent innovations in the fields of electronics and microfabrication techniques have led to an increased interest in the use of implantable biosensors in precision medicine. Implantable biosensors are an important class of biosensors because of their ability to provide continuous data on the levels of a target analyte; this enables trends and changes in analyte levels over time to be monitored without any need for intervention from either the patient or clinician. As such, implantable biosensors have great potential in the diagnosis, monitoring, management and treatment of a variety of disease conditions. In this review, we describe precision medicine and the role implantable biosensors may have in this field, along with challenges in their clinical implementation due to the host immune responses they elicit within the body.
Collapse
|
21
|
Li M, Gao L, Chen J, Zhang Y, Wang J, Lu X, Duan K, Weng J, Feng B. Controllable release of interleukin-4 in double-layer sol–gel coatings on TiO
2
nanotubes for modulating macrophage polarization. Biomed Mater 2018; 13:045008. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa9526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
22
|
Effects of the fibrous topography-mediated macrophage phenotype transition on the recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells: An in vivo study. Biomaterials 2017; 149:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
23
|
Lotti F, Ranieri F, Vadalà G, Zollo L, Di Pino G. Invasive Intraneural Interfaces: Foreign Body Reaction Issues. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:497. [PMID: 28932181 PMCID: PMC5592213 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intraneural interfaces are stimulation/registration devices designed to couple the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with the environment. Over the last years, their use has increased in a wide range of applications, such as the control of a new generation of neural-interfaced prostheses. At present, the success of this technology is limited by an electrical impedance increase, due to an inflammatory response called foreign body reaction (FBR), which leads to the formation of a fibrotic tissue around the interface, eventually causing an inefficient transduction of the electrical signal. Based on recent developments in biomaterials and inflammatory/fibrotic pathologies, we explore and select the biological solutions that might be adopted in the neural interfaces FBR context: modifications of the interface surface, such as organic and synthetic coatings; the use of specific drugs or molecular biology tools to target the microenvironment around the interface; the development of bio-engineered-scaffold to reduce immune response and promote interface-tissue integration. By linking what we believe are the major crucial steps of the FBR process with related solutions, we point out the main issues that future research has to focus on: biocompatibility without losing signal conduction properties, good reproducible in vitro/in vivo models, drugs exhaustion and undesired side effects. The underlined pros and cons of proposed solutions show clearly the importance of a better understanding of all the molecular and cellular pathways involved and the need of a multi-target action based on a bio-engineered combination approach.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fiorenza Lotti
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Federico Ranieri
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Fondazione Alberto Sordi-Research Institute for AgingRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Vadalà
- Research Unit of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Loredana Zollo
- Research Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Pino
- NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy.,Research Unit of Neurology, Neurophysiology and Neurobiology, Università Campus Bio-MedicoRome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
A Role for CD154, the CD40 Ligand, in Granulomatous Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2982879. [PMID: 28785137 PMCID: PMC5529663 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2982879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive form of chronic inflammation in which predominant cells include macrophages, epithelioid cells, and multinucleated giant cells. Mechanisms regulating granulomatous inflammation remain ill-understood. CD154, the ligand of CD40, is a key mediator of inflammation. CD154 confers a proinflammatory phenotype to macrophages and controls several macrophagic functions. Here, we studied the contribution of CD154 in a mouse model of toxic liver injury with carbon tetrachloride and a model of absorbable suture graft. In both models, granulomas are triggered in response to endogenous persistent liver calcified necrotic lesions or by grafted sutures. CD154-deficient mice showed delayed clearance of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver calcified necrotic lesions and impaired progression of suture-induced granuloma. In vitro, CD154 stimulated phagocytosis of opsonized erythrocytes by macrophages, suggesting a potential mechanism for the altered granulomatous inflammation in CD154KO mice. These results suggest that CD154 may contribute to the natural history of granulomatous inflammation.
Collapse
|
25
|
Silicone rubber with mussel-inspired adhesive coatings for enhancing antifouling property and blood compatibility. Macromol Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-017-5092-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
26
|
Paschoalin RT, Traldi B, Aydin G, Oliveira JE, Rütten S, Mattoso LH, Zenke M, Sechi A. Solution blow spinning fibres: New immunologically inert substrates for the analysis of cell adhesion and motility. Acta Biomater 2017; 51:161-174. [PMID: 28069500 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The control of cell behaviour through material geometry is appealing as it avoids the requirement for complex chemical surface modifications. Significant advances in new technologies have been made to the development of polymeric biomaterials with controlled geometry and physico-chemical properties. Solution blow spinning technique has the advantage of ease of use allowing the production of nano or microfibres and the direct fibre deposition on any surface in situ. Yet, in spite of these advantages, very little is known about the influence of such fibres on biological functions such as immune response and cell migration. In this work, we engineered polymeric fibres composed of either pure poly(lactic acid) (PLA) or blends of PLA and polyethylene glycol (PEG) by solution blow spinning and determined their impact on dendritic cells, highly specialised cells essential for immunity and tolerance. We also determined the influence of fibres on cell adhesion and motility. Cells readily interacted with fibres resulting in an intimate contact characterised by accumulation of actin filaments and focal adhesion components at sites of cell-fibre interactions. Moreover, cells were guided along the fibres and actin and focal adhesion components showed a highly dynamic behaviour at cell-fibre interface. Remarkably, fibres did not elicit any substantial increase of activation markers and inflammatory cytokines in dendritic cells, which remained in their immature (inactive) state. Taken together, these findings will be useful for developing new biomaterials for applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
|
27
|
Pan G, Sun S, Zhang W, Zhao R, Cui W, He F, Huang L, Lee SH, Shea KJ, Shi Q, Yang H. Biomimetic Design of Mussel-Derived Bioactive Peptides for Dual-Functionalization of Titanium-Based Biomaterials. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15078-15086. [PMID: 27778505 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Pan
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Shujin Sun
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Ruobing Zhao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Wenguo Cui
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Fan He
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Shih-Hui Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Shea
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Qin Shi
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| | - Huilin Yang
- Department
of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,
Orthopaedic Institute, Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Aamodt JM, Grainger DW. Extracellular matrix-based biomaterial scaffolds and the host response. Biomaterials 2016; 86:68-82. [PMID: 26890039 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) collectively represents a class of naturally derived proteinaceous biomaterials purified from harvested organs and tissues with increasing scientific focus and utility in tissue engineering and repair. This interest stems predominantly from the largely unproven concept that processed ECM biomaterials as natural tissue-derived matrices better integrate with host tissue than purely synthetic biomaterials. Nearly every tissue type has been decellularized and processed for re-use as tissue-derived ECM protein implants and scaffolds. To date, however, little consensus exists for defining ECM compositions or sources that best constitute decellularized biomaterials that might better heal, integrate with host tissues and avoid the foreign body response (FBR). Metrics used to assess ECM performance in biomaterial implants are arbitrary and contextually specific by convention. Few comparisons for in vivo host responses to ECM implants from different sources are published. This review discusses current ECM-derived biomaterials characterization methods including relationships between ECM material compositions from different sources, properties and host tissue response as implants. Relevant preclinical in vivo models are compared along with their associated advantages and limitations, and the current state of various metrics used to define material integration and biocompatibility are discussed. Commonly applied applications of these ECM-derived biomaterials as stand-alone implanted matrices and devices are compared with respect to host tissue responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Aamodt
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA
| | - David W Grainger
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA; Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112-5820, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Santos TC, Reis RL, Marques AP. Can host reaction animal models be used to predict and modulate skin regeneration? J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/term.2128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T. C. Santos
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Taipas, and ICVS-3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - R. L. Reis
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Taipas, and ICVS-3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| | - A. P. Marques
- 3Bs Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics; University of Minho, Taipas, and ICVS-3Bs - PT Government Associate Laboratory; Braga/Guimarães Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Meyer F, Buerger T, Halloul Z, Lippert H, König B, Tautenhahn J. Effects Of Gelatine-Coated Vascular Grafts On Human Neutrophils. POLISH JOURNAL OF SURGERY 2016; 87:443-52. [PMID: 26812839 DOI: 10.1515/pjs-2015-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of the study was to investigate the immune-modulatory potential of commercially available PTFE and polyester vascular grafts with and without gelatine-coating. The biomaterial-cell-interaction was characterized by changes of established parameters such as PMN-related receptors/mediators, phagocytosis potential and capacity as well as the effect of an additional plasma-dependent modulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS By means of a standardized experimental in vitro model, various vascular graft material (PTFE/polyester/uncoated/gelatine-coated) was used for incubation with or without plasma and co-culturing with human neutrophile granulocytes (PMN) followed by analysis of representative receptors and mediators (CD62L, CD11b, CXCR2, fMLP-R, IL-8, Elastase, LTB4). Oxidative burst assessed phagocytosis capacity. RESULTS Comparing the vascular grafts, un-coated PTFE induced the lowest magnitude of cell stimulation whereas in case of gelatine-coating, cell response exceeded those of the other vascular grafts. This was also found comparing the polyester-based prosthetic material. Gelatine-coated polyester led to a more pronounced release of elastase than gelatine-coated PTFE and the uncoated materials. The results of oxidative burst indicated a reduced phagocytosis capacity in case of gelatine-coated polyester. Plasma incubation did also provide an impact on the cellular response. While in case of gelatine-coating, PMN-related receptor stimulation became lower, it increased by native polyester. The latter one did also induce more mediators such as IL-8 and LTB4 than gelatine-coated material. CONCLUSIONS There have been no extensive data on cell-cell interactions, cytokines and general histo-/hemocompatibility of human cells by the new generation of vascular grafts. It remains still open whether healing process and infectious resistance can be compromised by material-dependent over-stimulation or reduced phagocytosis potential of the immune cells of the primary unspecific immune response induced by gelatine-coated materials.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ou KL, Hsu HJ, Yang TS, Lin YH, Chen CS, Peng PW. Osseointegration of titanium implants with SLAffinity treatment: a histological and biomechanical study in miniature pigs. Clin Oral Investig 2015; 20:1515-24. [PMID: 26507647 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-015-1629-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electrochemical oxidation following sandblasting and acid-etching (SLA) treatment has received interest as a surface modification procedure for titanium (Ti) implants (denoted as an SLAffinity surface); however, little information is available on its impacts on the in vivo performance of SLAffinity-Ti implants. The present study evaluated the osseointegration and biomechanical bone-tissue response to SLAffinity-Ti implants with micro- and nanoporous oxide layers. MATERIALS AND METHODS The interaction between blood and the tested implants was examined. In total, 144 implants with the following surfaces were used: a standard machined (M-Ti), an SLA-Ti, and an SLAffinity-Ti surface. For each animal, four implants (one M-Ti, one SLA-Ti, and two SLAffinity-Ti) were inserted into the mandibular canine-premolar area for histomorphometric observations and another four implants were inserted into the flat surface on the anteromedial aspect of the rear tibia for removal torque (RT) tests. After 2, 4, and 8 weeks of implantation, histomorphometric and RT tests were conducted. RESULTS Interactions between blood and implants were better for implants with the SLAffinity-Ti surface. RT tests showed a significant improvement in fixation strength for SLAffinity-Ti implants (84.5 ± 8.7 N-cm) after 8 weeks compared to M-Ti (62.95 ± 11.5 N-cm) and SLAffinity-Ti (76.1 ± 6.6 N-cm) implants. A histological evaluation showed that osseous integration had occurred with all implants after 8 weeks. SLAffinity-Ti implants exhibited 28.5 ± 6.2 % bone-to-implant contact (BIC) at 2 weeks and 84.3 ± 8.1 % at 8 weeks. M-Ti implants exhibited BIC levels of 17.0 ± 5.4 and 76.5 ± 6.3 %, whereas SLA-Ti implants exhibited BIC levels of 28.5 ± 6.2 and 81.1 ± 8.4 % at corresponding time intervals. In terms of the peri-implant bone area (BA), values for SLAffinity-Ti implants ranged from 29.5 ± 4.1 to 88.3 ± 3.0 %. For M-Ti implants, values ranged from 20.3 ± 5.5 to 81.7 ± 4.2 %. For SLA-Ti implants, values ranged from 23.0 ± 3.5 to 84.0 ± 3.6 %. CONCLUSIONS Electrochemical oxidation increased the oxide layers and improved the blood interaction with SLAffinity-Ti implants, resulting in significantly higher bone apposition with the SLAffinity-Ti implants after 2 and 8 weeks of healing. An increase in resistance for the RT of SLAffinity-Ti implants over the 8-week healing period was also observed. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of SLAffinity-Ti implants has potential for improvement of early osseointegration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keng-Liang Ou
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Research Center for Biomedical Devices and Prototyping Production, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Research Center for Biomedical Implants and Microsurgery Devices, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Jui Hsu
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Sen Yang
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ho Lin
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chen
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan. .,Department of Dentistry, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei, 221, Taiwan.
| | - Pei-Wen Peng
- School of Dental Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Innate Immunity and Biomaterials at the Nexus: Friends or Foes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:342304. [PMID: 26247017 PMCID: PMC4515263 DOI: 10.1155/2015/342304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial implants are an established part of medical practice, encompassing a broad range of devices that widely differ in function and structural composition. However, one common property amongst biomaterials is the induction of the foreign body response: an acute sterile inflammatory reaction which overlaps with tissue vascularisation and remodelling and ultimately fibrotic encapsulation of the biomaterial to prevent further interaction with host tissue. Severity and clinical manifestation of the biomaterial-induced foreign body response are different for each biomaterial, with cases of incompatibility often associated with loss of function. However, unravelling the mechanisms that progress to the formation of the fibrotic capsule highlights the tightly intertwined nature of immunological responses to a seemingly noncanonical “antigen.” In this review, we detail the pathways associated with the foreign body response and describe possible mechanisms of immune involvement that can be targeted. We also discuss methods of modulating the immune response by altering the physiochemical surface properties of the biomaterial prior to implantation. Developments in these areas are reliant on reproducible and effective animal models and may allow a “combined” immunomodulatory approach of adapting surface properties of biomaterials, as well as treating key immune pathways to ultimately reduce the negative consequences of biomaterial implantation.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Clinicians and investigators have been implanting biomedical devices into patients and experimental animals for centuries. There is a characteristic complex inflammatory response to the presence of the biomedical device with diverse cell signaling, followed by migration of fibroblasts to the implant surface and the eventual walling off of the implant in a collagen capsule. If the device is to interact with the surrounding tissues, the collagen envelope will eventually incapacitate the device or myofibroblasts can cause capsular contracture with resulting distortion, migration, or firmness. This review analyzes the various tactics used in the past to modify or control capsule formation with suggestions for future investigative approaches.
Collapse
|
34
|
Ni C, Lu R, Tao L, Shi G, Li X, Qin C. Synthesis of poly(vinyl alcohol-graft-lactic acid) copolymer and its application as medical anti-tissue adhesion thin film. Polym Bull (Berl) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-015-1353-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
35
|
Moore LB, Kyriakides TR. Molecular Characterization of Macrophage-Biomaterial Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:109-22. [PMID: 26306446 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Implantation of biomaterials in vascularized tissues elicits the sequential engagement of molecular and cellular elements that constitute the foreign body response. Initial events include the non-specific adsorption of proteins to the biomaterial surface that render it adhesive for cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. The latter undergo unique activation and in some cases undergo cell-cell fusion to form foreign body giant cells that contribute to implant damage and fibrotic encapsulation. In this review, we discuss the molecular events that contribute to macrophage activation and fusion with a focus on the role of the inflammasome, signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT and NF-κB, and the putative involvement of micro RNAs in the regulation of these processes.
Collapse
|
36
|
Gittens RA, Scheideler L, Rupp F, Hyzy SL, Geis-Gerstorfer J, Schwartz Z, Boyan BD. A review on the wettability of dental implant surfaces II: Biological and clinical aspects. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2907-18. [PMID: 24709541 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 381] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Dental and orthopedic implants have been under continuous advancement to improve their interactions with bone and ensure a successful outcome for patients. Surface characteristics such as surface topography and surface chemistry can serve as design tools to enhance the biological response around the implant, with in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies confirming their effects. However, the comprehensive design of implants to promote early and long-term osseointegration requires a better understanding of the role of surface wettability and the mechanisms by which it affects the surrounding biological environment. This review provides a general overview of the available information about the contact angle values of experimental and of marketed implant surfaces, some of the techniques used to modify surface wettability of implants, and results from in vitro and clinical studies. We aim to expand the current understanding on the role of wettability of metallic implants at their interface with blood and the biological milieu, as well as with bacteria, and hard and soft tissues.
Collapse
|
37
|
Highly porous and mechanically robust polyester poly(ethylene glycol) sponges as implantable scaffolds. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2769-80. [PMID: 24561711 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of suitable scaffolds plays a significant role in tissue engineering research. Although scaffolds with promising features have been produced via a variety of innovative methods, there are no fully synthetic tissue engineering scaffolds that possess all the desired properties in one three-dimensional construct. Herein, we report the development of novel polyester poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) sponges that display many of the desirable scaffold characteristics. Our novel synthetic approach utilizes acidchloride/alcohol chemistry, whereby the reaction between a hydroxyl end-functionalized 4-arm PEG and sebacoyl chloride resulted in cross-linking and simultaneous hydrogen chloride gas production, which was exploited for the in situ formation of highly interconnected pores. Variation of the fabrication conditions, including the precursor volume and concentration, allowed the pore size and structure as well as the compressive properties to be tailored. The sponges were found to possess excellent elastic properties, preserving their shape even after 80% compressive strain without failure. The benign properties of the sponges were demonstrated in an in vivo subcutaneous rat model, which also revealed uniform infiltration of vascularized tissue by 8 weeks and complete degradation of the sponges by 16 weeks, with only a minimal inflammatory response being observed over the course of the experiments.
Collapse
|
38
|
Chen YC, Tsai CY, Lee CY, Lin IN. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of ultrananocrystalline diamond as an encapsulation layer for implantable microchips. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:2187-99. [PMID: 24440422 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 12/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Thin ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films were evaluated for use as hermetic and bioinert encapsulating coatings for implantable microchips, where the reaction to UNCD in vitro and in vivo tissue was investigated. Leakage current tests showed that depositing UNCD coatings, which were conformally grown in (1% H2) Ar/CH4 plasma, on microchips rendered the surface electrochemically inactive, i.e. with a very low leakage current density (2.8×10(-5)Acm(-2) at -1V and 1.9×10(-3)Acm(-2) at ±5V) ex vivo. The impact of UNCD with different surface modifications on the growth and activation of macrophages was compared to that of standard-grade polystyrene. Macrophages attached to oxygen-terminated UNCD films down-regulated their production of cytokines and chemokines. Moreover, with UNCD-coated microchips, which were implanted subcutaneously into BALB/c mice for up to 3months, the tissue reaction and capsule formation was significantly decreased compared to the medical-grade titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V and bare silicon. Additionally, the leakage current density, elicited by electrochemical activity, on silicon chips encapsulated in oxygen-terminated UNCD coatings remained at the low level of 2.5×10(-3)Acm(-2) at 5V for up to 3months in vivo, which is half the level of those encapsulated in hydrogen-terminated UNCD coatings. Thus, controlling the surface properties of UNCDs makes it possible to manipulate the in vivo functionality and stability of implantable devices so as to reduce the host inflammatory response following implantation. These observations suggest that oxygen-terminated UNCDs are promising candidates for use as encapsulating coatings for implantable microelectronic devices.
Collapse
|
39
|
Zaveri TD, Lewis JS, Dolgova NV, Clare-Salzler MJ, Keselowsky BG. Integrin-directed modulation of macrophage responses to biomaterials. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3504-15. [PMID: 24462356 PMCID: PMC3970928 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are the primary mediator of chronic inflammatory responses to implanted biomaterials, in cases when the material is either in particulate or bulk form. Chronic inflammation limits the performance and functional life of numerous implanted medical devices, and modulating macrophage interactions with biomaterials to mitigate this response would be beneficial. The integrin family of cell surface receptors mediates cell adhesion through binding to adhesive proteins nonspecifically adsorbed onto biomaterial surfaces. In this work, the roles of integrin Mac-1 (αMβ2) and RGD-binding integrins were investigated using model systems for both particulate and bulk biomaterials. Specifically, the macrophage functions of phagocytosis and inflammatory cytokine secretion in response to a model particulate material, polystyrene microparticles were investigated. Opsonizing proteins modulated microparticle uptake, and integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins were found to control microparticle uptake in an opsonin-dependent manner. The presence of adsorbed endotoxin did not affect microparticle uptake levels, but was required for the production of inflammatory cytokines in response to microparticles. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins influence the in vivo foreign body response to a bulk biomaterial, subcutaneously implanted polyethylene terephthalate. A thinner foreign body capsule was formed when integrin Mac-1 was absent (~30% thinner) or when RGD-binding integrins were blocked by controlled release of a blocking peptide (~45% thinner). These findings indicate integrin Mac-1 and RGD-binding integrins are involved and may serve as therapeutic targets to mitigate macrophage inflammatory responses to both particulate and bulk biomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toral D Zaveri
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jamal S Lewis
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Natalia V Dolgova
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Michael J Clare-Salzler
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Benjamin G Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dargahi M, Nelea V, Mousa A, Omanovic S, Kaartinen MT. Electrochemical modulation of plasma fibronectin surface conformation enables filament formation and control of endothelial cell–surface interactions. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06957a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical modulation of a gold surface charge induces conformational changes in fibronectin when immobilized on the surface. A negatively-charged surface yields an open and filamentous fibronectin which significantly improves endothelial cell adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Dargahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Aisha Mousa
- Faculty of Dentistry
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
| | - Sasha Omanovic
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
| | - Mari T. Kaartinen
- Faculty of Dentistry
- McGill University
- Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine
- Department of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Transplantation of Encapsulated Pancreatic Islets as a Treatment for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Adv Med 2014; 2014:429710. [PMID: 26556410 PMCID: PMC4590955 DOI: 10.1155/2014/429710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Encapsulation of pancreatic islets has been proposed and investigated for over three decades to improve islet transplantation outcomes and to eliminate the side effects of immunosuppressive medications. Of the numerous encapsulation systems developed in the past, microencapsulation have been studied most extensively so far. A wide variety of materials has been tested for microencapsulation in various animal models (including nonhuman primates or NHPs) and some materials were shown to induce immunoprotection to islet grafts without the need for chronic immunosuppression. Despite the initial success of microcapsules in NHP models, the combined use of islet transplantation (allograft) and microencapsulation has not yet been successful in clinical trials. This review consists of three sections: introduction to islet transplantation, transplantation of encapsulated pancreatic islets as a treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), and present challenges and future perspectives.
Collapse
|
42
|
Lin TH, Tamaki Y, Pajarinen J, Waters HA, Woo DK, Yao Z, Goodman SB. Chronic inflammation in biomaterial-induced periprosthetic osteolysis: NF-κB as a therapeutic target. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1-10. [PMID: 24090989 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Biomaterial-induced tissue responses in patients with total joint replacement are associated with the generation of wear particles, which may lead to chronic inflammation and local bone destruction (periprosthetic osteolysis). Inflammatory reactions associated with wear particles are mediated by several important signaling pathways, the most important of which involves the transcription factor NF-κB. NF-κB activation is essential for macrophage recruitment and maturation, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP1. In addition, NF-κB activation contributes to osteoclast differentiation and maturation via RANK/RANKL signaling, which increases bone destruction and reduces bone formation. Targeting individual downstream cytokines directly (such as TNF-α or IL-1β) may not effectively prevent wear particle induced osteolysis. A more logical upstream therapeutic approach may be provided by direct modulation of the core IκB/IKKα/β/NF-κB signaling pathway in the local environment. However, the timing, dose and strategy for administration should be considered. Suppression of chronic inflammation via inhibition of NF-κB activity in patients with malfunctioning joint replacements may be an effective strategy to mitigate wear particle induced periprosthetic osteolysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-hua Lin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Lima AC, Batista P, Valente TAM, Silva AS, Correia IJ, Mano JF. Novel methodology based on biomimetic superhydrophobic substrates to immobilize cells and proteins in hydrogel spheres for applications in bone regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2013; 19:1175-87. [PMID: 23249253 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2012.0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-based therapies for regenerative medicine have been characterized by the low retention and integration of injected cells into host structures. Cell immobilization in hydrogels for target cell delivery has been developed to circumvent this issue. In this work mesenchymal stem cells isolated from Wistar rats bone marrow (rMSCs) were immobilized in alginate beads fabricated using an innovative approach involving the gellification of the liquid precursor droplets onto biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces without the need of any precipitation bath. The process occurred in mild conditions preventing the loss of cell viability. Furthermore, fibronectin (FN) was also immobilized inside alginate beads with high efficiency in order to mimic the composition of the extracellular matrix. This process occurred in a very fast way (around 5 min), at room temperature, without aggressive mechanical strengths or particle aggregation. The methodology employed allowed the production of alginate beads exhibiting a homogenous rMSCs and FN distribution. Encapsulated rMSCs remained viable and were released from the alginate for more than 20 days. In vivo assays were also performed, by implanting these particles in a calvarial bone defect to evaluate their potential for bone tissue regeneration. Microcomputed tomography and histological analysis results showed that this hybrid system accelerated bone regeneration process. The methodology employed had a dual role by preventing cell and FN loss and avoiding any contamination of the beads or exchange of molecules with the surrounding environment. In principle, the method used for cell encapsulation could be extended to other systems aimed to be used in tissue regeneration strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Lima
- 3B's Research Group-Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University of Minho, Guimarães, Caldas das Taipas 4806-909, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Li M, Neoh KG, Xu LQ, Wang R, Kang ET, Lau T, Olszyna DP, Chiong E. Surface modification of silicone for biomedical applications requiring long-term antibacterial, antifouling, and hemocompatible properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:16408-22. [PMID: 23121175 DOI: 10.1021/la303438t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicone has been used for peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheters for several decades. However, bacteria, platelets, proteins, and other biomolecules tend to adhere to its hydrophobic surface, which may lead to PD outflow failure, serious infection, or even death. In this work, a cross-linked poly(poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate) (P(PEGDMA)) polymer layer was covalently grafted on medical-grade silicone surface to improve its antibacterial and antifouling properties. The P(PEGDMA)-grafted silicone (Silicone-g-P(PEGDMA)) substrate reduced the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli , and Staphylococcus epidermidis , as well as 3T3 fibroblast cells by ≥90%. The antibacterial and antifouling properties were preserved after the modified substrate was aged for 30 days in phosphate buffer saline. Further immobilization of a polysulfobetaine polymer, poly((2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl)ammonium hydroxide) (P(DMAPS)), on the Silicone-g-P(PEGDMA) substrate via thiol-ene click reaction leads to enhanced antifouling efficacy and improved hemocompatibility with the preservation of the antibacterial property. Compared to pristine silicone, the so-obtained Silicone-g-P(PEGDMA)-P(DMAPS) substrate reduced the absorption of bovine serum albumin and bovine plasma fibrinogen by ≥80%. It also reduced the number of adherent platelets by ≥90% and significantly prolonged plasma recalcification time. The results indicate that surface grafting with P(PEGDMA) and P(DMAPS) can be potentially useful for the modification of silicone-based PD catheters for long-term applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117576
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Feng YF, Wang L, Li X, Ma ZS, Zhang Y, Zhang ZY, Lei W. Influence of architecture of β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds on biological performance in repairing segmental bone defects. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185494 PMCID: PMC3503864 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although three-dimensional (3D) β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffolds serve as promising bone graft substitutes for the segmental bone defect treatment, no consensus has been achieved regarding their optimal 3D architecture. METHODS In this study, we has systematically compared four types of β-TCP bone graft substitutes with different 3D architectures, including two types of porous scaffolds, one type of tubular scaffolds and one type of solid scaffolds, for their efficacy in treating segmental bone defect in a rabbit model. RESULTS Our study has demonstrated that when compared to the traditional porous and solid scaffolds, tubular scaffolds promoted significantly higher amount of new bone formation in the defect regions as shown by X-ray, micro CT examinations and histological analysis, restored much greater mechanical properties of the damaged bone evidenced by the biomechanical testing, and eventually achieved the complete union of segmental defect. Moreover, the implantation of tubular scaffolds enhanced the neo-vascularization at the defect region with higher bone metabolic activities than others, as indicated by the bone scintigraphy assay. CONCLUSIONS This study has further the current knowledge regarding the profound influence of overall 3D architecture of β-TCP scaffolds on their in vivo defect healing performance and illuminated the promising potential use of tubular scaffolds as effective bone graft substitute in treating large segmental bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Fei Feng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Sheng Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- National Tissue Engineering Center of China, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (ZYZ)
| | - Wei Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail: (WL); (ZYZ)
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tan HC, Poh CK, Cai Y, Soe MT, Wang W. Covalently grafted BMP-7 peptide to reduce macrophage/monocyte activity: An in vitro study on cobalt chromium alloy. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 110:969-79. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
47
|
Significance of nano- and microtopography for cell-surface interactions in orthopaedic implants. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2007:69036. [PMID: 18274618 PMCID: PMC2233875 DOI: 10.1155/2007/69036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 08/05/2007] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell-surface interactions play a crucial role for biomaterial application in orthopaedics. It is evident that not only the chemical composition of solid substances influence cellular adherence, migration, proliferation and differentiation but also the surface topography of a biomaterial. The progressive application of nanostructured surfaces in medicine has gained increasing interest to improve the cytocompatibility and osteointegration of orthopaedic implants. Therefore, the understanding of cell-surface interactions is of major interest for these substances. In this review, we elucidate the principle mechanisms of nano- and microscale cell-surface interactions in vitro for different cell types onto typical orthopaedic biomaterials such as titanium (Ti), cobalt-chrome-molybdenum (CoCrMo) alloys, stainless steel (SS), as well as synthetic polymers (UHMWPE, XLPE, PEEK, PLLA). In addition, effects of nano- and microscaled particles and their significance in orthopaedics were reviewed. The significance for the cytocompatibility of nanobiomaterials is discussed critically.
Collapse
|
48
|
Gao C, Seuntjens J, Kaufman GN, Tran-Khanh N, Butler A, Li A, Wang H, Buschmann MD, Harvey EJ, Henderson JE. Mesenchymal stem cell transplantation to promote bone healing. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1183-9. [PMID: 22228593 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
An overall decline in the availability of osteogenic precursor cells and growth factors in the bone marrow microenvironment have been associated with impaired bone formation and osteopenia in humans. The objective of the current study was to determine if transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) from a healthy, young donor mouse into an osteopenic recipient mouse could enhance osseointegration of a femoral implant. MSC harvested from normal young adult mice differentiated into bone forming osteoblasts when cultured on implant grade titanium surfaces ex vivo and promoted bone formation around titanium-coated rods implanted in the femoral canal of osteopenic recipient mice. Micro computed tomographic imaging and histological analyses showed more, better quality, bone in the femur that received the MSC transplant compared with the contra-lateral control femur that received carrier alone. These results provide pre-clinical evidence that MSC transplantation promotes peri-implant bone regeneration and suggest the approach could be used in a clinical setting to enhance bone regeneration and healing in patients with poor quality bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chan Gao
- JTN Wong Laboratory for Bone Tissue Engineering, 740 Ave Dr Penfield, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Bryers JD, Giachelli CM, Ratner BD. Engineering biomaterials to integrate and heal: the biocompatibility paradigm shifts. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:1898-911. [PMID: 22592568 PMCID: PMC3490630 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article focuses on one of the major failure routes of implanted medical devices, the foreign body reaction (FBR)--that is, the phagocytic attack and encapsulation by the body of the so-called "biocompatible" biomaterials comprising the devices. We then review strategies currently under development that might lead to biomaterial constructs that will harmoniously heal and integrate into the body. We discuss in detail emerging strategies to inhibit the FBR by engineering biomaterials that elicit more biologically pertinent responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5061, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Muskovich M, Bettinger CJ. Biomaterials-based electronics: polymers and interfaces for biology and medicine. Adv Healthc Mater 2012; 1:248-66. [PMID: 23184740 PMCID: PMC3642371 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201200071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Advanced polymeric biomaterials continue to serve as a cornerstone for new medical technologies and therapies. The vast majority of these materials, both natural and synthetic, interact with biological matter in the absence of direct electronic communication. However, biological systems have evolved to synthesize and utilize naturally-derived materials for the generation and modulation of electrical potentials, voltage gradients, and ion flows. Bioelectric phenomena can be translated into potent signaling cues for intra- and inter-cellular communication. These cues can serve as a gateway to link synthetic devices with biological systems. This progress report will provide an update on advances in the application of electronically active biomaterials for use in organic electronics and bio-interfaces. Specific focus will be granted to covering technologies where natural and synthetic biological materials serve as integral components such as thin film electronics, in vitro cell culture models, and implantable medical devices. Future perspectives and emerging challenges will also be highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meredith Muskovich
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| | - Christopher J. Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213
| |
Collapse
|