Does locally delivered Zoledronate influence peri-implant bone formation? – Spatio-temporal monitoring of bone remodeling in vivo

Bioactive hydrogel formulations for regeneration of pathological bone defects

Bone defects caused by osteoporosis, infection, diabetes, post-tumor resection, and nonunion often cause severe pain and markedly increase morbidity and mortality, which remain a significant challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The precise local treatments for these pathological complications are essential to avoid poor or failed bone repair. Hydrogel formulations serve as injectable innovative platforms that overcome microenvironmental obstacles and as delivery systems for controlled release of various bioactive substances to bone defects in a targeted manner. Additionally, hydrogel formulations can be tailored for specific mechanical strengths and degradation profiles by adjusting their physical and chemical properties, which are crucial for prolonged drug retention and effective bone repair. This review summarizes recent advances in bioactive hydrogel formulations as three-dimensional scaffolds that support cell proliferation and differentiation. It also highlights their role as smart drug-delivery systems with capable of continuously releasing antibacterial agents, anti-inflammatory drugs, chemotherapeutic agents, and osteogenesis-related factors to enhance bone regeneration in pathological areas. Furthermore, the limitations of hydrogel formulations in pathological bone repair are discussed, and future development directions are proposed, which is expected to pave the way for the repair of pathological bone defects.

Restoring implant fixation strength in osteoporotic bone with a hydrogel locally delivering zoledronic acid and bone morphogenetic protein 2. A longitudinal in vivo microCT study in rats

Osteoporosis poses a major public health challenge, and it is characterized by low bone mass, deterioration of the microarchitecture of bone tissue, causing a consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fractures and complicating bone fixation, particularly screw implantation. In the present study, our aim was to improve implant stability in osteoporotic bone using a thermoresponsive hyaluronan hydrogel (HA-pNIPAM) to locally deliver the bisphosphonate zoledronic acid (ZOL) to prevent bone resorption and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) to induce bone formation. Adult female Wistar rats (n = 36) were divided into 2 treatment groups: one group of SHAM-operated animals and another group that received an ovariectomy (OVX) to induce an osteoporotic state. All animals received a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) screw in the proximal tibia. In addition, subgroups of SHAM or OVX animals received either the HA-pNIPAM hydrogel without or with ZOL/BMP2, placed into the defect site prior to screw implantation. Periprosthetic bone and implant fixation were monitored using longitudinal in vivo microCT scanning post-operatively and at 3, 6, 9, 14, 20 and 28 days. Histological assessment was performed post-mortem. Our data showed that pure hydrogel has no impact of implant fixation The ZOL/BMP2-hydrogel significantly increased bone-implant contact and peri-implant bone fraction, primarily through reduced resorption. STATEMENT OF CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Local delivery of ZOL and BMP2 using a biocompatible hydrogel improved implant stability in osteoporotic bone. This approach could constitute a potent alternative to systemic drug administration and may be useful in avoiding implant loosening in clinical settings.

Zoledronate reduces loading-induced microdamage in cortical ulna of ovariectomized rats

As a daily physiological mechanism in bone, microdamage accumulation dissipates energy and helps to prevent fractures. However, excessive damage accumulation might bring adverse effects to bone mechanical properties, which is especially problematic among the osteoporotic and osteopenic patients treated by bisphosphonates. Some pre-clinical studies in the literature applied forelimb loading models to produce well-controlled microdamage in cortical bone. Ovariectomized animals were also extensively studied to assimilate human conditions of estrogen-related bone loss. In the present study, we combined both experimental models to investigate microdamage accumulation in the context of osteopenia and zoledronate treatment. Three-month-old normal and ovariectomized rats treated by saline or zoledronate underwent controlled compressive loading on their right forelimb to create in vivo microdamage, which was then quantified by barium sulfate contrast-enhanced micro-CT imaging. Weekly in vivo micro-CT scans were taken to evaluate bone (re)modeling and to capture microstructural changes over time. After sacrifice, three-point-bending tests were performed to assess bone mechanical properties. Results show that the zoledronate treatment can reduce cortical microdamage accumulation in ovariectomized rats, which might be explained by the enhancement of several bone structural properties such as ultimate force, yield force, cortical bone area and volume. The rats showed increased bone formation volume and surface after the generation of microdamage, especially for the normal and the ovariectomized groups. Woven bone formation was also observed in loaded ulnae, which was most significant in ovariectomized rats. Although all the rats showed strong correlations between periosteal bone formation and microdamage accumulation, the correlation levels were lower for the zoledronate-treated groups, potentially because of their lower levels of microdamage. The present study provides insights to further investigations of pharmaceutical treatments for osteoporosis and osteopenia. The same experimental concept can be applied in future studies on microdamage and drug testing.

Evaluation of Bone Regenerative Capacity in Rabbit Femoral Defect Using Thermally Disinfected Bone Human Femoral Head Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma, Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2, and Zoledronic Acid

This research aimed to assess the effect of bone allograft combined with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2), and zoledronic acid (Zol) on bone formation. A total of 96 rabbits were used, and femoral bone defects (5 mm) were created. The rabbits were divided into four groups: (1) bone allograft with PRP (AG + PRP), (2) bone allograft with rhBMP-2 5 μg (AG + BMP-2), (3) bone allograft with Zol 5 μg (AG + Zol), and (4) bone allograft (AG). A histopathological examination was performed to evaluate bone defect healing after 14, 30, and 60 days. The new bone formation and neovascularization inside the bone allograft was significantly greater in the AG + PRP group compared to AG and AG + Zol groups after 14 and 30 days (p < 0.001). The use of bone allograft with rhBMP-2 induced higher bone formation compared to AG and AG + Zol groups on days 14 and 30 (p < 0.001), but excessive osteoclast activity was observed on day 60. The local co-administration of Zol with a heat-treated allograft inhibits allograft resorption as well as new bone formation at all periods. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that PRP and rhBMP-2, combined with a Marburg bone allograft, can significantly promote bone formation in the early stage of bone defect healing.

A microCT imaging protocol for reproducible and efficient quantitative morphometric analysis (QMA) of joint structures of the in situ mouse tibio-femoral joint

Micro-computed tomography (microCT) offers a three-dimensional (3D), high-resolution technique for the visualisation and analysis of bone microstructure. Using contrast-enhanced microCT, this capability has been expanded in recent studies to include cartilage morphometry and whole joint measures, known together as quantitative morphometric analysis (QMA). However, one of the main challenges in quantitative analysis of joint images is sensitivity to joint pose and alignment, which may influence measures related to both joint space and joint biomechanics. Thus, this study proposes a novel microCT imaging protocol for reproducible and efficient QMA of in situ mouse tibio-femoral joint. This work consists of two parts: an in situ diffusion kinetics study for a known cationic iodinated contrast agent (CA4+) for QMA of the cartilage, and a joint positioning and image processing workflow for whole joint QMA. In the diffusion kinetics study, 8 mice were injected at both of their tibio-femoral joints with distinct CA4+ concentrations and diffusion times. The mice were scanned at different time points after injection, and evaluated using attenuation and cartilage QMA measures. Results show that cartilage segmentation and QMA could be performed for CA4+ solution at a concentration of 48 mg/ml, and that reliable measurement and quantification of cartilage were achieved after 5 min of diffusion following contrast agent injection. We established the joint positioning and image processing workflow by developing a novel positioning device to control joint pose during scanning, and a spherical harmonics-based image processing workflow to ensure consistent alignment during image processing. Both legs of seven mice were scanned 10 times, 5 prior to receiving CA4+ and 5 after, and evaluated using whole joint QMA parameters. Joint QMA evaluation of the workflow showed excellent reproducibility; intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.794 to 0.930, confirming that the imaging protocol enables reproducible and efficient QMA of joint structures in preclinical models, and that contrast agent injection did not cause significant alteration to the measured parameters.

Zoledronate promotes osteoblast differentiation in high-glucose conditions via the p38MAPK pathway

Zoledronate (ZOL) were found to inhibit bone resorption in an animal model of diabetes, high glucose concentrations have been shown to decreased the osteogenesis-related gene expression. But the molecular mechanism by which high glucose levels affect osteoblasts and the effects of ZOL on osteoblast differentiation in a high-glucose environment remain unclear. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of ZOL on osteoblast differentiation in a high-glucose environment and determine the responsible mechanism. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT assay, and cell differentiation was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining for alkaline phosphatase expression, alizarin red staining, cytoskeletal arrangement, and actin fiber formation. Real-time PCR and western blot analyses were performed to detect the mRNA and protein expression of p38MAPK, phosphorylated (p)-p38MAPK, CREB, p-CREB, collagen (COL) I, osteoprotegerin (OPG), and RANKL. The results showed that cell proliferation activity did not differ among the groups. But high glucose inhibited osteoblast differentiation; actin fiber formation; and p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, CREB, p-CREB, COL I, and OPG expression, while promoting RANKL expression. However, we found that treatment with ZOL reversed these effects of high glucose. And further addition of a p38MAPK inhibitor led to inhibition of osteoblast differentiation and actin fiber formation, and lower p38MAPK, p-p38MAPK, CREB, p-CREB, COL I, and OPG expression than in the high glucose +ZOL group with higher RANKL expression than in the high glucose +ZOL group. Collectively, this study demonstrates that high glucose inhibits the differentiation of osteoblasts, and ZOL could partly overcome these effects by regulating p38MAPK pathway activity.

Longitudinal time-lapse in vivo micro-CT reveals differential patterns of peri-implant bone changes after subclinical bacterial infection in a rat model

Subclinical infection associated with orthopedic devices can be challenging to diagnose. The goal of this study was to evaluate longitudinal, microcomputed tomography (microCT) imaging in a rat model of subclinical orthopedic device-related infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis and four different Cutibacterium (previously Propionibacterium) acnes strains, and compare outcomes with non-inoculated and historical S. aureus-inoculated controls. Sterile screws or screws colonized with bacteria were placed in the tibia of 38 adult Wistar rats [n = 6 sterile screws; n = 6 S. epidermidis-colonized screws; n = 26 C. acnes-colonized screws (covering all three main subspecies)]. Regular microCT scans were taken over 28 days and processed for quantitative time-lapse imaging with dynamic histomorphometry. At euthanasia, tissues were processed for semiquantitative histopathology or quantitative bacteriology. All rats receiving sterile screws were culture-negative at euthanasia and displayed progressive bony encapsulation of the screw. All rats inoculated with S. epidermidis-colonized screws were culture-positive and displayed minor changes in peri-implant bone, characteristic of subclinical infection. Five of the 17 rats in the C. acnes inoculated group were culture positive at euthanasia and displayed bone changes at the interface of the screw and bone, but not deeper in the peri-implant bone. Dynamic histomorphometry revealed significant differences in osseointegration, bone remodeling and periosteal reactions between groups that were not measurable by visual observation of still microCT images. Our study illustrates the added value of merging 3D microCT data from subsequent timepoints and producing inherently richer 4D data for the detection and characterization of subclinical orthopedic infections, whilst also reducing animal use.

Mechanical regulation of bone formation and resorption around implants in a mouse model of osteopenic bone

Although mechanical stimulation is considered a promising approach to accelerate implant integration, our understanding of load-driven bone formation and resorption around implants is still limited. This lack of knowledge may delay the development of effective loading protocols to prevent implant loosening, especially in osteoporosis. In healthy bone, formation and resorption are mechanoregulated processes. In the intricate context of peri-implant bone regeneration, it is not clear whether bone (re)modelling can still be load-driven. Here, we investigated the mechanical control of peri-implant bone (re)modelling with a well-controlled mechanobiological experiment. We applied cyclic mechanical loading after implant insertion in tail vertebrae of oestrogen depleted mice and we monitored peri-implant bone response by in vivo micro-CT. Experimental data were combined with micro-finite element simulations to estimate local tissue strains in (re)modelling locations. We demonstrated that a substantial increase in bone mass around the implant could be obtained by loading the entire bone. This augmentation could be attributed to a large reduction in bone resorption rather than to an increase in bone formation. We also showed that following implantation, mechanical regulation of bone (re)modelling was transiently lost. Our findings should help to clarify the role of mechanical stimulation on the maintenance of peri-implant bone mass.

Effect of temporal onsets of mechanical loading on bone formation inside a tissue engineering scaffold combined with cell therapy

Several approaches to combine bone substitutes with biomolecules, cells or mechanical loading have been explored as an alternative to the limitation and risk-related bone auto- and allo-grafts. In particular, human bone progenitor cells seeded in porous poly(L-lactic acid)/tricalcium phosphate scaffolds have shown promising results. Furthermore, the application of mechanical loading has long been known to be a key player in the regulation of bone architecture and mechanical properties. Several in vivo studies have pointed out the importance of its temporal offset. When an early mechanical loading was applied a few days after scaffold implantation, it was ineffective on bone formation, whereas a delayed mechanical loading of several weeks was beneficial for bone tissue regeneration. No information is reported to date on the effectiveness of applying a mechanical loading in vivo on cell-seeded scaffold with respect to bone formation in a bone site. In our study, we were interested in human bone progenitor cells due to their low immunogenicity, sensitivity to mechanical loading and capacity to differentiate into osteogenic human bone progenitor cells. The latest capacity allowed us to test two different bone cell fates originating from the same cell type. Therefore, the general aim of this study was to assess the outcome on bone formation when human bone progenitor cells or pre-differentiated osteogenic human bone progenitor cells are combined with early and delayed mechanical loading inside bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Scaffolds without cells, named cell-free scaffold, were used as control. Surprisingly, we found that (1) the optimal solution for bone formation is the combination of cell-free scaffolds and delayed mechanical loading and that (2) the timing of the mechanical application is crucial and dependent on the cell type inside the implanted scaffolds.

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Bone substitutes can contain osteogenic cells or be mechanically stimulated.

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Both approaches are simultaneously tested in vivo.

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The combination of cell-free scaffolds and delayed mechanical loading was optimal.

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The timing of the mechanical application was crucial and dependent on the seeded cell type.

Bone remodeling and mechanobiology around implants: Insights from small animal imaging

Anchorage of orthopedic implants depends on the interfacial bonding between the implant and the host bone as well as on the mass and microstructure of peri-implant bone, with all these factors being continuously regulated by the biological process of bone (re)modeling. In osteoporotic bone, implant integration may be jeopardized not only by lower peri-implant bone quality but also by reduced intrinsic regeneration ability. The first aim of this review is to provide a critical overview of the influence of osteoporosis on bone regeneration post-implantation. Mechanical stimulation can trigger bone formation and inhibit bone resorption; thus, judicious administration of mechanical loading can be used as an effective non-pharmacological treatment to enhance implant anchorage. Our second aim is to report recent achievements on the application of external mechanical stimulation to improve the quantity of peri-implant bone. The review focuses on peri-implant bone changes in osteoporotic conditions and following mechanical loading, prevalently using small animals and in vivo monitoring approaches. We intend to demonstrate the necessity to reveal new biological information on peri-implant bone mechanobiology to better target implant anchorage and fracture fixation in osteoporotic conditions. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:584-593, 2018.

Topical zoledronic acid decreases micromotion induced bone resorption in a sheep arthroplasty model

Background

Initial micromotion of a total hip replacement is associated with aseptic loosening. The use of bisphosphonates could be one way to reduce peri-implant bone resorption induced by micromotion. Bisphosphonates compounds are inhibitors of bone resorption. The aim of this study was to investigate whether local treatment with bisphosphonate would reduce bone resorption and fibrous tissue around an experimental implant subjected to micromotion.

Methods

One micromotion implant were inserted into each medial femoral condyle in ten sheep. During each gait cycle the implant axially piston 0.5 mm. During surgery one of the femoral condyles were locally treated with 0.8 mg zoledronate. The other condyle served as control. Observation period was 12 weeks.

Results

Histological evaluation showed a fibrous capsule around both the control and bisphosphonate implants. Histomorphometrical analysis showed that 97% of the surface on both control and bisphosphonate implants were covered by fibrous tissue. However, the bisphosphonate was able to preserve bone in a 1 mm zone around the implants.

Conclusion

This study indicates that local treatment with bisphosphonate cannot prevent the formation of a fibrous capsule around an implant subjected to micromotion, but bisphosphonate is able to reduce resorption of peri-prosthetic bone.

Impaired bone formation in ovariectomized mice reduces implant integration as indicated by longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography

Although osteoporotic bone, with low bone mass and deteriorated bone architecture, provides a less favorable mechanical environment than healthy bone for implant fixation, there is no general agreement on the impact of osteoporosis on peri-implant bone (re)modeling, which is ultimately responsible for the long term stability of the bone-implant system. Here, we inserted an implant in a mouse model mimicking estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and we monitored with longitudinal in vivo micro-computed tomography the spatio-temporal changes in bone (re)modeling and architecture, considering the separate contributions of trabecular, endocortical and periosteal surfaces. Specifically, 12 week-old C57BL/6J mice underwent OVX/SHM surgery; 9 weeks after we inserted special metal-ceramics implants into the 6^th caudal vertebra and we measured bone response with in vivo micro-CT weekly for the following 6 weeks. Our results indicated that ovariectomized mice showed a reduced ability to increase the thickness of the cortical shell close to the implant because of impaired peri-implant bone formation, especially at the periosteal surface. Moreover, we observed that healthy mice had a significantly higher loss of trabecular bone far from the implant than estrogen depleted animals. Such behavior suggests that, in healthy mice, the substantial increase in peri-implant bone formation which rapidly thickened the cortex to secure the implant may raise bone resorption elsewhere and, specifically, in the trabecular network of the same bone but far from the implant. Considering the already deteriorated bone structure of estrogen depleted mice, further bone loss seemed to be hindered. The obtained knowledge on the dynamic response of diseased bone following implant insertion should provide useful guidelines to develop advanced treatments for osteoporotic fracture fixation based on local and selective manipulation of bone turnover in the peri-implant region.

Time course of peri-implant bone regeneration around loaded and unloaded implants in a rat model

The time-course of cancellous bone regeneration surrounding mechanically loaded implants affects implant fixation, and is relevant to determining optimal rehabilitation protocols following orthopaedic surgeries. We investigated the influence of controlled mechanical loading of titanium-coated polyether-ether ketone (PEEK) implants on osseointegration using time-lapsed, non-invasive, in vivo micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans. Implants were inserted into proximal tibial metaphyses of both limbs of eight female Sprague-Dawley rats. External cyclic loading (60 or 100 μm displacement, 1 Hz, 60 s) was applied every other day for 14 days to one implant in each rat, while implants in contralateral limbs served as the unloaded controls. Hind limbs were imaged with high-resolution micro-CT (12.5 μm voxel size) at 2, 5, 9, and 12 days post-surgery. Trabecular changes over time were detected by 3D image registration allowing for measurements of bone-formation rate (BFR) and bone-resorption rate (BRR). At day 9, mean %BV/TV for loaded and unloaded limbs were 35.5 ± 10.0% and 37.2 ± 10.0%, respectively, and demonstrated significant increases in bone volume compared to day 2. BRR increased significantly after day 9. No significant differences between bone volumes, BFR, and BRR were detected due to implant loading. Although not reaching significance (p = 0.16), an average 119% increase in pull-out strength was measured in the loaded implants. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:997-1006, 2017.

Human Bone Progenitor Cells for Clinical Application: What Kind of Immune Reaction Does Fetal Xenograft Tissue Trigger in Immunocompetent Rats?

The potential of human fetal bone cells for successful bone regeneration has been shown in vivo. In particular, it has been demonstrated that the seeding of these cells in porous poly-(l-lactic acid)/β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds improved the bone formation compared to cell-free scaffolds in skulls of rats. However, even if the outcome is an improvement of bone formation, a thorough analysis concerning any immune responses, due to the implantation of a xenograft tissue, is not known. As the immune response and skeletal system relationship may contribute to either the success or failure of an implant, we were interested in evaluating the presence of any immune cells and specific reactions of human fetal cells (also called human bone progenitor cells) once implanted in femoral condyles of rats. For this purpose, (1) cell-free scaffolds, (2) human bone progenitor cells, or (3) osteogenic human bone progenitor cells within scaffolds were implanted over 3, 7, 14 days, and 12 weeks. The key finding is that human bone progenitor cells and osteogenic human bone progenitor cells do not trigger any particular specific immune reactions in immunocompetent rats but are noted to delay some bone formation.

Fast method for skeletal tissue gene expression analysis

Several chronic diseases have been associated with bone alteration in the last few years. Despite the wealth of information provided by the analysis of the transcriptome in affected tissues, only a limited number of studies evaluated gene expression in bone tissue due to the difficulty to obtain high quality RNA. Therefore, skeletal pathologies have been often associated to a defective maturation process that occurs during recruitment of progenitor stem cells. In order to explore the possibility of analysing the gene expression during osteogenic differentiation in skeletal tissue, a single-step method to extract well-preserved RNA from bone specimens was performed. A comparison between this technique and a traditional method was made by analysing the quality and yield of RNA obtained. In addition, RNAs were assayed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction to analyse the expression levels of the bone genes associated with the differentiation process in a mouse model. The present data showed that good quality RNA can be obtained from bone tissue by a simple single-step method allowing the expression analysis of the genes encoded by skeletal tissue. In conclusion, the present study allows the possibility to easily obtain good quality RNA from bone tissue that is suitable for gene expression studies of bone diseases.

Unmet needs and current and future approaches for osteoporotic patients at high risk of hip fracture

This review provides a critical analysis of currently available approaches to increase bone mass, structure and strength through drug therapy and of possible direct intra-osseous interventions for the management of patients at imminent risk of hip fracture.

PURPOSE

Osteoporotic hip fractures represent a particularly high burden in morbidity-, mortality- and health care-related costs. There are challenges and unmet needs in the early prevention of hip fractures, opening the perspective of new developments for the management of osteoporotic patients at imminent and/or at very high risk of hip fracture. Amongst them, preventive surgical intervention needs to be considered.

METHODS

A European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis, Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases (ESCEO)/International Osteoporosis Foundation (IOF) working group reviewed the presently available intervention modalities including preventive surgical options for hip fragility. This paper represents a summary of the discussions.

RESULTS

Prevention of hip fracture is currently based on regular physical activity; prevention of falls; correction of nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin D repletion; and pharmacological intervention. However, efficacy of these various measures to reduce hip fractures is at most 50% and may need months or years before becoming effective. To face the challenges of early prevention of hip fractures for osteoporotic patients at imminent and/or at very high risk of hip fracture, preventive surgical intervention needs further investigation.

CONCLUSION

Preventive surgical intervention needs to be appraised for osteoporotic patients at imminent and/or at very high risk of hip fracture.

In vivo monitoring of bone architecture and remodeling after implant insertion: The different responses of cortical and trabecular bone

The mechanical integrity of the bone-implant system is maintained by the process of bone remodeling. Specifically, the interplay between bone resorption and bone formation is of paramount importance to fully understand the net changes in bone structure occurring in the peri-implant bone, which are eventually responsible for the mechanical stability of the bone-implant system. Using time-lapsed in vivo micro-computed tomography combined with new composite material implants, we were able to characterize the spatio-temporal changes of bone architecture and bone remodeling following implantation in living mice. After insertion, implant stability was attained by a quick and substantial thickening of the cortical shell which counteracted the observed loss of trabecular bone, probably due to the disruption of the trabecular network. Within the trabecular compartment, the rate of bone formation close to the implant was transiently higher than far from the implant mainly due to an increased mineral apposition rate which indicated a higher osteoblastic activity. Conversely, in cortical bone, the higher rate of bone formation close to the implant compared to far away was mostly related to the recruitment of new osteoblasts as indicated by a prevailing mineralizing surface. The behavior of bone resorption also showed dissimilarities between trabecular and cortical bone. In the former, the rate of bone resorption was higher in the peri-implant region and remained elevated during the entire monitoring period. In the latter, bone resorption rate had a bigger value away from the implant and decreased with time. Our approach may help to tune the development of smart implants that can attain a better long-term stability by a local and targeted manipulation of the remodeling process within the cortical and the trabecular compartments and, particularly, in bone of poor health.

In vitro and in vivo investigation of bisphosphonate-loaded hydroxyapatite particles for peri-implant bone augmentation

Locally applied bisphosphonates, such as zoledronate, have been shown in several studies to inhibit peri-implant bone resorption and recently to enhance peri-implant bone formation. Studies have also demonstrated positive effects of hydroxyapatite (HA) particles on peri-implant bone regeneration and an enhancement of the anti-resorptive effect of bisphosphonates in the presence of calcium. In the present study, both hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHA) and zoledronate were combined to achieve a strong reinforcing effect on peri-implant bone. The nHA-zoledronate combination was first investigated in vitro with a pre-osteoclastic cell assay (RAW 264.7) and then in vivo in a rat model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. The in vitro study confirmed that the inhibitory effect of zoledronate on murine osteoclast precursor cells was enhanced by loading the drug on nHA. For the in vivo investigation, either zoledronate-loaded or pure nHA were integrated in hyaluronic acid hydrogel. The gels were injected in screw holes that had been predrilled in rat femoral condyles before the insertion of miniature screws. Micro-CT-based dynamic histomorphometry and histology revealed an unexpected rapid mineralization of the hydrogel in vivo through formation of granules, which served as scaffold for new bone formation. The delivery of zoledronate-loaded nHA further inhibited a degradation of the mineralized hydrogel as well as a resorption of the peri-implant bone as effectively as unbound zoledronate. Hyaluronic acid with zoledronate-loaded nHA, thanks to its dual effect on inducing a rapid mineralization and preventing resorption, is a promising versatile material for bone repair and augmentation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Time course of bone screw fixation following a local delivery of Zoledronate in a rat femoral model - a micro-finite element analysis

A good fixation of osteosynthesis implants is crucial for a successful bone healing but often difficult to achieve in osteoporotic patients. One possible solution to this issue is the local delivery of bisphosphonates in direct proximity to the implants, A critical aspect of this method, that has not yet been well investigated, is the time course of the implant fixation following the drug release. Usual destructive mechanical tests require large numbers of animals to produce meaningful results. Therefore, a micro-finite element (microFE) approach was chosen to analyze implant fixation. In vivo micro computed tomography (microCT) scans were obtained, first weekly and later bi-weekly, after implantation of polymeric screws in the femoral condyles of ovariectomized rats. In one half of the animals, Zoledronate was released from a hydrogel matrix directly in the peri-implant bone stock, the other animals were implanted only with screws as control. The time course of the implant fixation was investigated with linear elastic microFE models that were created based on in vivo microCT scans. The numerical models were validated against experimental pullout-tests measurements in an additional cadaver study. The microFE analysis revealed a significant increase in force at yield of the Zoledronate treated group compared to the control group. The force of the treated group was 28% higher after 17 days of screw implantation, 42% higher after 31 days. The significant difference persisted until the end of the in vivo study at day 58 (p<0.01). The early onset and prolonged duration of the implant anchorage improvement that was found in this study indicates the great potential of Zoledronate-loaded hydrogel for an enhancement of osteosynthesis implant fixation in impaired bone.